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117 The Outsiders Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton is a classic novel that has been beloved by readers for generations. The story follows a group of teenagers from different social classes who navigate the challenges of growing up in a divided society. With its themes of friendship, loyalty, and the struggle to find one's place in the world, The Outsiders continues to resonate with readers of all ages.

If you're looking for essay topics and examples to help you analyze and explore The Outsiders, look no further. Here are 117 essay topic ideas and examples to get you started:

Compare and contrast the characters of Ponyboy and Johnny. How do their backgrounds and experiences shape their personalities and actions throughout the novel?

Analyze the theme of social class in The Outsiders. How do the Greasers and the Socs view each other, and how does this impact their relationships and interactions?

Discuss the role of family in the novel. How do the relationships between Ponyboy and his brothers, and Johnny and his parents, influence the characters' decisions and motivations?

Explore the theme of violence in The Outsiders. How do the characters use violence to assert power and control, and what are the consequences of their actions?

Investigate the significance of the novel's setting in Tulsa, Oklahoma. How does the city's social and economic landscape contribute to the tensions between the Greasers and the Socs?

Examine the theme of identity in The Outsiders. How do the characters struggle to define themselves in a society that judges them based on their appearance and social standing?

Discuss the role of friendship in the novel. How do Ponyboy and his friends support each other through difficult times, and what does their loyalty reveal about the power of friendship?

Analyze the character of Cherry Valance. How does she challenge stereotypes and expectations as a Soc girl who befriends the Greasers?

Explore the theme of loyalty in The Outsiders. How do the characters demonstrate their loyalty to their friends and family, and what are the consequences of betraying that trust?

Discuss the significance of the novel's title, The Outsiders. How does it reflect the characters' feelings of alienation and isolation from mainstream society?

Compare and contrast the characters of Dally and Two-Bit. How do their personalities and attitudes differ, and how do they contribute to the dynamics of the Greasers?

Analyze the character of Bob Sheldon. How does his privileged upbringing and sense of entitlement influence his behavior towards the Greasers?

Discuss the theme of innocence in The Outsiders. How do the characters lose their innocence as they confront the harsh realities of their world?

Explore the role of Johnny's letter to Ponyboy in the novel. How does it reveal Johnny's thoughts and feelings, and how does it impact Ponyboy's understanding of his friend?

Examine the theme of heroism in The Outsiders. How do the characters demonstrate acts of bravery and selflessness in the face of danger?

Discuss the impact of Johnny's death on the characters and the plot of the novel. How does his loss affect Ponyboy and the other members of the gang?

Analyze the character of Dallas Winston. How does his tough exterior mask his vulnerabilities and insecurities, and how does he cope with his own demons?

Explore the theme of prejudice in The Outsiders. How do the characters judge each other based on stereotypes and assumptions, and how does this lead to conflict and misunderstanding?

Discuss the significance of the novel's climax, the rumble between the Greasers and the Socs. How does this event resolve the tensions between the two groups, and what are the consequences of the fight?

Compare and contrast the characters of Darry and Soda. How do their roles as older brothers shape their relationships with Ponyboy and each other?

Analyze the character of Randy Adderson. How does his decision to walk away from the rumble reflect his inner conflict and desire for peace?

Discuss the theme of family dynamics in The Outsiders. How do the relationships between the Curtis brothers and their absent parents impact their sense of identity and belonging?

Explore the role of violence in the novel. How do the characters use physical force to assert power and control, and what are the consequences of their actions?

Examine the theme of loss in The Outsiders. How do the characters cope with the deaths of loved ones, and how does their grief shape their perspectives on life and death?

Discuss the significance of Ponyboy's relationship with Cherry Valance. How does their friendship challenge the boundaries between the Greasers and the Socs?

Analyze the character of Steve Randle. How does his loyalty to the gang and his friendship with Soda influence his actions throughout the novel?

Explore the theme of redemption in The Outsiders. How do the characters seek forgiveness and atonement for their past mistakes, and what does it reveal about their moral compass?

Discuss the role of Johnny's letter in the novel. How does it serve as a symbol of his legacy and his impact on Ponyboy and the gang?

Examine the theme of self-acceptance in The Outsiders. How do the characters come to terms with their flaws and imperfections, and how does it shape their sense of identity?

