presentation about mexico

By Molly and Angelina

About the Country

• Mexico is the southern most part of North America.
• It is west of Central America.
• Mexico is about 3 times the size of Texas.
• The capital city is Mexico City.

The Geographic

Regions/Climate Zones

• The northern part of Mexico:

is usually dry and hot, and has many deserts

• The southern part of Mexico

is humid, and has lots of tropical jungles

• There are many mountain ranges surrounding Mexico City.
• 2/3 of the country is covered with mountains or volcanoes.

The Mayan Empire in Mexico

• The Mayan Empire started in about 2000 B.C.
• They built amazing cities in North and Central America.
• Much of Mexico then is now apart of the United States.
• They lost many of their cities and fell in the 10th century. .

Historical Influence:

• Mexico's civilizations sometimes contesting against the civilizations of Egyptians and early Europeans.
• They became independent after the war that lasted through 1810 and ended in 1821.

Sports in Mexico

• Many Mexicans love soccer and watch the World Cup.
• Some boys also play baseball and basketball.
• Bullfighting and wrestling are also fan favorites.
• Kid favorites include hide-and-seek and other easy-to-play games.

Modern Culture

• The population is 113.7 million.
• The air pollution in Mexico is horrible.
• There usually are more than 3 children in each family.
• The oldest male child is sometimes favored in the family.
• Women do the housework while men do the outside work.

Their Housing

• They don't have very big lawns so they hang flowers outside instead.
• There are usually only 1 to 3 bedrooms in one house.
• The multipurpose room can be used for a living room, kitchen, or dining room.
• The bathroom is separated from the main house by a hallway.
• Most homes have electricity, but no indoor plumbing.

Their Economy

• Almost 40 percent of the population is poor.
• A few taxis operate illegally.
• Some rural families don't have home phones.
• Services are too expensive for some families.
• Many people are illiterate and can't pay for schools.
• Some areas in Mexico are very poor, but some are very rich.
• The currency is called peso.
• Mexicans have 4 meals a day which includes a soup or salad, dessert, coffee, or tortillas.
• Mexicans also need to ask to be excused.
• The "actual" Mexican food is usually different to our "Mexican" food.
• The whole meal may take up to two hours.
• In Mexico, they have lots of singing and dancing.
• There are also a variety of instruments.
• They have many different kinds of songs.
• The women dance in big, poofy dresses that twirl around.

Current Events

• On March 14, gray whales became more common/ popular in Baja peninsula.
• On March 15, Mexico was being praised for the economy growth that has been happened.

About the Government

• There are 31 states.
• They have a Federal Government.
• The President can only serve one six-year term.
• The legislator cannot serve 2 terms in a row.

Natural Resources

• In Mexico, they have an abundant supply of gold and oil.
• They do lots of fishing because of the oceans and seas surrounding Mexico.
• The climate is good for crops and farm animals to survive.
• They also produce many minerals by mining.

Mexico's National.......

HUMBLE DAHLIA

CRESTED CARACARA

GOLDEN EAGLE

• Mexico has the largest amount of Spanish speakers in the world.
• The people usually have 2 last names; one from the mother and one from the father, first dad then mom in the name.
• Mexico has one of the largest bullfighting arenas in the world.
• Mexico City is one of the largest cities in the world.
• There are almost 100 indigenous languages in Mexico.

Our Sources

• "About Mexico City." Ask.com . Web. <http://www.ask.com/web?q=About+Mexico+City&qsrc=0&o=0&l=dir>.
• "Air Pollution." Science Online . Facts On File News Services. Web. <http://0-www.fofweb.com.sable.jefferson.lib.co.us/Science/default.asp>.
• Baja Peninsula . Photograph. Gooddive.com . Web. <http://www.gooddive.com/diving-mexico/images/baja-peninsula-map.gif>.
• "Did You Know? Mexico's National Flower Is the Humble Dahlia." : Mexico Living . Web. 20 Mar. 2012. <http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/1239-did-you-know-mexico-s-national-flower-is-the-humble-dahlia>.
• Easybib.com . Web. <http://www.easybib.com/cite/form/website>.
• "List of National Anthems." Wikipedia . Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Mar. 2012. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_anthems>.

More Sources

• "Mexico's Climate - Farenheit." : Mexico Travel . Web. 19 Mar. 2012. <http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/3222-mexico-s-climate-farenheit>.
• Mexico's National Animal- Chihuahua . Photograph. Blogspot.com . Web. <http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_vzMXlfzgosE/SqtbW558ieI/AAAAAAAABik/SZ5TWQ2ehfk/s400/me+Chihuahua+NA.jpg>.
• Mexico's National Animal- Eagle . Photograph. Blurtit.com . Web. <http://www.blurtit.com/var/question/q/q7/q79/q793/q7933/q7933207_3405638_305_.jpg>.
• "Mexico's National Bird: Caracara Means More than 'face Face'" : Mexico Culture & Arts . Web. 20 Mar. 2012. <http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/3704-mexico-s-national-bird-caracara-means-more-than-face-face>.
• Mexico's National Bird . Photograph. Recyclingtheworld.us . Web. <http://recyclingtheworld.us/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/crested_caracara_7c2v4428.jpg>.

Even More Sources

• "Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 - Presentation and Slide Software - Office.com." Offic.microsoft.com . Web. 09 Mar. 2012. <http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/powerpoint/>.
• Nces.ed.gov . Web. <http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/graphing/classic/>.
• Smith, Elizabeth. "About Mexico City." EHow . 28 Oct. 2008. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. <http://www.ehow.com/about_4571061_mexico-city.html?ref=Track2>.
• What Are Mexico's Natural Resources?" WikiAnswers . Answers. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. <http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_Mexico%2527s_natural_resources>.
• Mexico's National Flower . Photograph. Aquaticsportsadventures.com . Web. <http://www.aquaticsportsadventures.com/Manzanillo/Mexico/mexico_national_flower_dahlia.jpg>.
• "What Is Mexico National Animal? - Answers.Ask.com." Ask Answers . Web. 20 Mar. 2012. <http://answers.ask.com/Food_and_Drinks/Food_and_Cooking/what_is_mexico_national_animal>.
• Wind . Photograph. Windenergy-event.com . Web. <http://windenergy-event.com/renewable-energy-wind-egypt/egypt-wind-energy-wind-africa-bg.jpg>.
• Wind Turbines . Photograph. Thedailyrecord.com . Web. <http://thedailyrecord.com/files/2011/03/6a-TURBINES_web.jpg>.

Mexico is a land of extremes, with high mountains and deep canyons in the center of the country, sweeping deserts in the north, and dense rain forests in the south and east.

Mountains cover much of Mexico. Between the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range in the east and the Sierra Madre Occidental in the west lie small mountain ranges on the Central Plateau. These regions are rich with valuable metals like silver and copper.

The stretch of land called the Yucatán Peninsula juts into the Gulf of Mexico from Mexico's southeastern tip. It was once the home of the Maya civilization, an ancient culture whose amazing buildings can still be seen today.

Map created by National Geographic Maps

PEOPLE & CULTURE

Mexico is the product of a rich Native American heritage, three centuries of Spanish rule, and a shared border with the world's richest country, the United States . Today, many Mexicans are mestizos, which means they have a mix of Native American and Spanish blood.

