“Citation sequence” format
Common in journals of medical and physical sciences
Used by PubMed and MEDLINE
Referencing is a tedious task and if not taken seriously and performed diligently, it is prone to many (easily avoidable) errors.[ 7 ] A reference should be accurate, clear, and consistent throughout the manuscript.[ 6 ] An incorrect reference not only questions the credibility of the paper, but also makes it difficult for the reviewers and the readers to seek the cited article, thus denying the source author of due credit for his/her work.[ 3 ] It is the author's responsibility to cite the most relevant and appropriate references in his/her research.[ 3 ] The author should not only locate, read, and understand all sources cited by him/her ( intellectual pleasure ), but also confirm the source and provide all elements of the source correctly ( accuracy ).[ 6 ] The author should be careful not to copy references from an earlier article, but should actually rewrite each selected reference afresh.[ 6 ] Some common errors occurring during referencing are summarized in Table 2 .[ 6 , 7 ]
Common errors in the “in-text citation” and the “reference list”[ 6 , 7 ]
Errors in citation | Errors in reference list |
---|---|
Citing a cross reference without reading the original source | The journal format is not followed/not adhered to |
Duplication of citation in the manuscript | Reference is just copied from another published article without verifying the original source reference |
In-text citation does not adhere to the format of the target journal | Errors in listing names of authors, journal, year, volume number, page numbers, and so on |
Multiple citations put at the end of the sentence instead of mentioning the reference just after the fact that the particular reference specifically pertains to | Error in number of authors listed |
In-text citation without mentioning the reference in the reference list | Incorporating irrelevant information such as issue number, date and month of publication (when the target journal does not need it, as per the journal’s instructions to authors) |
Citing a reference based on its abstract only (and without reading the full paper) | Resubmitting a rejected article to another journal without modifying in-text citation or reference list as per the new journal’s requirements |
Using personal communications as references Referencing the abstract and results sections of the manuscript | Citing the print version of a source while the online version has been accessed Citing retracted references |
As described earlier, there is a wide variation in the journal formatting styles and it is laborious for the researcher to store, organize, and manage the references throughout the process of literature review and protocol planning till the drafting and manuscript submission.[ 21 ] Even more challenging is the addition/deletion or reordering of references (in text as well as in the reference list) with each revision or submission to a newer journal.[ 22 ] There is an increased likelihood of making errors in citing, especially while organizing the references and writing the reference list.[ 23 ] To minimize such errors, reference management software (RMS), also known as citation management software or bibliographic management software, are available to the authors/researchers.[ 21 ] They not only help to search and retrieve the online scientific sources, but also help to import them to their database for storing, organization, and subsequent retrieval.[ 22 ] Many RMS have cloud-based storage, enabling users to be able to access the information from multiple devices as well as collaborate with other researchers.[ 22 ] RMS also allow authors to retrieve citations while writing in the format of desired journal, thus permitting to “cite while you write.”[ 14 ] They also enable addition, deletion, insertion of references in the text and automatic (auto) resequencing of their order in the main manuscript (text) as well as in the reference list.[ 22 ] They can generate reference lists in multiple formats/citation styles to suit the target journal requirements and allow conversion of one format style to another with ease at the click of the mouse.[ 14 ] By linking each citation with a full reference, they ensure each citation in the text is accounted for by a corresponding full reference in the list.[ 12 ] Most of them are compatible for use with common programs such as Microsoft Word and Google Docs.[ 24 ]
There are numerous programs for reference management available in the market – independent applications, those operating within an internet interface, and combination of both these modes.[ 1 ] The most commonly used are Mendeley by Elsevier ( www.mendeley.com ), EndNote ( www.endnote.com ) by Thomson Reuters, and Zotero ( www.zotero.org ).[ 1 ] Some others are RefWorks, F1000 Workspace, JabRef, Citavi, Bibsonomy, ReadCube Papers, Colwiz, Sente, RefME, Connotea, CiteULike, BibTeX, and Microsoft Word.[ 22 , 24 , 25 ] While many of them are free, some are fee based and require a (paid) subscription.[ 13 ]
Despite the use of RMS, one cannot guarantee absence of referencing errors, as there can be errors in details (author names, journal title, dates) or duplication of references when retrieved from different databases.[ 23 ] So, ultimately, the authors (themselves) are responsible for the accuracy of the references cited by them (whether they do the referencing using RMS or manually).
Thus, referencing is an essential part of research and should be assigned due importance, right from the conception of the study question till its delivery as a publication. It plays a vital role throughout the manuscript and appears in almost all sections – from laying down the foundation for study rationale (in the “Introduction” section of the manuscript), describing/justifying the study procedure/s (in the “Methods” section), validating the results (in the “Results” section) and its implications (in the “Discussion” section of the manuscript). References are also utilized by editors to identify subject experts for peer review, by readers to obtain more resources on the subject matter, and by peer reviewers to critically evaluate the manuscript in the light of the available evidence. It is thus essential that references are chosen wisely and carefully as they are representative of the study. It is the author's responsibility to confirm the clarity, accuracy, and appropriateness of the cited sources. One should be careful to avoid common referencing errors to prevent delay/rejection by the journal of interest. As Vancouver style is the commonly preferred citation style by journals of medicine and health sciences, researchers should be well versed with it. Authors should diligently stick to the instructions and style of the target journal. The availability of reference management software such as Mendeley and EndNote has made the authors’ task of collecting, storing, organizing, retrieving, and utilizing the references more efficient and easier; however, it is still the authors’ responsibility to select appropriate references and cite them accurately and correctly.
Conflicts of interest.
There are no conflicts of interest.
When formatting a citation in APA style, pay particular attention to italics, punctuation, indentation, and capitalization.
Many more samples of citations presented in the APA style can be found in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . Please consult this book or a librarian for help with unusual resources.
All of the following samples are taken from:
(In the above sample, the name of the organization is the author. Note that only proper names are capitalized in the title, and the edition number follows the title.)
Book: (This sample from Purdue OWL )
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Book with an Editor:
Robinson, D. N. (Ed.). (1992). Social discourse and moral judgment . San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Note: italicize the title of the book and do not capitalize any words in titles except the first word, proper names, and after a colon. Use the author's or editor's initials only for first and middle names.
Chapter from an Edited Volume or Anthology :
Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Scholarly Article:
Fuentes, A. (2016). Contemporary evolutionary theory in biological anthropology: Insight into human evolution, genomics and challenges to racialized pseudo-science. Revista Cuicuilco , 23 (65), 293-304.
Note: Do not set off the title of the article with quotes, italics, underlines, or capital letters (except for the first word, proper names or after a colon). Italicize the title of the journal and capitalize all words in the title of the journal. This sample includes the volume number (23) which is italicized to set it off from the other numbers. The issue number (65) appears in parentheses and is not italicized. You will also notice that there is no space left between the volume number and the first parenthesis for the issue number.
Scholarly Article (with multiple authors):
Calvo, M. G., & Lang, P. J. (2004). Gaze patterns when looking at emotional pictures: Motivationally biased attention. Motivation and Emotion, 28 , 221-243. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MOEM.0000040153.26156.ed
Note: This sample includes the volume number (28), which is italicized to set it off from the page numbers. There is no issue number in this example because the journal is paginated by volume. Provide the DOI when available for electronic documents. If a DOI is not available for a scholarly article retrieved online, you should supply the URL of the journal's homepage (NOT the URL from the database). Note authors' names, indentations, spare use of capital letters, page numbers, and use of periods and commas.
Popular Article (with two authors):
Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120.
Note: Do not set off the title of the article with quotes, italics, underlines, or capital letters (except for the first word, proper names, or after a colon). Italicize the title of the magazine and capitalize all keywords in the title. Italicize the volume number to set it off from the page numbers.
Newspaper Article:
Scwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post , pp. A1, A4.
Note: Do not set off the title of the article with quotes, italics, underlines, or capital letters (except for the first word, proper names or after a colon). Italicize the title of the newspaper and capitalize all keywords in the title of the newspaper.
Webpage Examples: (These samples from Purdue OWL )
Author, A. A. & Author B. B. (Date of publication , or n. d. if no date ). Title of page [Format description when necessary]. Retrieved from https://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Eco, U. (2015). How to write a thesis [PDF file]. (Farina C. M. & Farina F., Trans.) Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/...How_to_write_a_thesis/.../Umberto+Eco-How+to+Write+... (Original work published 1977).
If the page's author is not listed, start with the title. If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.):
Spotlight Resources. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/about_the_owl/owl_information/spotlight_resources.html
Only include a date of access when page content is likely to change over time (ex: if you're citing a wiki):
Purdue University Writing Lab [Facebook page]. (n.d.). Retrieved January 22, 2019, from https://www.facebook.com/PurdueUniversityWritingLab/
Nonperiodical Web Document or Report (Examples: government data such as U.S. Census): (This sample from Purdue OWL )
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication, or n.d. if no date). Title of document . Retrieved from https://Web address
Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Note: Italicize the title of the website but do not capitalize any words except the first, proper names, and the first word following a colon.