Compare and contrast the relationships between Ponyboy and his brothers, Johnny and Dally, and Cherry and Marcia. How do these friendships differ in their dynamics and emotional depth?

Analyze the character of Bob's parents. How does their neglect and indifference towards their son contribute to his reckless behavior and eventual demise?

Discuss the theme of societal expectations in The Outsiders. How do the characters struggle to conform to societal norms and expectations, and what are the consequences of their rebellion?

Explore the role of nature in the novel. How do the characters find solace and comfort in the natural world, and how does it provide a sense of peace and tranquility amidst the chaos of their lives?

Examine the theme of forgiveness in The Outsiders. How do the characters learn to forgive themselves and each other for their mistakes and shortcomings, and what does it reveal about their capacity for empathy and compassion?

Discuss the significance of the novel's ending. How does Ponyboy's realization about the meaning of heroism and bravery reflect his growth and development as a character?

Analyze the character of Cherry's boyfriend, Bob Sheldon. How does his violent and aggressive behavior towards the Greasers influence the novel's plot and themes?

Explore the theme of justice in The Outsiders. How do the characters seek retribution and vindication for the injustices they have suffered, and what are the consequences of their actions?

Discuss the role of Johnny's death in the novel. How does his sacrifice and bravery impact the other characters and their perspectives on life and death?

Examine the theme of courage in The Outsiders. How do the characters demonstrate acts of bravery and resilience in the face of adversity, and what does it reveal about their strength of character?

Compare and contrast the themes of loyalty, friendship, and family in The Outsiders. How do these relationships shape the characters' identities and motivations throughout the novel?

Analyze the character of Dally Winston. How does his tough exterior mask his vulnerabilities and insecurities, and how does he cope with his own demons?

Discuss the theme of empathy in The Outsiders. How do the characters show compassion and understanding towards each other's struggles and hardships, and what does it reveal about their capacity for empathy and kindness?

Explore the role of Ponyboy's narration in the novel. How does his perspective as a teenage boy living in a divided society shape the reader's understanding of the characters and their struggles?

Examine the theme of coming of age in The Outsiders. How do the characters navigate the challenges of adolescence and find their place in the world, and what does it reveal about their growth and development as individuals?

Explore the theme of family dynamics in The Outsiders. How do the relationships between the Curtis brothers and their absent parents impact their sense of identity and belonging?

Discuss the role of violence in the novel. How do the characters use physical force to assert power and control, and what are the consequences of their actions?

Compare and contrast the relationships

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The Outsiders - List of Essay Samples And Topic Ideas

The Outsiders is a novel by S.E. Hinton, published in 1967, which follows the experiences of teenage gang members in a mid-20th-century American town. Essays on “The Outsiders” might discuss themes of socio-economic disparity, identity, and social conflict as depicted in the novel. Additionally, discussions could explore the characters’ struggles, the impact of social environments, or the representation of youth and adolescence. The novel’s historical context, its critical reception, its adaptation into other media, or its place within the tradition of young adult literature could also be discussed. We have collected a large number of free essay examples about The Outsiders you can find at Papersowl. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

The Outsiders: Ponyboy Curtis Character

The main character of The Outsiders is Ponyboy Curtis. He is 14 years old who lives with his two brothers, Sodapop Curtis and Darry Curtis. His parents sadly died before this book was written, and so he lives with his oldest brother, Darry, who is 20 years old and also Sodapop Curtis. Ponyboy has greenish-gray eyes and light brown hair. This could be shown by the following, "I have light-brown, almost-red hair and greenish-gray eyes (Hinton 1). One of the […]

Loyalty in “The Outsiders” by S.E. Hinton

This novel is about Loyalty because it shows the strong bond The Greasers have, unlike The Socs. The Outsiders was published in 1967 by Viking Press, Outsiders was S.E. Hinton's first novel. The competition between the "greasers" and the "socs" was based on events in her own high school, the Will Rogers High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma. When it was released, The Outsider's representation of troublemakers caused a debate. However, it was very popular among young adults, selling over four […]

Johnny Cade: the Gentle Heart in a Brutal World

In the labyrinth of youth literature, few novels capture the raw essence of adolescence as poignantly as S.E. Hinton's "The Outsiders." The story, set against the backdrop of socio-economic disparity and gang rivalry, takes readers on a rollercoaster of emotions, love, loss, and self-discovery. Among the many memorable characters that populate this narrative, Johnny Cade stands out as a symbol of vulnerability, strength, and the human instinct for survival. At first glance, Johnny might appear as just another member of […]

