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Application of WST-8 based colorimetric NAD(P)H detection for quantitative dehydrogenase assays

The reduction of tetrazolium salts by NAD(P)H to formazan product has been widely used to determine the metabolic activity of cells, and as an indicator of cell viability. However, the application of a WST-8 b...

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Association of TM6SF2 rs58542926 gene polymorphism with the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and colorectal adenoma in Chinese Han population

Genetic factors affect the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and colorectal adenoma (CRA) importantly. Transmembrane protein 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) rs58542926 is a significant genetic ...

The active role of the transcription factor Sp1 in NFATc2-mediated gene regulation in pancreatic cancer

Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is one of the most aggressive tumor diseases affecting the human body. The oncogenic potential of pancreatic cancer is mainly characterized by extremely rapid growth triggered by...

Role of the highly conserved G68 residue in the yeast phosphorelay protein Ypd1: implications for interactions between histidine phosphotransfer (HPt) and response regulator proteins

Many bacteria and certain eukaryotes utilize multi-step His-to-Asp phosphorelays for adaptive responses to their extracellular environments. Histidine phosphotransfer (HPt) proteins function as key components ...

Up-regulation of DcR3 in microbial toxins-stimulated HUVECs involves NF-κB signalling

Sepsis is a severe condition characterised by the body’s systemic inflammatory response to infection. The specific sepsis-related biomarkers should be used in clinical diagnosis, therapeutic response monitorin...

Soluble expression of recombinant midgut zymogen (native propeptide) proteases from the Aedes aegypti Mosquito Utilizing E. coli as a host

Studying proteins and enzymes involved in important biological processes in the Aedes aegypti mosquito is limited by the quantity that can be directly isolated from the mosquito. Adding to this difficulty, digest...

Identification of the major diacylglycerol acyltransferase mRNA in mouse adipocytes and macrophages

Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the major form of energy storage in eukaryotes. Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) catalyze the final and rate-limiting step of TAG biosynthesis. Mammalian DGATs are classified...

Purification and characterization of cysteine protease from miswak Salvadora persica

Generally, proteases in medicinal plants had different therapeutic effects such as anti-inflammatory effect; modulate the immune response and inhibitory effect toward tumor growth. In this study, protease was ...

Effect of IAPP on the proteome of cultured Rin-5F cells

Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) or amylin deposits can be found in the islets of type 2 diabetes patients. The peptide is suggested to be involved in the etiology of the disease through formation of amyloid d...

Structure and function of a lignostilbene-α,β-dioxygenase orthologue from Pseudomonas brassicacearum

Stilbene cleaving oxygenases (SCOs), also known as lignostilbene-α,β-dioxygenases (LSDs) mediate the oxidative cleavage of the olefinic double bonds of lignin-derived intermediate phenolic stilbenes, yielding ...

Simple spectrophotometric assay for measuring catalase activity in biological tissues

The details of a precise, accurate, and sensitive spectrophotometric method for measuring catalase activity are presented here. The assay was established for biological samples and depends on the rapid formati...

Establishment of a detection assay for DNA endonuclease activity and its application in the screening and prognosis of malignant lymphoma

Endonucleases play critical roles in maintaining genomic stability and regulating cell growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate detection of endonuclease activity as an indicator in the early diagnosi...

Isolation of quercetin and mandelic acid from Aesculus indica fruit and their biological activities

In this study Aesculus indica fruit was subjected to isolation of phytochemicals. Two antioxidants quercetin and Mandelic acid were isolated in pure state. The free radical scavenging and acetyl choline esterase ...

Purification and characterization of α-amylase from Trichoderma pseudokoningii

Previous studies have demonstrated that members of Trichoderma are able to generate appreciable amount of extracellular amylase and glucoamylase on soluble potato starch. In this study the α-amylase was purified ...

Identification and characterization of smallest pore-forming protein in the cell wall of pathogenic Corynebacterium urealyticum DSM 7109

Corynebacterium urealyticum , a pathogenic, multidrug resistant member of the mycolata, is known as causative agent of urinary tract infections although it is a bacterium of the skin flora. This pathogenic bacteri...

Characterization of association of human mitochondrial lysyl-tRNA synthetase with HIV-1 Pol and tRNA 3 Lys

An important step in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication is the packaging of tRNA 3 Lys from the host cell, which plays the role of primer RNA in the process of initiation of reverse transcripti...

Feruloyl esterase immobilization in mesoporous silica particles and characterization in hydrolysis and transesterification

Enzymes display high reactivity and selectivity under natural conditions, but may suffer from decreased efficiency in industrial applications. A strategy to address this limitation is to immobilize the enzyme....

Characterization of sulfhydryl oxidase from Aspergillus tubingensis

Despite of the presence of sulfhydryl oxidases (SOXs) in the secretomes of industrially relevant organisms and their many potential applications, only few of these enzymes have been biochemically characterized...

Glycyl-alanyl-histidine protects PC12 cells against hydrogen peroxide toxicity

Peptides with cytoprotective functions, including antioxidants and anti-infectives, could be useful therapeutics. Carnosine, β-alanine-histidine, is a dipeptide with anti-oxidant properties. Tripeptides of Ala...

Antiproliferative factor (APF) binds specifically to sites within the cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4) extracellular domain

Antiproliferative factor (APF) is a sialoglycopeptide elevated in the urine of patients with interstitial cystitis—a chronic, painful bladder disease. APF inhibits the proliferation of normal bladder epithelia...