For citing company or industry reports from the library's MarketLine database, also see:
https://guides.library.ualberta.ca/apa-citation-style/business
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 7.07
If map is within a book, cite as In Title of book after [Type of map].
Cite primary contributors in the Author's space followed by their contributing role in parentheses.
Other forms for [Type of map] include:
Use (n.d.) for No date.
Title of map. (Year). [Type of Map]. Publisher Location: Publisher.
Citation Examples:
Plattsburgh, Clinton County: Dannemora, Peru, Keeseville, Champlain, Rouses Point, New York State, 3rd ed.
(1999). [Road map]. Clifton Park, NY: Jimapco.
Topographical Map:
Berlin, N.Y. - Mass. - VT. (1988). [Topographical map]. reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey.
Online Map:
Follow the map citation guidelines as above, but also include a stable URL where the map is found.
Title of map. (Year). [Type of map]. Retrieved from http://xxx.xx
Manhattan sightseeing map. (2010). [City map]. Retrieved from http://www.ny.com/maps/shopmap.html
MTA Metro-North railroad. (2010). [Railroad map]. Retrieved from http://www.mta.info/mnr/html/mnrmap.htm
MTA New York City subway. (2010). [Subway map]. Retrieved from http://www.mta.info/nyct/maps/submap.htm
Since the APA manual does not give direct information for citing every type of source, including charts or graphs, they instruct you to follow the example that is most like the source you are trying to cite. Be sure to provide enough information so your readers can locate the source on their own. When possible provide author or creator, year of publication, title, and publishing and/or retrieval data. When citing a chart, graph or map it may be best to follow the citation style for the format in which the information is presented.
All captions for charts should follow the guidelines below for captions for figures.
Captions for Figures (Charts, Graphs, and Maps): Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 5.20-5.25
All captions should be labeled as Figure followed by a number. The caption should begin with a descriptive phrase and include a citation to the original source and copyright information at the end.
Figure 1. Relations between trust beliefs and school adjustment at T1 and loneliness changes during development in early childhood. All paths attained significance at p> .05. Adapted from “The Relation Between Trust Beliefs and Loneliness During Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, and Adulthood,” by K. J. Rotenberg, N. Addis, L. R. Betts, A. Corrigan, C. Fox, Z. Hobson, & … and M. J. Boulton, 2010, Personality and social psychology bulletin , 36, p. 1090. Copyright 2010 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.
Documentaries or Feature Films:
David, L., Bender, L., Burns S.Z. (Producers), & Guggenheim, P.D. (Director). (2006). An inconvenient truth [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.
Note : If a film is not available in wide distribution, add the following to the citation after the country of origin: (Available from Distributor name, full address and zip code).
More examples and samples of papers written using the APA style can be found at the following websites:
Published on November 4, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on January 17, 2024.
On the APA reference page, you list all the sources that you’ve cited in your paper. The list starts on a new page right after the body text.
Follow these instructions to set up your APA reference page:
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Setting up the apa reference page, apa alphabetization guidelines, which sources to include on the reference page, annotated bibliography, creating apa references.
References are ordered alphabetically by the first author’s last name. If the author is unknown, order the reference entry by the first meaningful word of the title (ignoring articles: “the”, “a”, or “an”).
Word processors like Word or Google Docs and citation generators can usually order the reference list automatically. However, ordering becomes challenging when citing multiple works by the same author or works by authors with the same last name.
Our in-depth article on ordering references in APA Style explains what to do in these situations.
Only include references for sources cited in the body text (with an APA in-text citation ). Don’t include references for:
For some student papers, it’s common to describe or evaluate the source in an annotation . These annotations are placed on a new line below the corresponding reference entry. The entire annotation is indented 0.5 inches.
If an annotation consists of multiple paragraphs, the first line of the second and any subsequent paragraphs is indented an additional 0.5 inches.
The AI-powered APA Citation Checker points out every error, tells you exactly what’s wrong, and explains how to fix it. Say goodbye to losing marks on your assignment!
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The format of an APA reference differs depending on the source type. Play around with the options in the Scribbr Example Generator to get familiar with APA Style.
With Scribbr’s free APA citation generator you can easily cite your sources according to the new 7th edition guidelines. It’s accurate, fast, and easy to use. Give it a try!
APA Citation Generator
Check out Scribbr’s citation examples to learn more about citing each type of source, ranging from books and journals to podcasts and tweets !
Periodicals
Reports and gray literature
Books and reference works
Audiovisual works
Online media
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Streefkerk, R. (2024, January 17). Setting Up the APA Reference Page | Formatting & References (Examples). Scribbr. Retrieved August 26, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-reference-page/
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Cite This For Me’s open-access generator is an automated citation machine that turns any of your sources into references in just a click. Using a reference generator helps students to integrate referencing into their research and writing routine; turning a time-consuming ordeal into a simple task.
A referencing generator accesses information from across the web, drawing the relevant information into a fully-formatted bibliography that clearly presents all of the sources that have contributed to your work.
If you don’t know how to reference a website correctly, or have a fast-approaching deadline, Cite This For Me’s accurate and intuitive reference generator will lend you the confidence to realise your full academic potential. In order to get a grade that reflects all your hard work, your references must be accurate and complete. Using a citation machine not only saves you time but also ensures that you don’t lose valuable marks on your assignment.
Not sure how to format your citations, what citations are, or just want to find out more about Cite This For Me’s reference generator? This guide outlines everything you need to know to equip yourself with the know-how and confidence to research and cite a wide range of diverse sources in your work.
Simply put, when another source contributes to your work, you have to give the original owner the appropriate credit. After all, you wouldn’t steal someone else’s possessions so why would you steal their ideas?
Regardless of whether you are referencing a website, an article or a podcast, any factual material or ideas you take from another source must be acknowledged in a citation unless it is common knowledge (e.g. Winston Churchill was English). Failing to credit all of your sources, even when you’ve paraphrased or completely reworded the information, is plagiarism. Plagiarising will result in disciplinary action, which can range from losing precious marks on your assignment to expulsion from your university.
What’s more, attributing your research infuses credibility and authority into your work, both by supporting your own ideas and by demonstrating the breadth of your research. For many students, crediting sources can be a confusing and tedious process, but it’s a surefire way to improve the quality of your work so it’s essential to get it right. Luckily for you, using Cite This For Me’s reference generator makes creating accurate references easier than ever, leaving more time for you to excel in your studies.
In summary, the citing process serves three main functions:
Cite This For Me’s reference generator is the most accurate citation machine available, so whether you’re not sure how to format in-text references or are looking for a foolproof solution to automate a fully-formatted bibliography, this referencing generator will solve all of your citing needs.
Crediting your source material doesn’t just prevent you from losing valuable marks for plagiarism, it also provides all of the information to help your reader find for themselves the book, article, or other item you are citing. The accessible interface of the reference generator makes it easy for you to identify the source you have used – simply enter its unique identifier into the citation machine search bar. If this information is not available you can search for the title or author instead, and then select from the search results that appear below the reference generator.
Don’t know how to reference a website? The good news is that by using tools such as Cite This For Me’s reference generator, which help you work smarter, you don’t need to limit your research to sources that are traditional to cite. In fact, there are no limits to what you can cite, whether you are referencing a website, a YouTube video or a tweet.
To use the reference generator, simply:
*If you require another style for your paper, essay or other academic work, you can select from over 1,000 styles by creating a free Cite This For Me account.
Once you have created your Cite This For Me account you will be able to use the reference generator to create multiple references and save them into a project. Use Cite This For Me’s highly-rated iOS or Android apps to generate references in a flash with your smartphone camera, export your complete bibliography in one go, and much more.
Cite This For Me’s reference generator will create your citation in two parts: an in-text citation and a full citation to be copied straight into your work.
The reference generator will auto-generate the correct formatting for your bibliography depending on your chosen style. For instance, if you select a parenthetical style the reference generator will generate an in-text citation in parentheses, along with a full citation to slot into your bibliography. Likewise, if the reference generator is set to a footnote style then it will create a fully-formatted citation for your reference list and bibliography, as well as a corresponding footnote to insert at the bottom of the page containing the relevant source.
Parenthetical style examples:
In-text example: A nation has been defined as an imagined community (Anderson, 2006).* Alternative format: Anderson (2006) defined a nation as an imagined community.
*The reference generator will create your references in the first style, but this should be edited if the author’s name already appears in the text.
Bibliography / Works Cited list example: Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities. London: Verso.
A citation style is a set of rules that you, as an academic writer, must follow to ensure the quality and relevance of your work. There are thousands of styles that are used in different academic institutions around the world, but in the UK the most common are Harvard, APA and Oscola.