Throughout its history, Mexico has been home to great artists. The Maya and other Native Americans made impressive murals, sculptures, and jewelry. Modern Mexican artists include great painters, photographers, sculptors, and muralists.

Mexicans take sports seriously. In ancient times, losers of a ritual ball game were once put to death. In some dangerous sports, like bullfighting and rodeo (which was invented in Mexico), competitors still put their lives on the line.

Few nations on Earth support as many plant and animal species as Mexico does. Located partway between the Equator and the Arctic Circle, it is a refuge for animals fleeing extreme cold in the north and intense heat in the south.

In northern Mexico, deserts are full of plant and animal species that have found ways to survive the harsh environment. On Mexico's west coast, gray whales swim thousands of miles each year from Alaska to breed in the waters off Baja California .

The rain forests and coastal wetlands of eastern Mexico are home to thousands of tropical plant species and elusive animals like jaguars and quetzal birds.

GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY

Mexico is rich in natural resources, like oil, silver, copper, and agricultural products. Its economy boasts a rich diversity of agricultural crops, highly productive oil fields, a growing manufacturing base, as well as strong trade with the United States and Canada .

The Olmec people, Mexico's first complex society, emerged in the southeastern part of the country around 1200 B.C. They were later followed by the Maya, the Toltec, and the Aztec peoples.

Mexico's ancient societies built great cities and huge pyramids, created remarkable works of art, and even studied the stars and planets to determine when to plant crops and hold ceremonies.

In the early 1500s, the Spanish arrived in Mexico. The Aztec people got sick from smallpox and other diseases that the Spanish brought with them. The Spaniards also seized and destroyed the Aztec capital, called Tenochtilán. The Spanish ruled Mexico until 1821.

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Mexico facts: discover this fascinating country!

Embark on a mexican adventure…, mexico facts.

OFFICIAL NAME : United Mexican States FORM OF GOVERNMENT : Republic of federated states CAPITAL : Mexico City POPULATION : 120,286,655 OFFICIAL LANGUAGE : Spanish MONEY : Peso AREA : 1,964,375 square kilometers MAJOR MOUNTAIN RANGES : Sierra Madre MAJOR RIVERS : Rio Grande, Yaqui FLAG :

Mexico’s geography

Mexico is a land of extremes, with high mountains and deep canyons in the center of the country, sweeping deserts in the north and dense rainforests in the south and east. Mountains cover much of Mexico. Between the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range in the east and the Sierra Madre Occidental in the west lie small mountain ranges on the Central Plateau . These regions are rich with valuable metals like silver and copper.

The stretch of land called the Yucatán Peninsula juts into the Gulf of Mexico from the country’s southeastern tip. It was once the home of the Maya civilization , an ancient culture whose amazing buildings can still be seen today.

Mexican people & culture

Mexico is the product of a rich Indian heritage, three centuries of Spanish rule, and a shared border with the United States of America. Today, most Mexicans are mestizos, which means they have a mix of Indian and Spanish blood.

Throughout its history, Mexico has been home to great artists. The Maya and other Indians made impressive murals, sculptures, and jewellery. Modern Mexican artists include great painters, photographers, sculptors and muralists (people who create artwork on walls).

Mexicans take sports seriously. In ancient times, losers of a ritual ball game were once put to death. Yikes! In some dangerous sports, like bullfighting and rodeo (which was invented in Mexico), competitors still put their lives on the line.

Mexico’s nature

Few nations on Earth support as many plant and animal species as Mexico does. Located partway between the Equator and the Arctic Circle, it is a refuge for animals fleeing extreme cold in the north and intense heat in the south.

In northern Mexico, deserts are full of plant and animal species that have found ways to survive the harsh environment. On Mexico’s west coast, gray whales swim thousands of miles each year from Alaska to breed in the waters off Baja California .

The rainforests and coastal wetlands of eastern Mexico are home to thousands of tropical plant species and elusive animals like jaguars and quetzal birds.

Mexican government & economy

Mexico is a country with great problems and great potential. It has lots of valuable, natural resources like oil, silver, copper and agricultural products, too. But political and economic problems have kept much of the population in poverty.

The Mexico-United States border is the largest economic divide on Earth. For many Mexicans, the best chance for a better life lies in the much more prosperous United States. Hundreds of thousands of Mexicans come to the U.S., legally and illegally, each year in search of work.

Mexican history

The Olmec people , Mexico’s first complex society, emerged in the southeastern part of the country around 1200 B.C . They were later followed by the Maya , the Toltec , and the Aztec peoples.

Mexico’s ancient societies built great cities and huge pyramids, created remarkable works of art, and even studied the stars and planets to determine when to plant crops and hold ceremonies.

In the early 1500s, the Spanish arrived in Mexico. The Aztec people got sick from smallpox and other diseases that the Spanish brought with them. The Spaniards also seized and destroyed the Aztec capital, called Tenochtilán . The Spanish ruled the country until 1821 , when Mexico gained independence.

Photos an illustrations: Mexico City: Arturo Osorno, Dreamstime. Mexican dancers: Softdreams, Dreamstime. All other images: Getty Images UK. Words from kids.nationalgeographic.com. Figures accurate at time of publication, January 2015.

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I like the girls with fans

this is so cool !

This is a really helpful website and i got a lot of info from this website and have reseaved a lot of knowledge from this website

Amazing infoe

Omg the day of the dead I already know but omg

Good and informing

what about the day of the dead

As usual pretty useful!™

It is good because I am learning about the aztecs at school

I love mexico its amazing

mexico is so cool I really wish I could go there!

That's awesome. One thing they didn't include is the festival of death

That's actually really cool! I'm going to borrow (not plagiarize) these facts in a presentation I'm making. Thumbs up Nat Geo!!!

I like this article, because it is interesting. However, I think that you could include some facts about the Day of the Dead festival, as it is quite a big festival in the Mexican calendar. As well as this, you could add a few more things, such as what the best natural sights are, etc.

This information helped so much with my Geography project!

I'v always wanted to go to Mexico

I'm half Mexican and a bilingual proud Latina. I love my country. We are proud of our culture and acceptance of others. ¡Viva Mexico!

Great research for my new class topic

I find this good to use, it has helped me in my homework.

This is so interesting awesome!!!!!!!!

This is great help for Homework! Awesome Info! I learnt lots new facts about Mexico and was able to make an amazing project

Love this website

Awesome this really helped me with my homework : )

brilliant fact file love mexico

cool helps with my homework

I like the pictures!

really good

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History of Mexico

By: History.com Editors

Updated: June 23, 2023 | Original: November 9, 2009

A country rich in history, tradition and culture, Mexico is made up of 31 states and one federal district. It is the third largest country in Latin America and has one of the largest populations—more than 100 million—making it the home of more Spanish speakers than any other nation in the world. Despite the political and social changes that have occurred over the centuries, evidence of past cultures and events are apparent everywhere in Mexico. Many of Mexico’s rural areas are still inhabited by indigenous people whose lifestyles are quite similar to those of their ancestors. In addition, many pre-Columbian ruins still exist throughout Mexico, including the ancient city of Teotihuacán and the Mayan pyramids at Chichén Itzá and Tulum. Reminders of the colonial past are evident in the architecture of towns like Taxco and Querétaro.