Use of a special Brazilian red-light emitting railroad worm Luciferase in bioassays of NEK7 protein Kinase and Creatine Kinase

Luciferases, enzymes that catalyze bioluminescent reactions in different organisms, have been extensively used for bioanalytical purposes. The most well studied bioluminescent system is that of firefly and oth...

Dacin, one metalloproteinase from Deinagkistrodon acutus venom inhibiting contraction of mouse ileum muscle

Mice were bitten by five-pace vipers ( Deinagkistrodon acutus ), and then envenomed. It was well-known that the snake venom mainly disturbed the blood homeostasis of the envenomed victims. Ocassionally, we found th...

Serendipitous discovery of light-induced ( In Situ ) formation of an Azo-bridged dimeric sulfonated naphthol as a potent PTP1B inhibitor

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) like dual specificity phosphatase 5 (DUSP5) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) are drug targets for diseases that include cancer, diabetes, and vascular disorders ...

Chemical and structural characterization of α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase I and II from starfish, asterina amurensis

The marine invertebrate starfish was found to contain a novel α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, α-GalNAcase II, which catalyzes removal of terminal α-N-acetylgalactosamine (α-GalNAc), in addition to a typical α-N-a...

Structural insight into the inactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis non-classical transpeptidase Ldt Mt2 by biapenem and tebipenem

The carbapenem subclass of β-lactams is among the most potent antibiotics available today. Emerging evidence shows that, unlike other subclasses of β-lactams, carbapenems bind to and inhibit non-classical tran...

Structural similarities and functional differences clarify evolutionary relationships between tRNA healing enzymes and the myelin enzyme CNPase

Eukaryotic tRNA splicing is an essential process in the transformation of a primary tRNA transcript into a mature functional tRNA molecule. 5′-phosphate ligation involves two steps: a healing reaction catalyze...

CrMAPK3 regulates the expression of iron-deficiency-responsive genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Under iron-deficient conditions, Chlamydomonas exhibits high affinity for iron absorption. Nevertheless, the response, transmission, and regulation of downstream gene expression in algae cells have not to be inve...

Binding of smoothelin-like 1 to tropomyosin and calmodulin is mutually exclusive and regulated by phosphorylation

The smoothelin-like 1 protein (SMTNL1) can associate with tropomyosin (Tpm) and calmodulin (CaM), two proteins essential to the smooth muscle contractile process. SMTNL1 is phosphorylated at Ser301 by protein ...

Increased enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse by a novel glucose- and xylose-stimulated β-glucosidase from Anoxybacillus flavithermus subsp. yunnanensis E13 T

β-Glucosidase is claimed as a key enzyme in cellulose hydrolysis. The cellulosic fibers are usually entrapped with hemicelluloses containing xylose. So there is ongoing interest in searching for glucose- and x...

Interactions of histatin-3 and histatin-5 with actin

Histatins are histidine rich polypeptides produced in the parotid and submandibular gland and secreted into the saliva. Histatin-3 and −5 are the most important polycationic histatins. They possess antimicrobi...

Systematic substitutions at BLIP position 50 result in changes in binding specificity for class A β-lactamases

The production of β-lactamases by bacteria is the most common mechanism of resistance to the widely prescribed β-lactam antibiotics. β-lactamase inhibitory protein (BLIP) competitively inhibits class A β-lacta...

Copper chelation and interleukin-6 proinflammatory cytokine effects on expression of different proteins involved in iron metabolism in HepG2 cell line

In vertebrates, there is an intimate relationship between copper and iron homeostasis. Copper deficiency, which leads to a defect in ceruloplasmin enzymatic activity, has a strong effect on iron homeostasis re...

Knockdown of GGCT inhibits cell proliferation and induces late apoptosis in human gastric cancer

Gamma glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT) has been proved to be involved in various cancers, but the biological function of GGCT in gastric cancer is still largely unknown.

Identification of replication-dependent and replication-independent linker histone complexes: Tpr specifically promotes replication-dependent linker histone stability

There are 11 variants of linker histone H1 in mammalian cells. Beyond their shared abilities to stabilize and condense chromatin, the H1 variants have been found to have non-redundant functions, the mechanisms...

Avoiding false discovery in biomarker research

Human tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1α (SIRPA) is a surface marker identified in cardiomyocytes differentiated from human embryonic stem cells. Our objective was to determine if circ...

Computational studies of human class V alcohol dehydrogenase - the odd sibling

All known attempts to isolate and characterize mammalian class V alcohol dehydrogenase (class V ADH), a member of the large ADH protein family, at the protein level have failed. This indicates that the class V...

Effect of mutations to amino acid A301 and F361 in thermostability and catalytic activity of the β-galactosidase from Bacillus subtilis VTCC-DVN-12-01

Beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23), a commercially important enzyme, catalyses the hydrolysis of β-1,3- and β-1,4-galactosyl bonds of polymer or oligosaccharidesas well as transglycosylation of β-galactopyranosi...

Sustained activation of mTORC1 in macrophages increases AMPKα-dependent autophagy to maintain cellular homeostasis

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a well-conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that controls autophagy as well as many other processes such as protein synthesis, cell growth, and me...

Auto-thiophosphorylation activity of Src tyrosine kinase

Intermolecular autophosphorylation at Tyr416 is a conserved mechanism of activation among the members of the Src family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Like several other tyrosine kinases, Src can catalyze th...

Effects of protonation on the hydrolysis of triphosphate in vacuum and the implications for catalysis by nucleotide hydrolyzing enzymes

Nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) hydrolysis is a key reaction in biology. It involves breaking two very stable bonds (one P–O bond and one O–H bond of water), in either a concurrent or a sequential way. Here, we ...