The style you need to use will depend on the preference of your lecturer, discipline or academic institution – so if you’re unsure which style you should be using, consult your department and follow their guidelines exactly, as this is what you’ll be evaluated on when it comes to marking. You can also find your university’s style by logging into your Cite This For Me account and setting your institution in ‘My Profile’.
Citing isn’t just there to guard against plagiarism – presenting your research in a clear and consistent way eases the reader’s comprehension. Each style has a different set of rules for formatting both the page and your references. Be sure to adhere to formatting rules such as font type, font size and line spacing to ensure that your work is easily legible. Furthermore, if your work is published as part of an anthology or collected works, each entry will need to be presented in the same style to maintain uniformity throughout. It is important to make sure that you don’t jump from one style to another, so follow the rules carefully to ensure your reference list and bibliography are both accurate and complete.
If you need a hand with your citations then why not try Cite This For Me’s reference generator? It’s the quickest and easiest way to cite any source, in any style. The reference generator above will create your citations in the Harvard referencing style as standard, but it can generate fully-formatted references in over 1,000 styles – including university variations of each style. So, whether your lecturer has asked you to adopt APA referencing , or your subject requires you to use OSCOLA referencing , we’re sure to have the style you need. To access all of them, simply go to Cite This For Me’s website to create your free Cite This For Me account and search for your specific style such as MLA or Vancouver .
Drawing on a wide range of sources greatly enhances the quality of your work, and reading above and beyond your recommended reading list – and then using these sources to support your own thesis – is an excellent way to impress your reader. A clearly presented reference list or bibliography demonstrates the lengths you have gone to in researching your chosen topic.
Typically, a reference list starts on a new page at the end of the main body of text and includes a complete list of the sources you have actually cited in your paper. This list should contain all the information needed for the reader to locate the original source of the information, quote or statistic that directly contributed to your work. On the other hand, a bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the material you may have consulted throughout your research and writing process. Both provide the necessary information for readers to retrieve and check the sources cited in your work.
Each style’s guidelines will define the terminology of ‘reference list’ and ‘bibliography’, as well as providing formatting guidelines for font, line spacing and page indentations. In addition, it will instruct you on how to order each list – this will usually be either alphabetical or chronological (meaning the order that these sources appear in your work). Before submitting your work, be sure to check that you have formatted your whole paper according to your style’s formatting guidelines.
Sounds complicated? Citing has never been so easy; Cite This For Me’s reference generator will automatically generate fully-formatted citations for your reference list or bibliography in your chosen style. Sign in to your Cite This For Me account to save and export your bibliography.
Although the reference generator will create your bibliography for you in record time, it is still useful to understand how this system works behind the scenes. As well as saving you time with its referencing generator, Cite This For Me provides the learning resources to help you fully understand the citing process and the benefits of adopting great citing standards.
The referencing process:
Create projects, add notes, cite directly from the browser and scan books’ barcodes with a mobile app.
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Referencing also...
For PACE programmes guidance is provided below for a numbered style (Vancouver) and an author-year style (Harvard). However you can use a different style as long as your references are clear and consistent.
If you are new to referencing and not familiar with using the more advanced features of word processing software, we advise using the Harvard format for longer assignments as it is easier to keep track of the placement and order of your references, but it will eat into your word count. The numbered Vancouver style is useful for shorter assignments but can become impractical for longer ones (unless using a reference management system like EndNote).
For further help with formatting your references consult your Academic Liaison Librarian, Jackie Skinner - email or make an appointment (contact details below).
This video gives an overview of why and how you should reference materials used in your assignments. You will need to login with your University username and password to view this video.
Guidance on using the numbered Vancouver style of referencing.
Guidance on using the name-year Harvard referencing style.
Guidance on citing a source you have read about in another source (to be avoided if possible!)
Referencing visual elements taken from other sources.
Vancouver is a numbered style. Each piece of work cited should have a unique number, assigned in order (your first reference is 1, your second is 2 etc.). It is a very plain style with little punctuation and no text formatting such as italics, underlining or bold.
When adding an in-text citation to your document you can write the number in brackets:
Medical systems need to be carefully considered and designed to reduce the likelihood of medication errors (1).
For example:
There are many studies that have examined the effect of alcohol on cognitive impairment (1,2, 4-7, 9).
How should i refer to authors in the text.
You do not have to refer to the authors' names in the text but it may help the flow of your writing to do so.
Two authors: give both author's surnames linked with 'and'. For example:
A recent study by Chen and Lee (4) found that...
Three or more authors: use the first author's surname followed by "et al.". For example:
A recent study by Rang et al. (2) found that...
An organisation: give the full name with any recognised abbreviation in brackets afterwards e.g. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Thereafter you can refer to it using the abbreviation. Give the full name and abbreviation in the full reference. For example:
A survey by Asthma UK found that one in 20 people suffer from severe asthma (6).
If directly quoting from a work, you need to use single quotation marks. Include a page number in the in-text citation. For example:
More recently, a paper by Walker et al. (3) stated that 'student pharmacists are valuable and important to practice model transformation' (p. 47).
A paper by Walker et al.stated that 'student pharmacists are valuable and important to practice model transformation' (3, p. 47).
This type of referencing is known as secondary referencing and should be avoided wherever possible, as the author citing the work may have their own bias or misinterpretation. It is better to seek out the original reference (in this example, Ahmed’s) and cite it directly if it is useful.
You need to include both authors' names in the body of your text to show that you have not read the original article. In the final reference list, you should only include the reference you have read yourself (Jones in this example):
According to Ahmed as cited in Jones (5)...
References must be listed at the end of your document in numerical order based on the order of citation. If you use the same source more than once, the original citation number should be used.
Cited by Surname Initials - there is no comma between the surname and initials, nor any full stop or space between initials.
Authors should be listed in the order they appear on the publication. Only list the first six authors followed by et al.
Monzer NL, Hartmann M, Buckert M, Wolff K, Nawroth P, Kopf S et al.
See the tabs in this box for additional guidance and relevant examples. Our Vancouver guidance is closely aligned with that given in the 'Cite them right' book and website (below). You can find extra publication types and examples via this website. Note that we deviate from this guide in some case to make references simpler. For instance you should put journal names in full not abbreviated.
Find an overview of the essentials of Vancouver referencing in this video (8 mins). You will need to login with your University username and password to view this video.
Most books and e-books can be cited in the same way. If you are viewing the PDF of a printed book there is no need to include the web address in your reference if you have the place published and publisher.
Include the following in your reference:
Copy the format and punctuation of these examples:
Some books are born digital and are not published in a traditional format. If the book does not have a Place published and Publisher then you will need to follow this guidance. Include the following in your reference:
Note: if you are unable to find a place published and publisher you will need to cite the item following the web page guidance.
Note: Using StatPearls? Follow the guidance on citing an online only book chapter .
Follow this guidance to cite a printed book or an e-book which has the publisher and place published information. Include the following in your reference:
Copy the format and punctuation of this example
Some books are born digital and are not published in a traditional format. When citing chapters in these include the following in your reference:
Note that the way you enter a chapter on EndNote for the Vancouver style is different from the way you enter it for the Harvard style. It is not possible to reuse one entry in both styles.
Copy the format and punctuation of this example:
Rana MN, Neeland IJ. Adipose tissue inflammation and cardiovascular disease: an update. Current Diabetes Reports. 2022; 22(1):27-37.
Monzer NL, Hartmann M, Buckert M, Wolff K, Nawroth P, Kopf S et al. The cardiac autonomic response to acute psychological stress in type 2 diabetes. PloS One. 2022; 17(3):e0265234.
Azpiroz F, Dubray C, Bernalier-Donadille A, Cardot JM, Accarino A, Serra J, Wagner A, Respondek F, Dapoigny M. Effects of scFOS on the composition of fecal microbiota and anxiety in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Neurogastroenterology & Motility [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2024 Jan 24] ;29(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12911.
Note: if an article is in press and doesn't yet have a volume number treat like as above but add 'Forthcoming' before the year:
Vaghari-Tabari M, Jafari-Gharabaghlou D, Mohammadi M, Hashemzadeh MS. Zinc oxide nanoparticles and cancer chemotherapy: helpful tools for enhancing chemo-sensitivity and reducing side effects? Biological Trace Element Research [Internet]. Forthcoming 2024 [cited 2024 Jan 28]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03803-z
You should be able to download details for most articles from databases such as Summon, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed. If you need to type one in from scratch this is the information to include.
You should avoid citing webpages unless you are clear of their quality and suitability for inclusion in academic work. See the 'Websites' tab within this guide for more information on evaluating webpages.
Only follow this guidance if the item you want to reference is not a book, a book chapter or a journal article. When you search the internet you will find many different types of content. The first step to referencing correctly is to recognise what you are looking at.
