aiou assignment of code 1423

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1423 Spring & Autumn 2023 PDF

Here, We have provided AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1423 for both Spring and Autumn semesters. According to AIOU policy, The assignment marks are 50% of your total exam marks. So Without submission of your assignments of code 1423 for BA , you will be considered a Fail.

It’s important to submit your all assignments of code 1423 on time to avoid any problems using AIOU Aagahi Portal. For this purpose, we have provided AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1423 for BA in PDF Format.

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1423 Spring & Autumn (PDF Download)

AIOU Code 1340 Business Accounting Solved Assignments Spring And Autumn

AIOU Code 395 Statistics – II Solved Assignments Spring And Autumn

AIOU Code 394 Statistics – I Solved Assignments Spring And Autumn

AIOU Code 387 Compulsory English – II Solved Assignments Spring And…

UOG PU UOS M.A Urdu Part 1 And Part 2 Solved…

M.A Urdu Guide PDF Download

University of Sargodha UOS University of Gujrat UOG Solved Objective Questions…

Download Roll No Slip for BA BSc Associate Degree Part II…

University of Punjab Past Papers of Last 5 Years MA MSC…

AIOU Books Download PDF Part 5

AIOU Solved Notes Code 9442 Office Automation PDF

AIOU Solved Notes Code 9441 Anthropology PDF

AIOU Solved Notes Code 9437 Iqbaliat PDF

Important Computer MCQs From Basic To Advance

100 Physics Questions and Answers

FIA Test Preparation Books PDF Download Free For All Posts

Marketing Management MCQ With Answers

Aiou code 1423 english – i assignments spring and autumn.

AIOU Code 1423 English – I Assignments Spring And Autumn Welcome, pricey readers, to the realm of AIOU (Allama Iqbal Open University) and the journey by means of Code 1423 – English – I assignments. As we embark on this academic journey, let’s discover the great thing about studying, very similar to the altering seasons.

AIOU Code 1423 English – I Code 1423 is a course designed to boost our English language abilities. Whether or not you’re a scholar of the spring semester or the autumn semester, the journey stays identical. The course goals are to develop proficiency in studying, writing, and comprehension.

Compulsory English-I Code 1423 AIOU Guess Papers: Link 1 Compulsory English-I Code 1423 AIOU Guess Papers: Link 2

Download AIOU Solved Assignments Free PDF

Note: If you want more solved assignments of all other codes Click Here

علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی کی ہاتھ سے لکھی ہوِئی حل شدہ مشقیں حاصل کرنے کے لیے رابطہ کریں

Download AIOU Text Books Key Books Guess Papers And Notes

Download aiou past papers last five years old papers.

Embracing the Spring Assignments Within the spring semester, as flowers bloom and nature awakens, so do our minds with the Code 1423 assignments. These duties are like seeds planted, ready to develop right into a backyard of information. Matters might vary from literature evaluation to artistic writing, difficult for us to think critically and categorize ourselves eloquently.

Navigating the Autumn Assignments Because the leaves change coloration within the autumn semester, so does the main target of our assignments. The duties assigned throughout this season might delve into totally different points of language studying. From grammar workout routines to honing our communication abilities, every task is a stepping stone in the direction of linguistic mastery.

Ideas for Success in Code 1423 Assignments Navigating the assignments for Code 1423 requires a compass of dedication and a few helpful ideas. Firstly, learn the task prompts rigorously to know the expectations. Secondly, analyze and collect related data earlier than crafting your responses. Lastly, proofread your work to ensure readability and coherence.

Embracing the Studying Journey The essence of Code 1423 goes past the assignments. It is about embracing the training journey with an open coronary heart and thoughts. Each phrase written, each idea understood, contributes to our development as language fanatics. Let’s savor the method, appreciating the nuances of language and communication.

Past Papers

Latest Jobs
Latest Admissions
Latest Government Jobs
Latest Private Jobs
Computer Science and IT
Engineering and Technology
Medical and Health Sciences

Compulsory English-I Code No. 1423 Past Papers and Model Papers | AIOU

AIOU Past Papers »
B.Com (ADC) »
Compulsory English-I (1423)

Download and view past papers for Compulsory English-I code number 1423 (AIOU) for the semester of spring and autumn. It is a 3 credit hours book.Old papers will provide a clear understanding of important areas or parts of the subjects. Also previous examinations papers will provide a guess for the upcoming examination.Below table provide past papers. Click on the link to view:

Related Subjects

Compulsory English-II (1424)
Principle of Management (1427)
Commercial Geography (1428)
Business Mathematics (1429)
Business Statistics (1430)
Business Communication (1416)
Basics of Information Communication Technology (1431)
Introduction to Business Finance (1415)

AIOU Code 1423 English-I Past Papers and Preparation Guide 2024

Contacs us (query/feedback)

Code No 1423 Compulsory English-I, AIOU Pdf

Past Paper

Compulsory English-I (1423) - AIOU Past Papers -

Aiou old papers of code 1423 english download.

Assignments (QP)

S.S.C., H.S.S.C.,Arabic,NFE& Literacy certificate, French Online Courses

Bachelor, ATTC, ADC,ADB,BS,BBA,B.ed, Post Graduate Courses

Bachelor, ADC,ADB,BS,BBA,B.ed, Post Graduate Courses

Assignment Covering Form

S.S.C., H.S.S.C.,ATTC,NFE& Literacy certificate, French Online Courses

Bachelor, ADC,ADB,BS,BBA,B.ed,Post Graduate Courses

S.S.C., H.S.S.C.,NFE& Literacy certificate, French Online Courses

S.S.C., H.S.S.C., French Online Courses

Bachelor, BS/BBA, B.Ed.,ATTC,CT,PTC Courses

All Post Graduate Courses

Contact info Address : Sector H-8, Islamabad [email protected] 051 111 112 468 Helpdesk --> Quick Links About Us Jobs Tender Notices Downloads Research ORIC AIOU Library For Query Email Us [email protected] (Admission) [email protected] (Examination) [email protected] (Regional Services) [email protected] (Student Advisory) [email protected] (Treasurer)

The Allama Iqbal Open University was established in May, 1974, with the main objectives of providing educational opportunities to masses and to those who cannot leave their homes and jobs. During all these past years, the University has more than fulfilled this promise.

Compulsory English 1423 AIOU solved assignment Autumn 2023

Post author: Qalb-e- Momin
Post comments: 0 Comments

Welcome to the comprehensive guide on the Compulsory English 1423 AIOU solved assignment Autumn 2023. This article aims to provide valuable insights, tips, and expert advice to help you navigate through this academic requirement successfully.

Table of Contents

PLAGIARISM OR HIRING OF GHOST WRITER(S) FOR SOLVING THE ASSIGNMENT(S) WILL DEBAR THE STUDENT FROM AWARD OF DEGREE/CERTIFICATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STAGE.
SUBMITTING ASSIGNMENTS BORROWED OR STOLEN FROM OTHER(S) AS ONE’S OWN WILL BE PENALIZED AS DEFINED IN “AIOU PLAGIARISM POLICY”.

Compulsory English 1423 Semester: Autumn, 2023 BA/ (Associate Degree)

Please read the following instructions for writing your assignments. (ssc, hssc & ba programmes).

1. All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks but within a question the marks are distributed according to its requirements.

2. Read the question carefully and then answer it according to the requirements of the questions.

3. Late submission of assignments will not be accepted.

4. Your own analysis and synthesis will be appreciated.

5. Avoid irrelevant discussion/information and reproducing from books, study guide of allied material.

Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks BA: 40

Pass Marks (AD):50

ASSIGNMENT No. 1

(Units 1–4)

Q.1

Suppose you are planning a trip to Northern areas of Pakistan and consult a travel and tourism company in this regard. What ten question you will ask to seek relevant information to plan a wonderful trip which is both convenient as well as cost effective?

Q.2

Write down a brief and concise paragraph based on the personality description of your favorite teacher. You may include the details about his/ her appearance, personality traits and habits, etc.

Q.3

Write question tags for the following sentences. Notice carefully whether the statement is positive or negative in each case.

I. She contacted me yesterday…………………………………………………………….. ?

II. They are shouldering their responsibilities honestly……………………………… ?

III. You will receive the parcel next week……………………………………………….. ?

IV. She must adhere to the societal norms, ……………………………………………… ?

V. Actions speak louder than words……………………………………………………… ?

VI. We shall follow the code of conduct,………………………………………………… ?

VII. They were accused of negligence,…………………………………………………….. ?

VIII. You are striving hard to be successful……………………………………………….. ?

IX. He is a very skillful driver… …………………………………………………………… ?

X. She is capable of handling any situation skillfully………………………………… ?

I. She contacted me yesterday, didn’t she?

II. They are shouldering their responsibilities honestly, aren’t they?

III. You will receive the parcel next week, won’t you?

IV. She must adhere to the societal norms, mustn’t she?

V. Actions speak louder than words, don’t they?

VI. We shall follow the code of conduct, shan’t we?

VII. They were accused of negligence, weren’t they?

VIII. You are striving hard to be successful, aren’t you?

IX. He is a very skillful driver, isn’t he?

X. She is capable of handling any situation skillfully, isn’t she?

Write an informal letter to one of your cousins and congratulate her/him on achieving top position in the FPSC examination. Also advise to shoulder his/ her responsibilities with an utmost sense of dedication and commitment.

The following instances contain some highlighted words, guess the meaning of these words and use them into sentences of your own.

I. The teacher will not take away your candy, as long as you are considerate and consume it in a discreet manner.

II. Since our team will not make the playoffs this year, the results of the remaining games are pretty much inconsequential .