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Violence in the Outsiders

In 2015, Elizabeth Thornton surveyed people to figure out how often people misjudge others based on appearances. Thornton’s survey shows that seventy-five percent of people will misjudge one other person per month. In S.E. Hinton’s The Outsiders, greasers are being misjudged by Socials constantly. Many Socials are considered snobbish and unkind. First, Cherry Valance, a Soc, gains the trust of the greasers and ignores the standards set in her social class. To continue, Ponyboy Curtis thinks Randy Adderson is like […]

Book Review “The Outsiders” by S.E. Hinton

The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton is often regarded as one of the classics of American literature. The basic plot revolves around Ponyboy Curtis who is a member of a gang of greasers. In the beginning of the book, Ponyboy is leaving a movie theater when he is jumped by ""Socs,"" the greasers' rival gang. Two other members of the greaser gang, Darry and Sodapop, come to his rescue. The next night, Ponyboy and two of his greaser friends, Dally and […]

Ponyboy Curtis: a Lens into Adolescent Struggles and Societal Divisions

Literary characters often serve as windows into specific periods, cultures, and human experiences. Few figures in young adult literature have been as influential in this regard as Ponyboy Curtis from S.E. Hinton's iconic novel, "The Outsiders." As the novel's protagonist and narrator, Ponyboy offers readers an intimate look into the turbulent emotions of adolescence, the impact of socio-economic divisions, and the complexities of brotherhood and belonging. Ponyboy Curtis, a member of the "Greasers," a group of working-class teenagers in the […]

The Outsiders Hero

A hero is not just someone like superman, but it can be a ordinary person that is the underdog but then comes out on top. In the book the Outsiders by S.E. Hinton discusses a story about rescue and gangs. It takes place in a time not much different than ours where it is about class and the pursuit of power. Ponyboy and his two brothers were poor and downtrodden. They were involved with the greasers because of their greasy […]

Critical Overview S. E. Hinton’s “The Outsiders”

S. E. Hinton was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma in the year of 1948. As a kid, she was timid. She kept quiet and to herself. After high school, her father was diagnosed with a brain tumor. She poured her heart and soul into writing to cope with the tragic turn of events. At only 15 years old, she began writing her novel, The Outsiders, due to the lack of literature for teenagers in her generation. Hinton was tired of reading […]

Does Ponyboy Die: Exploring Grief and its Impact

Introduction The book Outsiders is a story of grief. For most of the book, someone is grieving someone, but the biggest example of grief is Ponyboy absolutely shutting down because of Johnny’s and Dally’s deaths. He refused to eat and denied that they had ever died. He did poorly on his schoolwork and seemed empty. He forgot things, like his shoes. He was an absolute mess. Ponyboy's Journey through Grief Ponyboy likely went through the five stages of grief. The […]

The Outsiders: a Tale of Adolescence and Social Divides

It isn't often that a work of literature manages to capture the raw emotions and complexities of youth, especially when that narrative takes place against the backdrop of societal rifts. S.E. Hinton's "The Outsiders," penned when she was only a teenager herself, skillfully accomplishes this feat, providing readers with an introspective look into the trials of adolescence while simultaneously exploring the societal divisions of class and upbringing. Set in the 1960s in Tulsa, Oklahoma, "The Outsiders" introduces us to a […]

Tragedy and Loss in S.E. Hinton’s ‘The Outsiders’

S.E. Hinton's novel "The Outsiders," a seminal work in young adult literature, explores the tumultuous lives of teenage gang members in the 1960s. A critical aspect of the narrative is the element of tragedy, particularly the deaths of key characters that profoundly impact the story and its themes. This essay delves into the character deaths in "The Outsiders," examining their significance in the novel's exploration of themes such as class conflict, coming of age, and the loss of innocence. The […]

Ponyboy Curtis: a Journey from Innocence to Understanding in “The Outsiders”