Early History

The Olmecs, Mexico’s first known society, settled on the Gulf Coast near what is now Veracruz . Remembered for the giant head sculptures they carved from native stone, the Olmecs had two main population centers: San Lorenzo, which flourished from about 1200 to 900 B.C., and La Venta in Tabasco , which lasted until about 600 B.C.

Did you know? The three colors of Mexico’s flag hold deep significance for the country and its citizens: green represents hope and victory, white stands for the purity of Mexican ideals and red brings to mind the blood shed by the nation’s heroes.

By 300 B.C., villages based on agriculture and hunting had sprung up throughout the southern half of Mexico . Monte Albán, home to the Zapotec people, had an estimated 10,000 inhabitants. Between 100 B.C. and 700 A.D., Teotihuacán, the largest pre-Columbian city in the Americas, was constructed near present-day Mexico City. The civilization that built it is also called Teotihuacán, and the influence of this culture can be seen throughout the Veracruz and Mayan regions. At its zenith, with a population estimated at 200,000, the civilization is thought to have controlled a large portion of southern Mexico. The empire of Teotihuacán was overthrown in the 7th century, but the spectacular city survives today.

The Mayans, widely considered to be pre-Columbian America’s most brilliant civilization, thrived between approximately 250 and 900 A.D. They developed a calendar and writing system and built cities that functioned as hubs for the surrounding farming towns. The ceremonial center of Mayan cities featured plazas surrounded by tall temple pyramids and lower buildings called “palaces.” Religion played a central role in Mayan life, and altars were carved with significant dates, histories and elaborate human and divine figures. The Mayan civilization collapsed in the early 10th century, likely due to overpopulation and the resultant damage to the ecological balance.

The Toltec civilization also influenced Mexico’s cultural history. Historians have determined that the Toltec people appeared in central Mexico near the 10th century and built the city of Tula, home to an estimated 30,000-40,000 people. Some have speculated that the Toltecs performed human sacrifices to appease the gods. One of their kings, Tezcatlipoca, is said to have ordered mass sacrifices of captured enemy warriors. Because many Toltec architectural and ritualistic influences can be found at the Mayan site of Chichén Itzá in northern Yucatán , many researchers believe that Toltec exiles fled to Yucatán and created a new version of Tula there.

The Aztecs , the last of pre-Columbian Mexico’s great native civilizations, rose to prominence in the central valley of Mexico around 1427 by partnering with the Toltecs and Mayans. This triple alliance conquered smaller cultures to the east and west until the Aztec empire spanned Mexico from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf Coast.

At their height, the Aztecs ruled 5 million people via a tightly-structured system of self-supporting units called calpulli. Each unit had its own governing council, schools, army, temple and land but paid tribute to the supreme leader of the empire. Influenced by earlier Mexican civilizations, the Aztecs conducted extraordinary religious ceremonies that featured dances, processions and sacrifices.

Middle History

Spaniard Hernán Cortés arrived at Veracruz in 1519. Believing that Cortés might be the serpent god Quetzalcoatl, Aztec King Moctezuma II invited the conquistador to Tenochtitlán. This gesture proved disastrous because Cortés formed many allies on his way to the city. In May 1521, Cortés and his followers attacked and conquered the Aztecs. Cortés then colonized the area and named it Nueva España (New Spain).

By 1574, Spain controlled a large portion of the Aztec empire and had enslaved most of the indigenous population. Worse, the diseases brought into the society by the Spaniards devastated the indigenous population of Nueva España, killing an estimated 24 million people between 1521 and 1605.

The Catholic Church’s influence was felt in the region when missionaries began arriving in 1523. The missionaries built many monasteries and converted millions of people to Catholicism.

During this tumultuous time, colonists in Nueva España who had been born in Spain (peninsulares) clashed with Spaniards who had been born in Mexico (criollos). Many criollos had become rich and wanted equal political power, which now resided with the peninsulares.

Concerned about the Catholic Church’s ever-growing power, King Carlos III of Spain expelled the Jesuits from Nueva España in the late 1700s. Napoleón Bonaparte ’s occupation of Spain in 1808 compromised the country’s political and economic structure, which in turn weakened Spain’s grip on Nueva España.

Recent History On September 16, 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a parish priest from the town of Dolores, issued a call to rebellion. In response, rebel leader Vicente Guerrero and defected royalist general Agustín de Itúrbide collaborated to gain Mexico’s independence from Spain in 1821. Together they drafted a Mexican constitution. However, in 1822, Itúrbide declared himself emperor of the country.

A year later, Antonio López de Santa Anna overthrew Itúrbide and drew up a new constitution that established a federal Mexican republic composed of 19 states and four territories. From 1823 to 1836, Santa Anna served as president, squelching Texas’ stand for independence in the battle of the Alamo during his last year in office. He was later defeated by American forces during the Mexican-American War and, by 1855, had gone into exile. Following Mexico’s occupation by the French in the mid-1800s, Porfírio Díaz served as president from 1876 to 1909.

Despite ushering in the industrial age and greatly improving the country’s infrastructure, Díaz was a dictator who bestowed political favors on the very wealthy citizenry, largely ignored the poor and ruled ruthlessly by force.

The Mexican people, tired of the unbalanced distribution of wealth and power, initiated the Mexican Revolution in 1910. The 10-year civil war resulted in at least 2 million casualties. Finally, in 1934, Lázaro Cárdenas became president and reestablished the ancient ejido system, which established communally shared tracts of farmland. The system benefited both the citizens and the economy. World War II further stimulated the nation’s development through the development of roads, the building of factories and the establishment of irrigation systems.

Mexico Today

Mexico’s population has greatly increased since World War II, but the distribution of wealth remains imbalanced. Due to negligible legislative assistance, the poor are generally unable to improve their socio-economic status. The state of Chiapas exemplifies the problems caused by financial imbalance. In 1994, the Zapatista National Liberation Army rose up to challenge discrimination against Chiapas’ poor.

Although their rebellion was unsuccessful, the Zapatistas continue to fight against imbalanced land ownership and power distribution, with little success. Further complicating the already problematic social division is the ever-growing problem of drug trafficking, which has contributed to political and police corruption and helped widen the gap between the elite and the underprivileged.

In recent years, the building of foreign-owned factories and plants (maquiladoras) in some of Mexico’s rural areas has helped draw the population away from Mexico City and redistribute some of the country’s wealth. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1994 increased Mexico’s financial ties to the United States and Canada, but the Mexican economy remains fragile. Despite its problems, the Mexican economy, with its growing industrial base, abundant natural resources and variety of service industries, remains important to Latin America.

Today, tourism is a major contributor to the Mexican economy. People flock to Mexico from all over the world to sample the country’s cultural diversity, bask in the lush tropical settings and take advantage of relatively low prices.

U.S. tourists constitute the majority of visitors to the country, especially to Mexico City and the world-famous resorts in Acapulco, Puerto Vallarta, Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo, Mazatlán, Cancún and Puerto Escondido.