III. This political landscape is full of dangers so a good politician must exercise prudence in their policymaking

IV. The teacher was afraid to take the boisterous students into the library She knew that the gymnasium was a setting that would better match their moods

V. She hated the detention room because it was absolutely devoid of warmth and cheer.

Q.6 Express your agreement as well as disagreement with the following issues. Choose a different expression each time. (10)

I. Pakistan and India can mutually collaborate with each other to promote peace.

II. Inflation is the root cause of economic instability.

III. Physical education should be introduced at the grass root level

IV. Child abusers should be publically hanged.

V. Women should be provided ample opportunities to earn their livelihood

Q.7 Look at the front cover given below and make ten predictions about the contents of the book. (10)

Compulsory English 1423 AIOU solved assignment Autumn 2023

Suppose one of your cousins is employed in a foreign country. Write a letter of advice so that he may strive hard to promote and strengthen positive image of Pakistan.

Solution- 1

Subject: Encouragement and Advice for Promoting a Positive Image of Pakistan Abroad

Dear [Cousin’s Name],

I trust this letter finds you in good health and high spirits. It’s heartening to hear about your employment in a foreign country, and I am confident that your endeavors will not only contribute to your personal growth but also serve as a representation of our beloved homeland, Pakistan. In light of this, I wanted to share some thoughts and advice to help you promote and strengthen a positive image of Pakistan during your time abroad.

Cultural Sensitivity: Embrace the local culture and customs of the country you’re in. By demonstrating respect for the traditions and values of others, you’ll be fostering positive relationships and showcasing the rich cultural diversity of Pakistan.
Professional Excellence: Strive for excellence in your professional pursuits. Be diligent, proactive, and always eager to learn. Your commitment to your work will not only reflect positively on you but also on the capabilities of individuals from Pakistan.
Networking and Communication: Actively engage with people from various backgrounds. Networking is a powerful tool for building bridges and breaking stereotypes. Share your experiences, discuss your culture, and listen to others with an open mind. Effective communication is key to dispelling misconceptions.
Community Involvement: Get involved in community activities and local events. Participate in charitable initiatives, volunteer work, or cultural exchange programs. This not only helps you integrate into the local community but also showcases the compassionate and giving nature of Pakistanis.
Educational Initiatives: If opportunities arise, share your knowledge about Pakistan’s history, art, and achievements. Promote a nuanced understanding of the country by dispelling stereotypes and offering a more comprehensive view of its contributions to the world.
Civic Responsibility: Be a responsible and law-abiding citizen. Adhere to local laws and regulations, and contribute positively to the society in which you live. Your conduct will reflect not only on yourself but also on your fellow Pakistanis.
Positive Narratives: Counter negative narratives about Pakistan by highlighting its positive aspects. Share success stories, cultural achievements, and positive news from Pakistan. By doing so, you contribute to shaping a more balanced and accurate perception of our homeland.

Remember, you are not just an individual representing yourself but also an ambassador for Pakistan. Your actions and interactions have the potential to shape perceptions and create a lasting impression. I have no doubt that you will carry the flag of Pakistan with pride and distinction.

Wishing you every success in your endeavors abroad. Stay true to your roots and continue to make us proud.

Warm regards,

[Your Name]

Solution- 2

I hope this letter finds you well and in good spirits. I am writing to you today to offer some advice on how you can promote and strengthen a positive image of Pakistan while you are living abroad.

As you know, Pakistan has often been portrayed in a negative light in the media and by some foreign governments. This is due in part to a number of factors, including the country’s history of political instability and militancy. However, it is important to remember that Pakistan is a beautiful country with a rich culture and a warm and hospitable people.

There are many things you can do to help promote a more positive image of Pakistan. Here are a few suggestions:

Be an ambassador for Pakistan. When you meet people from other countries, take the time to tell them about the positive aspects of Pakistan. Share your stories about the country’s history, culture, and people.
Be a positive role model. Make sure that your own behavior reflects the values that you want to promote about Pakistan. Be respectful of others, be honest and hardworking, and always strive to make a positive contribution to your community.
Get involved in your local community. Find ways to connect with other Pakistanis living in your area. You can also get involved with local organizations that are working to promote cross-cultural understanding.
Use social media to share positive stories about Pakistan. There are many online platforms where you can connect with people from all over the world. Use these platforms to share positive stories about Pakistan and to promote a more balanced view of the country.

I know that it can be challenging to be an ambassador for your country while you are living abroad. However, I believe that it is an important role that you can play. By promoting a positive image of Pakistan, you can help to break down stereotypes and create a more understanding and tolerant world.

I wish you all the best in your efforts to promote Pakistan.

Sincerely, [Your Name]

Pass Marks: (AD):50

Compulsory English 1423 AIOU solved assignment Autumn 2023 ASSIGNMENT No. 2

(Units 5–9)

Focus on the current economical state of affairs of our country and give five examples depicting each of the following functions. Use appropriate expressions each time.

I. Certainty

II. Uncertainty

Current Economical State of Affairs of Our Country

Q.2 Write a dialogue between two police officers on the issue of increasing crime rate in the country and discuss some suitable measures to improve the situation ( 20)

Q.3 Given below is a job advertisement. Suppose you intend to apply for the said post how would you write a job application? What details you would like to add to make yourself to be the most suitable candidate for the post?

Given below is a job advertisement. Suppose you intend to apply for the said post how would you write a job application? What details you would like to add to make yourself to be the most suitable candidate for the post?

What are the techniques of notes taking? Elaborate any five of them.

https://aioucorner.com/what-are-the-techniques-of-notes-taking/

What are conjunctions? Differentiate between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions with suitable examples.

Q.6 Write a descriptive paragraph based on a birthday party you have recently attended. Write a catchy topic sentence, add relevant supporting details and end it conclusively. (10)

Q.7 Write a detailed narrative essay of about 300-350 words on the following topic. (20)

An Unforgettable Incident of My Childhood

Importance of Compulsory English 1423 AIOU Solved Assignment

Undoubtedly, the Compulsory English 1423 AIOU solved assignment holds immense significance in the academic journey. It serves as a crucial assessment tool, allowing students to demonstrate their understanding of the course material, language proficiency, and critical thinking skills.

Understanding AIOU Solved Assignment Format

To excel in your Compulsory English 1423 AIOU solved assignment Autumn 2023, it’s essential to grasp the prescribed format and guidelines provided by AIOU. Familiarize yourself with the structure, word count, referencing styles, and any specific instructions outlined in the assignment brief.

Tips for Effective Assignment Completion

Successfully completing your assignment requires strategic planning. Consider factors such as time management, topic selection, and research methodology. Our experts recommend breaking down the task into manageable steps for a smoother workflow.

Compulsory English 1423 AIOU solved assignment Autumn 2023 Guidelines

Navigate through the detailed guidelines and requirements for the Compulsory English 1423 assignment. Understanding the expectations and assessment criteria is key to delivering a high-quality Compulsory English 1423 AIOU solved assignment Autumn 2023.

Key Topics Covered in Compulsory English 1423

Explore the major subjects covered in Compulsory English 1423. This knowledge will guide you in focusing on the core themes, ensuring your assignment aligns with the course objectives.

Common Challenges Faced by Students

Addressing common challenges, such as time constraints, topic complexity, and lack of motivation, is crucial for success. Discover effective solutions to overcome these hurdles and enhance your assignment completion experience.

Expert Insights on Assignment Evaluation

Gain valuable insights into how assignments are evaluated. Understanding the assessment process enables you to tailor your work to meet the expectations of AIOU evaluators.

Advantages of Completing Assignments on Time

Timely submission of Compulsory English 1423 AIOU solved assignment Autumn 2023 not only reflects your commitment to academic excellence but also positively influences your overall grades. Discover the advantages of meeting assignment deadlines.

How to Manage Time Effectively for Assignments

Time management is a critical skill for Compulsory English 1423 AIOU solved assignment Autumn 2023 success. Explore practical tips and techniques to allocate time efficiently, ensuring a balanced approach to your studies.

Importance of Proofreading and Editing

Enhance the quality of your Compulsory English 1423 AIOU solved assignment Autumn 2023 by prioritizing proofreading and editing. Learn why these steps are crucial and how they contribute to a polished and error-free submission.

Incorporating LSI Keywords in Assignments

Optimize your assignment for search engines by seamlessly integrating Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) keywords. This enhances the discoverability of your work in online searches.

Addressing FAQs About Compulsory English 1423

What is the significance of compulsory english 1423 in aiou.

Compulsory English 1423 plays a vital role in assessing students’ language skills and understanding of course content. It contributes significantly to overall academic performance.

How can I effectively manage my time for Compulsory English 1423 assignment?

Effective time management involves setting realistic goals, creating a schedule, and prioritizing tasks. Break down the assignment into smaller tasks to make the workload more manageable.

Are there specific guidelines for referencing in Compulsory English 1423 assignments?

Yes, AIOU provides specific guidelines for referencing styles. Ensure you follow these guidelines meticulously to avoid any issues related to plagiarism.

What are the consequences of submitting assignments past the deadline?

Late submissions may result in grade deductions. It’s crucial to adhere to assignment deadlines to maintain academic integrity and maximize your chances of success.

How can I seek help if I encounter challenges with my Compulsory English 1423 assignment?

AIOU offers support services for students facing difficulties. Reach out to your instructors, utilize online resources, and consider forming study groups for collaborative learning.

How can I enhance the creativity of my Compulsory English 1423 assignment?

To boost creativity, explore diverse perspectives on your topic, engage in brainstorming sessions, and take breaks to refresh your mind. Embrace a variety of writing styles to make your Compulsory English 1423 AIOU solved assignment Autumn 2023 stand out.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Assignments

Discover and avoid common pitfalls in assignment writing, such as plagiarism, lack of clarity, and poor organization. Steering clear of these mistakes contributes to a polished and well-received assignment.