S.E. Hinton's seminal novel, "The Outsiders," published when she was only eighteen, captured the zeitgeist of teenage angst, class disparity, and the search for identity in the 1960s. Centered on a band of tight-knit 'greasers' in a world where socio-economic divisions lead to inevitable confrontations, the novel tells a universal tale of young people on the brink of adulthood. One character stands out in this narrative tapestry – Ponyboy Curtis, whose evolving perspective shapes the story's core. Ponyboy is not […]

Soda Pop Curtis: the Heart of “The Outsiders”

When delving into the tapestry of young adult literature, S.E. Hinton's novel "The Outsiders" stands as a monumental representation of teenage angst, societal division, and the quest for identity. Published when Hinton was just a teenager herself, the book has resonated with multiple generations, making it a staple in classrooms and personal libraries alike. Among the vivid characters that populate this narrative is Sodapop Curtis, a figure that, while not the protagonist, plays a crucial role in illustrating the novel's […]

Two-Bit in ‘The Outsiders’: more than Just Wit and Wisecracks

Within the dynamic tapestry of characters in S.E. Hinton's iconic novel, "The Outsiders," Keith "Two-Bit" Mathews stands out not just for his ever-present switchblade or his penchant for shoplifting small items but also for his distinctive role as the wisecracker of the group. On the surface, Two-Bit appears to be the gang's source of comic relief, often lightening tense situations with his humor. However, delving deeper into his character reveals layers of complexity that underscore the novel's exploration of socio-economic […]

Dally: the Complex Rebel in “The Outsiders”

When considering S.E. Hinton's novel "The Outsiders," Dallas "Dally" Winston stands out as one of the most enigmatic and intricate characters. Set against the turbulent backdrop of gang warfare between the Socs and the Greasers in 1960s Oklahoma, Dally emerges as a representative of raw, unabashed defiance. However, peeling back the layers, one realizes that Dally is more than just a stereotypical juvenile delinquent; he embodies the tragic repercussions of a society that marginalizes its youth. From his very introduction […]

Johnny Cade: the Silent Strength in “The Outsiders”

In the realm of literary characters, some stand out not for their audacity or grandeur, but for their quiet resilience and depth. Johnny Cade from S.E. Hinton's "The Outsiders" is one such character. At first glance, Johnny may appear as a mere sidekick in the turbulent world of Greasers and Socs. Yet, as the story unfolds, he emerges as a powerful symbol of vulnerability, courage, and the profound impact of society on young souls. Johnny's life, marked by domestic violence […]

“The Outsiders” Movie Review: a Gritty Ode to Brotherhood and Resilience: Delving into the Timeless Allure of a 60s Classic

Yo, movie fanatics! Ever wondered what it'd be like to grow up in a world divided by cliques, where leather jackets meet polo shirts? I'm talking about the classic flick, "The Outsiders". And man, if you've ever felt out of place or craved the tight-knit bond of brotherhood, this one's for you! Setting the Stage: That 60's Vibe Alright, first off, picture this: 1960s, small-town America. You've got your greasers, leather-clad, slick-haired fellas, and those snooty Socs (short for Socials) […]

How did Ponyboy Change in the Outsiders: Transformative Changes

Introduction Have you or your friend ever had a near-death experience? Did that change you? In The Outsiders, a novel written by S.E Hinton, Ponyboy Curtis did, and this is how. His parents died in a car accident just before The Outsider's story takes place. He lives with his oldest brother, Darry, who is 20 years old, and has custody of him and his other brother, Sodapop, who is 16. The Catalyst: A Near-Death Experience and Loss Ponyboy is smart, […]

S.E. Hinton: the Teen who Wrote “The Outsiders”

"The Outsiders," a book that's become a big deal in American lit, was written by S.E. Hinton when she was just a teen herself. Born Susan Eloise Hinton on July 22, 1948, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, she nailed the teenage experience with guts and heart. Her story hit home for young readers, diving deep into the rollercoaster of growing up. Hinton started writing "The Outsiders" at 15 because she felt teen books at the time weren't cutting it. They either sugarcoated […]

Understanding the Genre of ‘The Outsiders

S.E. Hinton's novel "The Outsiders," published in 1967, occupies a distinctive place in young adult literature, captivating readers with its raw portrayal of teenage struggles and societal divisions. Exploring its genre reveals a complex blend of elements that defy easy categorization. At its core, "The Outsiders" can be considered a coming-of-age novel. It follows Ponyboy Curtis, a 14-year-old boy from the wrong side of the tracks, as he navigates conflicts with rival gangs and wrestles with his own identity. The […]