Facts & Figures

• Full Name: United Mexican States
• Capital: Mexico City (Distrito Federal)
• Major Cities (population): Mexico City (8,720,916), Ecatepec de Morelos (1,688,258), Guadalajara (1,600,940), Puebla (1,485,941), Tijuana (1,410,700), Juárez (1,313,338), León (1,278,087), Zapopan (1,155,790), Nezahualcóyotl (1,140,528), Monterrey 1,133,814
• Border Countries: Belize and Guatemala to the southeast; United States to the north
• Size/Area: Total: 758,249 square miles (1,972,550 square kilometers) – Water: 2.5 percent
• Population: 103,263,388 (2005 Census)
• Independence: Declared on September 16, 1810 – Recognized by Spain on September 27, 1821
• Monetary Unit: Pesos
• The three colors of Mexico’s flag hold deep significance for the country and its citizens: green represents hope and victory, white stands for the purity of Mexican ideals and red brings to mind the blood shed by the nation’s heroes.
• The flag’s dramatic emblem is based on the legend of how the Mexicas (or Aztecs) traveled from Aztlán to find the place where they could establish their empire. The god Huitzilopochtli advised them that a sign—an eagle devouring a serpent atop a Nopal cactus—would appear to them at the exact spot where they should begin construction. On a small island in the middle of a lake, the Mexicas came upon the scene exactly as Huitzilopochtli had described it. They immediately settled there and founded the city of Tenochtitlán, which is now Mexico City, the country’s capital.
• Mexico is the third-largest country in Latin America after Brazil and Argentina.
• At the beginning of the 21st century, Mexico’s population surpassed 100 million.
• Mexico has the largest population of Spanish speakers in the world.
• With almost 25 million residents, Mexico City is one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world.
• Mexico has the world’s second-highest number of Catholics after Brazil.
• At nearly 2,000 miles, the border between Mexico and the United States is the second-longest in the world, after the border between the United States and Canada.
• Mexicans comprise the largest group of legal immigrants in the United States.
• Mexico is located in an area known as the Pacific “Ring of Fire.” This region, one of Earth’s most dynamic tectonic areas, is characterized by active volcanoes and frequent seismic activity. The highest point in the country, Citlaltépetl (also called Orizaba) and the active volcano Popocatépetl are among the many volcanic peaks in Mexico. The Great Ball Court at Chichén Itzá Mexico, which was used for ritualistic sports by the ancient Mayans, is the largest such court the world, measuring 166 by 68 meters (545 by 232 feet). The game, which involved elements similar to those of soccer and basketball, was played by two teams whose number varied according to region.
• Tequila, a liquor for which Mexico is famous, is made from the native blue agave plant. Named after the city where it originated, Tequila is primarily manufactured near Jalisco, which is 65 kilometers (40 miles) northwest of Guadalajara.
• Mexico is the world’s leading producer of silver. An area called the Silver Belt—which encompasses Guanajuato and Zacatecas in the Mesa Central, Chihuahua in the Mesa del Norte and San Luis Potosi farther east—saw significant mining activity during the colonial period.
• Mexico hosted the Summer Olympics in 1968 and the FIFA World Cup soccer championship in 1970 and 1986.
• The Mexico City Arena—one of the largest bullfighting arenas in the world—seats 50,000. Another 35 arenas are located throughout the country.

Chichén Itzá Chichén Itzá is an ancient Mayan city located on the Yucatán Peninsula. At its peak, around 600 A.D., it was the center of power in the region. Many of the original stone palaces, temples and markets remain throughout the city.

Teotihuacán Teotihuacán, an ancient city possibly built by the Toltecs, is located in the state of Mexico. The city rose to power in 150 A.D. and was a strong influence on Mayan culture. It is also the location of the world’s third largest pyramid, the Pirámide del Sol (Pyramid of the Sun).

Paquimé Ruins Paquimé, located in the state of Chihuahua , was a cultural center in north Mexico for over 300 years. At the height of its power in the 13th century, the city’s population is thought to have reached 10,000, with most of the citizens living in five or six story buildings similar to modern apartments.

Paquimé featured a ceremonial area, temple structures, a ball court, pyramids and effigy mounds, including one that resembled a cross with perfect astronomical orientation. Turkeys and parrots were kept in special cages, possibly to supply feathers used for ceremonial and personal adornment.

Cuarenta Casas Cuarenta Casas (Forty Houses) are cliff dwellings located in the state of Chihuahua and discovered by the Spaniards around the 16th century. Despite the name, only about a dozen adobe apartments are carved into the west cliff-side of a dramatic canyon at La Cueva de las Ventanas (Cave of the Windows). Cuarenta Casas is believed to have been an outlying settlement of Paquimé in the 13th century.

Buildings Palacio Nacional Mexico City is home to the three-story Palacio Nacional (National Palace), built in 1563 on the site of the Aztec leader Moctezuma’s palace. Originally, the palace housed all three branches of the government. Today, however, only the executive branch resides there. Palacio Nacional was destroyed by fire twice, once in 1659 and again in 1692. It was reconstructed in 1693 and remains largely unchanged today.

In the early to mid-1900s, Diego Rivera painted a collection of huge murals on the walls of the palace that illustrate the colorful history of Mexico. The palace is also home to Mexico’s Liberty Bell.

Catedral Metropolitana Located at the north side of Mexico City’s town square, Catedral Metropolitana is the largest and oldest cathedral in all of Latin America. Construction on the building, which blends Baroque and Neoclassical styles, began in 1573 and took three centuries to complete. The cathedral features 14 chapels, five altars and numerous statues, paintings and altarpieces of Christ and the saints.

Ecotourism The Sea of CortésThe Sea of Cortés, also known as the Gulf of California , is situated between mainland Mexico and the Baja Peninsula. Located on Isla Partida, one of numerous sea islands, is Ensenada Grande beach, which many consider to be the most beautiful beach in Mexico. The Sea of Cortés contains many unique species of marine life, including the mantra-like Flying Mobulas, which can leap from the water and glide through the air, and the Vaquita Marina, the most endangered porpoise in the world.

Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl Located on the eastern rim of the Valle de Mexico, Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl are Mexico’s second- and third-highest volcanic mountains. Craterless Iztaccíhuatl is dormant and a popular site for mountain climbing; however, Popocatépetl, whose Aztec name means Smoking Mountain, has erupted more than 20 times since the arrival of the Spanish. It continues to spout plumes of gas and ash and is carefully monitored by scientists.

Popular Locales Mexico City Mexico City, the second-largest metropolitan area in the world after Tokyo, is home to numerous attractions, including the Palacio Nacional and the Catedral Metropolitana.

AcapulcoWith its golden beaches, tropical jungles and renowned daredevil cliff-divers, Acapulco remains the best-known and most popular resort town in Mexico.

The Baja Peninsula The Baja Peninsula along Mexico’s west coast, is famous for its long coastline of fine white beaches, peaceful bays and imposing cliffs.

Guadalajara Guadalajara, Jalisco , is rich in Mexican culture. The area has become famous for its locally manufactured tequila, mariachi music, sombreros, charreadas (rodeos) and the Mexican Hat Dance.

People Citizens of Mexico highly value their nation, independence and community. Their culture is a composite of influences handed down by countless civilizations. From the early Mesoamerican civilizations to the diverse populations that live there today, Mexico’s citizens have remained proud of their heritage and their country.

Many rural communities maintain strong allegiances to regions, often referred to as patrias chicas (small homelands). The large number of indigenous languages and customs in these regions, especially in the south, naturally accentuate cultural differences. However, the indigenismo (ancestral pride) movement of the 1930s played a major role in unifying the country and solidifying national pride among the various populations.