Strategies for Overcoming Writer’s Block

If you find yourself stuck in a creative rut, implementing strategies to overcome writer’s block is essential. Explore techniques such as freewriting, changing your writing environment, and seeking inspiration from different sources.

Balancing Work and Study for Assignments

Maintaining a balance between work and study is challenging but achievable. Learn effective strategies to juggle multiple responsibilities while ensuring the quality of your Compulsory English 1423 assignment.

Compulsory English 1423 AIOU Solved Assignment Tips

Benefit from practical advice gathered from experienced individuals. These tips cover various aspects, from research techniques to presentation skills, to help you excel in your Compulsory English 1423 assignment.

supported by allpaperspk for Compulsory English 1423 AIOU solved assignment Autumn 2023

Define measurement, what are the determinants of an economic system, leave a reply cancel reply.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Privacy Policy
Terms and Conditions

Aiou Services
__Admission
__Degree Form
_Book Dispatch
_Aiou Contact Number
_Date Sheet
Aiou Past Papers
Solved Assignments
Aiou Help Desk

Aiou BA English 1423 Past Papers Download in PDF

aiou b.a english 1423 past papers download in pdf.

aiou-ba-english-1423-past-papers-download-pdf

Aiou 1423 past papers solved

On this educational page of Allama Iqbal Open University Aiou BA English 1423 Past Papers Download it in PDF and share it with your friends and family members who are studying at Allama Iqbal Open University. Are you searching for Aiou English 1423 past papers you come to the best place in this article we provide you old papers of Aiou 1423 past papers in pdf read online? If you want to download past papers of other classes simply visit our Offical Blog https://www.aioubooks.com/ This blog is only for all types of study material as All codes books in PDF assignments past papers etc

I hope you like the post-Aiou BA English 1423 Past Papers Download in PDF and we request you to share it with your social media friends and family members who are studying at Allama Iqbal Open University.

1423 English Past Papers:

AIOU B.A/BS Code 1423 English-I Past Papers Download

You may like these posts, post a comment, popular posts.

Aiou Past Paper 1429 Spring 2020 Download

Past Papers Aiou BA 1430 Business Mathematics & Statistics-II

Aiou Past Papers BA 1426 Spring 2021 English Literature

aiou admission 7
AIOU All BOOKS 8
AIOU Books 36
aiou date sheet 6
Aiou Degree Form 1
Aiou F.A books 1
Aiou Guess papers 21
Aiou matric books 1
Aiou Past Papers 1
aiou prospects 3
aiou solved assignments 50
Solved Assignments 2

Random Posts

English Code 1423 BA – AIOU Free Solved Assignment No.1 Autumn 2013

Subject Name : English Compulsory

Level : Bachelors (BA / BS)

Semester : Autumn 2013

Type : Free Solved Assignment of AIOU Allama Iqbal Open University

Assignment No 1 (solved)

1423 English compulsory Solved Assignment no 1 Autumn 2013 BA

Answers from Keybook

AIOu Solution of Assignment 1423 Autumn 2013 Page 1

All Free solved assignments and keybooks are available for Free on this site of all courses of Allama Iqbal Open University. Specially BA, BS, B.Com,B.Ed, Matric, I.Com, FA programs assignments + solved notes are available for students of AIOU for FREE.

Previous post.

English-II Code 1424 AIOU Free Solved Assignment No.1 Autumn 2013

23 Comments

plz jo ap ny page diye hoy wahan in page pen ans nahi hen …………plz ans me

please zra ghor se dekhein mene wo tamam pages attache kiye hain jin me answers hain, agar koi page miss ho gaya hai tu mujhe btaein me wo upload kar donga. but mujhe abhi tak esa koi page nazar nahi aya. agar hai tu kindly mention karen. Thank you.

sir ma new student hun mujhy plz english ki 2nd assignment bhj dan autumn 2014 cord 1423 plzzz argent

hiii i m new b.a student samester autumn 2013 plzzz muje code 1431 computer ki solved assigments chaie mil nai rahi can u help me plzzzz

dear me b try kr rha hun lekin mujay jis wqt b mil gai han assignments time se pehlay pehlay to me ap ko provide kr dun ga, agar us se pehlay ap ko mil jae to plz inform me thanks

Assalam Alikum sir, sir aap ny English code 1423 k pehly 4 questions k Answers to upload kiye hain sir aagy k jo questions hain 5 sy ly kr 11 tak plz vo b upload kr dyain. agar upload kiye hoy hain to sir un la link bata dain.

thans sir mil gy sary answers sorry sir peh vo page nazar ni ay thy ok thanks sir

thanks sir mil gy sary answers sorry sir peh vo page nazar ni ay thy ok thanks sir

some times net slow ho jane ki waja se kuch images load nahi hote q k ye images hum HD quality me upload karte hain takey words easily nazar aa sakein.So aap sub students pages ko reload kar liya karen agar kabi issue aya kare tu. Thank you

Sir, Please mje islamiyat code 416 aur pak studies code 417 ki 1st assignment -2013 autumn ki solved assignment nai mil rahi plz upload kr dain plzzzzzqz

sir muja letter nai mail raha cod hai 1423 first assignment ka Q NO 6 hai pla muja send kar dy plzzzzzzzzzzzz

ye lo ye image ka link open karo is me zra ghor se dekhna bold me nahi hai Question 6th likha hai or letter bhi hai is me. link ye hai https://aioucheats.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/AIOU-solved-assignment-English-1423-Aut-2013-1.jpg

Let me know if you need further help.

Sir please 1431 ki assigment urdu main upload kr dain.

sir muja life on the moon ki possibility or impossibilty ka ans send kar dy plzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

sir question no 9 hai

question no 9 hai

a.o.a sir assignment no 2 ??? plzzz upload kar dain

sir plzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz 2014 spring smestr course coad 1423 ke assingment uplode kar doooo plzz mujy mil ni rahen

comming very soooon. Plz wait few days…

any body here help me in solving this question of ba english assignment spring 2014

any body here help me in solving this q no 5 question of ba english assignment spring 2014

plz b.a assignment no 2 code 1423 autumn 2014 load kar day plz request hy plzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz…………………….

sir mjhy 2015 ki 1423 ki assaigment chahye plz kisi ko maloom ho to is p mail kr do plzzzzzzzzzz [email protected] ya phr is p contect kry 03003475683 plzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

LearningKiDunya

Arts Subject
Science Subjects
Pair of Words
Arts Subjects
Applications
English Book II Q/A
Aiou Autumn 2020 Paper
Guess Paper
PAST PAPERS
Exercise Tips
Weight loss Products
2000 Calories Formula
Books On Weight loss
RELATIONSHIP
MARRIGE COUNCLING
FAMILY COUNCLING
Private Jobs
Cookies Policy
Terms & Conditions
Privacy Policy

Header$type=social_icons

Aiou solved assignments 1 code 1423 autumn 2022 | learning ki dunya.

Do you want to download Aiou solved assignment 1code 1423 autumn 2022

Footer Social$type=social_icons

English-I Code 1423 Free Solve Assignments of AIOU – Spring 2014

AIOU – Allama Iqbal Open University Free Solved Assignments of all Subjects available here

Subject : Compulsory English-I

Code : 1423

Semester : Spring 2014

Level : Bachelors – BA / BS and BS Computer Science etc

Type : Free Solutions / Answers of Assignments’

No. of Assignments : Both First and 2nd Assignment

Click on the pages to view in full screens

Note : Page Numbers are mentioned of some question, So I attached those pages too at the end. You can find them easily. I you face any problem, please comment below.

Assignment No. 1 English 1423 Spring 2014 Start from here

This is second assignment of 1423 english – spring 2014 semester.

From here you can find answers of Assignment No. 1 , Page numbers which are mentioned above are attached here.

Answer of Question No. 3 – Assign No.1)

Answer of Question No. 5 – Write Letter to Uncle for Thanking Him

If you feel this is helpful, kindly share it on social media sites and Give your feedback, Some more assignments are on the way and we will upload them on this blog with the time. Also note that do not copy as it is, just use it for help and add your own text to gain more and more marks.

Previous post, 160 comments.

ap page numbr ku dyte hain anmwer ku nai dety

page number uper diye gaye hain or answer wale pages sath attach kar diye gaye hain

`guide mere pas hai chahiye to muje address ya mbl no send krain

AOA dear it is very great job may Allah bless you . it is very help full but please do not mention only page numbers for answers of some questions because some students have no that books which you mentioned. Thanks…………..

I also attached those pages which are required from that book. If any page is missing you can ask us here.

thanksssssssssssssssss

Plzzz book exercise kay answer dean plxx Or humhay online classes dean …

nai hain na page answer waly………………………

konse pages nahi hain plz mention ?

yes ye sb forad hai…. I’m Haseeb From Fsd… 03006147045

You can buy a helping book it’s not much expensive.

You have done an excellent job. Even you yourself do not know what a helpful work you have done. May Allah give you its reward because “Allah helps those who help others” and you ofcourse have helped us. But still there is a request… Please also provide solved assignments of matric and solved papers of last five years. Thanks

Thanks for your appreciating comment here. Past Papers of 1423 are already available on this just, You Just search by entering the “Code 1431” is search bar or visit this link : http://aioupk.com/?s=1423

assignment submit ki last date kub pata chaly ge???

question ka answer kitna lamba hona chahiya????

a-o-a plz assignment 1423 ka page no 2 aur 4 b day dain na plzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.

plz send me email, apko me complete solution mail kar donga.

please mje tmam question k anser send kar dain jald q k mery tutor ka nai pta m ny assignment solve kar k islamabad phunchani hy. please jald solution send kar dain

plz mujay english ka assignment full soulation chahya plz send me 1423 ka

jo ap nay likha hai k sehar book say dekhain idar hi mention kar dain na plzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.

sehar book ka page no 37 aur 39 half hai. plz dain na.

no, page number 37 or 39 full hain, itna hi page hai, agar ap ko half show ho raha hai tu page ko reload kar k dobara dekhein. Still have problem then again ask me , I will mail you the complete solution.