Molecular characterization of protein kinase C delta (PKCδ)-Smac interactions

Protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) is known to be an important regulator of apoptosis, having mainly pro- but also anti-apoptotic effects depending on context. In a previous study, we found that PKCδ interacts with the...

Identification and characterization of the novel nuclease activity of human phospholipid scramblase 1

Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (hPLSCR1) was initially identified as a Ca 2+ dependent phospholipid translocator involved in disrupting membrane asymmetry. Recent reports revealed that hPLSCR1 acts as a multifunc...

Tubulin is a molecular target of the Wnt-activating chemical probe

In drug discovery research, cell-based phenotypic screening is an essential method for obtaining potential drug candidates. Revealing the mechanism of action is a key step on the path to drug discovery. Howeve...

Altered activity patterns of transcription factors induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress

The endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) responds to the burden of unfolded proteins in its lumen by activating intracellular signal transduction pathways, also known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Many signal ...

Conserved motif VIII of murine DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a is essential for methylation activity

Dnmt3a is a DNA methyltransferase that establishes de novo DNA methylation in mammals. The structure of the Dnmt3a C-terminal domain is similar to the bacterial M. HhaI enzyme, a well-studied prokaryotic DNA meth...

Linalool isomerase, a membrane-anchored enzyme in the anaerobic monoterpene degradation in Thauera linaloolentis 47Lol

Thauera linaloolentis 47Lol uses the tertiary monoterpene alcohol ( R,S )-linalool as sole carbon and energy source under denitrifying conditions. The conversion of linalool to geraniol ...

1,2-Dichlorobenzene affects the formation of the phosphoenzyme stage during the catalytic cycle of the Ca 2+ -ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum

1,2-Dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB) is a benzene-derived molecule with two Cl atoms that is commonly utilized in the synthesis of pesticides. 1,2-DCB can be absorbed by living creatures and its effects on naturally-...

Substrate specificity and function of acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa , a Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus bacterium is an opportunistic human pathogen and worldwide the fourth most common cause of hospital-acquired infections w...

Erratum to: Purification and characterization of a cytochrome c with novel caspase-3 activation activity from the pathogenic fungus Rhizopus arrhizus

The original article was published in BMC Biochemistry 2015 16 :21

BMC Biochemistry Reviewer Acknowledgement, 2015

The editors of BMC Biochemistry would like to thank all our reviewers who have contributed their time to the journal in Volume 16 (2015).

BMC Biochemistry

ISSN: 1471-2091

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Annals of Clinical Biochemistry

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Annals of Clinical Biochemistry is the fully peer reviewed international journal of the Association for Laboratory Medicine. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry accepts papers that contribute to knowledge in all fields of laboratory medicine, especially those pertaining to the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of human disease. It publishes papers on clinical biochemistry, clinical audit, metabolic medicine, immunology, genetics, biotechnology, haematology, microbiology, computing and management where they have both biochemical and clinical relevance. Papers describing evaluation or implementation of commercial reagent kits or the performance of new analysers require substantial original information. Unless of exceptional interest and novelty, studies dealing with the redox status in various diseases are not generally considered within the journal's scope. Studies documenting the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with particular phenotypes will not normally be considered, given the greater strength of genome wide association studies (GWAS). Research undertaken in non-human animals will not be considered for publication in the Annals.

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry  is also the official journal of NVKC (de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Klinische Chemie)  and JSCC ( Japan Society of Clinical Chemistry) . The AACB (Australasian Association of Clinical Biochemists)  promotes subscriptions to the Annals to their members via a mutual agreement.

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Annals of Clinical Biochemistry is the fully peer reviewed international journal of the Association for Laboratory Medicine.

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry accepts papers that contribute to knowledge in all fields of laboratory medicine, especially those pertaining to the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of human disease. It publishes papers on clinical biochemistry, clinical audit, metabolic medicine, immunology, genetics, biotechnology, haematology, microbiology, computing and management where they have both biochemical and clinical relevance. Papers describing evaluation or implementation of commercial reagent kits or the performance of new analysers require substantial original information. Unless of exceptional interest and novelty, studies dealing with the redox status in various diseases are not generally considered within the journal's scope. Studies documenting the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with particular phenotypes will not normally be considered, given the greater strength of genome wide association studies (GWAS). Research undertaken in non-human animals will not be considered for publication in the Annals.

Associations and Societies The Annals Of Clinical Biochemistry is published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the Association for Laboratory Medicine .

Annals is also the official journal of NVKC (de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Klinische Chemie)  and JSCC (Japan Society of Clinical Chemistry) .

The AACB (Australasian Association of Clinical Biochemists) promotes subscriptions to the Annals to their members via a mutual agreement. 

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Biochemistry articles within Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

Review Article | 07 October 2022

The multiple roles of LDH in cancer

A high serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level is generally associated with an inferior outcome in patients with most tumour types. LDH is also known to have immunosuppressive and/or tumour-promoting effects, suggesting a potentially broader role for this enzyme in clinical oncology. In this Review, the authors provide a holistic overview of the current role of LDH in both cancer biology and oncology, and highlight possible areas of future research interest, including the development of novel therapies targeting LDH.

• Giuseppina Claps
• , Sara Faouzi
•  &  Caroline Robert

Research Highlight | 26 November 2019

Two new agents target KRAS G12C

• Diana Romero

Research Highlight | 06 August 2019

Deglycosylated PD-L1 might be a better biomarker

• Peter Sidaway

Review Article | 01 October 2018

Therapeutic strategies to target RAS -mutant cancers

Effective therapeutic strategies to target RAS-mutant cancers have proved elusive, but in the past few years, several promising strategies have been tested in clinical trials. The authors describe historical and ongoing therapeutic approaches based on the direct or indirect targeting of RAS.