For guidance on citing specific, commonly used pharmacy-related sources see the other tabs in this box.
Use the format and punctuation shown in these examples:
When citing the BNF you only need one generic reference, not specific references for each drug or piece of information you have used. Just make it clear in your text which drug/section you are referring to.
Use the format and punctuation shown in this example - update the edition and year to the one you are using:
Copy the format and punctuation of these examples:
Full reference (NICE version): Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary (BNF). 27 June 2024 [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jul 4]. Available from: https://bnf.nice.org.uk/.
Full reference (MedicinesComplete version): Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary (BNF). 9 July 2024 [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: https://www.medicinescomplete.com.
Provides access to the British National Formulary, British National Formulary for Children and Stockley’s Drug Interactions.
Please note, due to licensing restrictions students and staff must access the BNF and BNF for Children on the MedicinesComplete platform. Use of the NICE BNF platform is only permitted for those working for, or on placement with, the NHS.
Copy the format and punctuation of this example:
Full reference: Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary (BNF) app. June 2024 [Mobile app]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jul 13]. Available from: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.pharmpress.bnf
For the print version
For the online versions:
For the app:
When citing the BNFC you only need one generic reference, not specific references for each drug or piece of information you have used. Just make it clear in your text which drug/section you are referring to.
Use the format and punctuation shown in this example:
Copy the format and punctuation shown of these examples:
Full reference (NICE version): Pediatric Formulary Committee. British National Formulary for children (BNFC). 27 June 2024 [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: https://bnfc.nice.org.uk/.
Full reference (MedicinesComplete version): Pediatric Formulary Committee. British National Formulary for children (BNFC) . 9 July 2024 [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: https://www.medicinescomplete.com.
Full reference: Pediatric Formulary Committee. British National Formulary for children (BNFC) app. July 2024 [Mobile app]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.pharmpress.bnf
When citing the British Pharmacopoeia you only need one generic reference, not specific references for each drug or section you have used. Just make it clear in your text which drug/section you are referring to.
Use the format and punctuation shown in this example (make sure you change the Version and dates to match the ones you use):
Access to the latest edition of The British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the leading collection of standards for UK medicinal products and pharmaceutical substances.
Help and guidance How to use the BP
Local guidelines, although authored by individuals, should be ratified by a designated committee therefore are the work of the organisation.
Use the format and punctuation shown in this example:
For print guidelines
For online guidelines
Use the format and punctuation shown in these examples.
Note that the way you enter a Cochrane Review on EndNote for the Vancouver style is very different from the way you enter it for the Harvard style. It is not possible to reuse one entry in both styles.
Systematic reviews, protocols and trials on the effects of interventions in health care. Free to UK residents
Includes: -The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Cochrane Reviews) -The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) -The Cochrane Database of Methodology Reviews (Methodology Reviews) Help and guidance You can find training materials and videos by registering with the Cochrane Library Training Hub (requires an e-mail address).
If a trial is still ongoing you may need to refer to it directly instead of to a published paper.
Use the format and punctuation shown in these examples:
Note that the way you enter a Clinical Trial on EndNote for the Vancouver style is very different from the way you enter it for the Harvard style. It is not possible to reuse one entry in both styles.
Always check with the academic who set the assignment if you are allowed to refer to course materials in your own work. It is preferable to do your own research and use published sources, such as articles and books, instead of referring to lecture materials.
Copy the format and punctuation of these examples.
Cottrell G. The molecules of life: proteins [PowerPoint presentation]. Reading: University of Reading; PM1PY2: Fundamentals of Cell Biology; 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 2]. Available from: https://www.bb.reading.ac.uk.
Example 2: Handout with no date
University of Reading. Direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) assessment form [Handout] Reading: University of Reading; PM2PY1: Professional Practice 2. [cited 2023 Nov 30]. Available from: https://www.bb.reading.ac.uk.
Note that even with the information entered as above EndNote will not quite format the reference correctly - the module details will be in the wrong place. To correct this, as a final step before submission, create a plain text version of your document. Go to the EndNote toolbar in Word and select 'Convert citations and bibliography' to 'Plain text' (this will be under 'Tools' on the Mac version of the toolbar). This will create a copy of your document which is divorced from EndNote so that you can make final tweaks to the references.
The 'Cite Them Right' Harvard style is an author-date system. In-text citations include the author and year of the reference. Full references are listed at the end in alphabetical order by the author's surname. See the other tabs in this box for guidance on citing specific types of publication in this style.
For the Harvard style, your in-text citation should include:
There are two ways of including an in-text citation and you can use both depending on how you want to structure each sentence. You can include the citation with the author’s surname and date in brackets at the end of the sentence:
Medical systems need to be carefully considered and designed to reduce the likelihood of medication errors (Ferner, 2020).
Or, you can include the author’s surname as part of your sentence, in which case only the date is in brackets:
More recently, a paper by Ferner (2020) has suggested that...
You can use a mix of these approaches in your assignment.
If the citation has two authors.
List both authors with 'and' or '&' in between (but be consistent in your use of 'and' or '&').
A recent study by Morbey and Smith (2021) found that...
... (Morbey and Smith, 2021) .
List all three authors with a comma after the first author, '&' or 'and' before the last author (but be consistent in your use of 'and' or '&').
A recent study by Chen, Savana and Patel (2022) found that...
... (Chen, Savana and Patel, 2022) .
Use the first author's name followed by " et al. " in italics.
A recent study by Rang et al. (2020) found that...
It has been shown previously (Rang et al. , 2020) that....
Note: you will need to include ALL authors in the full reference at the end of your document.
List the sources chronologically, separated by semi-colons.
There are many studies that have examined the effect of alcohol on cognitive impairment (Chen and Xi, 2012; Patel, 2020; Hussein et al ., 202 2) .
Differentiate them using letters after the year - both in the in-text citation and the full reference.
Chen and Hussein (2021a) ... and Chen and Hussein (2021b) ...
Many works by organisations do not have individually named authors. In this case, you can use the name of the organisation or company, such as Cancer Research UK or National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), as the author. This is known as a corporate author.
Asthma UK (2015) studies have shown... ... (Asthma UK, 2015) .
If you need to refer to two or more sources by the same author in different years, you do not need to keep repeating the author's surname in the citation. Include the surname and the oldest year first, then separate the other years by semicolons (;). The sources should be ordered by year of publication, with the oldest first.
NHS (2016; 2019; 2021) studies have consistently shown ... (NHS, 2016; 2019; 2021)
You must include all of the sources separately in your reference list.
You only need to include a page number if directly quoting from a work. Enclose the quote in single quotation marks and include a page number in the in-text citation. For example:
More recently, a paper by Walker et al. (2020) stated that 'student pharmacists are valuable and important to practice model transformation' (p. 47) .
A recent paper stated that 'student pharmacists are valuable and important to practice model transformation' (Walker et al., 2020, p. 47) .
This type of referencing is known as secondary referencing and should be avoided wherever possible , as the author citing the work may bring their own bias or misinterpretation. It is better to seek out the original reference and cite it directly if it is useful.
See further guidance on secondary referencing .
References must be listed at the end of your document in alphabetical order by author surname/organisation name. If you use the same source more than once, just use the same in-text citation as previously to refer to the same full reference.
Cited using Surname, Initials - place a comma and a space between the surname and initials. Full stops between initials e.g.:
List all of the authors in the full reference in the order they appear on the publication.
See the tabs in this box for additional guidance and relevant examples. Our Harvard guidance is closely aligned with that given in the 'Cite them right' book and website (below). You can find extra publication types and examples via this website. Note that we deviate from this guide in some case to make references simpler e.g. only requiring DOI or web address for articles which do not have page numbers or an article reference number.
Find an overview of the essentials of Harvard referencing in this video (10 mins). You will need to login with your University username and password to view this video.
Copy the format and punctuation of these examples.
Citation in the text: (Houghton, 2020)
Full reference: Houghton, A.R. (2020) Making sense of the ECG: a hands-on guide. 5th edn. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Citation in the text: (Jeukendrup and Gleeson, 2019)
Full reference: Jeukendrup, A. and Gleeson, M. (2019) Sport nutrition . 3rd edn. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Citation in the text: (Ritter et al. , 2023)
Full reference: Ritter, J.M., Flower, R.J., Henderson, G., Loke, Y.K., MacEwan, D., Robinson, E. and Fullerton, J. (2024) Rang & Dale's pharmacology. 10 th edn. London: Elsevier.
Note that all authors are included in the full reference.
Where an e-book looks like a printed book (usually PDFs) and you can find all the publication information (including place published and publisher) - cite it in the same way as a printed book (above). You do not need to include the web address.