Also If you need complete softcopy of keybook for Free, kindly email me via contact form, I will send you link. Thanks

mera id [email protected] hy

sir plx mja ya bta dain ka paper book sa bnta ha ya out of book ya jst book jasa related question ata han plx mja is id ma mail kr ka samja dain I m very tnkful sir [email protected]

Dear Sir, Kindly send me solved assignment code 1423 english semester 1st 2015 or if any issue then text me on my cell no 0321-5024341

bundle of thanks!

Your Welcome. Thanks for feedback.

03088861715 call me asingement la lo

Ap kafi intelligent lgti hen. Plz give me ur ID, m ne b abi first semester k subject prepar kr raha hn. Plz help me some assignments task.. Addun khan.

Ap kafi intelligent lgti hen. Plz give me ur ID, m b abi first semester k subject prepar kr raha hn. Plz help me some assignments task.. Addun khan.

sahar book alag sa laine para ge agar ap question ka answer yai show kar da to

g nahi, apko seher book lene ki zrorat nahi hai, answers bhi show kiye hoe hain sare.

aap ko konsa answer nahi mil raha, tell me, ?

or assigment ki last date kia computer, english ,pakstydies ki next month ya august ma plz pata dai

assignment ki last date pliz pata da

hiii plzzz heelp meeeee merii computer ki assignemant ka question paperr losst ho gyea hai assignement no1 main post karr chuka ho plzz assignemant no 2 ka questionsss bataaaa dainnnnn.

hi, aap yahan se complete assignment paper download kar lein, is me aap ki code 1423 ki full Assignment Questions hain. Link is attached. http://aioucheats.com/AIOU%20Assignments%20Papers%20Spring%202014/Bachelors/B_5_1423-_AIOU_Assignment_Spring_2014_2014_06_27_22_57_47_411.pdf

2nd assignment ke sumbission date btaye kindly….. eng comp code#1423

yh sahar book khn sy mily ge bke subjects my be sahar book ky pajez btaey wy hty hn jo mery pas nae great tencn plz guid me

sehar book k jo answers hain wo bhi sath attache kar diye gaye hain, phir aap book buy karna chahte hoo tu apko ye market me mil jae gi, ya aap hum se buy kar sakte hoon contact us k form k zarye.

Plzzzzzzzz kindly tell me date to sumbit the (assignement no 1) 0f code#english1423,pakstudy417.computer it

my sb stationaries sy pata krwa cukee khty hn yh book nae plzz mjy bta dyn basic of ict ke book urdu my khn sy mily ge wo be nae mil rae iur contect ksy kya jae ap sy

where do u live then i tell u that book there avail. my contact numbr 03024965487

plz assignement ki date pata da 1st assignement ki

yaha sa assignement likhna ma koi problem to nai hn ge na

data bata dein

date bata deain last

25 oct hy last date

25 ha yar …………mari phle assiment be nahe mile majh

ager kise ko assinment book 1423 ki last date ka pta ho to plzz inform me 03024965487 thanks of bundle

last date ka pata chale tu plzz mjhe b btana

qayum waseenm yh sub batyn books ky sath jo istructionz ae hn ius my likha wa hy thanks

mere pas books nai hai ma duty par kahe bahir ho book ghar ma hai .is laye ap sub sa request kar raha ho. thanks

ohh sory qayumm ius ke last date 10 august hy 1423 ke be 1431 iur 417 iur416 in sb ke yahe date hy

thanks of bundle

assignement 1 ke last date 10 august ha en 4 subject ki plz muskaan tell me i am confused

Asma, U don’t take so tention. ap ki books k sath رہنمائے طلبہ jo aya hai usko study karen. apko agr date wgera ka nai pata chal raha to open university walon ki website se Registrar k number pe contact kar len. ya ap university walon ke regional office se contact kar len.

Bht bht thx. allah ap jazay khair de.aameen

mj sy 416 ke asighment ka question page gum gya hy plzz upload kr dyn

1423 417 assignement no 1 ki last date 10august ha kia plzzzzzzzzzzzz tell me

Han g 8 august hay

roll no ka nai pata kaha sa pata chalan ga ka kia ha plzzzzzzzz tell me

Registartion number ya CHlan Number pta hai apko tu aap apna roll number find kar sakti hain aiou ki website se.

sir ma lahore ma rehta ho .par maine address apne village ka likha hai .ab mera centere bhe waha kahe bne ga. ma chahta ho ka mera exam centere bhe lahore ban jaye.is ka koi solution hai to kindly inform me

jee asma and all friendss 1 asighment ke last date hy 10 august

this is really a great effort. may Allah Almighty bless you. keep it up please. with regards.. Asif Rizwan.

its very helpfull …. thank u soooo much…..

plz page numb mt diya kre kebooks availl ni hoti bohat muskil pashe ati ha

sir muje english or islamyat k tiyoutr k name ni mile abi tk plz help me about its

Check here Sister : http://www.aiou.edu.pk/Tutors.asp

computer IT k tutor ka letter ni mila mujhy abi roll nmber ax464028

http://www.aiou.edu.pk/Tutors.asp

v.v.v. good

salam Dear any body tell me about library information and science. I am new student plzz

A.o.A last date jin ki khatm ho gai hy or wo asignment jma nh kra sky to ab un ka kia ho ga????? plz koi b mujhy text kr k bta dy 0304-7389337

AOA. dear all friend . ager kise ko pta ho ka b.a autum ka admission kb ja rahe hai ya un ki last date kia hai to plzz bta da .thanks of bundle

mere cell numbr par message kar da.ya yaha reply chor da. 03024965487

ap jehse chae solve kre.urdu me ya english me …..

plzzz mjy 10th -II general group ki 1st solved assignmnt chye ………….agr kisi k pas hy to plzzzz dy dy…………..link e bta dy………..thnxxxx

give your mail acount then i send you..you also contact on my numbr above show

First of all thyank You so much for your wishes and feedback. Please mention the codes and subject name of Matric assignments which you need. May be we already uploaded those assignments. Please use search bar in this blog to find old papers and other solve assignments. Thank You, again.

sir AGER HUM ASSIGNMENT SARI SEHR BOOK SY KER LAIN AS IT IS TOU TEACHERS NUMBER TOU NHE CUT KREIN GE PLZZ BTA DIEN……

Sir g matric ki english I ki b assignment with keybook upload kardien ..

Please mention your codes too. Are you looking for Autumn 2014 assignment or Spring 2014 ?

Assalam o Aliakum solved assigment se bahot faida hota hai. Allah aap ko is ka ajar dega.

W/ Salam. Ameen.and Thanks for your feedback.

aslamualikum koi ye bata sakta hia k assinment ki last date kia hai maine abhi tak koi assinment juma nahi karwai tutor name abhi mile hain last kab tak assignment behj sakte hian reply me fast

W/salam, 25-09-2014 last date hai, aap apni sari assignments ek sath is date tak jama karwa dein.

this will really help you.

sir B.A spring 2014 ka paper ka koi schedule nai aya kb tak paper ho ga koi bta da plzz.ma job karta ho pher us hesab sa chuti lo

Papers ki datesheet abhi tak finalize University ne announce nahi ki hai, Expected in December. Well jab exact schedule ajae ga, we will update you all in this blog too. Thanks

Sir plz plz plz mujhe koi btae ke main ne apni b.a ki Spring assignment no 1 jma nhen krwai thi, Mujhe btain ke kia ab mein both assignments jma krwa skta hn? Ya jma nhen hngi ab?

gee han aap jama karwa sakte hain 2no assignments ek sath, University ne wese bhi assignments ki date extend kar di hai ab aap dono assignments ek sath 25/9/2014 tak jama karwa sakte hain.

bundle of thanks sir ji,

THANX ALOOOOOOTSS SIR

maine sardar keybook li hai.kiya wo shi hai plzzzzzzzzz mujhe btana

g han theek hai, sub se best seher ki hai because they updates after every semester. But if you already bought then it is also okay.

sir AGER HUM ASSIGNMENT SARI SEHR BOOK SY KER LAIN AS IT IS TOU TEACHERS NUMBER TOU NHE CUT KREIN GE PLZZ BTA DIEN…

Marks tu cut nahi hon ge agar assignment theek ho gi tu, seher wali achi assignment dete hain lekin I will recommed you kay aap wahan se sirf help lein or us me apne se jo kuch addd kar sakte hain wo add karen takey zyada marks le sakein. aap ki assignments k 30% marks final exam me include hote hain, so try to get more marks where possible. Thank You.

thanks sir………… main aisy he kr rhe thi full wahn sy nhe kr rhe thi …. just confusn thi k khein wahn su krny py marking kum na ho

thanks sir for giving help,…… I got 87 marks in my 1st assignment :)…..

wow, its amazing. Thanks for your feedback and update us here.

sir ya bta dien k papers ki tyari k liya help kahn sy lien… …. or objective ki tyari k liya koe book ho gde

There are many guess papers, old papers even keybooks are shared in this blog. Search it using above search bar in this site and use them to prepare. Past papapers and previous solve assignments are also very helpful. If you need guide book, I will recommend you to buy seher keybook from your nearest market, or contact us to get free softcopy access of notes. Don’t forget to mention your full name and roll number when you contact us. Use our contact form given in the menu. I hope it helps. Thank you.

friends paper kase hota han

Please see past papers, We already upload 5 years old papers of all subjects in this site, and within 10 to 15 days we will update previous semester papers too. Hope you got ideas from that papers regarding their pattern. Let me know if you need any other help. Thanks

lates date 25 ha ………………………….yar majh keo paper pattern batai do my contect number 03425913384…zain thanks friends ,,live from attock

yr muje to kuch b samj nai araha

plz frend help me

kia samaj nai a raha .tell me.i c an help u’ u can also contact my numbr .03440676872

Plesae tell me last date for 2nd assignment of english B.A spring

AOA dear, sir, sir assinment b.a spring 2014 ka marks kb tak pta chal jaye ga.ma jb bhe check karta ho kehte hai under process

Bachelors k tu updte hi nahi hon ge, B.Ed k update hon ge assignments marks and Matric, Intermediare FA/ CT kay. Aap apne tutor se direct pochein apne assignment marks, otherwise wait for final result.