The Shadows of Loss in “The Outsiders”

S.E. Hinton's literary masterpiece "The Outsiders," an influential work in the realm of young adult fiction, intricately depicts the turmoil and sorrow of adolescence amidst the backdrop of gang rivalry. Situated in the 1960s, the narrative delves into a vivid exploration of camaraderie, grief, and the stark societal divisions fueled by class disparities and violence. At the heart of the novel's emotional complexity lie the characters whose lives are tragically cut short, each demise leaving an enduring impact on the […]

Class Conflict in “The Outsiders”: Greasers Vs. Socs

In the seminal literary work "The Outsiders" penned by S.E. Hinton, the animosity between the Greasers and the Socs stands as a poignant portrayal of the socioeconomic schism that afflicts society. This treatise delves into the divergent existences of these two factions, probing into how their disparities in societal and fiscal stature instigate a cycle of bias and aggression. Through the prism of Hinton's characters, we are granted an insight into the intricate dynamics of class discord and the quest […]

Ponyboy’s Journey: Understanding the Outsiders

In S.E. Hinton's classic novel "The Outsiders," Ponyboy Curtis emerges as a central figure, navigating the turbulent waters of adolescence amidst societal divides and personal turmoil. Set against the backdrop of 1960s Oklahoma, Ponyboy's narrative transcends mere teenage angst, delving deep into themes of identity, belonging, and the complexities of human connection. At the heart of Ponyboy's character lies a profound sense of yearning – a desire to break free from the confines of his social status and forge his […]

The Setting of the Outsiders: a Mirror to Society

S.E. Hinton's novel "The Outsiders," a cornerstone of young adult literature, is not just a story about teenage angst and the struggles between rival gangs; it's also a profound exploration of socio-economic divides, framed within a specific yet universal setting. The narrative unfolds in the mid-1960s in a town that, while never named, is closely modeled after Tulsa, Oklahoma, Hinton's hometown. This choice of location is far from arbitrary; it provides a canvas that reflects the broader themes of division, […]

The Outsiders: a Landmark Publication in Teenage Literature

"The Outsiders," authored by S.E. Hinton, emerged as a revolutionary tome upon its debut in 1967, forever altering the panorama of adolescent literature. Hinton, a mere 18 years of age upon its publication, adeptly captured the tumultuous ethos of teenage tumult and societal fragmentation through the lens of Ponyboy Curtis, a youthful protagonist grappling with socioeconomic disparities and the pursuit of self-identity within a fractured social milieu. This narrative not only provided an unadulterated portrayal of adolescent lives but also […]

Darry Curtis: the Reluctant Guardian in “The Outsiders”

In S.E. Hinton's novel "The Outsiders," Darrel "Darry" Curtis stands as a complex character whose responsibilities and personal sacrifices offer a poignant look into the dynamics of family, societal expectations, and personal growth amidst adversity. As the eldest of the Curtis brothers, Darry assumes the role of caretaker and guardian for his younger siblings, Ponyboy and Sodapop, after the tragic death of their parents. This forced transition from brother to parental figure is at the heart of Darry's character development, […]

Fragments of Loss: the Outsiders’ Tragic Thread

In the tapestry of "The Outsiders" by S.E. Hinton, death weaves its somber threads, leaving an indelible mark on the lives of its characters. Set against the backdrop of a gritty 1960s America, the novel chronicles the trials and tribulations of Ponyboy Curtis and his band of Greasers as they navigate the tumultuous waters of adolescence amidst societal divides. Amidst the turmoil, death emerges as an ever-present specter, casting its shadow over the fragile existence of these young souls. Among […]

Turbulent Bonds: Dally’s Defiance in the Outsiders

In the vividly painted backdrop of S.E. Hinton's "The Outsiders," Dallas Winston emerges as a figure both feared and revered, a tempest of defiance in the midst of societal storms. Known simply as "Dally," his presence is felt like a thunderclap in the tight-knit community of Tulsa, Oklahoma. Dally embodies the archetype of the street-hardened greaser, his persona a blend of defiance and desperation, etched by the unforgiving streets he prowls. From his first appearance, Dally commands attention with a […]

Breaking Stereotypes in “The Outsiders”