Some books are born digital and are not published in a traditional format. Where it is not possible to find the publication information include the web address and date accessed instead, as in the examples below:
Citation in the text: (UK Health Security Agency, 2020)
Full reference: UK Health Security Agency (2020) Immunisation against infectious disease (The Green Book) . Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immunisation-against-infectious-disease-the-green-book (Accessed: 21 January 2024).
Citation in the text: (Grabrucker, 2021)
Full reference: Grabrucker, A.M. (ed.) (2021) Autism spectrum disorders. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573612/ (Accessed: 25 January 2024).
Note: Using StatPearls? Follow the guidance on citing an online only book chapter .
Include the page extent of the whole chapter when writing your full citation. Put just the pages you have referred to in the in-text citation.
Citation in the text: (Singh, Khurana and Singh, 2018, p. 38)
Full reference: Singh, H., Khurana, L.K. and Singh, R. (2018) 'Pharmaceutical development', in Vohora, D. and Singh, G. (eds) Pharmaceutical medicine and translational clinical research . London: Academic Press, pp.33-46.
Citation in the text: (Hosznyak et al ., 2012, p. 199)
Full reference: Hosznyak, R., Hosznyak, E., Westaway, A. and Graveson, J. (2017) 'Eye, ear, nose and throat assessment', in Ranson, M. and Abbott, H. (eds) Clinical examination skills for healthcare professional . 2nd edn. Keswick: M & K Publishing, pp. 126-137.
Where an e-book chapter looks like a printed book chapter (usually PDFs) and you can find all the publication information (including place published and publisher) - cite it in the same way as a printed book (above). You do not need to include the web address.
Where it is not possible to find the publication information include the web address and date accessed instead:
UK Health Security Agency (2013) 'Immunisation by nurses and other healthcare professionals', in Immunisation against infectious disease (The Green Book) . Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/immunisation-by-nurses-and-other-health-professionals-the-green-book-chapter-5 (Accessed: 3 February 2024)
Kawakami, S and Otsuka, S. (2021) 'Multisensory processing in autism spectrum disorders', in Grabrucker, A.M. (ed.) Autism spectrum disorders . Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573612/ (Accessed: 7 January 2024)
Squadrito, F.J. and del Portal, D. (2022) 'Nitrofurantoin', in StatPearls . Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470526/ (Accessed: 1 February 2024).
Note that the way you enter an online only chapter on EndNote for the Harvard style is different from the way you enter it for the Vancouver style. It is not possible to reuse one entry in both styles.
Note that the default 'Cite Them Right Harvard' style in EndNote does not handle e-book sections very well. Download and use our amended style which corrects these issues:
Alternatively as a final step before submission, create a plain text version of your document. Go to the EndNote toolbar in Word and select 'Convert citations and bibliography' to 'Plain text' (this will be under 'Tools' on the Mac version of the toolbar). This will create a copy of your document which is divorced from EndNote so that you can make final tweaks to the reference to match the guidance above.
Citation in the text: (Rhee, 2022)
Full reference: Rhee, E. (2022) 'The influence of obesity and metabolic health on vascular health', Endocrinology and Metabolism, 37(1), pp. 1-8.
Citation in the text: (Rana and Neeland, 2022)
Full reference: Rana, M.N. and Neeland, I.J. (2022) 'Adipose tissue inflammation and cardiovascular disease: an update', Current Diabetes Reports, 22(1), pp. 27-37.
Citation in the text: (Zheng et al ., 2021)
Full reference: Zheng, Y., Phillips, C.L., Sivam, S., Wong, K., Grunstein, R.R., Piper, A.J. and Yee, B.J. (2021) 'Cardiovascular disease in obesity hypoventilation syndrome – a review of potential mechanisms and effects of therapy', Sleep Medicine Reviews, 60, pp. 101530.
You must include all authors in the full reference.
Copy the format and punctuation of these examples:
Article with no page numbers or reference number:
Citation in the text: (Azpiroz et al ., 2017)
Full reference: Azpiroz, F., Dubray, C., Bernalier-Donadille, A., Cardot, J.M., Accarino, A., Serra, J., Wagner, A., Respondek, F., Dapoigny, M. (2017) 'Effects of scFOS on the composition of fecal microbiota and anxiety in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study'. Neurogastroenterology & Motility , 29(2). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12911 (Accessed: 29 January 2024)
In Press article
Articles are often made available before they receive their official publication details (volume and issue number). If an article is shown as 'In press' or 'Online ahead of print' and doesn't yet have these details, just use (in press) after the journal name and add the DOI web address and date accessed.
Citation in the text: (Vaghari-Tabari et al ., 2023)
Full reference: Vaghari-Tabari, M., Jafari-Gharabaghlou, D., Mohammadi, M., & Hashemzadeh, M.S. (2023). Zinc oxide nanoparticles and cancer chemotherapy: helpful tools for enhancing chemo-sensitivity and reducing side effects? Biological Trace Element Research (in press). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03803-z (Accessed: 25 January 2024)
Citation in the text: (Reynolds, 2023)
Full reference: Reynolds, M. (2023) How the team monitoring new and emerging infectious diseases could help prevent the next pandemic . Available at: https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2023/08/08/how-the-team-monitoring-new-and-emerging-infectious-diseases-could-help-prevent-the-next-pandemic/ (Accessed: 2 February 2024)
Citation in the text: (DrugBank, 2024)
Full reference: DrugBank (2024) Ranitidine . Available at: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00863 (Accessed: 8 February 2024).
Citation in the text: (Office for Health Improvement & Disparities, 2024)
Full reference: Office for Health Improvement & Disparities (2024) Cardiovascular disease . Available at: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/profile/cardiovascular (Accessed: 31 January 2024).
If there isn't a date on the website, even at the bottom of the page, use 'no date'.
Citation in the text: (IUPHAR/BPS, no date)
Full reference: IUPHAR/BPS (no date) Ibuprofen . Available at: https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=2713 (Accessed: 6 February 2024).
You can also download our amended 'Cite Them Right-Harvard' style to correct the issue with the missing closing bracket:
When citing the BNF you only need one generic reference, not specific references for each drug or piece of information you have used. Just make it clear in your text which drug/section you are referring to.
Citation in the text: (Joint Formulary Committee, 2024)
Full reference: Joint Formulary Committee (2024) British National Formulary (BNF) 87 . London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press.
Citation in the text: (Joint Formulary Committee, 2024)
Full reference (NICE version): Joint Formulary Committee (2024) British National Formulary (BNF). 27 June 2024 . Available at: https://bnf.nice.org.uk/ (Accessed: 29 July 2024)
Full reference (MedicinesComplete version): Joint Formulary Committee (2024) British National Formulary (BNF). 29 July 2024 . Available at: https://www.medicinescomplete.com (Accessed: 29 July 2024 )
Full reference: Joint Formulary Committee (2024) British National Formulary (BNF) app. June 2024 . [Mobile app]. Available at: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.pharmpress.bnf (Accessed: 9 July 2024).
Copy the format and punctuation of this example. Make sure you check the date and edition of the version you are using.
Citation in the text: (Pediatric Formulary Committee, 2022)
Full reference: Pediatric Formulary Committee (2022) British National Formulary for children 2022-2023 . London: BMJ Group, Pharmaceutical Press and RCPCH Publications.
Copy the format and punctuation of this example. Make sure you check the date and edition (month and year) of the version you are using.
Citation in the text: (Pediatric Formulary Committee, 2024)
Full reference (NICE version): Pediatric Formulary Committee (2024) British National Formulary for children (BNFC) . 27 June 2024. Available at: https://bnfc.nice.org.uk/ (Accessed: 4 July 2024)
Full reference (MedicinesComplete version): Pediatric Formulary Committee (2023) British National Formulary for children (BNFC) . 9 July 2024 . Available at: http://www.medicinescomplete.com (Accessed: 24 July 2024)
Citation in the text: (Pediatric Formulary Committee, 2024)
Full reference: Pediatric Formulary Committee (2024) British National Formulary for children (BNFC) app. June 2024 . [Mobile app]. Available at: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.pharmpress.bnf (Accessed: 14 July 2024)
Copy the format and punctuation of this example (make sure you change the Version and dates to match the ones you use):
Citation in the text: (British Pharmacopoeia Commission, 2024)
Reference list: British Pharmacopoeia Commission. (2024). British Pharmacopoeia . Ph. Eur. 11.4 update. Available at: https://www.pharmacopoeia.com (Accessed: 8 February 2024)
Copy the format and punctuation of this example.
In-text citation: (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2021)
Full reference: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2021) Acute heart failure: diagnosis and management (CG187). Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg187 (Accessed: 28 January 2024)
Use the text formatting and punctuation shown in this example.
Citation in the text: (Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, 2023)
Full reference: Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (2023) Non-medical prescribing policy . Version 5. London: Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust.