Family remains among the most important elements in Mexican society, both in private and public life. From infancy to old age, an individual’s status and opportunities are strongly influenced by family ties. Many households, in both rural and urban areas, are inhabited by three or more generations due to the economic advantage (or necessity) of sharing one roof.

Mexicans generally establish strong links to family members, including in–laws and friends of the family, who are generally thought of as aunts and uncles. The elderly, adults, teenagers and small children commonly attend parties and dances together. Weddings are generally lavish family-oriented events as are the traditional quinceañera celebrations given in honor of a young woman’s 15th birthday.

Languages The majority of the Mexican population speaks Spanish, the official national language. However, another 60 indigenous languages are still spoken in Mexico, including Maya in the Yucatán; Huastec in northern Veracruz; Nahuatl, Tarastec, Totonac, Otomí and Mazahua mainly in the Mesa Central region; Zapotec, Mixtec and Mazatec in Oaxaca ; and Tzeltal and Tzotzil in Chiapas.

Religion Catholicism has become the dominant Mexican religion since first being introduced during Spanish colonization in the 16th century. Currently, more than 75 percent of Mexico’s population is Catholic, making Mexico the second-largest Catholic country in the world after Brazil. During the Mexican Revolution of 1917 and the administration of President Plutarco Elías Calles (1924 – 1928), there was a strong anti–clerical movement. This idea became less prevalent in the between 1940 and 1960. In fact that era saw a boom in the construction of new churches.

The Basílica of Guadalupe, built between the 16th and 18th centuries to honor Mexico’s patron saint, is located in Mexico City. Each year, hundreds of thousands of people, many of them peasants, travel from near and far to worship at the shrine. Although this is probably the most important and beloved religious site in Mexico, thousands of other churches, convents, pilgrimage sites and shrines exist throughout the country.

Mexico’s present population consists of Roman Catholics (76.5 percent), Protestants (6.3 percent), Pentecostals (1.4 percent), and Jehovah’s Witnesses (1.1 percent). Another 14.7 percent are non-religious or are of other faiths.

Holidays Many Mexican holidays are Christian in origin, such as Pre-Lenten Carnaval; Semana Santa (Easter week); Christmas , including Las Posadas (the nine–day celebration that begins December 16th); and Día de los Reyes (Three Kings Day), which celebrates the Epiphany. Mexican children receive the bulk of the season’s gifts and toys on Día de los Reyes.

On December 12, El Día de la Virgen De Guadalupe, Mexico honors its patron saint. During January, the city of Morelia celebrates the fiesta of the Immaculate Conception, and on the 17th of that month, pets and livestock are adorned with flowers and ribbons for the fiesta of San Antonio Abad.

Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead), which occurs on November 1, has ancient Aztec and Mesoamerican roots. This day is set aside to remember and honor the lives of the deceased while celebrating the continuation of life. Halloween (October 31st) and All Souls’ Day (November 2nd) are also locally important holidays. During this period, families celebrate the spirits of departed loved ones in various ways, including erecting ofrendas (small altars) in their houses, decorating tombs and eating skull-shaped candies (calaveras) and sweet breads. It is a time for celebrating ancestors–with whom many believe they can communicate during these events–and embracing death as natural and inevitable rather than as something to be feared.

On October 12 of each year, the Día de la Raza (Race Day) is celebrated in recognition of the mestizo (mixed) character of Mexico’ s indigenous and European population. Widely celebrated patriotic events include Independence Day (September 16) and Cinco de Mayo (May 5), which commemorates the Mexican victory over French invaders in 1862.

Cuisine Mexican cuisine varies greatly by region but depends heavily on an ancient trinity of staples: corn (maize), beans and squash.

Another staple, rice, is usually served alongside beans. Mexicans also tend to make liberal use of avocados (often in the form of guacamole), chili peppers, amaranth, tomatoes, papayas, potatoes, lentils, plantains and vanilla (a flavoring that is pre-Columbian in origin). Salt and hot peppers (often served in a red or green sauce) are the most common condiments; maize tortillas complement most main dishes.

Popular dishes vary by region and individual circumstances, but some of the more widely enjoyed foods are tortillas (flat bread wraps made from wheat or maize flour), enchiladas, cornmeal tamales (cooked within corn husks or banana leaves), burritos, soft–shell tacos, tortas (sandwiches of chicken, pork or cheese and vegetables enclosed in a hard roll), stuffed chili peppers and quesadillas (tortillas filled with soft cheese and meat).

Other favorites are soups and spicy stews such as menudo (made from beef tripe and fresh vegetables) and pozole (stewed hominy and pork). Seafood dishes such as pulpo (octopus), chipachole (spicy crab soup) and ceviche (seafood marinated in lime or lemon juice) are popular in coastal areas. In Oaxaca and a few other states, fried and spiced chapulines (grasshoppers) are considered a delicacy. A favorite among the Nahuatl Indians is huitlacoche (corn fungus) served wrapped in fat–fried quesadillas.

Among the preferred desserts are sweet breads, chocolates and dulce de leche (caramelized milk), which is also called leche quemada or burned milk. On city sidewalks and streets, little bells announce the approach of paleteros, ambulatory vendors whose small insulated carts are filled with frozen paletas (popsicle-like treats made from creams or juices) and ice cream. Sugar–battered flautas (deep–fried filled corn tortillas) are popular with children of all ages.

Meals are often washed down with aguas frescas (watery sweet drinks, usually roselle flowers), horchata (a milky rice–based drink) and drinks flavored with watermelon or other fresh fruit. Also popular are licuados (fruit shakes or smoothies). During the Christmas holidays and on the Day of the Dead, one of the more popular drinks is atole (or atol), a hot combination of corn or rice meal, water, and spices.

Several well-known alcoholic beverages made in Mexico are derived from the maguey and agave plants. Maguey–also known as the Century Plant–is used to make pulque, an inexpensive drink. The plant was cultivated by many small farmers because it could thrive on infertile, rocky soil. Agave, in particular the blue agave, is used to make tequila, Mexico’s national liquor. The drink takes its name from Tequila, Jalisco, where it originated. Another alcoholic drink made from agave is mescal, which is produced primarily in Oaxaca.

Culture: Arts & Music – Theater & Film – Literature

Arts & Music In every major city in Mexico, universities and museums provide institutional support for art and cultural events. Among Mexico’s internationally acclaimed museums are the Museum of Folk Art, the sprawling National Museum of Anthropology and its offshoot, the National Museum of History.

Art Post-revolutionary artists Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, Rufino Tamayo and David Alfaro Siqueiros made significant contributions to Mexico’ s artistic and cultural heritage. Though diverse in their styles and subject matter, each drew upon personal and social experiences to create their work, which informed the sensibilities of worldwide audiences and inspired generations of young artists.

Murals, an ancient art form, grace the walls of public and private buildings throughout Mexico. Generations of muralists–influenced by artistic legacies traceable to the Aztecs, Mayans and other pre-Hispanic civilizations–have added their stories to those of their ancestors, captivating passersby with evocative figures and landscapes captured in rich colors and bold strokes.

Diego Rivera, whose mural Man at the Crossroads graces the lobby of New York’s 30 Rockefeller Plaza, is the most renowned of Mexico’s muralists. His works are also displayed at the Mexican National Palace and the Palace of Fine Arts.