• Meagan B. Ryan
•  &  Ryan B. Corcoran

Review Article | 06 February 2018

Targeting the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signalling axis in cancer

The interleukin-6 (IL-6)/Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway is aberrantly hyperactivated in many types of cancer, and such hyperactivation is generally associated with a poor clinical prognosis. In this Review, the authors describe the clinical potential of agents designed to inhibit the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signalling pathway, either alone or in combination with other agents, in patients with cancer.

• Daniel E. Johnson
• , Rachel A. O'Keefe
•  &  Jennifer R. Grandis

Review Article | 23 January 2018

Exogenous reproductive hormone use in breast cancer survivors and previvors

The safety of elective exogenous hormonal exposure among breast cancer survivors or women at high risk of having the disease has been debated for decades. Herein, the authors discuss the available data and present clinical recommendations regarding four areas of potential exogenous exposure to hormones: hormonal contraception; systemic hormone-replacement therapy; localized hormone-replacement therapy; and hormonal manipulation for fertility preservation or enhancement. Further research is needed to improve patient management in the future.

• Ines Vaz-Luis
•  &  Ann H. Partridge

Research Highlight | 16 January 2018

First-in-class HIF2α antagonist safe and effective

In Brief | 13 June 2017

Microenvironment mediates differential resistance

In Brief | 23 May 2017

AR mutations in plasma DNA indicate outcomes

Research Highlight | 11 April 2017

Dual targeting to defeat resistance

Research Highlight | 04 April 2017

Promising epigenetic targets in leukaemia identified

• Lisa Hutchinson

Research Highlight | 14 February 2017

Idelalisib for CLL — risky benefit

Research Highlight | 06 December 2016

PALOMA-2 — hope beyond the threshold

Research Highlight | 02 November 2016

MONALEESA-2 and FALCON — PFS advantage

Review Article | 31 March 2016

Treating cancer with selective CDK4/6 inhibitors

Aberrant cellular proliferation is a hallmark of cancer, and the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) is a key feature of this proliferation. In this Review, the authors describe the biological rationale for targeted inhibition of CDK4/6, review the available clinical evidence for the agents that are in clinical development, and discuss the challenges with regard to optimizing their use.

• Ben O'Leary
• , Richard S. Finn
•  &  Nicholas C. Turner

In Brief | 10 November 2015

Paradox breakers — promising novel RAF inhibitors

News & Views | 14 July 2015

Targeting KRAS and the vitamin D receptor via microtubules

Pancreatic cancer remains a difficult-to-treat malignancy, yet nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine prolongs survival. Closer examination of the mechanism of action of nab-paclitaxel hints at a role for targeting KRAS. We discuss how nab-paclitaxel may be active in pancreatic cancer and how this informs the way forward to better treat patients with pancreatic cancer.

• Agnes Basseville
• , Susan Bates
•  &  Tito Fojo

In Brief | 19 May 2015

Diverse EGFR mutations explain AZD9291 resistance

Research Highlight | 29 May 2012

A close look at PARP-1

• Rebecca Kirk

Review Article | 02 March 2011

Targeted therapy in GIST: in silico modeling for prediction of resistance

New techniques, such as crystallography and three-dimensional modeling, can be used to assist the development of selective targeted agents for cancer treatment. In this Review, Pierotti and colleagues discuss the molecular features of KIT and PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinases, which are druggable targets in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. The authors focus on the major challenge in kinase drug discovery—the emergence of resistance—and discuss techniques for predicting and preventing this adverse event.

• Marco A. Pierotti
• , Elena Tamborini
•  &  Silvana Pilotti

News & Views | 23 November 2010

G-CSF counteracts chemotherapy toxicity in neuroblastoma

Incorporating hematopoietic growth factors into chemotherapy regimens is a common method for mitigating toxicity of dose-intensive regimens. A clinical trial has shown that G-CSF can counteract acute toxicities, permitting further dose intensification of induction chemotherapy. However, the effects of these strategies on long-term toxicities and overall survival remain undefined.

• Heidi Russell
•  &  Jason M. Shohet

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The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Research in Clinical Biochemistry

Introduction.

Research within Clinical Biochemistry is at a crossroads. There is currently a degree of navel gazing about what the future academic direction for our profession should be. However, our speciality is distinctive in many ways: it occupies a unique position in medicine at the interface between laboratory testing and clinical diagnosis; we have a closer understanding of the concepts and limitations of diagnostic testing than most others in medicine; we have a history of being at the forefront of using information technology within healthcare; we are also probably a self-selected group whose abilities include being able to rigorously evaluate complex sets of data and then to draw conclusions.

Taken together, these talents mean our discipline should be integral to the development of ‘evidence-based’ medicine and be central in converting research findings into clinical practice, as is now called ‘translational research’. With some lateral thinking we can also help answer some of the fundamental questions related to Clinical Biochemistry and within the many specialities with whom we liaise.

This article gives a personal view of how anyone, whether in an academic centre or not, can make valuable research contributions to Clinical Biochemistry without having to assume they need large funding beforehand. Rather, they just need an inquisitive mind and an enjoyment of the speciality. A number of examples are given of my own experience, but the intention is just to be illustrative rather than to bolster my ego or my number of citations.

Why Do Research?