Bachelors k tu update hi nahi hon ge, B.Ed k update hon ge assignments marks and Matric, Intermediare FA/ CT kay. Aap apne tutor se direct pochein apne assignment marks, otherwise wait for final result.

thanks of bundle sir

autumn 2014 ki koi b assigmnts upload ni hn plz wo b to kr den sir

sir 18 ko paper ho ga na???????????? b.a ka

sir 18 ko paper ho ga /????? tell me

Yes hoga 18 ko paper

plz bai autumn 2014 ki assigmnts solved b upload kry market sy b ni milti

Bahi jan Autumn ke assignment kub up load kar ray ha……

inshallah From First week of Jan

Mujhy sample dekha h assinemant ke

Bhai ji assinement tutor ka letter any kay bad bnaty h aur letter kab tak ay ga

Plzzzz Joe bta dyy ap ke autum 2014 ke books a gae hn mere nae aen kya krna cheyay plzz help

Mjy books khn sy milyn genn

english samesster autumn 2014 ki assignmt nai han net pa kindly mujhy bta da jaldi date nazdeek ha

AOA respected sir b.a autum 2014 code 1424 ki solve assinment abi tak upload nai huwe kb tak ho jaye ge.aur in ki last date kia hai .ma duty par kahe ho ap please muje lazmi bta da. ager kise ko pta hai ya kise k pas solve assinment 1424 autum 2014 hai muje send kar da.03024965487 my contact numbr

plz help me mjy islamiat ka tutor leter ni mila b.a ka ma net py find krn to show he ni kr rhy ma kia krn plzzzzzzzzzz koi btay wrna ma assgmnts kha bhejo gi mjy to fail kr dy gy 🙁

Visit your city regional office, wahan se apko pta chal jae ga tutor ka address.

help plzzzzzz ma first tym prh ri hn mjy to kch smj ni aaa rha

jis cheez ki smajh ni a rhi , mujh se poch lo.

i need sm infrmtion koi help kry ga?

g haya bolaon

mujhe b.a ke full assignment chahye plz plz plz help me

mujhe b.a ke full assignments chahie plz plz plz plz help me code number 1423

Mojey eng 1423 ke sarey ans begdain thanks

Asslam o alikum Sir kya muje English BA course code1423 ki solved assignment mil skti hay

agar kisi ko job ki zrort hai ya koi part time krna chahta hai to rabta kry 03314793924 any body kam prhy likhy ya teachers b r doctor ya koi r job

Sir humy 2014 ka slovd paper Che 1423 ka

mujha English k 9 class k full assignments chahye plz plz plz help me

mujhe ba k atumn k 2015 k assignment chahie plz english k ode 1423

Ba english k assigment chahyaa

Asslam o alikum Sir kya muje English BA course code1423 ki solved assignment mil skti hay 2016

Read more: http://aioupk.com/english-i-code-1423-free-solve-assignments-of-aiou-spring-2014/#ixzz4C0n5Vriw

Aoa…kindly guide me about B.A English assignment no.1 code 1423 semester spring 2016 …kya ap uski pics upload kr skty hain?

Sir send me the assignment question paper of course code 405, 436 semester spring 2016.

mere behan ki BA 3rd semster ki books abhi tak nahi meli code 405 and 2nd book code 445

mje English 1424 ka autumn 2013 k question No. 5 or 6 chaye. ksi k pas he ya ksi ko ate hein to plz send me. help me plz

My children were looking for CA HHSA DSS LIC 9215 a few weeks ago and came across a great service that hosts 6,000,000 forms . If you are looking for CA HHSA DSS LIC 9215 too , here’s https://goo.gl/JqJmyg .

my name is noor ahmad noori . i am m.a, m.ed….i wanl to apply for tuter.please kindly help me.

A.O.A KOI DOST MJHY 1423 K SOLVE PAPER TO SEND KAR DY PLZ THANKS MERA FIRST PAPER HA

Free AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1423 Spring 2024

Download 2024 Aiou solved assignmentcode 1349 f ree autumn/spring, aiou updates solved assignments. Get free AIOU All Level Assignment from aiousolvedassignment .

Course: Introduction to Environment (1423) Semester: Spring, 2024 ASSIGNMENT No. 1

1 Define the following terms in your own words.

(i) Environment

The term ‘environment’ is widely used and has a broad range of definitions, meanings and interpretations. What does the term ‘environment’ mean? In popular usage, for some people, the term ‘environment’ means, simply, ‘nature’: in other words, the natural landscape together with all of its non-human features, characteristics and processes. To those people, the environment is often closely related to notions of wilderness and of pristine landscapes that have not been influenced – or, at least, that have been imperceptibly influenced – by human activities. However, for other people, the term ‘environment’ includes human elements to some extent. Many people would regard agricultural and pastoral landscapes as being part of the environment, whilst others are yet more inclusive and regard all elements of the earth’s surface – including urban areas – as constituting the environment. Thus, in popular usage, the notion of the ‘environment’ is associated with diverse images and is bound up with various assumptions and beliefs that are often unspoken – yet may be strongly held. All of these usages, however, have a central underlying assumption: that the ‘environment’ exists in some kind of relation to humans. Hence the environment is, variously, the ‘backdrop’ to the unfolding narrative of human history, the habitats and resources that humans exploit, the ‘hinterland’ that surrounds human settlements, or the ‘wilderness’ that humans have not yet domesticated or dominated.

(ii) Abiotic components

In biology and ecology , abiotic components or abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems . Abiotic factors and the phenomena associated with them underpin biology as a whole. Abiotic components include physical conditions and non-living resources that affect living organisms in terms of growth , maintenance , and reproduction . Resources are distinguished as substances or objects in the environment required by one organism and consumed or otherwise made unavailable for use by other organisms.

(iii) Green House Effect

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet’s atmosphere warms the planet’s surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere. Radiatively active gases (i.e., greenhouse gases ) in a planet’s atmosphere radiate energy in all directions. Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface, warming it. The intensity of the downward radiation – that is, the strength of the greenhouse effect – will depend on the atmosphere’s temperature and on the amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains. Earth’s natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life, and initially was a precursor to life moving out of the ocean onto land. Human activities, however, mainly the burning of fossil fuels and clearcutting of forests, have accelerated the greenhouse effect and caused global warming . The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect , resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide , with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth. Venus may have had water oceans, but they would have boiled off as the mean surface temperature rose to the current 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F).

(iv) Exploitation

Exploitation is the act of selfishly taking advantage of someone or a group of people in order to profit from them or otherwise benefit oneself. Exploitation is a noun form of the verb exploit , which commonly means to take advantage in such a way. Examples : Child prostitution, trafficking of children for sexual abuse and exploitation , child pornography, sexual slavery. Economic exploitation of a child: the use of the child in work or other activities for the benefit of others. This includes, but is not limited to, child labour.

(v) Thermosphere

The thermosphere is the layer in the Earth’s atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere . Within this layer of the atmosphere ultravioletradiation causes photoionization /photodissociation of molecules, creating ions; the thermosphere thus constitutes the larger part of the ionosphere . Taking its name from the Greek θερμός (pronounced thermos) meaning heat, the thermosphere begins at about 80 km (50 mi) above sea level. At these high altitudes, the residual atmospheric gases sort into strata according to molecular mass (see turbosphere ). Thermospheric temperatures increase with altitude due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation . Temperatures are highly dependent on solar activity, and can rise to 1,700 °C (3,100 °F) or more. Radiation causes the atmosphere particles in this layer to become electrically charged particles, enabling radio waves to be refracted and thus be received beyond the horizon. In the exosphere, beginning at about 600 km (375 mi) above sea level, the atmosphere turns into space , although by the judicial criteria set for the definition of the Kármán line , the thermosphere itself is part of space.

(vi) Ozone layer

The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth ‘s stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun ‘s ultraviolet radiation. It contains a high concentration of ozone (O 3 ) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth’s atmosphere as a whole is about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 15 to 35 kilometers (9.3 to 23.7 mi) above Earth, although its thickness varies seasonally and geographically.The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson . Measurements of the sun showed that the radiation sent out from its surface and reaching the ground on Earth is usually consistent with the spectrum of a black body with a temperature in the range of 5,500–6,000 K (5,237 to 5,727 °C), except that there was no radiation below a wavelength of about 310 nm at the ultraviolet end of the spectrum. It was deduced that the missing radiation was being absorbed by something in the atmosphere. Eventually the spectrum of the missing radiation was matched to only one known chemical, ozone. Its properties were explored in detail by the British meteorologist G. M. B. Dobson , who developed a simple spectrophotometer (the Dobsonmeter ) that could be used to measure stratospheric ozone from the ground. Between 1928 and 1958, Dobson established a worldwide network of ozone monitoring stations, which continue to operate to this day. The “ Dobson unit “, a convenient measure of the amount of ozone overhead, is named in his honor. The ozone layer absorbs 97 to 99 percent of the Sun’s medium-frequency ultraviolet light (from about 200 nm to 315 nm wavelength ), which otherwise would potentially damage exposed life forms near the surface.