In S.E. Hinton's novel "The Outsiders", characters are often defined by the stark contrasts between the affluent Socs and the underprivileged Greasers. However, Randy Adderson, a seemingly typical Soc, stands out as a character who defies the straightforward dichotomy that defines his peers. Randy's journey throughout the novel offers a nuanced exploration of growth, empathy, and the realization that societal boundaries are more permeable than they appear. This essay delves into Randy's character, shedding light on his significance in the […]

Johnny Cade: the Heart of “The Outsiders”

In S.E. Hinton's seminal novel, "The Outsiders," Johnny Cade emerges as a character whose journey embodies the tumultuous path of adolescence, marked by the struggles of class conflict, the search for identity, and the yearning for a place to belong. Through Johnny's eyes, readers are invited into the raw, often harsh realities of life on the outskirts of society, where loyalty and friendship serve as the only reliable anchors in a sea of uncertainty. This essay aims to unravel the […]

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The Outsiders Loyalty Essay

Outsiders Essay- Loyalty, it’s not just a word, No it is a lot more than that. Throughout the book the outsider’s loyalty is something that holds many strong and lasting friendship together. You need someone throughout your life that has your back. Someone there for you when you mostly wish for it. Loyalty is something that changes PonyBoy Through this piece and makes him see from different angles of life. Flying down the high way of the outsiders you soon feel and believe that PonyBoy doesn’t want to be in a gang. He doesn’t want that pressure or that ommitment. He is in the gang because he seeks belonging somewhere where people are loyal to him as he is back. “Here are just small groups of friends who stick together, and the warfare is between the social classes. ” PonyBoy and his gang that he is in (the greasers) formed it for security and to protect the members involved. Gang is like family they support each other. Without each other you won’t achieve much without you them. “Since Mum and Dad were killed in an auto wreck, the three of use only get to stay together only as long as we behave.

So Soda and I stay out trouble as much as we can. ” Reading this you soon find out the greasers have it really tough. They use their love to keep them alive. Would you run away with you closest friend if he did something horrible? As much PonyBoy didn’t want to run away, He had to. Even though PonyBoy didn’t do anything wrong he was loyal. Johnny didn’t do anything as well. “So Cherry Valance, the cheerleader, Bob’s girl, the Socs, was trying to help us” From this you can take out that Cherry was also trying to be supportive of the situation

PonyBoy and Johnny were both in. Cherry was loyal to everyone that was respectful to her. From what happened in Lot, she testified. Because she knew that was right. “Randy was supposed to be too cool to feel anything, but there was pain in his eyes. ” In this part of the book it is an emotional rollercoaster for everyone. PonyBoy had just saved those kids in the church and they are back in town. Randy showed loyalty when getting what happened to bob off his chest. Throughout the book it’s portrayed that Greasers have it rough and the socs ave all the brakes. But behind it all there is a bigger picture. The greaser have such a strong bond that they will do anything to help out there mate. “When you’re in a gang, you stick up for the other members. If you don’t stick up for them, stick together, make like brothers, it isn’t a gang anymore. ” When having these strong relationships with the people you see every day and trust and care for it’s almost you can take them for granted. When PonyBoy looks at his gang he sees the people that he loves and trusts and when he thinks that he lost

two f his closes friends it’s almost like he lost family. “The truth of the last statement hit me. We couldn’t get along without him. ” Reading this can change my point of view on everything, that everyone needs each other in the greaser’s gang. Loyally is something that is made and achieved over a long time. it isn’t something that comes to you. PonyBoy tried very hard to show the group that he cares about them. Not only in one day. It pays off in the end because he has people there that care about him. Having someone’s back is more than a friendship it is family.

More about The Outsiders

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• The Outsiders Questions
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• The Outsiders Themes

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Narrative on The Outsiders

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Published: Mar 19, 2024

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is a timeless coming-of-age novel that delves into the lives of two rival teenage gangs, the Greasers and the Socs, in 1960s Oklahoma. The story follows Ponyboy Curtis, a Greaser who navigates the complexities of loyalty, [...]

Written by S.E. Hinton, "The Outsiders" is a coming-of-age novel set in Tulsa, Oklahoma, during the 1960s. Beyond its captivating storyline and memorable characters, this literary work is rich in symbolism, which serves to [...]