Citation in the text: (North East London Health & Care Partnership, 2023)
Full reference: North East London Health & Care Partnership (2023) North East London (NEL) management of infection guidance for primary care . August 2023 . Available at: https://gp-website-cdn-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/prescribing-guideline-downloads/1697724608-4663d459fc894709f71ce7beaa8662db.pdf (Accessed: 8 February 2024)
Citation in the text: (Wockhardt UK Ltd, 2017)
Full reference: Wokhardt UK Ltd (2017) Aciclovir 400mg tablets summary of product characteristics . Electronic Medicines Compendium . Available at: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2352/smpc (Accessed: 25 January 2024).
Citation in the text: (Dermal Laboratories Limited, 2024)
Full reference: Dermal Laboratories Limited (2024) Ibugel patient information leaflet . Electronic Medicines Compendium . Available at: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/3759/pil (Accessed: 7 February 2024).
Citation in the text: (Crowe, Chang and Wallace, 2016)
Reference list: Crowe, L., Chang, A., and Wallace, K. (2016) 'Instruments for assessing readiness to commence suck feeds in preterm infants: effects on time to establish full oral feeding and duration of hospitalisation', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8, CD005586, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005586.pub3
Note that the way you enter a Cochrane Review on EndNote for the Harvard style is very different from the way you enter it for the Vancouver style. It is not possible to reuse one entry in both styles.
Although most references refer to the published paper as this details the results of the clinical trial, depending on the context of what you write you may need to reference the clinical trial itself.
Citation in the text: (Crooks, 2023)
Full reference: Crooks, M. (2023) 'An investigation into how adding an inhaled steroid to COPD treatment may potentially protect against heart disease', ISRCTN , ISRCTN29148209. DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN29148209 .
Citation in the text: (Lingor, 2023)
Full reference: Lingor, P. (2023) 'Safety, tolerability and symptomatic efficacy of the ROCK-inhibitor Fasudil in patients with Parkinson's disease', ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05931575. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05931575 (Accessed: 9 January 2024).
Always check with your tutor if you are allowed to refer to course materials in your own work. It is preferable to use published sources where possible, such as articles and books.
Citation in the text: (Cottrell, 2023)
Full reference: Cottrell, G. (2023) 'The molecules of life: proteins' [Presentation slides]. PM1PY2: Fundamentals of Cell Biology . University of Reading. Available at: https://www.bb.reading.ac.uk (Accessed: 2 December 2023).
Citation in the text: (University of Reading, no date)
Full reference: University of Reading (no date) 'Direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) assessment form' [Handout] PM2PY1: Professional Practice 2 . University of Reading. Available at: https://www.bb.reading.ac.uk (Accessed: 20 November 2023).
For guidance on citing other types of materials posted on Blackboard see Section G7 of the following book:
Note that even with the information entered as above the default 'Cite Them Right-Harvard' style in EndNote will not quite format the reference correctly - the title of the document should be enclosed in single quotes and be in plain text; the module details should be in italics; there should be closing bracket after the access date; the Type of Medium should be after the document title. To correct this, as a final step before submission, create a plain text version of your document. Go to the EndNote toolbar in Word and select 'Convert citations and bibliography' to 'Plain text' (this will be under 'Tools' on the Mac version of the toolbar). This will create a copy of your document which is divorced from EndNote so that you can make final tweaks to the references.
A secondary reference is used when you are referring to a source which you have not read yourself, but have read about in another source. Where possible, you should always try to read the original of anything you wish to refer to ; otherwise you are relying on the author who cited the reference to have interpreted it correctly and not taken it out of context. Use the reference list at the end of the source you are reading to find details of the reference and search for it using the search boxes below.
Find books using the Enterprise catalogue
Just type in the first author's surname and a few words from the title.
Find journal articles using Summon
Just type in the first author's surname and first part of the article title.
If you can't get hold of the original source you'll need to do a secondary reference and you should make clear that you are not using the original source. Only include the source you have used in your list of references following the guidance above on citing that type of publication. Indicate in your in-text citation that it is a secondary reference by preceeding the citation with 'as cited in' or 'as quoted in'.
Vancouver example
In-text citation:
According to France as cited in Weingart et al. (4) , hospitals use internal reporting procedures to identify...
4. Weingart, SN, Zhang L, Sweeney M, Hassett M. Chemotherapy medication errors. The Lancet Oncology, 2018; 19(4): e191-e199.
Harvard example
According to France (2003, as cited in Weingart et al. , 2018), hospitals use internal reporting procedures to identify...
Reference:
Weingart, S.N., Zhang, L., Sweeney, M, & Hassett, M. (2018) 'Chemotherapy medication errors', The Lancet Oncology , 19(4), pp. e191-e199.
Vancouver - just edit your text as in the example above and insert the reference for the paper you have read in the usual way.
Images, graphs, charts, diagrams and tables that you have used from books, websites and other texts should be referenced in the same way that you would any other material.
The captions for both tables and figures should include a citation if taken from or based on another source (name-year or number depending on the style you are using). When you refer to it in your writing, use the figure/table number. Give a full citation in the reference list for the source of the image.
Tables should be sequentially numbered with the title/legend above the table - as in this example which uses the Harvard referencing style:
Example of referring to a table in a sentence:
The macronutrient content of the diets used in the study is shown in Table 2.
Full details for reference list (Harvard style):
Mitchell, N.S. and Ard, J.D. (2021) 'Weight loss, lifestyle, and dietary factors in cardiovascular diseases in African Americans and Hispanics', in Ferdinand, K.C., Taylor, H.A. and Rodriguez, C.J. (eds) Cardiovascular disease in racial and ethnic minority populations . Cham: Humana Press, pp. 167-182.
Images, graphs and diagrams should be labelled as 'Figure' and sequentially numbered with the caption below - as in this example which uses the Harvard referencing style:
Example of referring to a figure in a sentence:
The prebiotics can induce direct or indirect effect on the gut-associated epithelial and immune cells (Figure 3).
Pujari, R. and Banerjee, G. (2021) 'Impact of prebiotics on immune response: from the bench to the clinic', Immunology and Cell Biology , 99(3), pp. 255-273.
If the image is purely decorative you should still acknowledge the creator and source but there is no need to include a full reference.
See the example on the right which includes the caption: 'Image: [creator] via [website image captured from]'.
If it is a picture you have taken use this format:
'Image by author'.
If you are taking information from multiple sources and compiling your own table you still need to acknowledge those sources.
The following link shows two ways of doing this. Although this is a guide to using the APA style the approaches can be adapted for use with Harvard and Vancouver.
Avoid quoting large blocks of text:
The NICE guidance for hypertension (1) states the following:
'Beta-blockers are not a preferred initial therapy for hypertension. However, beta-blockers may be considered in younger people, particularly:
Instead this could be paraphrased as:
NICE no longer recommend beta-blockers to be used as initial therapy for hypertension, although it is recognised that there may be circumstances in which younger patients may benefit from beta-blockers (1). In my practice I may review younger patients, therefore I will consider the recommendations from NICE on appropriate prescribing of beta-blockers, for example women of child-bearing age, patients with increased sympathetic drive or unable to take ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
Consider using a reference management system such as EndNote to help you reference correctly. This bibliographic management package can be used to store references, and then insert the citation in your Word document, automatically building the reference list for you in the correct style (''Vancouver' or Cite Them Right-Harvard').
Go to the EndNote page in this guide to download the software and learn how to use it:
For information on other options for electronic management of your references see our guide to Managing references:
See also our short videos on referencing and avoiding plagiarism:
Citation management software can help you manage your research and easily organize and format your citations in a wide variety of citation styles. Check out the links below for more information about these useful programs.
1. Read the Abstract Section
The first step in reading a scholarly article is to read the abstract or summary of the article. Abstracts are always found at the beginning of an article and provide a basic summary or roadmap to the article. The abstract also introduces the purpose of the article.
Take a few minutes to carefully read the abstract of the practice article. Note that the abstract is not formally labeled "abstract" but is called "background and aims." Any summary at the start of an article is considered the abstract.
The abstract should always be read first to make sure the article is relevant to your topic. However, reading the abstract should never replace reading the entire article as the abstract is too brief to be used to fully understand the article.
2. Read the Conclusion Section Reading the conclusion will help you understand the main points of the article and what the authors are attempting to prove.
3. Read the Introduction Section Now that you have an overview of the article from the abstract and understand the main points the authors are trying to prove from the conclusion, you will want to read the introduction.
4. Read the Results Section
Read the results section. Here are a couple of suggestions for deciphering results:
5. Read the Methods Section Reading the methods section will help you understand how the study or experiment was conducted. It is necessary for other researchers to understand the methods used so that they can replicate the study.
The methods section can also be difficult to read due to technical language used and density of the section. Try circling words, acronyms, and surveys you are unfamiliar with and look them up as those may be important to fully understand the article and may be necessary for future research.