(vii) Sustainable development

Sustainable Development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depends. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resources are used to continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. While the modern concept of sustainable development is yet derived mostly from the 1987 Brundtland Report , it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and twentieth-century environmental concerns. As the concept developed, it has shifted its focus more towards the economic development , social development and environmental protection for future generations. It has been suggested that “the term ‘sustainability’ should be viewed as humanity’s target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium, while ‘sustainable development’ refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability”. Modern economies are endeavoring to reconcile ambitious economic development and obligations of preserving natural resources and ecosystems , as the two are usually seen as of conflicting nature. Instead of holding climate change commitments and other sustainability measures as a remedy to economic development, turning and leveraging them into market opportunities will do greater good. The economic development brought by such organized principles and practices in an economy is called Managed Sustainable Development (MSD).

(viii) Biosphere

The biosphere , is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems . It can also be termed the zone of life on Earth , a closed system (apart from solar and cosmic radiation and heat from the interior of the Earth), and largely self-regulating. By the most general biophysiological definition, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere , geosphere , hydrosphere , and atmosphere . The biosphere is postulated to have evolved , beginning with a process of biopoiesis (life created naturally from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds) or biogenesis (life created from living matter), at least some 3.5 billion years ago.

(ix) Infiltration

Infiltration (hydrology) , downward movement of water into soil۔ Infiltration (HVAC) , a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning term for air leakage into buildings. Infiltration (medical) , the diffusion or accumulation of substances or cells not normal to it or in amounts in excess of the normal. Infiltration/Inflow , leakage of groundwater into sanitary sewers

(x) Global warming

The rising average temperature of Earth’s climate system , called global warming , is driving changes in rainfall patterns, extreme weather , arrivals of seasons, and more. Collectively, global warming and its effects are known as climate change . While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented in rate and scale.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that “human influence on climate has been the dominant cause of observed warming since the mid-20th century”. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of major nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing . The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases , with over 90% of the impact from carbon dioxide and methane . Fossil fuel burning is the main source of these gases; agricultural emissions and deforestation are also important. Temperature rise is enhanced by self-reinforcing climate feedbacks , such as loss of snow cover , increased water vapour , and melting permafrost .

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1423 Spring 2024

Q No.2 Write short notes on the following:

i) Scope of Environmental Science and Education

These are some of the many topics that are studied in the field of environmental science. Overall, environmental science is the field of science that studies the interactions of the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment and also the relationships and effects of these components with the organisms in the environment. The field of environmental science can be divided into three main goals, which are to learn how the natural world works, to understand how we as humans interact with the environment, and also to determine how we affect the environment. The third goal of determining how humans affect the environment also includes finding ways to deal with these effects on the environment.

Interdisciplinary Field

Environmental science is also referred to as an interdisciplinary field because it incorporates information and ideas from multiple disciplines. Within the natural sciences, such fields as biology, chemistry, and geology are included in environmental science. When most people think of environmental science, they think of these natural science aspects, but what makes environmental science such a complex and broad field is that it also includes fields from the social sciences and the humanities.

The social science fields that are incorporated into environmental science include geography, economics, and political science. Philosophy and ethics are the two fields within the humanities that are also included in environmental science. By combining aspects of the natural sciences, social sciences, and the humanities, the field of environmental science can cover more concepts and also examine problems and topics from many different points of view.

Importance of Environmental Science

At this current time, the world around us is changing at a very rapid pace. Some changes are beneficial, but many of the changes are causing damage to our planet. The field of environmental science is a valuable resource for learning more about these changes and how they affect the world we live in.

Let’s examine a major change that is currently occurring and its relationship to environmental science. The large change is the dramatic increase in the number of humans on earth. For most of human history, the population has been less than a million people, but the current population has skyrocketed to over seven billion people. This equals out to seven thousand times more people!

Due to this increase in the human population, there has also been an increase in pressure on the natural resources and ecosystem services that we rely on for survival. Natural resources include a variety of substances and energy sources that we take from the environment and use. Natural resources can be divided into renewable and nonrenewable resources. Renewable natural resources are substances that can be replenished over a period of time, such as sunlight, wind, soil, and timber. On the other hand, nonrenewable natural resources are substances that are in finite supply and will run out. Nonrenewable resources include minerals and crude oils.

Due to the increase in the human population, natural resources are being used up at a more rapid rate than in the past. Although renewable natural resources can be replenished, when they are used too rapidly, they cannot be replenished fast enough to meet human demand. Even worse, when nonrenewable natural resources are used too rapidly, they become closer to running out completely and being gone forever.

Natural resources have been referred to as the ‘merchandise’ produced by the environment, and in this respect, ecosystem services are the ‘facilities’ that we rely on to help produce the merchandise. Ecosystem services are the environment’s natural processes that provide us with the resources we need to support life. Common ecosystem services include water and air purification, nutrient cycling, climate regulation, pollinating of plants, and the recycling of waste. Just like some natural resources, ecosystem services are also limited and can be used up if not regulated.

Now, let’s tie it together and think about population growth and its influence on both natural resources and ecosystem services. As the human population increases and natural resources and ecosystem services are used rapidly and potentially degraded, the future of humans on earth is in jeopardy. This is one major example of why environmental science is important and valuable.

ii) Ecological Pyramid

An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the relationship between the different living organisms at different trophic levels. It was given by G.Evylen Hutchinson and Raymond Lindeman.

It can be observed that these pyramids are in the shape of actual pyramids with the base being the broadest, which is covered by the lowest trophic level, i.e., producers. The next level is occupied by the next trophic level, i.e., the primary consumers and so on.

All the calculations for construction of these types of ecological pyramids must take into account all the organisms in a particular trophic level because a sample space of a few numbers or a few species will end up giving a huge level of errors.

Types of Ecological Pyramid

Three types of ecological pyramid exist. They are as follows:

Pyramid of Numbers

In this type of ecological pyramid, the number of organisms in each trophic level is considered as a level in the pyramid. The pyramid of numbers is usually upright except for some situations like that of the detritus food chain, where many organisms feed on one dead plant or animal.

Pyramid of Biomass

In this particular type of ecological pyramid, each level takes into account the amount of biomass produced by each trophic level. The pyramid of biomass is also upright except for that observed in oceans where large numbers of zooplanktons depend on a relatively smaller number of phytoplanktons.

Pyramid of Energy

Pyramid of energy is the only type of ecological pyramid, which is always upright as the energy flow in a food chain is always unidirectional. Also, with every increasing trophic level, some energy is lost into the environment.

Importance of Ecological Pyramid

The importance of ecological pyramid can be explained in the following points:

They show the feeding of different organisms in different ecosystems.
It shows the efficiency of energy transfer.
The condition of the ecosystem can be monitored, and any further damage can be prevented.

Limitations of the Ecological Pyramid

More than one species may occupy multiple trophic levels as in case of the food web. Thus, this system does not take into account food webs.
The saprophytes are not considered in any of the pyramids even though they form an important part of the various ecosystem .
These pyramids are applicable only to simple food chains, which usually do not occur naturally.
These pyramids do not deliver any concept in relation to variations in season and climate.
They do not consider the possibility of the existence of the same species at different levels.

iii) Productivity of ecosystem

In ecology, productivity refers to the rate of formation of biomass in the ecosystem. It can also be referred to as the energy accumulated in the plants by photosynthesis. There are two types of productivity, namely:

Primary Productivity

Secondary productivity.

Primary Productivity refers to the generation of biomass from autotrophic organisms such as plants. Photosynthesis is the primary tool for the creation of organic material from inorganic compounds such as carbon dioxide and water. Primary productivity can be divided into two aspects:

Gross primary productivity

Net primary productivity

The solar energy trapped by the photosynthetic organism is called gross primary productivity. All the organic matters produced falls under gross primary productivity. This depends upon the photosynthetic activity and environmental factors.

This is estimated by the gross productivity minus energy lost in respiration.

NPP = GPP – Energy lost by respiration

It the net energy stored in the plants. This energy serves as food for the animals that feed on plants. It is measured as the amount of organic matter produced in a community in a given time. Annually, over 170 billion tons of net primary productivity occurs over the entire biosphere.

Heterotrophs such as animals influence Secondary Productivity . It is the accumulation of energy at the consumer’s level. It keeps moving from one organism to another, unlike primary productivity. This process occurs as a result of organic materials being transferred between various trophic levels. It is also referred to as the rate of increase in the biomass of heterotrophs. Organisms such as animals, fungi, bacteria and numerous protists influence Secondary Production.

Unit of Productivity

Typically, productivity is expressed in units of mass per unit volume (or surface) per unit time.

For more information on Productivity in Ecosystem, keep visiting BYJU’S Biology website. You can also download BYJU’S app for further reference.

iv) Structure off atmosphere

The structure of the atmosphere is represented in a pictorial form below:

There are five layers in the structure of the atmosphere depending upon temperature. These layers are:

Troposphere

Stratosphere, thermosphere.

This is an important topic in the Geography syllabus for UPSC 2024 Exam.

It is considered as the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere.
The troposphere starts at the surface of the earth and goes up to a height of 7 to 20 km.
All-weather occurs within this layer.
This layer has water vapor and mature particles.
Temperature decreases at the rate of 1 degree Celsius for every 165 m of height.
Tropopause separates Troposphere and Stratosphere.
It is the second layer of the atmosphere found above the troposphere.
It extends up to 50 km of height.
This layer is very dry as it contains little water vapour.
This layer provides some advantages for flight because it is above stormy weather and has steady, strong, horizontal winds.
The ozone layer is found in this layer.
The ozone layer absorbs UV rays and safeguards earth from harmful radiation.
Stratopause separates Stratosphere and Mesosphere.
The Mesosphere is found above the stratosphere.
It is the coldest of the atmospheric layers.
The mesosphere starts at 50 km above the surface of Earth and goes up to 85 km.
The temperature drops with altitude in this layer.
By 80 km it reaches -100 degrees Celsius.
Meteors burn up in this layer.
The upper limit is called Mesopause which separates Mesosphere and Thermosphere.
This layer is found above Mesopause from 80 to 400 km.
Radio waves that are transmitted from the earth are reflected by this layer.
The temperature increases with height.
Aurora and satellites occur in this layer.
The lower Thermosphere is called the Ionosphere.
The ionosphere consists of electrically charged particles known as ions.
This layer is defined as the layer of the atmosphere of Earth that is ionized by cosmic and solar radiation.
It is positioned between 80 and 400 km above the Mesopause.
It is the outermost layer of the atmosphere.
The zone where molecules and atoms escape into space is mentioned as the exosphere.
It extends from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 km.