We are often told that research is a central part of our jobs, as it is for any healthcare professional, without usually understanding why or how it can possibly be achieved. The author of this article has certainly not always been enamoured with the thought of doing research. As a medical student, I could not understand why someone would wish to devote so much time to get, at best, a single line in a textbook written about their work.

But I was missing the point. To be thefirsthuman to have thought of an idea, no matter how unimportant, and have found a way of answering a research question is very satisfying personally. Indeed the satisfaction is often completely disproportionate to the achievement made. In addition, any employing institution is also likely to be pleased by the profile given to the organisation. However, beyond self-satisfaction, we need to remember that the main purpose of the research is that we may actually report on something which will help - either directly or indirectly - the patients that we look after.

When applying for my first medical student scepticism, why research seemed to be such an important part of a curriculum vitae. Should doing your current job, and doing it well, I thought, not be sufficient on its own? Having sat on the other side of the interview table several times I have finally been able to answer my own question. A research record is one way of marking someone out as being able to develop ideas, to formulate these ideas into plans and to be able to express their thoughts clearly. It means they are likely to be a good communicator (in writing, at least), a finisher of tasks and probably a good teamworker. Also, since research can seldom be done solely during working hours, and assuming they are not deficient in their day job, it also distinguishes them as someone who probably works harder than most. Lastly, as we would all wish to have colleagues we know we can work with, a research record just might indicate that the candidate is a likeminded person.

Of course, all these qualities can be demonstrated in ways other than through research, but I think I now understand why achievement in this area was as valued as it was.

Rules of Research

If research can be satisfying, important and probably only of help in career progression then it follows that there should be equal exposure to it. However, not everyone works in a centre of academic excellence where there is a culture of research, so it is not always obvious how to even start to be involved. In this case I would recommend following what I’ve modestly called ‘Kilpatrick’s Seven Rules of Research’ ( Table ). The following gives some examples of how some of these ‘rules’ can be put into practice.

Kilpatrick’s Seven Rules of Research.

Don’t be Afraid of Asking Daft Questions

Simply because they are probably not daft after all. ‘Daft’ questions are also often the ones that vex people who are even specialists in that area of the laboratory. When I first started to develop an interest in diabetes, the glucose test strip market was beginning to burgeon with glucose oxidase-based meters. I asked the simple question ‘where does the oxygen come from?’, by which I meant, did the enzyme use oxygen from the atmosphere or from the blood sample itself? Trying to think laterally, there then followed plenty of tinkering with rubber tubing to connect a Boyle’s anaesthetic machine to a tonometer in order to be able to dial up a desired pO 2 and pCO 2 in a blood sample. We established that some contemporary tests strips obviously used sample rather than atmospheric oxygen and so could give inaccurate results in hypoxic patients or in those on oxygen treatment. 1

Don’t Assume Someone has Already Studied It

When training, it is easy to assume that all the research questions worth answering have already been done so, or that solving the difficult ones will be impossible without large grants. The further along the career you travel, the more obvious it becomes that many of the fundamental issues in a medical subspeciality have still to be addressed. A simple example of my own followed on from the glucose meter experiments. I asked how we knew whether a whole blood sample for point-of-care-testing instruments was haemolysed or not. As it transpired, no one had ever looked at this, even though in retrospect it should probably have been one of the first questions asked of these systems. So by deliberately haemolysing blood to various extents with a sonicator, we showed that this could be a significant source of error for some glucose meter systems. 2

Jump on Unusual Findings

Many a discovery and career has been made either because of sheer luck or because the potential of an observation has been realised by someone but not others. Such events are unpredictable and infrequent, but when they do happen it is important not to let a busy routine job mean that they are never followed up. Such a moment happened when assessing the renal function of patients with hypo- and hyperthyroidism before and after treatment. Creatinine concentrations were high in hypothyroidism, low in hyperthyroidism and both normalised on treatment. There was still a lingering doubt that the creatinine may not be giving an accurate indication of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), so the samples were sent to another laboratory to measure cystatin C which, at that time, was a marker of GFR with apparently few, if any, limitations. 3 The results suggested the samples had been transposed as the cystatin C was, in fact, high in hyperthyroidism and low in hypothyroidism. Tempting though it was to just accept the transposition and not ask the laboratory to rerun the samples - especially as they had been done as a favour - there was the realisation that hyperthyroidism was possibly leading to an overproduction of cystatin C and vice versa with hypothyroidism. This ultimately proved to be the case and was reported as the first major limitation of cystatin C to be found. 4

Armchair Research

This expression was coined by a colleague to describe my appetite for interrogating large databases to try to answer some basic questions related to Clinical Biochemistry, and to perhaps debunk conventional wisdom along the way. We have, at our disposal, a wealth of data recorded in our laboratory computers just waiting to be examined. Take the simple question of whether hypothyroidism is associated with hyponatraemia. Of course it is, because we have often been told so, 5 but on closer inspection the evidence for this strays little from simple case reports. Some data had disputed the relationship, but also had its limitations. 6 From our laboratory database, we were able to identify 999 patients who were newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism by their family doctors (so presumably were not also acutely unwell) and found that the concurrently measured serum sodium distribution was virtually identical to the distribution in euthyroid patients. 7 It seems, therefore, that any association is unlikely to be causal.