In the classic novel "The Outsiders" by S.E. Hinton, the character of Ponyboy Curtis emerges as a compelling protagonist grappling with issues of identity, loyalty, and societal expectations. From the opening pages of the story, [...]

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S.E. Hinton’s seminal first novel, The Outsiders, is widely credited as the birth of contemporary teenage fiction. While J.D. Salinger is often seen as the first writer to truly capture the modern teenage mindset sixteen [...]

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• A new danger for Venezuela’s autocrat

The regime’s dilemma is rig or lose the election on July 28th

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A CACOPHANY of revving motorcycle engines, vuvuzela trumpets, salsa music and chants of “this government is going to fall” filled the streets of Caracas on July 4th at an opposition rally in the capital to mark the start of 24 days of official campaigning before the presidential election. Most in the crowd of several thousand were there to see María Corina Machado, Venezuela’s popular opposition leader, who has become a symbol of resistance to the authoritarian regime of President Nicolás Maduro. Perched atop a lorry and dressed in jeans, she blew kisses of appreciation to her giddy supporters. “We are counting the days until we will be free,” cried one woman, as the convoy passed.

At the last presidential election in 2018 Mr Maduro secured re-election by disqualifying the main opposition candidates and parties and by discouraging voting (turnout was 46%). This election looks trickier for the regime: stealing it against a united and seemingly mobilised opposition, and with palpable disillusion among many government supporters, might not be easy.

Last October the government and the opposition met in Barbados and agreed on rules aimed at guaranteeing a fairer election, with international observers. In return the United States lifted sanctions on Venezuela’s oil and mining industries imposed by Donald Trump. But the government partially resiled from this. After Ms Machado overwhelmingly won a well-supported opposition primary, authorities confirmed her disqualification from office, for 15 years, on trumped-up grounds. It later withdrew an invitation to the European Union to send election observers, citing its sanctions against people in the regime.

In the past Ms Machado, a conservative from a once-wealthy family of industrialists, argued that voting against a dictatorship was pointless. Undeterred by her banning, this time she has urged everyone to vote for a substitute: Edmundo González, a 74-year-old former ambassador who has never stood for office before. In a survey last month by Delphos, a pollster, 52% backed him, with Mr Maduro on just 25%.

For months Ms Machado has criss-crossed the country holding rallies in provincial cities and rural towns. The government bans her from taking flights, so she travels by car, boat or even canoe. Now often accompanied by Mr González, she is met by teeming crowds at every stop. Her generally brief stump speeches focus on corruption and mismanagement by Mr Maduro’s regime, whose rule has impoverished Venezuela and torn it apart: 7.7m, or a quarter of the population, have emigrated, according to the UN . Her message is that the election on July 28th is an opportunity: whatever fraud the regime might attempt, a massive protest vote could at last topple it, a quarter of a century after Hugo Chávez, Mr Maduro’s predecessor and mentor, took power.

Chávez, who died in 2013, was blessed with charisma and a massive oil boom. He had little need to cheat. He used his electoral victories to centralise power, seizing control of the judiciary, the armed forces, most of the media and the electoral authority. Mr Maduro, a gruff former bus driver, has never enjoyed majority support. In 2015, when the opposition unexpectedly won an election for the National Assembly in the last reasonably fair vote held in Venezuela, the government used its puppet courts to castrate the legislature. In December it organised a referendum on whether Venezuela should annex two-thirds of neighbouring Guyana, in a bid to use jingoism to rally the masses. It was a flop. While the government claimed 10.4m voted, independent observers reckoned the figure was no more than 3m.

The government blames the economic collapse on sanctions (though it predates them) in which it says the opposition is complicit. But the regime’s internal polling shows that in a fair vote Mr Maduro would be “totally doomed”, according to a source in the ruling United Socialist Party of Venezuela ( PSUV ). Nevertheless it appears determined to cling to power—through intimidation. At least 37 opposition activists have been arrested this year. The tax authority has moved to close down any hotel or even snack bar which Ms Machado or Mr González uses while campaigning. One establishment, a family-run empanada shop in a village in Guárico state, was raided 30 minutes after Ms Machado had stopped for breakfast. “It’s unfair because we welcome everyone who comes in,” said the owner, Corina Hernández.