Music Music, like food, is a mainstay of Mexican social life. The styles are diverse and include both traditional and modern genres. Perhaps the best-known Mexican genre is the ranchero. Popularized after the revolution, the ranchera came to symbolize the new national consciousness and focuses largely on love, patriotism and nature. Because of its familiar themes and rhythms, this song style has become popular among mariachi musicians. Highly recognizable in their customary silver–studded charro (cowboy) outfits and wide–brimmed hats, mariachi groups have enjoyed notable commercial success and are often featured at festivals, banquets and wedding.

Another popular genre is norteño (northern), which relies on the accordion and 12–string bass guitar for its characteristic stylizations. More recent musical innovations include banda, which is similar to norteño music, and cumbia, which is heavily influenced by music from the Caribbean islands. Becoming increasingly popular among Mexican youths are modern genres such as pop, hip–hop and rock–musical forms that gained popularity during the last century in the United States.

Theater & Film Mexico has a strong theatrical tradition kept alive by many professional, academic and indigenous groups. Although the theater’ s popularity diminished with the rise of television and film, groups still perform all over the country in large and small venues. In Mexico City, theater lovers can visit El Palacio de las Bellas Artes, Mexico City’s famous opera house, to see the Ballet Folklorico, a famous dance performance that blends various types of native music and dance.

Some regions feature plays that recount events from local history. In other cases, plays drawn from universal themes or celebrate such common concerns of daily life as love, marriage, joy, betrayal and hope.

During Semana Santa (the holy week from Easter until Palm Sunday), many communities enact a full passion play that depicts the events surrounding the life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Many of these performances are impressively staged and draw large crowds.

Several Mexican actors and filmmakers have been internationally recognized, including directors Alejandro González Iñárritu (Amores Perros, 2000; Babel, 2006), Alfonso Cuarón (Y Tu Mamá También, 2001) and Guillermo del Toro (El Laberinto Del Fauno/Pan’s Labyrinth, 2006). Spanish director Luis Buñuel and French Surrealist André Breton both spent many years in Mexico, and their influences are seen in the works of current Mexican directors. Based on her 2002 theatrical portrayal of the internationally recognized Mexican painter Frida Kahlo, Salma Hayek became the first Mexican actress to be nominated for an Academy Award.

Literature Mexican writers have gained reputations by dealing with questions of universal significance. One of the best known is Samuel Ramos, whose philosophical speculations on humanity and culture in Mexico influenced post–1945 writers in several genres. Many consider Mexico’s Octavio Paz to be the foremost poet of Latin America. The novels of Carlos Fuentes are honored throughout the world, and Juan José Arreola’s fantasies are widely admired.

Culture: Sports

Fùtbol (Soccer) Soccer is the favorite sport of the vast majority of the population. Unlike other Mexican sports, soccer can emotionally divide the country, especially when Mexican rivals meet each other. People from all over the country attend matches, which are usually held on Sundays. Winning the coveted Copa Libertadores, the Latin American equivalent of the European Cup, is an honor that motivates both players and fans alike.

In 1970, Mexico’s Azteca Stadium was host to the FIFA World Cup finals. This event was one of the most memorable in sports history as Pele and his Brazilian team won for the third time, making them the first country ever to win the tournament more than twice. Mexico hosted the event again in 1986.

Well–known soccer players from Mexico include Hugo Sanchez, Cuahtemoc Blanco, Rafael Marques, Alberto Medina, Omar Bravo, Enrique Borja, Antonio Carvajal, Manolo Negrete, Jorge Gutierrez, Luis Flores, Salvador Reyes, Horacio Casarin, Alberto García Aspe, Jorge Campos and Luís Garcia.

Boxing Mexico’s boxing tradition is well established and it has been home to some of the world’s most renowned fighters including: Carlos Zarate, Vincente Saldivar, Salvador Sanchez, Erik Morales, Ricardo Lopez and Julio Cesar Chavez , who is considered one of the greatest sports heroes in Mexican history. CharreadaA charreada is a Mexican–style rodeo. Unlike American rodeo in which participants are awarded prizes according to how quickly they perform, charreada focuses primarily on style and skill. In a circular arena approximately 40 meters (44 yards) in diameter, Mexican cowboys and cowgirls wearing traditional charro (cowboy) clothing participate in a series of events involving bulls and horses. Today’s charros are ranchers, business people and professionals who share an interest in preserving Mexico’s charreada traditions.

Baseball Along the Gulf of Mexico and in the northern Mexican states, baseball is very popular. The Mexican professional league is named the Liga Mexicana de Béisbol, and the season runs from March to July with playoffs held in August. Equally popular is the Liga Mexicana del Pacífico, a high–level winter league that features players from Japan, Korea and the United States. The champion of this league participates in the “ Caribbean Series” with teams from Venezuela, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic.

Bullfighting Also known as fiesta brava, bullfighting has been popular in Mexico for the last 400 years. Like Spanish bullfighters, Mexican matadores perform specific moves, occasionally using a piece of red cloth to attract a bull in a graceful manner. Bullfights are often preceded by festivities such as rodeos, pig chases and dances.

Lucha Libre Mexican style professional wrestling, called Lucha Libre (free fight) embraces all styles of wrestling: submission, high flying comedy and brawling. The sport achieves an extraordinary level of artistic expression through costuming and bravado performance. El Santo, possibly the most famous Lucha Libre wrestler, often starred in films, wore his silver mask throughout his life and was eventually buried in it. Other famous Luchadores include The Blue Demon, Mil Máscaras, and Rey Mysterio, who eventually moved on to American wrestling where he became even better known.

Mexico is made up of 31 states and one federal district.

• Aguascalientes
• Baja California
• Baja California Sur
• Distrito Federal (Mexico City)
• State of México
• Quintana Roo
• San Luis Potosí

HISTORY Vault: The Mexican Revolution

The first great revolution of the 20th century began as a revolt against a dictator and ended in civil war, consuming hundreds of thousands of lives as Mexico struggled to live up to its ideals of land and liberty.

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Mexico Presentation Templates

Dive into the colorful culture and rich traditions of mexico with our mexico powerpoint templates and google slides. enjoy stunning hd images, editable maps, and dynamic infographics. our slides, blending professional design and ease of use, are available for free download. begin your visual journey into the heart of mexico with our templates today.

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Mexico Presentation Templates are designed with majestic visuals in mesmerizing colors that can help you present the beauty, culture, traditions, and landmarks of Mexico. These slides also have editable, colorful Mexico maps.

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Introduction to Mexico, powerpoint

Subject: Spanish

Age range: 7-11

Resource type: Visual aid/Display

Last updated

21 April 2022

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Powerpoint on basic cultural information about Mexico - food, festivals, music, famous people, indigenous languages, well-known icons. Some slides are in English and some are in Spanish. Aimed at junior years, beginners.

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Welcome to Mexico!

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British Council

Bienvenido a méxico- welcome to mexico.

To mark the visit of the President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto to the UK in 2015, the British Council put together some exciting resources to help you celebrate Mexico and the Spanish language in your school.

These include:

• A colourful PowerPoint presentation about Mexico that can be used in classes or an assembly
• A story in Spanish and in English by the Latin American Children’s laureate Francisco Hinojosa (who is from Mexico) 'La Peor Señora del Mundo/The Worst Woman in the World'
• Two lesson ideas using the story – a writing activity and a Spanish language activity
• A creative activity based on the work of Mexican artist Diego Rivera.