If our laboratory data can be somehow linked with other databases then they can become even more powerful tools. We already know that as estimated GFR (eGFR) falls from normal values, mortality increases. 8 By linking to the register of deaths in our population, we were able to determine that patients with high eGFR (>90 mL/min/1.73m 2 ) are also at higher risk than the ‘sweet-spot’ of 60–89 mL/min/1.73m 2 , such that the distribution is actually ‘U’ shaped. 9 Sticking with eGFR, an ongoing debate in the UK is whether urea measurement is of any value now that we report this calculation. Most people assume that urea gives additional evidence of hydration, but there is little data to support this. However, we were able to link admission urea and creatinine measurements with the urine specific gravity of patients recorded by automated urine analysers in our Accident and Emergency (A&E). It showed that urea measurement did add to creatinine in predicting this urine marker of hydration, albeit not especially strongly. 10

Medical Freakonomics

‘Freakonomics’ is the title of a book written by the US economist Steven Levitt. He too has asked unusual questions of large datasets, but has also examined how human nature can impact on the business economy. 11 As a laboratory speciality, we are in a strong position to be able to determine how human nature can impact on our health economy.

When we moved to having ward terminals to access results in wards, we stopped telephoning abnormal results to those clinical areas in the knowledge they would have them available to look at. Human nature said to me that if I worked on these wards and had the choice of having a coffee or looking at laboratory results, I would be tempted by the coffee. Sure enough, we found that not only was there a delay between the time results became available and being accessed, but nearly half of A&E results were never viewed, including a significant number which were likely to have led to an immediate change in patient management. 12 We now telephone very abnormal results again.

It is already known that women have a poorer outcome than men post myocardial infarction (MI), and this is at least partly due to the fact that they appear to be less aggressively treated with lipid lowering or other drugs and fewer undergo cardiac rehabilitation. We linked our troponin measurements to the discharge diagnosis database for our hospital and found, not surprisingly, that as troponin concentrations increased the chances of being discharged with a myocardial infarction diagnosis increased as well. What was less predictable was that, on average, a man was 50% more likely to go home with that diagnosis than a women with the same troponin level. 13 Human nature seemed to be making the clinician act differently depending on gender, and so in addition to being managed less well post MI, women seemed to be at less chance of being diagnosed with an MI in the first place.

Other Databases

If your own laboratory system does not satisfy your wishes there may be another database that does. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial was the seminal study in type 1 diabetes that showed for the first time that improving glycaemic control could reduce the risk of developing the microvascular complications of the disease. This database was made public in 2003 and has since allowed independent investigators, such as ourselves, to help address questions which the original study never envisaged answering. These have ranged from showing that increased glucose variability does not seem to influence the risk of developing microvascular complications, 14 to more eccentric observations demonstrating that tall patients develop neuropathy before small ones. Many other datasets have been made publicly available and could well prove to be relevant to Clinical Biochemistry, such as those of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 15

Get It Published

Standing by your first poster presentation at a national meeting is a proud moment for every researcher. However, for the work to get its widest (and usually deserved) dissemination, it is important that every effort is put towards publishing the article. Despite this, only a minority of abstracts at meetings make it to full publication. 16

Guaranteeing a larger audience is not the only reason for writing up an article for publication. A salutary lesson involved the cystatin C study already described above. This serendipitous finding, 17 years after the initial paper proposing its use as a marker of GFR, 17 was presented as a poster at the Association for Clinical Biochemistry meeting in the UK in 2002 and published in April of the following year. 4 Within six months, three further groups independently reported the same finding. 18 – 20 Needless to say, it would have been disheartening if their publications had been the first to break the news. Moreover, being the fourth, rather than the first, would have meant it was far more difficult for the paper to be accepted for publication at all.

Issues Presenting Barriers to Research

Fear of the unknown.

There is now a plethora of regulations related to research governance, and knowing how to comply with these is no easy task for inexperienced non-academics. It may be, in the UK at least, that the project does not need to undergo a full Research Ethics Committee submission if it is being done as part of a clinical audit. This is defined as an analysis where care is being assessed against clearly defined standards. Since, for example, it is recommended that patients with raised cardiac troponin concentrations be diagnosed as having had a myocardial infarction, it was appropriate that the troponin study mentioned earlier be an audit of local practice, even though it ultimately unearthed the differences between genders. Approval for a clinical audit can usually be obtained from the local hospital in a manner that is much less involved than that required for a full research study.

For other projects, ethical approval will undoubtedly be required. Having someone to help with this who has previously gone through the process is invaluable. There is no particular need for them to be laboratory-based and they may well be employed within the Research and Development infrastructure of the hospital. As might be expected, having done the submission once, subsequent applications are much more straightforward. Indeed, that person should be expected (or even compelled) to help others with their own proposals. My own experience is that the types of studies I am recommending, by not involving drugs or patient intervention, seldom give rise to ethical committee concerns beyond maintaining patient confidentiality. However, the submission can lead to a delay of 2–3 months in starting the study.

Time and Other Resources

These seem to be in increasingly short supply in clinical laboratories throughout the world and this is especially true when it comes to prioritising research. However, it is not a coincidence that the words ‘Research’ and ‘Development’ are often used together since the laboratories at the forefront of the former tend also to those at the forefront of implementing new technologies, reconfiguring services and being respected (and therefore supported) by clinical colleagues. Having a research ethic in a department may make further financial sense as the interest it engenders often promotes the recruitment and retention of the most talented staff. Having mentors to help direct and advise junior staff is also important in order to make sure the culture is not the sole preserve of senior staff members.

Conclusions

Being able to conduct research is one reason why many of us chose Clinical Biochemistry as a career, but in recent years, for various reasons, it has become more difficult for this source of job satisfaction to be accommodated. I hope this article has shown that large grant application success is not always required to perform meaningful research in our speciality. Although the approach described could be accused of being simplistic and naïve, I feel that this is still one way in which our discipline can continue to make a unique and relevant contribution to healthcare research.