Left-wing governments in Brazil and Colombia, which have friendly relations with Mr Maduro, have publicly called for a fair contest. Among outsiders, only the Carter Centre, an NGO , has been invited to observe the voting. But there will be many other watching eyes, including thousands of volunteers organised by the opposition. Venezuela’s electronic voting system, introduced by Chávez, makes ballot stuffing hard. “It is impossible to do an electronic fraud,” claims Roberto Picón, who served as one of two opposition nominees on the electoral authority until 2023.

The government could try to change the rules. There are rumours that the election may yet be postponed, perhaps by the expedient of manufacturing a border incident with Guyana or even a purported assassination attempt against Mr Maduro. On July 8th the attorney-general, Tarek William Saab, alleged that a Colombian paramilitary group had been contacted by representatives of the opposition. The defence minister, Vladimir Padrino López, claimed that the opposition was trying to create an atmosphere of “civil war”.

Some in the opposition fear that the government could also try to create confusion by disqualifying the main opposition alliance, known as the Democratic Unity Table ( MUD) . It is one of three parties backing Mr González. In that case, if a voter were to mistakenly press the MUD card on the touchscreen of the voting machines, their choice would be void.

Such deliberate deception would have a cost. “If they remove the MUD card, I cannot see how we can possibly recognise the result of the election,” said a European diplomat in Caracas. The United States would probably follow suit. In April it reimposed some sanctions because of the government’s failure to respect the Barbados agreement. In a renewal of direct talks with the government via a video call on July 3rd Joe Biden’s administration again called for “competitive and inclusive” elections. Mr Maduro hopes for further relief from sanctions and for the administration to scrap a $15m bounty, imposed in 2020, for information leading to his arrest.

Blatant fraud might also create friction with the armed forces, the ultimate arbiter of power in Venezuela. The high command has long stayed loyal to the memory of Chávez, himself an army officer. Many generals have benefited from the crony capitalism that has flourished under Mr Maduro. Might there be limits to that loyalty? “If the elections are stolen, I am sure that the Bolivarian National Armed Forces will join civil disobedience,” said an anonymous serving general, in a story reported in May by Sebastiana Barráez, a Venezuelan defence correspondent now in exile.

It is implausible but not impossible that the government loses and accepts defeat, opening what would be a complicated transition. At the opposition rally in Caracas, an elderly man watched as the crowd jeered at a passing car covered in PSUV logos. “Dictatorships here are all the same.” he said. “They seem so powerful. And then they are not.” In any event, at least Ms Machado has given many Venezuelans hope, however slender. ■

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This article appeared in the The Americas section of the print edition under the headline “María Corina’s voter army”

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David French

Biden has an inner circle problem. he’s not the only one..

By David French

Opinion Columnist

One of the biggest mistakes we make when judging or predicting the actions of politicians, judges and other people who possess power and influence is we forget that they’re human. In fact, in times of crisis, they respond exactly the way we’d respond: by turning away from critics and toward the people closest to them, the people who ostensibly care about them the most.

For ordinary people, this instinct is mostly healthy. Those in our inner circle not only know us the best, they should also have our best interests at heart. But for the most powerful people — including presidents — this instinct can be dangerous. The family members and close advisers of politicians and celebrities often depend on the politician or celebrity’s wealth and power for their own power and prestige.

Consider the example of President Biden. As age takes its toll, he’s isolating himself from everyone but those closest to him. On Monday, The Wall Street Journal published a disturbing report that described the way in which his “inner circle” had limited access to the president and concealed his true condition from the public.

“The White House has limited Biden’s daily itinerary and shielded him from impromptu exchanges,” The Journal reported. “Advisers have restricted news conferences and media appearances, twice declining Super Bowl halftime interviews — an easy way to reach millions of voters — and sought to make sure meetings with donors stuck to scripted pleasantries.”

This campaign of concealment (combined, it seems, with wishful thinking) meant that millions of Americans were gobsmacked by the president’s performance in his debate with Donald Trump on June 27. According to The Journal, the president’s performance “stunned members of his party, including some White House staffers who rarely spend one-on-one time with Biden.”

And what happened after the debate? Biden turned inward even more. He did exactly what most of us would do in the midst of a personal and professional crisis: He leaned on his family. He sought their advice immediately after the debate, his son Hunter has reportedly joined meetings with top aides and “ Shakespearean ” tensions now simmer between the family and Biden’s closest aides.

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