6. Read the Discussion & Limitations Section
The discussion section is where you will find the researcher's interpretation of the results. The author should answer the article's research question. Remember, you should evaluate the data to form your own conclusions. Don't just accept the author's conclusions without looking at the data for yourself.
Often authors will include a section detailing the limits to their research and their conclusions. The limitation section will usually explain conclusions that could not be drawn from the research as well as areas that future research is needed.
7. Read Through One More Time After you have jumped around and read the different sections of the article, go back to the beginning and read the article in order. The article should be easier to read and make more sense as you will already be familiar with the main points in each section.
Why Watch This Video? You'll learn essential strategies for reading scientific or scholarly journal articles, including:
Thesis dialogue blueprint, writing wizard's template, research proposal compass.
Starting a research paper can seem overwhelming, but breaking it down into manageable steps can make the process much easier. This guide will walk you through each stage, from choosing a topic to finalizing your paper, ensuring you stay organized and focused. Whether you're new to research or looking to improve your skills, these steps will help you create a strong, well-structured paper.
Choosing a research topic is a crucial first step in writing a research paper. It sets the stage for your entire project, so it's important to choose wisely. Here are some steps to help you select a topic that is both interesting and feasible.
Start by thinking about what excites you. Pick a topic that you find fun and fulfilling. This will keep you motivated throughout your research. Make a list of subjects you enjoy and see how they can relate to your field of study. Your job will be more pleasant if you choose a topic that holds your interest.
Once you have a few ideas, check if they are too broad or too narrow. A good topic should be manageable within the time you have. Ask yourself if you can cover all aspects of the topic in your thesis. For example, exploring the link between technology and mental health could be narrowed down to how WhatsApp use impacts college students' well-being.
Before finalizing your topic, ensure that there are enough resources available. Conduct preliminary research to see if there is sufficient data and literature on your chosen topic. This step is vital as you may discover issues with your original idea or realize you have insufficient resources to explore the topic effectively. This key bit of groundwork allows you to redirect your research topic in a different, more feasible, or more relevant direction if necessary.
Understanding the importance of a research question.
A well-defined research question is the cornerstone of any successful research paper. It provides a clear focus and direction for your study, ensuring that your efforts are both relevant and meaningful. A strong research question helps you stay on track and avoid unnecessary detours. It also makes it easier to communicate the purpose and significance of your research to others.
To develop a compelling research question, start by identifying your interests and the gaps in the existing literature. Use the 5 W's: who, what, where, when, and why , to explore different aspects of your topic. This approach will help you narrow down your focus and create a question that is both specific and researchable. Additionally, consider the feasibility of your question by evaluating the availability of resources and the scope of your study.
Your research question should align with the objectives of your study. This means that it should be directly related to what you aim to achieve through your research. Clearly defined objectives will guide your research process and ensure that your question remains relevant throughout your study. By aligning your question with your objectives, you can produce a coherent and focused research paper that effectively addresses the problem at hand.
Start by collecting sources that are related to your research topic. Use libraries, online databases, and academic journals to find books, articles, and papers. Skimming sources initially can save you time; set aside those that seem useful for a more thorough read later.
Once you have gathered your sources, read through them carefully. Take notes on key points and different viewpoints. This will help you understand the current state of research in your field. Look for common themes and debates that can inform your own work.
As you analyze the existing research, look for areas that haven't been explored or questions that haven't been answered. These gaps can provide a direction for your own research and make your thesis more valuable. Identifying these gaps is crucial for crafting a strong research question and ensuring your work contributes new knowledge to the field.
Creating a solid research plan is crucial for the success of your thesis. It helps you stay organized and ensures that you cover all necessary aspects of your research.
Establishing context.
Starting your thesis introduction can be daunting, but it's crucial for setting the stage for your research. Establishing the context for your study helps readers understand the background and significance of your work. This section should provide a clear overview of what your thesis will cover, making it easier for readers to follow your arguments.
Your thesis statement is the heart of your introduction. Typically, it is placed at the end of the introductory paragraph. This statement should succinctly present the main argument or focus of your thesis, guiding the reader on what to expect.
Once you have your research question, you need to justify why it is important. Explain the significance of your research problem in the context of existing literature. Highlight the gaps your research aims to fill and how it will contribute to the field. This step is crucial for crafting a bachelor thesis that stands out.
Organizing sections.
A well-structured research paper is essential for clarity and coherence. Start by dividing your paper into key sections: Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. Each section should serve a specific purpose and contribute to the overall argument of your paper. Organize your research by identifying main topics and subtopics, gathering relevant sources, and summarizing key points. This will help you maintain a logical flow throughout your paper.
Ensuring a logical flow between sections and paragraphs is crucial. Use transitions to connect ideas and guide the reader through your arguments. Each paragraph should begin with a clear topic sentence that introduces the main idea, followed by supporting evidence and analysis. This approach not only enhances readability but also strengthens your argument.
Coherence is achieved when all parts of your paper work together to support your thesis statement. To maintain coherence, make sure each section and paragraph aligns with your research objectives. Regularly review your work to ensure that your ideas are presented logically and that your voice remains dominant. Cite sources carefully to avoid plagiarism and to give credit to the original authors.
Choosing data collection methods.
Selecting the right data collection methods is crucial for the success of your research. Data collection is the process of gathering, measuring, and analyzing accurate data. Consider methods such as surveys, interviews, or experiments based on your research needs. Each method has its strengths and weaknesses, so choose the one that best fits your study.
Once you have collected your data, the next step is to analyze it accurately. Use statistical tools and software to help you interpret the data. Create tables and graphs to illustrate your findings clearly. This will help you present your results in a structured and understandable way.
Interpreting your results is an essential part of your thesis. Discuss how your findings relate to your research questions and the existing literature. Highlight the significance of your analyses and the reliability of your findings. This will help you draw meaningful conclusions and provide valuable insights into your research topic.
Start by writing your first draft without worrying too much about perfection. Focus on getting your ideas down on paper. This initial draft is your chance to explore your thoughts and structure your argument. Remember, the goal is to create a foundation that you can build upon.
Once you have a draft, it's time to incorporate feedback. Share your work with your thesis supervisor and peers. Their insights can help you see your work from different perspectives and identify areas for improvement. Revising is a continuous process of re-seeing your writing. It involves considering larger issues like focus, organization, and audience.
Finally, polish your final draft. Pay attention to grammar, punctuation, and formatting. Ensure that your thesis is clear, concise, and free of errors. This step is crucial for making a strong impression and effectively communicating your research findings.
Adhering to style guides.
When formatting your research paper, it's crucial to follow the specific style guide recommended by your institution. Common styles include APA, MLA, and Chicago. Each style has its own set of rules for formatting headings, tables, and references. Adhering to these guidelines ensures your paper meets academic standards and is easy to read.
Citing your sources correctly is essential to avoid plagiarism and give credit to the original authors. Typically, a citation can include the author's name, date, location of the publishing company, journal title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier) . Use the citation style specified by your university, such as APA or MLA . For example, in APA format, an in-text citation might look like this: (Smith, 2020).
Plagiarism is a serious academic offense. To avoid it, always cite the sources you use in your research. This not only gives credit to the original authors but also adds credibility to your work. Use tools like Grammarly’s Citation Generator to ensure your citations are flawless and your paper is free from plagiarism.
Understanding academic integrity.
Academic integrity is the foundation of any scholarly work. It involves being honest and responsible in your research and writing. Maintaining academic integrity ensures that your work is credible and respected. It also means giving proper credit to the original authors of the sources you use. This practice not only helps you avoid plagiarism but also strengthens your arguments by backing them up with credible sources.
To avoid plagiarism, always cite your sources correctly. Use a consistent citation style, such as APA or MLA, and make sure to include all necessary information. Here are some tips to help you:
Ensuring the originality of your work is crucial. This means that your ideas and findings should be your own, even if they are based on existing research. Here are some ways to ensure originality:
By following these steps, you can maintain academic integrity and produce a research paper that is both credible and original.
Proofreading and editing.
Before submitting your research paper, it's crucial to proofread and edit your work thoroughly. Start by reviewing the content for clarity and coherence. Ensure that each section flows logically and that your arguments are well-supported. Pay close attention to grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors, as these can detract from the professionalism of your paper. Consider reading your paper aloud or using a text-to-speech tool to catch mistakes you might have missed.
Once you have polished your paper, it's time to prepare it for submission. Make sure you adhere to the specific formatting guidelines provided by your institution or the journal you are submitting to. This includes checking the font style and size, margins, and page numbering. Ensure that all citations and references are correctly formatted according to the required style guide, such as APA or MLA. Double-check that your paper meets all the submission requirements, including word count and any additional documents that need to be included.
Before finalizing your research paper, seek feedback from peers or mentors. A fresh set of eyes can provide valuable insights and help identify areas for improvement that you might have overlooked. Share your paper with colleagues or use online platforms to get constructive criticism. Incorporating feedback from others can enhance the quality of your work and ensure that your arguments are clear and compelling.