Many thanks to Jo Speak, Deputy Headteacher of New Bewerley Community school for her help in developing these materials.

Sign up to the British Council Schools e-newsletter and be the first to hear about new resources, funding, training and global webinars!

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6 alternative and arty ways to discover Mexico City culture

Amid art deco architecture and Frida Kahlo’s creations, find Mexico City’s pre-Hispanic traditions and an Indigenous crafts scene.

Mexico’s sprawling capital is a gateway to the country’s Maya ruins, miles of beaches, rocky canyons and traditional Indigenous villages. But many travellers find the metropolis has an allure all of its own, and a handful of days can be well spent touring its neighbourhoods and historic centre. Mexico’s best museums are here, and its many galleries and markets help facilitate one of the strongest creative scenes in Latin America. Dig a little deeper to find the city’s pre-Hispanic roots, and discover how many customs are linked to the ancient Aztec and Maya civilisations.

1. Kayak the ancient canals of Xochimilco

Before the Spanish conquest in 1521, Mexico City, then called Tenochtitlán, was built on two small islands inside Lake Texcoco. The Aztecs built canals and floating farms called chinampas to feed its growing population. Today, all that remains of these ancient waterways are in Tláhuac and Xochimilco, a neighbourhood 15 miles south of Mexico City’s Centro Histórico. Flat-bottomed party boats called trajineras cruise Xochimilco’s canals daily, but a guided kayaking trip provides a more tranquil — and environmentally friendly — visit. Tours offer the chance to spot Xochimilco’s wildlife, including the critically endangered axolotl salamander and more than 200 bird species, while learning about the history and science behind chinampas, which still provide food for Mexico City residents.

2. Browse the Museo de Arte Popular

In the historic centre of Mexico City is the Museo de Arte Popular , a beautifully designed handicraft museum housed inside a 1920s art deco building. The museum, which once served as Mexico City’s fire department headquarters, celebrates traditional Mexican craft in all its forms, from textiles and pottery to children’s toys, furniture and giant alebrijes — mythical creatures made from wood or papier-mache. High-quality crafts from almost every Mexican state are displayed thematically over several floors, including ceramics from Jalisco, piñatas from Puebla and ceremonial masks from Chiapas. Particularly striking are the small but impressive Day of the Dead craft collection and the á rbol de la vida (tree of life) pieces – colourful, intricate clay sculptures depicting the creation of life.

3. Sip on pulque, the drink of the Aztec gods

Pulque is a drink made from the fermented sap of agave, the same plant used to make tequila and mezcal. It has been drunk for more than 2,000 years, making it Mexico’s oldest alcoholic beverage. During the Aztec empire, pulque was considered a sacred drink, reserved for gods, emperors and ceremonial events. The introduction of beer and distilled spirits by the Spanish in the 16th century marked the beginning of the end for pulque, with many of Mexico City’s pulquerias — taverns specialising in the drink — closing between the early 20th and 21st centuries. But a recent resurgence has seen several reopen across the city, making it one of the best places in Mexico to try the tipple. La Canica — a pulqueria in the Tabacalera neighbourhood run by a family that has been in the pulque business for five generations — takes a modern approach to the ancient drink, infusing freshly made pulque with dozens of seasonal flavours, from guava and mandarin to marzipan and toasted oats.

4. Try Mexico City’s ancient caviar

Ahuautle — which loosely translates to ‘seeds of joy’ in the ancient Nahuatl language and are also known as ‘water fly eggs’ — were sacred to the Aztecs. During the rainy season, a type of water fly called axayácatl would lay its eggs in Lake Texcoco. These were harvested for Aztec emperors and used as offerings to the gods. Montezuma, one of the last emperors of the Aztec empire, is said to have eaten them every morning to improve his strength. Hard to get hold of and up to four times more expensive a kilogram than beef, the eggs have been dubbed ahuautle , the ‘caviar’ of Mexico, by the capital’s chefs. Only a handful of restaurants in the capital still serve ahuautle, one of which is Ayluardo’s — in the Iztapalapa neighbourhood, in the east of Mexico City. It serves the water fly eggs — which taste intensely fishy, similar to dried shrimp — in pancakes with tomatillo (a bright green, acidic fruit native to Mexico) and serrano chilli sauce.

5. Support indigenous crafts at Mercado de Artesanías de la Ciudadela

Just a few minutes’ walk from Museo de Arte Popular is this hub for artisans, Mexico City’s largest and best arts and crafts market. It is home to 350 stands selling a huge variety of crafts, or artesanias in Spanish, from all over Mexico, including handblown glass from Jalisco, silver jewellery from Guerrero and patterned chaquira beadwork from Jalisco, crafted by the indigenous Huichol people. For beautiful ceremonial Mayan masks made of wood and obsidian, head to stand 104, where you’ll often see the craftspeople at work. Also seek out the artisans selling amate — colourful works painted on to paper made from the pulp of fig and mulberry trees; the same type of paper was once used by the ancient Aztecs and Mayas to produce manuscripts.

6. Experience Mexican folk dance at El Ballet Folklórico de México

Founded in 1952 by choreographer and dancer Amalia Hernández, Ballet Folklórico celebrates Mexico’s diverse folklore traditions through dance, music and traditional dress. The performances take audiences from Mexico’s ancient past up to the revolution in 1910, travelling through the states of Oaxaca, Jalisco, Sonora, Zacatecas, Guerrero and more. Many of the dances take inspiration from Mexico’s Indigenous cultures, such as the Deer Dance (a contemporary piece that depicts a pre-hunting ritual practised by the Indigenous people of Sonora and Sinaloa) and the Guelaguetza, a folkloric ballet inspired by the ceremonial dances of the Mixtec and Zapotec people of Oaxaca. Performances are held at the Palacio de Bellas Artes — a white-marbled, art nouveau palace commissioned by President Porfirio Díaz in 1905 — on Wednesdays at 8.30pm and Sundays at 9.30am and 8.30pm.

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Mexico’s president is getting a little sloppy in the rush to finish projects before his term ends

FILE - Rogelio Jiménez Pons, director of Fonatur, points to photos of a planned train through the Yucatan Peninsula, during an interview in Mexico City, March 18, 2019. Mexico’s President Andrés Manuel López Obrador is in a rush to finish the big legislative and building projects he promised before his term ends in September 2024, chief among the projects are railway lines, like the Mayan Train. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte, File)

FILE - Legislators fill the lower house of Congress as the wait for the presidential inauguration ceremony of Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, at the National Congress in Mexico City, Dec 1, 2018. Lopez Obrador is in a rush to finish the big legislative and building projects he promised before his term ends in September 2024, (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte, File)

FILE - A bulldozer clears an area of forest that will be the line of the Mayan Train in Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo state, Mexico, Aug. 2, 2022. Mexico’s President Andrés Manuel López Obrador is in a rush to finish the big legislative and building projects he promised before his term ends in September 2024, chief among the projects are railway lines, like the Mayan Train. (AP Photo/Eduardo Verdugo, File)

FILE - Mexico’s President Andrés Manuel Lopez Obrador, center, and Mexican Sen. Ignacio Mier, far right, walk with supporters during a pro-government march, in Mexico City, Nov. 27, 2022. Legislators from the governing Morena party mistakenly submitted the wrong bill on pension reform for a vote in Congress in April 2024, before Mier and fellow Morena legislators admitted the error and rescheduled the vote. (AP Photo/Fernando Llano, File)

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MEXICO CITY (AP) — Mexico’s president is in a rush to finish the big legislative and building projects he promised before his term ends in September, and experts say officials are getting a bit sloppy amid all the haste.