Competing Interests : None declared.

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Top 80 Biochemistry Research Topics

Biochemistry is simply the study of life. Enrolling in a biochemistry course requires you to extensively study the biological and chemical functions of living organisms, which equips you with the best biochemistry research topic ideas as you progress with your study. But again, all this is not a walk in the park.

Are you a student looking forward to writing a research paper that your examiners or teachers would be happy to read and award you an excellent score? We’ve shared the biochemistry research topics list across various subjects in this article to help you know what the best topics look like. Be sure to go through this piece in its entirety.

Biochemistry Research for Students (Preparation and Ideas)

In most universities, a senior biochemistry research project is a must before you complete your biochemistry coursework. But that’s not all. At various points of your study, whether studying pure biochemistry or related courses like molecular biology, examiners will require you to write a biochemistry research essay, term paper, or thesis.

To show you are focused on your studies and understand biochemistry better, come up with interesting biochemistry topics, and structure your work perfectly. A biochemistry research paper should capture the examiner’s interest and allow you to prove the content extensively. Ensure the topic is also manageable and compliant with your research environment.

With that, you will get things done in the nick of time without compromising on the quality of your work. No examiner will have a problem with a research essay, assignment, or dissertation that has sense and follows the academic rules. In fact, well-proposed biochemistry research ideas attract lots of funding, and you might be lucky to have a breakthrough in your early career.

Most of the biochemistry topics for research ideas revolve around:

• Structure and functioning of various body cells.
• Biochemical reactions in humans and plants.
• Heredity in living organisms.
• Pharmacology and pharmacognosy.
• DNA, RNA, and proteins in plants and animals.
• Molecular nature of all the bio-molecules.
• Micro-organisms.
• Enzymes, bioenergetics and thermodynamics.

Interesting Topics in Biochemistry

Many students struggle to think of interesting topics for their courses, and that’s not exceptional in biochemistry. You’ll notice that most of the topics’ interests depend on what a student is passionate about. Here are some interesting biochemistry topics to check out:

• Understanding the role of microbial itaconic acid production during fungi synthesis.
• Membrane biology and ion transport process in the innate immune response.
• Inhibition of sprouty2 in periodontal ligament cells and their extensive biological effects.
• Peptide and protein structure in membranes: what role do they play in cell membrane formation?
• Understanding the evolution of microbial infections and related effects in the existing surroundings.
• The role of B cell receptors in infections and vaccine production.
• Human health and bacteriophages of different kinds: How the two correlate.
• AN analysis of biofilm formation: From therapeutics to molecular mechanisms, and everything in between.
• Close comparison and analysis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in mice and humans.
• Understanding the relationship between NDR1/2 and mob-based proteins in cell cycle damage signaling.

Biochemistry Topics for Presentation

If you have an incoming presentation, you must pick your topics carefully. Presentations can be a challenge at times. While some individuals in the audience might not have extensive knowledge of the subject, you must have a detailed understanding of your topic to score better. Here are some of the best biochemistry presentation topics:

• A stepwise understanding of the human immune system and the role played in cell regeneration during an infection.
• A deep analysis of different plant pathologies with a focus on phytochemicals present and their roles.
• A look at the biochemical process that leads to apoptosis in patients with stage IV breast cancer.
• Understanding the close relationship in terms of practice in biochemistry and pathological psychiatry.
• Understanding different types of polymorphism and how they affect the DNA of human beings.
• How hormone formation in children is dependent on the environment and child’s health condition.
• The role of human cloning in the production and consumption of various types of vaccines.
• The relationship between human molecular adaptation and diet: Does diet play a role?
• Understanding how biological processes are dependent on the functioning of the human central nervous system.
• Comparison of mice and human circulatory system: Functioning, susceptibility, capacity, and features.

Hot Topics in Biochemistry

Biochemistry has a vast range of hot topics to explore. Since you might not have the chance to write about everything concerning the course, our suggestions narrow your search efforts. Take a look at some of the hot topics in biochemistry below:

• How professional breast cancer detection and screening is changing the lives of university students.
• The revolution of tissue clearing techniques for optical microscopy as witnessed for the past five years.
• Clinical features of acute copper sulfate poisoning and role of biochemistry in management interventions.
• The role of malt in various beer quality and effects on beer stability: Industrial biochemistry of beer making.
• Solid and liquid-state fermentation in the production of biochemical supplements for human and animal consumption.
• Controlled mixed fermentation as witnessed in pharmaceutical product making over the years and the new normal.
• The roles of polyphosphate on the virulence of Erwina caratovora bacteria in a range of plants.
• An extensive comparison of the significant aspects of biochemical studies at the college and university level in the last half-century.
• Analysis of molecular genetics and its close relationship with muscular dystrophy in men and women.
• Supporting evidence on children’s growth and development in countries using genetically modified organisms feeding products.

Project Topics for Biochemistry

Would you like to write a project topic on biochemistry that might change the world? Then you need to work on something that excites and allows you to develop a deep interest in your course. Project topics in biochemistry are not complicated, provided you are willing to challenge yourself and learn. Here are some of them for inspiration.