Wrapping up your research paper can be a daunting task, but it doesn't have to be. Our step-by-step Thesis Action Plan is here to guide you through every stage, making the process smoother and less stressful. Ready to conquer your thesis challenges? Visit our website now and discover how we can help you achieve your academic goals.
Starting a research paper can seem overwhelming, but breaking it down into manageable steps makes the process much easier. By choosing a topic that interests you, conducting thorough research, and organizing your findings, you lay a strong foundation for your paper. Remember to create a clear thesis statement to guide your writing and keep your arguments focused. Drafting, revising, and seeking feedback are crucial steps to refine your work. Finally, ensure your paper is well-formatted and free of errors. With dedication and careful planning, you can successfully navigate the research paper writing process. Good luck!
How do i choose a research topic.
Start by thinking about what interests you. Pick a topic that you find fun and fulfilling. This will keep you motivated throughout your research. Also, make sure there are enough resources available on the topic.
A research question guides your study, helping you focus on a specific issue. It makes your research more organized and meaningful.
A literature review helps you understand what has already been studied about your topic. It shows gaps in the research that your study can fill.
Outline your methodology, create a timeline, and allocate resources. This helps you stay organized and ensures you cover all necessary aspects of your research.
Your thesis introduction should establish the context, present your thesis statement, and justify the research problem. This sets the stage for your study.
Organize your sections logically, ensure a smooth flow of ideas, and maintain coherence throughout the paper. Each part should connect well with the others.
Choose methods that best suit your research needs, such as surveys, interviews, or experiments. Use statistical tools to analyze data accurately and interpret your results.
Always cite your sources correctly and follow the citation style recommended by your institution. Use plagiarism checkers to ensure your work is original.
How do i start writing my thesis: a step-by-step guide.
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Bio 4072/5572: regenerative and stem cell biology.
Types of sources.
There are three types of sources: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Consider these aspects when evaluating a source for reliability:
In order to practice searching for primary literature, choose one of the library resources listed above and try to find a primary source on a topic related to this course . Examples of topics include: single-cell RNA sequencing methods, the role of stem cells in limb regeneration.
It's okay if you don't find anything! Searching for any research literature is always a process. Be prepared to share what resource you searched , if you were able to find a useful primary source , and if you found anything interesting or challenging about searching the resource .
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Journal Articles. References to journal articles usually include the author's name, title of the article, name of the journal, volume and issue number, page numbers, and publication date. Example: Johnson, T. (2021). The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health. Journal of Psychology, 32 (4), 87-94.
APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's APA Citation Generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations for free.. This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020). Scribbr also offers free guides for the older APA 6th ...
References provide the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text. Check each reference carefully against the original publication to ensure information is accurate and complete. Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher and writer. Consistency in reference ...
At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays, research papers, and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises). Add a citation whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.
Citation Styles Guide | Examples for All Major Styles. Published on June 24, 2022 by Jack Caulfield.Revised on November 7, 2022. A citation style is a set of guidelines on how to cite sources in your academic writing.You always need a citation whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source to avoid plagiarism.How you present these citations depends on the style you follow.
This guide includes instructional pages on reference list entries in APA style. ... However, they present original research and are often useful for research papers. Sometimes, researchers refer to these types of reports as gray literature, and white papers are a type of this literature. See APA 7, Section 10.4 for more information.
Reference List. Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats. Basic Rules Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list ...
Quick Rules for an APA Reference List. Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in your paper. Here are some quick rules for this Reference list: Begin the reference list on a new page after the text. Name it "References," and center the section label in bold at the top of the page. Order the reference list alphabetically ...
In this situation the original author and date should be stated first followed by 'as cited in' followed by the author and date of the secondary source. For example: Lorde (1980) as cited in Mitchell (2017) Or (Lorde, 1980, as cited in Mitchell, 2017) Back to top. 3. How to Cite Different Source Types.
Basic Principles of Citation. APA Style uses the author-date citation system, in which a brief in-text citation directs readers to a full reference list entry. The in-text citation appears within the body of the paper (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix) and briefly identifies the cited work by its author and date of publication.
If a single reference points to more than one source, list the source numbers in a series, for example, as 1,3,6. Use a dash to separate more than two numbers as 1−3, if these form a sequence. However, use a comma to separate two numbers as 1,3 (without space in between), if these do not form a sequence.
The Chicago/Turabian style of citing sources is generally used when citing sources for humanities papers, and is best known for its requirement that writers place bibliographic citations at the bottom of a page (in Chicago-format footnotes) or at the end of a paper (endnotes). The Turabian and Chicago citation styles are almost identical, but ...
APA referencing, used in the social and behavioural sciences, uses author-date in-text citations corresponding to an alphabetical reference list at the end. In-text citation. Sources should always be cited properly (Pears & Shields, 2019). Reference list. Pears, R., & Shields, G. (2019). Cite them right: The essential referencing guide (11th ...
For three or more authors, provide the first author's name surname first then followed by "et al." Books with three or more authors : Joseph, Gary, et al. Changing shirts. Generic Publishing House, 2011. When you want to cite a chapter or an essay in a book, follow this basic format.
Reference in research papers: A reference is a detailed description of the source of information that you want to give credit to via a citation. The references in research papers are usually in the form of a list at the end of the paper. The essential difference between citations and references is that citations lead a reader to the source of ...
Reference List: Basic Rules. This resourse, revised according to the 7 th edition APA Publication Manual, offers basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper. Most sources follow fairly straightforward rules. However, because sources obtained from academic journals carry special weight in research writing, these sources are subject to special ...
Here's one example of writing references in research papers - 'Nature 171: 737' is a code that, if you know how to decipher it, tells you that it means an article published in Nature (a weekly journal published from the UK) that begins on page 737 of volume 171 of that journal. However, it does not tell you what the article was about ...
3. List the title of the research paper. Use sentence capitalization to write out the full title of the research paper, capitalizing the first word and any proper names. If it has a subtitle, place a colon and capitalize the first word of the subtitle. [3] For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J. (2012).
Potentially appropriate: books, encyclopedias, and other scholarly works. Another potential source that you might use when writing a research paper is a book, encyclopedia, or an official online source (such as demographic data drawn from a government website). When relying on such sources, it is important to carefully consider its accuracy and ...
How to Cite a Reference in Academic Writing. A citation consists of two pieces: an in-text citation that is typically short and a longer list of references or works cited (depending on the style used) at the end of the paper.
Organizing the References. An initial extensive literature search helps in identifying the appropriate research question, drafting the study protocol, supervising ongoing research, analyzing the results, and writing the paper.[3,7] Although references are displayed at the end of the article/after the text of the article, they should not be actually written after completing the text of the ...
Examples. All of the following samples are taken from: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. (In the above sample, the name of the organization is the author. Note that only proper names are capitalized in the title ...
On the APA reference page, you list all the sources that you've cited in your paper. The list starts on a new page right after the body text. Follow these instructions to set up your APA reference page: Place the section label "References" in bold at the top of the page (centered). Order the references alphabetically. Double-space all text.
Enter the URL, DOI, ISBN, title, or other unique source information to find your source. Click the 'Cite' button on the reference generator. Copy your new citation straight from the referencing generator into your bibliography. Repeat for each source that has contributed to your work. *If you require another style for your paper, essay or ...
More recently, a paper by Walker et al. (3) stated that 'student pharmacists are valuable and important to practice model transformation' (p. 47). ... It is preferable to do your own research and use published sources, such as articles and books, instead of referring to lecture materials. Include the following in your reference: Author's name ...
A research guide tailored for students of the Brian Lamb School of Communication's online M.S. and Graduate Certificate Program in Strategic Communication Management. ... Plagiarism.org's useful guide to everything about citing sources. Avoiding Plagiarism. Tips on how to summarize, paraphrase, and quote sources without plagiarizing from the ...
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How can I avoid plagiarism in my research paper? Always cite your sources correctly and follow the citation style recommended by your institution. Use plagiarism checkers to ensure your work is original. Share this article. Previous article. Next article. Boost Your Research with .
Primary Sources: first-hand accounts of research. E.g., journal articles describing research in-depth, interviews with specialists, lab notebooks, conference papers, dissertations, technical reports, autobiographies. ... Was the paper peer-reviewed? Currency: how up-to-date is the information being provided by the source, and how old is the ...
BIO 2235 Research Paper Assignment Spring 2022 The Research Paper Assignment is worth a total of 50 points Due Date of Research Topic for Approval: Monday, April 4 at 11:59 pm to the Research Paper Topic Approval DropBox located in the "Research Paper Assignment" module in the lecture course shell Due Date of Research Paper: Wednesday, April 20, 2022 at 11:59 pm to the Research Paper DropBox ...