This week, legislators from the governing Morena party mistakenly submitted the wrong bill on pension reform for a vote in Congress, before sheepishly admitting the error and rescheduling the vote. They claimed Thursday that aides had mistaken one set of papers for another, but the bill almost got approved before the opposition noticed the error.

“In the legislative process, as in life and all activities, human mistakes are made that aren’t premeditated, that aren’t ill-intentioned,” said Sen. Ignacio Mier, the point man for President Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s party in the Senate.

The rushed atmosphere extends to infrastructure, with the president’s beloved train projects suffering glaring construction errors in recent months . Cranes have crashed off bridges and pilings have been sunk into supposedly protected cave systems. With the June 2 presidential election approaching, the president wants to finish his administration’s projects, fast.

“There is this rush, because López Obrador wants to put as much in place as possible to assure his own policies, so that ... whoever wins (the election), they won’t be able to backtrack on it, at least not easily,” political analyst José Antonio Crespo said.

But the pension reform especially has become a lightning rod for criticism, because it would essentially seize unclaimed pension funds if a worker doesn’t start drawing them by age 70.

López Obrador says the seized funds — which he wants to put into a pot for employees whose pensions are too small — would always be available for return if a worker or his dependents show up later to claim them.

“Even if time has passed, they can file a request for the funds to be returned to them,” López Obrador said Thursday.

But the bill mistakenly submitted for a vote late Wednesday actually would have removed some of those protections. For example, employees who didn’t draw their pensions by age 70 or 75 because they were still working could still have had their pensions seized.

And because pension withdrawals are already so bureaucratic and restrictive — dependents in Mexico often have to go to court to access a deceased worker’s pension fund — the idea that a simple request will get the money returned has been met with derision.

“We are against this, because they are going to loot everybody’s account,” said opposition Sen. Rubén Moreira, a member of the old ruling PRI party. “First, because the money in the individual accounts is the personal property of many people, and secondly, because this won’t solve the pension problem.”

The tension involves López Obrador’s disdain for private or individual benefit programs. The president frequently rails against “individualism” and “aspirationalism,” a term in Spanish roughly equivalent to “getting ahead” or “pulling yourself up by your own bootstraps.” He prefers large, government-run programs.

Mexico’s woefully underfunded pension programs were converted in 1997 into individual accounts somewhat akin to the U.S. 401K program, in which a worker and his employer both contribute to a personal retirement investment account.

López Obrador has long criticized that change, saying the government itself should guarantee everyone a pension equivalent to 100% of their last paycheck . Of course, the Mexican government doesn’t have enough money to do that, hence the proposed raid on the “unclaimed” individual accounts.

“Taking these individual, unclaimed accounts ... could affect the rights of workers and their beneficiaries, if they don’t move to make a claim,” said Orlando Corona, the social security specialist for the Mexican Institute of Financial Executives.

Corona said a big outreach and ad campaign would be needed to remind workers about the importance of claiming their money — something the president’s plan doesn’t contemplate.

López Obrador has a history of rushing laws through congress without much time for legislators to actually read the bills, just as he has sought to ram through his infrastructure building projects by exempting them from normal permitting and environmental review processes.

On Wednesday, his party pushed through the Senate a law that would prohibit judges from blocking government projects, even if citizens file appeals against them.

Chief among the projects dear to Lopez Obrador’s heart are railway lines. Mexico largely abandoned state-run passenger train service in the 1990s, and the president is building rail lines to bring that back. The problem is those projects are either environmentally questionable or too big to finish during his term.

López Obrador has vowed to finish them before he leaves office Sept. 30, bragging they are being built in “record time.” He spends most of his weekends flying around to different construction sites to personally oversee the work.

But apparently it is hard to do careful work in a hurry, both in legislation and in construction. “It is not advisable, but that’s the way they’re doing it,” said Crespo.

On Tuesday, an 800-ton gantry crane — a huge piece of machinery used to position pre-fabricated concrete bridge spans — came crashing to the ground at an elevated commuter rail line meant to link Mexico City with neighboring Toluca. Nobody was injured, but the accident delayed construction and terrified neighbors.

In January, another crane dropped a huge pre-fab concrete span onto the roadway below, narrowly missing two men who were repairing a truck.

In March, a loose railway fitting caused a train car to derail on the president’s pet project — a tourist rail route known as the Maya Train that is planned for carrying both visitors and local residents on a loop around the Yucatan peninsula.

No one was hurt in the incident, but given that it’s meant to eventually be a high-speed train, the oversight was worrisome.

The rail switch involved in the accident is designed to be operated automatically. Though the automated system is not yet in place, the president wanted that part of the line up and running anyway.

So the switch — which shunts train cars onto another track — has to be manually loosened, moved and returned to its original position by hand. Someone apparently didn’t tighten the fitting down again.

On the same project, the government has acknowledged that steel and cement pilings meant to support an elevated section of the tracks were driven directly through the roofs of sensitive limestone caves .

The network of caves, sinkhole lakes and underground rivers along Mexico’s Caribbean coast are both environmentally sensitive and have been found to hold some of the oldest human remains in North America .

Follow AP’s coverage of Latin America and the Caribbean at https://apnews.com/hub/latin-america

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Department news, march 2024, departmental news.

Posted: Apr 05, 2024 - 12:00am

Publications  

Lisa Broidy , and colleagues from Griffith University in Australia, published an article titled Offending Trajectories in an Australian Birth Cohort: Differences and Similarities across Gender” in the journal  Criminal Justice & Behavior.  https://doi.org/10.1177/00938548241234373

Lisa Broidy  and her colleague Md Jahirul Islam published an article titled “The Transformative Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Shaping Gender Norms and Empowering Women: Evidence From Pakistan and Nepal” in  Violence Against Women.

https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012241238240

Invited Talks, Conference Presentations, Keynotes

An article co-authored by graduate student  Emily Ahrend  along with colleagues on North Campus titled "Transgender Patients, Gender-Affirming Care, and Mental Health Outcomes” was accepted for presentation at the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM) Annual Spring Conference 2024 in Los Angeles, CA, this May.

Graduate student  Lacey Hites  will be attending the Intersectional Qualitative Research Methods Institute for Advanced Doctoral Students (IQRMI-ADS) at UT Austin this summer.

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Graduate student  Vittoria Totaro’s  proposal titled "Sustainable Farmers' Mental Health in a Changing Climate: A Socio-Ecological Study" has been selected for funding for the 2024-2025 award year by the Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (SWCOEH) Pilot Projects Research Training (PPRT) Program. This program is part of the NIOSH-funded Education and Research Center (ERC) at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health. 

Public Engagement, Public-facing Scholarship, and  News  Coverage

Eli Wilson  will be presenting a talk titled “Handcrafted Careers: How Artisanal Work and Social Inequality Come Together in the Craft Beer Industry” at the next faculty Lightning Lounge, April 10 from 4-5 p.m. in Ortega Hall room 335. The Lightning Lounge events feature 7-minute talks by faculty from across campus about their research and scholarship with time for questions and networking.

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