• Breast cancer and obesity in women of younger age; the clinical analysis from a biochemistry perspective.
• Understanding biochemistry of biomolecules and amino acids and their clinical application in drugs and supplement making.
• The future of artificial intelligence and its relevance to biochemistry: The gradual changes witnessed over the last four years.
• Understanding stability of 81 analytes in human blood, serum, and plasma during diagnosis in clinical biochemistry set up.
• History of clinical biochemistry and why it matters to modern human medicine.
• Transforming the liver function tests with new biochemistry diagnostic simple tools; how to make things result-oriented
• The role of clinical biochemistry in helping us understand the human immune system.
• Understanding and redefining the role of the human bones: How biochemistry transforms the narrative on human bones predisposition.
• A detailed clinical biochemistry analysis during pregnancy: tests associated with pregnancies and early child development.
• The rise of clinical biochemistry in the present times, from introductory chemistry of life to foundation on infections and disease interventions.

Biochemistry Research Topics for Undergraduates

Choosing an ideal biochemistry research topic as an undergraduate student taking biochemistry at the college or university level can be a complex process for you. We have ten topics that you can choose to base your research on. Let’s take a look at the best biochemistry research topics for undergraduates’ topics:

• Microbial food spoilage, resulting disorders, and the best biochemistry control approach to leverage.
• Comparative examination of serum calcium level among males using biochemistry testing techniques.
• Phytochemical analysis of specific tomato products available in the market for public health safety.
• The oxidative stress status of mice fed on oil bean seed meal and show the same applies to biochemical processes in humans.
• How biochemical production of top-quality bar soaps compares with most detergents you see in the market today.
• What are the health dangers associated with lead in water consumed in most universities?
• Critical analysis of Pterocarpus mildbreadii (oha) seed: A detailed phytochemical review.
• How to use biochemistry synthesis pathways to create a compound that prevents reactions from taking place.
• Evaluation of bacteria components produced using pure starter culture in a biochemistry culture laboratory setup.
• What’s the bacteriological quality of meat products in most butcheries in town?

MCAT Biochemistry Topics

You must always take your Medical College Admission Test seriously if you want to get a chance to join your favorite medical school. The test gives you a chance to show that you’re ready to handle the program and maintain an excellent performance throughout. Since you’re looking to get admission, here are the best MCAT biochemistry topics you might want to consider:

• Application of mathematical concepts and techniques in biochemistry and their role in general medicine.
• How catabolic and anabolic enzyme reactions contribute to cell functionality: Data-based enzymatic reasoning and graphical representations.
• Chemical and physical foundations of biological systems that help us appreciate human anatomy.
• How critical analysis and reasoning skills acquired in biochemistry play a significant role in medical schools.
• How multiple biosynthetic pathways like the citric acid cycle and glycolysis influence human health and functionality?
• A look at the psychological, social, and biological foundations of behaviors in relation to human biomolecules.
• Understanding the biochemical basis of human psychology.
• Critical analysis of biochemistry study areas and how they transform medicine.
• Understanding the relationship between Omega-3 fatty acids and blood glucose levels in adults.
• How fruits and vegetables regulate blood sugar in patients with diabetes: Biochemical pathways and mechanisms.

Popular Biochemistry Research Paper Topics

As a student pursuing biochemistry, you should be aware of some topics to expect during your program. Luckily, a lot is happening in the biochemistry field, giving you a chance to explore the subject even better. Take your time and go through these popular biochemistry research paper topics we have suggested below.

• How does chemical energy flow in human cells during metabolism?
• Understanding the primary chemical processes and their close relationship to the functionality of living organisms.
• How biotechnology and molecular biochemistry continues to transform genetics and botany in the modern world.
• How has the Coronavirus impacted the study and application of biochemistry for the last one year?
• How common bleaching agents react with human skin and biochemistry interventions that solve the matter once and for all.
• How do laboratory and medical-based practical experiments help undergraduate students understand biochemistry better?
• How can factories leverage biochemistry and help achieve the goal of clean energy in cities and congested towns?
• What biochemical activities are involved in drug production and testing? Pharmaceutical quality assurance and control
• Discussing and analyzing the chemical properties of carbohydrates in energy formulation.
• What factors necessitate fatty acids beta-oxidation? Fatty acids as super fuel in the human bodies functioning.

Current Biochemistry Topics

There’s no better way to show that you’re a sharp and informed student than knowing what’s happening in the biochemistry academic and practical world. Knowing current biochemistry topics is one way to showcase your awareness. We have compiled this list to help you create a top-quality research paper. Here we go!

• How do hydrocarbons in amino acids impact biochemical reactions when the human body gets subjected to medication?
• Why biochemistry research is promising when it comes to developing the best methods of initiating new medications to patients.
• Understanding the covid-19 vaccines chemical properties and reactions in adult men and women.
• Explaining various reactions to vaccines in the trial stage and how biochemistry has helped achieve the desired vaccines effectiveness.
• What are the roles of biochemically developed rotavirus vaccines in acute gastroenteritis among infants?
• How to best preserve plant extracts meant for experiments in biochemistry? Plant biochemistry and biotechnology research.
• The relationship between different types of brain cancer with radiation exposure and genetics.
• Understanding measles among infants and the most effective biochemistry based vaccine remedy
• The role of biochemistry in governing cell motility during various stages of development.
• The role of microscopy, scanning, and serum medical examinations in biochemistry.

Get Biochemistry Writing Help

Are you confused about the best biochemistry project topics to work on? The above topics are an ideal starting point. But completing your assignment with the huge workload that comes with biochemistry is a significant problem. Worry not because you can now get biochemistry writing help from us.

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The primary mission of the Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry is to serve the public interest in health care by providing leadership in clinical laboratory science to national professional societies, the diagnostics industry, government and non-government organizations. The journal also acts as an interdisciplinary bridge between various areas of medicine. It covers laboratory accreditation programmes pertaining to health and disease.

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