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 Code 1423 Spring 2024

Q No.3 What are the levels of organization in nature? Discuss any four of them in detail.

Organization of nature.

That’s a huge answer and I’ll try and answer it briefly and simply. For further clarifications kindly search for the topics. Nature is defined as the phenomenon occuring in the physical world. Now what does that mean? It means the world that we observe with our senses. Science proceeds to observe and explain the said world and phenomenon occurring in nature. So the first level of organization that nature can be categorized is as follows:

Physics – the study of physical phenomenon occuring in the observable universe (it started out as such) and determining the laws that govern said phenomenon .e.g. the Newtonian laws of motion, the universal law of gravitation. Essentially physics studies the interaction of matter in the universe. It’s organisational structure stretches from the smallest particles (the most famous being the higgs boson) that make up matter to the study of stars and heavenly bodies. Mathematics is the language of this elegant field.
Chemistry – The study of elements that make up the physical world. The periodic table is the mainstay for this field. Essentially, the conditions for interaction of elements to form molecules, compounds etc are studied in chemistry. The energy changes involved, the natural occurence of elements, their properties or chemical nature is described in this field. It’s organisational structure encompasses atomic interactions to molecular reactions. It is related to physics as it studies the various physical properties of the environment on elements , molecules and compounds. E.g. electrochemistry studies the role of electricity and it’s related chemical reactions. Mathematics is used extensively in this field, however unlike physics, it’s role is less in this field.
Biology – The study of the biotic component or life in the universe. It also incorporates the abiotic conditions of the physical and chemical world that are necessary for life to exist. This field seems (until life is confirmed on other planets) restricted to the 3rd planet of our solar system. It’s organisational structure starts from the basic unit of life, which is a single cell, to ecosystems and planetary biomes which include populations of different species interacting with each other and playing out the phenomenon of life. Biology leans heavily on chemistry as most of the reactions that sustain life are chemically driven. Additionally, the study of physics plays an important part in influencing the adaptation of life to the abiotic part of nature. It’s used extensively in exobiology to study for the evidence of life outside this planet. Mathematics plays an integral part, however, like chemistry it’s role is more of a facilitator to understand the subject. Practically, Statistics is used more often than any other branch of mathematics in this diverse field. Therefore to sum up, the organisational structure of nature starts from the smallest known physical particles like higgs boson to the single biggest entity that makes up nature – our observable universe that includes billions of galaxies with billions of stars with billions of planets. Yet do we share only this planet with other species?slightly left of the middle of our spiral galaxy.. the Fermi paradox really does boggle the mind. Nature can be studied at small levels or at large levels. The levels of organization are described below from the smallest to the largest:
SPECIES – A species is a group of individuals that are genetically related and can breed to produce fertile young. Individuals are not members of the same species if their members cannot produce offspring that can also have children. The second word in the two word name given to every organism is the species name. For example, in Homo sapiens, sapiens is the species name.
POPULATION – A population is a group of organisms belonging to the same species that live in the same area and interact with one another.
COMMUNITY – A community is all of the populations of different species that live in the same area and interact with one another. A community is composed of all of the biotic factors of an area.
ECOSYSTEM – An ecosystem includes the living organisms (all the populations) in an area and the non-living aspects of the environment . An ecosystem is made of the biotic and abiotic factors in an area.
BIOSPHERE – The biosphere is the part of the planet with living organisms . The biosphere includes most of Earth, including part of the oceans and the atmosphere.

AIOU Solved Assignment 2 Code 1423 Spring 2024

Q No.4 (a) What are the sources of green house gases? Write down any two methods which contribute to control global warning.

Behind the struggle to address global warming and climate change lies the increase in greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. A greenhouse gas is any gaseous compound in the atmosphere that is capable of absorbing infrared radiation, thereby trapping and holding heat in the atmosphere. By increasing the heat in the atmosphere, greenhouse gases are responsible for the greenhouse effect, which ultimately leads to global warming .

Solar radiation and the “greenhouse effect”

Global warming isn’t a new concept in science. The basics of the phenomenon were worked out well over a century ago by Svante Arrhenius in 1896 . His paper, published in the Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, was the first to quantify the contribution of carbon dioxide to what scientists now call the “greenhouse effect.”

The greenhouse effect occurs because the sun bombards Earth with enormous amounts of radiation, which strike Earth’s atmosphere in the form of visible light, plus ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR) and other types of radiation that are invisible to the human eye. About 30 percent of the radiation striking the Earth is reflected back out to space by clouds, ice and other reflective surfaces. The remaining 70 percent is absorbed by the oceans, the land and the atmosphere, according to NASA .

As they absorb radiation and heat up, the oceans, land and atmosphere release heat in the form of IR thermal radiation, which passes out of the atmosphere into space. The balance between incoming and outgoing radiation keeps Earth’s overall average temperature at about 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius), according to NASA.

This exchange of incoming and outgoing radiation that warms Earth is referred to as the greenhouse effect because a greenhouse works in much the same way. Incoming UV radiation easily passes through the glass walls of a greenhouse and is absorbed by the plants and hard surfaces inside. Weaker IR radiation, however, has difficulty passing out through the glass walls and is trapped inside, warming the greenhouse.

How greenhouse gases affect global warming

The gases in the atmosphere that absorb radiation are known as “greenhouse gases” (sometimes abbreviated as GHG) because they are largely responsible for the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect, in turn, is one of the leading causes of global warming. The most significant greenhouse gases are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). “While oxygen (O2) is the second most abundant gas in our atmosphere, O2 does not absorb thermal infrared radiation,” said Michael Daley, an associate professor of environmental science at Lasell College in Massachusetts.

While some argue that global warming is a natural process and that there have always been greenhouse gases, the amount of gases in the atmosphere has skyrocketed in recent history. Before the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO2 fluctuated between about 180 parts per million (ppm) during ice ages and 280 ppm during interglacial warm periods. Since the Industrial Revolution, though, the amount of CO2 has increased 100 times faster than the increase when the last ice age ended, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Fluorinated gases — that is, gases to which the element fluorine was added — including hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride, are created during industrial processes and are also considered greenhouse gases. Though they are present in very small concentrations, they trap heat very effectively, making them high “global-warming potential” (GWP) gases.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), once used as refrigerants and aerosol propellants until they were phased out by international agreement, are also greenhouse gases.

There are three factors affect the degree to which any greenhouse gas will influence global warming, as follows:

Its abundance in the atmosphere.
How long it stays in the atmosphere.
Its global-warming potential.

Carbon dioxide has a significant impact on global warming partly because of its abundance in the atmosphere. According to the EPA , in 2016, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions totaled 6,511 million metric tons (7,177 million tons) of carbon dioxide equivalents, which equaled 81 percent of all human-caused greenhouse gases — down 2.5 percent from the year before. Additionally, CO2 stays in the atmosphere for thousands of years.

However, methane is about 23 times more efficient at absorbing radiation than CO2, giving it a higher GWP rating, even though it stays in the atmosphere only about 10 years, according to the EPA.

Sources of greenhouse gases

Some greenhouse gases, like methane, are produced through agricultural practices, including livestock manure. Others, like CO2, largely result from natural processes like respiration and from the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.

The second cause of CO2 release is deforestation, according to research published by Duke University . When trees are killed to produce goods or heat, they release the carbon that is normally stored for photosynthesis. This process releases nearly a billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere per year, according to the 2010 Global Forest Resources Assessment .

Forestry and other land-use practices can offset some of these greenhouse gas emissions, according to the EPA.

“Replanting helps to reduce the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as growing trees sequester carbon dioxide through photosynthesis,” Daley told Live Science. “However, forests cannot sequester all of the carbon dioxide we are emitting to the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels, and a reduction in fossil fuel emissions is still necessary to avoid build up in the atmosphere.”

Worldwide, the output of greenhouse gases is a source of grave concern. From the time the Industrial Revolution began to the year 2009, atmospheric CO2 levels have increased almost 38 percent and methane levels have increased a whopping 148 percent, according to NASA, and most of that increase has been in the past 50 years. Because of global warming, 2016 was the warmest year on record, and with 2018 on track to be the fourth warmest, 20 of the hottest years on record have all come after 1998, according to the World Meteorological Organization .

“The warming we observe affects atmospheric circulation, which impacts rainfall patterns globally,” said Josef Werne, an associate professor in the Department of Geology and Planetary Science at the University of Pittsburgh. “This will lead to big environmental changes, and challenges, for people all across the globe.”

Our planet’s future

If current trends continue, scientists, government officials and a growing number of citizens fear that the worst effects of global warming — extreme weather, rising sea levels, plant and animal extinctions, ocean acidification, major shifts in climate and unprecedented social upheaval — will be inevitable.

In answer to the problems caused by global warming by greenhouse gases, the U.S. government created a climate action plan in 2013. And in April 2016, representatives from 73 countries signed the Paris Agreement , an international pact to combat climate change by investing in a sustainable, low-carbon future, according to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The U.S. was included among the countries that agreed to the accord in 2016, but began proceedings to withdraw from the Paris Agreement in June 2017.

According to the EPA, greenhouse gas emissions were 12 percent lower in 2016 than in 2005, in part due to the large decrease in fossil fuel combustion resulting from the switch to natural gas from coal. The warmer winter conditions during those years also reduced the need for many homes and businesses to turn up the heat.

Researchers around the world continue to work toward finding ways to lower greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate their effects. One potential solution scientists are examining is to suck the carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and bury it underground indefinitely, said Dina Leech, an associate professor of biological and environmental sciences at Longwood University in Virginia.

(b) Differentiate between the following:

i) Browsing and Grazing

Grazing refers to the process of animals feeding on the vegetation that grows near the ground such as grass and any other low-growing vegetation. Examples of grazers include sheep, zebra, rabbit, cattle, giant panda , horses, wildebeests, and capybara. Grazers keep plants from growing too much to prevent them from blocking other plants from getting sunlight that is necessary for photosynthesis. An exercise of caution is important in grazing to avoid overgrazing which may result in erosion and desertification.

On the other hand, browsing is the type of feeding whereby herbivores eat high-growing plants such as leaves, the bark of trees, and shrubs among others. Examples of browsers are white-tailed deer, goats, giraffe , Siberian ibex, alpine ibex, and Sulaiman markhor deer, among others. One advantage of the browsers is that they cannot die of hunger during snowy seasons as they can access their food; unlike in the case of grazers where the vegetation may be covered in snow. On the other hand, some grazers may be disadvantaged when the plants grow too tall such that they become inaccessible.

First, grazing relates to the process of animals feeding on low-growing vegetation whereas browsing refers to the process of animals feeding on high-growing plants. Secondly, grazers and browsers are adapted differently for their feeding habits. For instance, grazers have a smaller true stomach compared to the browsers. Additionally, the mouths of the grazers are small and have stiffer lips compared to the browsers whose mouths are wider and have long tongues to reach the high-growing plants.

ii) Major and Trace gases

Trace gases are those gases in the atmosphere other than nitrogen (78.1%), oxygen (20.9%), and argon (0.934%) which, in combination, make up 99.934% of the gases in the atmosphere (not including water vapor).

Multiple gases contribute to the greenhouse effect that sets Earth’s temperature over geologic time. Small changes in the atmospheric concentration of these gases can lead to changes in temperature that make the difference between ice ages when mastodons roamed the Earth, and the sweltering heat in which the dinosaurs lived.

Two characteristics of atmospheric gases determine the strength of their greenhouse effect.

The first is their ability to absorb energy and radiate it (their “radiative efficiency”). The second is the atmospheric lifetime, which measures how long the gas stays in the atmosphere before natural processes (e.g., chemical reactions) remove it.

These characteristics are incorporated in the Global Warming Potential (GWP), a measure of the radiative effect (i.e. the strength of their greenhouse effect) of each unit of gas (by weight) over a specified period of time, expressed relative to the radiative effect of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). This is often calculated over 100 years, though it can be done for any time period. Gases with high GWPs will warm the Earth more than an equal amount of CO 2 over the same time period. A gas with a long lifetime, but relatively low radiative efficiency, may end up exerting more warming influence than a gas that leaves the atmosphere faster than the time window of interest but has a comparatively high radiative efficiency, and this would be reflected in a higher GWP.

iii) Lava and rocks

The slower cooling of this coarser rock creates more air pockets within the rock and these cause problems, such as cracking, when you heat the stone directly, which is why you can’t avoid cracks with any products using granite, which are popular with one company in particular, Black Rock Grill.

Extrusive igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of molten magma above the Earth’s surface. Lava is the name given to molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption, and the resulting rock after solidification and cooling, and this formation cools and solidifies much quicker than intrusive igneous rocks.

The quicker cooling forms rocks that are smooth and fine grained and we use these rocks to create STEAKSTONES. The super tight bonding of the minerals creates an extremely strong and dense product, and one that allows us to guarantee that it will never crack under normal use.

The difference between Rock and Stone and is that Rock refers to raw material in situ whilst Stone depicts human intervention. Basically all stones have been rock at some point, but not all rocks become stones. They’re a bit more special.

iv) Intrusive and extrusive rocks

Igneous rocks are called intrusive when they cool and solidify beneath the surface. Intrusive rocks form plutons and so are also called plutonic. A pluton is an igneous intrusive rock body that has cooled in the crust. When magma cools within the Earth, the cooling proceeds slowly. Slow cooling allows time for large crystals to form, so intrusive igneous rocks have visible crystals. Granite is the most common intrusive igneous rock.

Igneous rocks make up most of the rocks on Earth. Most igneous rocks are buried below the surface and covered with sedimentary rock, or are buried beneath the ocean water . In some places, geological processes have brought igneous rocks to the surface.

Igneous rocks are called extrusive when they cool and solidify above the surface. These rocks usually form from a volcano, so they are also called volcanic rocks .

Extrusive igneous rocks cool much more rapidly than intrusive rocks. There is little time for crystals to form, so extrusive igneous rocks have tiny crystals.

Some volcanic rocks have a different texture. The rock has large crystals set within a matrix of tiny crystals. In this case, the magma cooled enough to form some crystals before erupting. Once erupted, the rest of the lava cooled rapidly. This is called porphyritic texture.

Cooling rate and gas content create other textures. Lavas that cool extremely rapidly may have a glassy texture. Those with many holes from gas bubbles have a vesicular texture.

v) Convergent and divergent boundries
Divergent boundaries are areas where plates move away from each other, forming either mid-oceanic ridges or rift valleys . These are also known as constructive boundaries.
Subduction zones occur where an oceanic plate meets a continental plate and is pushed underneath it. Subduction zones are marked by oceanic trenches . The descending end of the oceanic plate melts and creates pressure in the mantle , causing volcanoes to form.
Obduction occurs when the continental plate is pushed under the oceanic plate, but this is unusual as the relative densities of the tectonic plates favours subduction of the oceanic plate. This causes the oceanic plate to buckle and usually results in a new mid-ocean ridge forming and turning the obduction into subduction. [ citation needed ]
Orogenic belts occur where two continental plates collide and push upwards to form large mountain ranges . These are also known as collision boundaries.
Transform boundaries occur when two plates grind past each other with only limited convergent or divergent activity.

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 1423 Autumn 2024

Q No.5 Explain different types or erosions and its impacts on environment. Give an account about erosion in Pakistan.

Soil is the earth’s fragile skin that anchors all life on Earth. It is comprised of countless species that create a dynamic and complex ecosystem and is among the most precious resources to humans. Increased demand for agriculture commodities generates incentives to convert forests and grasslands to farm fields and pastures. The transition to agriculture from natural vegetation often cannot hold onto the soil and many of these plants, such as coffee, cotton, palm oil, soybean and wheat, can actually increase soil erosion beyond the soil’s ability to maintain itself.

Half of the topsoil on the planet has been lost in the last 150 years. In addition to erosion, soil quality is affected by other aspects of agriculture. These impacts include compaction, loss of soil structure, nutrient degradation, and soil salinity. These are very real and at times severe issues.

The effects of soil erosion go beyond the loss of fertile land. It has led to increased pollution and sedimentation in streams and rivers, clogging these waterways and causing declines in fish and other species. And degraded lands are also often less able to hold onto water, which can worsen flooding. Sustainable land use can help to reduce the impacts of agriculture and livestock, preventing soil degradation and erosion and the loss of valuable land to desertification.

The health of soil is a primary concern to farmers and the global community whose livelihoods depend on well managed agriculture that starts with the dirt beneath our feet. While there are many challenges to maintaining healthy soil, there are also solutions and a dedicated group of people, including WWF, who work to innovate and maintain the fragile skin from which biodiversity springs.

As the human population has expanded, more and more land has been cleared for agriculture and other pursuits that degrade the soil and make erosion more likely to occur.

AGRICULTURE

When agriculture fields replace natural vegetation, topsoil is exposed and can dry out. The diversity and quantity of microorganisms that help to keep the soil fertile can decrease, and nutrients may wash out. Soil can be blown away by the winds or washed away by rains.

DEFORESTATION

Without plant cover, erosion can occur and sweep the land into rivers. The agricultural plants that often replace the trees cannot hold onto the soil and many of these plants, such as coffee, cotton, palm oil, soybean and wheat, can actually worsen soil erosion. And as land loses its fertile soil, agricultural producers move on, clear more forest and continue the cycle of soil loss.

OVERGRAZING

The conversion of natural ecosystems to pasture land doesn’t damage the land initially as much as crop production, but this change in usage can lead to high rates of erosion and loss of topsoil and nutrients. Overgrazing can reduce ground cover, enabling erosion and compaction of the land by wind and rain.. This reduces the ability for plants to grow and water to penetrate, which harms soil microbes and results in serious erosion of the land.

USE OF AGROCHEMICALS

Pesticides and other chemicals used on crop plants have helped farmers to increase yields. Scientists have found that overuse of some of these chemicals changes soil composition and disrupts the balance of microorganisms in the soil. This stimulates the growth of harmful bacteria at the expense of beneficial kinds.

About Error

AIOU Compulsory English – I Code 1423 Assignments of Bachelors B.A B.Com Autumn 2020

Aiou i - لازمی انگریزی code 1423 assignments of bachelors b.a b.com autumn 2020, there are 2 assignments for this course. you will find all the assignments below., اس کورس کی 2 اسائنمنٹ ہیں آپ کو سب اسائنمنٹ نیچے مل جائے گی۔.

Compulsory English – I Assignment Number 1

Compulsory English – I Assignment Number 2

Book editing code 455 assignments of autumn 2023, tv broadcasting code 454 assignments of autumn 2023, radio broadcasting code 453 assignments of autumn 2023, advance of accounting code 444 assignments of autumn 2023, leave a reply cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *