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Chicago Manual of Style (COMS) Guide - 18th Edition

• Chicago Manual of Style Intro.
• New Rules - 18th Edition
• How to Cite...

Online Assistance with Chicago Manual of Style Formatting

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DOI | Digital Object Identifier

"A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency (the International DOI Foundation) to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet." -American Psychological Association (APA)

Where can you find a DOI?

The DOI is located in the article record in the database or on the 1st page of the PDF.

How do you reformat the DOI?

DOI from database record: 

10.1332/ 1759827 15X14349632097764

Reformat the DOI by adding: https://doi.org/ ​

Reformatted DOI:

https://doi.org/ 10.1332/ 1759827 15X14349632097764

Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties:

•   Notes and Bibliography: - Sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography. The examples below include Full Notes, Shortened Notes and Bibliography Entries.  
• Author-Date:  - Sources are briefly cited in the text, in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication. Each in-text citation matches up with an entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic information is provided. The examples below include Reference List Entries and In-text Citations.

Print Book Citation Format

New for 18th Edition:

A place of publication is not longer needed in book citations:

  Notes and Bibliography:

Full Note:  

     2. Richard S. Hopkins,  Planning the Greenspaces of Nineteenth-Century Paris  (Louisiana State University Press, 2015), 55- 56.

Shortened Note: 

     2. Hopkins,  Planning the Greenspaces , 55-56.

Bibliography: 

Hopkins, Richard S.  Planning the Greenspaces of Nineteenth-Century Paris .   Louisiana State University  Press, 2015.

Author-Date :

Reference List Entry:

Hopkins, Richard S. 2015.  Planning the Greenspaces of Nineteenth-Century Paris .   Louisiana State University  Press.

In-text Citation:

(Hopkins 2015, 25)

eBook Citation Format

* Use a URL or DOI if available. If not available. list the name of the database.

     3. Beverly Guy-Sheftall, W ords of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought (The New Press, 1995), 145,ProQuest Ebook Central.

     3. Guy-Sheftall, Words of Fire, 145-146.

Guy-Sheftall, Beverly.  Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought. The New Press, 1995. ProQuest

     Ebook Central.

Author-Date:

Guy-Sheftall, Beverly. 1995. Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought. The New Press. ProQuest

 In-text Citation: 

(Guy-Sheftall 1995, 145)

Chapter in an Edited Book Citation Format

New for 18th Edition: 

The page range for a chapter in a book is no longer required in bibliography or reference list entries In a note or in-text citation, cite specific pages as applicable.

     5. Jordan Smith, "‘For How Could We Do Without Sugar and Rum?’: Anti-Consumption, Commodity Substitution, and the Global Expansion of Plantation Production, in Global Commerce and Economic Conscience in Europe, 1700-1900: Distance and Entanglement, ed. Felix  Brahm and Eve Rosenhaft (Oxford University Press, 2022), 160.

Shortened Note:

     5. Smith, "Sugar and Rum," 160.

Bibliography Entry:

Smith, Jordan. "‘For How Could We Do Without Sugar and Rum?’: Anti-Consumption, Commodity Substitution, and the

     Global Expansion of Plantation Production." In Global Commerce and Economic Conscience in Europe, 1700-1900:

     Distance and Entanglement, edited by Felix  Brahm and Eve Rosenhaft. Oxford University Press, 2022.

Smith, Jordan, 2022. "‘For How Could We Do Without Sugar and Rum?’: Anti-Consumption, Commodity Substitution, and the

     Global Expansion of Plantation Production." In Global Commerce and Economic Conscience in Europe, 1700-1900:

     Distance and Entanglement, edited by Felix  Brahm and Eve Rosenhaft Oxford University Press.

In-Text Citation: 

(Smith, 2022, 160)

Electronic Journal Article Citation Format

Omit the month or season when citing journal articles

* In a note and In-Text citation, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography and Reference List, include the page range for the whole article. 

Full Note: 

     1. Erika Huckstein, “The Politics of Peace and Reproduction in the Anti-Fascist Campaigns of British Women's Organisations,”  Contemporary European History  33, no. 1 (2024): 54.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777322000157 .

     1. Huckstein, "Politics of Peace," 54.

Bibliography Entry:

Huckstein, Erika. “The Politics of Peace and Reproduction in the Anti-Fascist Campaigns of British Women's

     Organisations.”  Contemporary European History  33, no. 1 (2024): 53-69.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777322000157 .

Reference List Entry: 

Huckstein, Erika. 2024. “The Politics of Peace and Reproduction in the Anti-Fascist Campaigns of British Women's

     Organisations.”  Contemporary European History  33, (1): 53-69.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777322000157

In-text Citation: 

(Huckstein 2024, 54)

     6. Yufeng Mao, "A Muslim Vision for the Chinese Nation: Chinese Pilgrimage Missions to Mecca during WWII,"  The Journal of Asian Studies  70, no. 2 (2011): 388, JSTOR.

     6. Mao, "Muslim Vision," 388.

Bibliography Entry: 

Mao, Yufeng. "A Muslim Vision for the Chinese Nation: Chinese Pilgrimage Missions to Mecca during WWII,"  The Journal of

     Asian Studies  70, no. 2 (2011): 373-395., JSTOR.

Mao, Yufeng. 2011. "A Muslim Vision for the Chinese Nation: Chinese Pilgrimage Missions to Mecca during WWII,"  The

     Journal of Asian Studies  70, no. 2 (2011): 373-395., JSTOR.

In-Text Citation:

(Mao, 2011, 388)

Book Review Citation Format

     5. Rachel A. Batch, Review of  Anthracite Labor Wars Tenancy, Italians, and Organized Crime in the Northern Coalfield of Northeastern Pennsylvania, 1897–1959, by R obert P. Wolensky and William A. Hastie, Sr.  Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies  81, no. 4 (2014): 540–545.  https://muse.jhu.edu/article/561185

     5. Batch, "Anthracite Labor Wars," 542.

Batch, Rachel A. "Review of  Anthracite Labor Wars Tenancy, Italians, and Organized Crime in the Northern Coalfield of Northeastern

     Pennsylvania, 1897–1959," by R obert P. Wolensky and William A. Hastie, Sr.  Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies  81, no. 4

     (2014): 540–545.  https://muse.jhu.edu/article/561185

Batch, Rachel A. 2014. Review of  Anthracite Labor Wars Tenancy, Italians, and Organized Crime in the Northern Coalfield of Northeastern

     Pennsylvania, 1897–1959, by R obert P. Wolensky and William A. Hastie, Sr.  Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies  81, no. 4

(Batch 2014, 542)

Web Page Citation Format

*  Describe content from web pages and websites in a note or in the text, instead of in a bibliography or reference list.  Ex:  (“As of November 15, 2023, Google’s privacy policy stated . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, follow the examples below.

     2. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style,” Wikimedia Foundation, last modified December 19, 2023, 10:15 (EST), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

     5. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.”

Wikimedia Foundation. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.” Last modified December 19, 2023, at 10:15 (EST).

     https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2023. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.” Last modified December 19, at 10:15 EST).

(Wikimedia Foundation 2023)

* If a source does not list a date of publication or revision, use n.d. (for “no date”) in place of the year and include an access date.

     3. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed March 8, 2022, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

     3. “Yale Facts.”

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

*  When there is no date of publication or revision for a website or web page. Use an access date and include  n.d. as the date of publication in the reference list entry and for the in-text citation. 

Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

(Yale University, n.d.)

YouTube Video Citation Format

     2. Eric Oliver, “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things,” moderated by Andrew McCall, virtual lecture, February 23, 2022, posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago, YouTube, 1:01:45, https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.

     2. Oliver, “Why.”

Oliver, Eric. “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things.” Moderated by Andrew McCall. Virtual lecture,

     February 23, 2022. Posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago. YouTube, 1:01:45. https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.

Oliver, Eric. 2022. “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things.” Moderated by Andrew McCall. Virtual

     lecture, February 23. Posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago. YouTube, 1:01:45. https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.

(Oliver 2022)

Social Media Citation Format

* Citations for content from social media usually only appear in a note or in the text. In place of a title, quote up to the first 280 characters of the post. 

     4. Chicago Manual of Style (@ChicagoManual), “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

     4. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

The Instagram post included a photo of the president delivering a eulogy at the National Cathedral and referred to O’Connor as “gracious and principled” (@potus, December 19, 2023).

* If you are including multiple text references to the same post, you may want to include a formal bibliography or refence list entry. (See examples below):

Chicago Manual of Style (@ChicagoManual),  “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook,

     April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Chicago Manual of Style (@ChicagoManual). 2015. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.”

     Facebook, April 17. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

(Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

Citing AI-Generated Content

Chatbot citation format.

*  Authors who used content generated by a chatbot or other AI tool must make it clear how they used the tool (either in the text or in a preface). Directly cite AI generated content, whether quoted or paraphrased, in text or in an note. Like social media posts, chatbot conversations are not usually included in a bibliography or reference list. 

Cited in a Note:

     1. Text generated by ChatGPT-3.5, OpenAI, December 9, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/share/90b8137d-ff1c-4c0c-b123-2868623c4ae2.

Cited in the Text:

The following recipe for pizza dough was generated on December 9, 2023, by ChatGPT-3.5.

* If you must create a bibliography or reference list entry for am AI generated resource, cite it under the name of the publisher or developer rand include a publicly available URL

Google. Response to “How many copyeditors does it take to fix a book-length manuscript?” Gemini 1.0, February 10, 2024.

     https://g.co/gemini/share/cccc26abdc19.

Google. 2024. Response to “How many copyeditors does it take to fix a book-length manuscript?” Gemini 1.0, February 10,

     2024. https://g.co/gemini/share/cccc26abdc19.

What do Chatbots Know?

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Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

Go to Author-Date: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography system. Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened citations for the same sources. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes. For more details and many more examples, see chapters 13 and 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For examples of the same citations using the author-date system, follow the Author-Date link above.

Note that a place of publication is no longer required in book citations (see CMOS 14.30 ).

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

2. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

Shortened notes

3. Yu, Interior Chinatown , 48.

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism , 125.

Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today . University of Chicago Press, 2022.

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown . Pantheon Books, 2020.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 13.21–26 and 14.2–62 .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

The page range for a chapter in a book is no longer required in bibliography entries (see CMOS 14.8 ). In a note, cite specific pages as applicable.

1. Kathleen Doyle, “The Queen Mary Psalter,” in The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention , ed. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin (University of Chicago Press, 2023), 64.

Shortened note

2. Doyle, “Queen Mary Psalter,” 65.

Bibliography entry

Doyle, Kathleen. “The Queen Mary Psalter.” In The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention , edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press, 2023.

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

1. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin, eds., The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention (University of Chicago Press, 2023).

2. Marks and Parkin, Book by Design .

Marks, P. J. M., and Stephen Parkin, eds. The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention . University of Chicago Press, 2023.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.8–14 .

Translated book

In the following examples, the author’s name follows Eastern order (family name first) rather than Western order (family name last); the author is therefore referred to as “Liu” in a shortened note, and the name is not inverted in a bibliography entry. See CMOS 13.75 for more details.

1. Liu Xinwu, The Wedding Party , trans. Jeremy Tiang (Amazon Crossing, 2021).

2. Liu, Wedding Party , 279.

Liu Xinwu. The Wedding Party . Translated by Jeremy Tiang. Amazon Crossing, 2021.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.5–7 .

Book Consulted in an Electronic Format

To cite a book consulted online, include either a URL or the name of the database. For downloadable ebook formats, name the format; if no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the note (or simply omit). For citing a place rather than a publisher for books published before 1900 (as in the Moby-Dick example below), see CMOS 14.31.

1. Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (Random House, 2008), chap. 6, Kindle.

2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

3. Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking , 2nd ed. (University of Chicago Press, 2023), 92, EBSCOhost.

4. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York, 1851), 627, https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

5. Roy, God of Small Things , chap. 7.

6. Kurland and Lerner, Founder s ’ Constitution , chap. 4, doc. 29.

7. Borel, Fact-Checking , 104–5.

8. Melville, Moby-Dick , 722–23.

Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking . 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press, 2023. EBSCOhost.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution . University of Chicago Press, 1987. https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale . New York, 1851. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Roy, Arundhati. The God of Small Things . Random House, 2008. Kindle.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.58–62 .

Journal article

Journal articles are usually cited by volume and issue number. In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL (preferably one based on a DOI; see CMOS 13.7); alternatively, list the name of the database.

1. Hyeyoung Kwon, “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life,” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1842–43, https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

2. B. T. Hebert, “The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life,” Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 310, EBSCOhost.

3. Benjamin Lindquist, “The Art of Text-to-Speech,” Critical Inquiry 50, no. 2 (2023): 230, https://doi.org/10.1086/727651.

4. Emily L. Dittmar and Douglas W. Schemske, “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation,” American Naturalist 202, no. 4 (2023): 480, https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.

5. Kwon, “Inclusion Work,” 1851.

6. Hebert, “Island of Bolsö,” 311.

7. Lindquist, “Text-to-Speech,” 231–32.

8. Dittmar and Schemske, “Temporal Variation,” 480.

Dittmar, Emily L., and Douglas W. Schemske. “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation.” American Naturalist 202, no. 4 (2023): 471–85. https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.

Hebert, B. T. “The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life.” Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 307–13. EBSCOhost.

Kwon, Hyeyoung. “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life.” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

Lindquist, Benjamin. “The Art of Text-to-Speech.” Critical Inquiry 50, no. 2 (2023): 225–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/727651.

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. For works by two authors, list both in the bibliography and in a note (as in the Dittmar and Schemske example above). For three or more authors, list up to six in the bibliography; for more than six authors, list the first three, followed by “et al.” (“and others”). In a note, list only the first, followed by “et al.” Note that the bibliography entry for the Dror example below (which credits eighteen authors) includes an article ID in place of a page range; in a note, specific page numbers may be cited as shown (see CMOS 14.71 for details).

7. Amiel A. Dror et al., “Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness,” PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): 4–5, e0263069, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.

8. Dror et al., “Pre-Infection,” 7.

Dror, Amiel A., Nicole Morozov, Amani Daoud, et al. “Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness.” PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): e0263069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.67–86 .

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database.

1. Dani Blum, “Are Flax Seeds All That?,” New York Times , December 13, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/well/eat/flax-seeds-benefits.html.

2. Rebecca Mead, “Terms of Aggrievement,” New Yorker , December 18, 2023, 21.

3. Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post , July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.

4. Elana Klein, “Meet Flip, the Viral Video App Giving Away Free Stuff,” Wired , December 21, 2023, https://www.wired.com/story/flip-viral-video-app-shopping-free-stuff/.

5. Blum, “Flax Seeds.”

6. Mead, “Terms of Aggrievement,” 23–24.

7. Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”

8. Klein, “Meet Flip.”

Blum, Dani. “Are Flax Seeds All That?” New York Times , December 13, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/well/eat/flax-seeds-benefits.html.

Klein, Elana. “Meet Flip, the Viral Video App Giving Away Free Stuff.” Wired , December 21, 2023. https://www.wired.com/story/flip-viral-video-app-shopping-free-stuff/.

Mead, Rebecca. “Terms of Aggrievement.” New Yorker , December 18, 2023.

Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.

9. Michelle (Reno), December 15, 2023, comment on Blum, “Flax Seeds.”

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.87–88 (magazines) and 14.89–98 (newspapers and news sites).

Book review

1. Alexandra Jacobs, “The Muchness of Madonna,” review of Madonna: A Rebel Life , by Mary Gabriel, New York Times , October 8, 2023.

2. Jacobs, “Muchness of Madonna.”

Jacobs, Alexandra. “The Muchness of Madonna.” Review of Madonna: A Rebel Life , by Mary Gabriel. New York Times , October 8, 2023.

Interviews are usually cited under the name of the interviewee rather than the interviewer.

1. Joy Buolamwini, “ ‘If You Have a Face, You Have a Place in the Conversation About AI,’ Expert Says,” interview by Tonya Mosley, Fresh Air , NPR, November 28, 2023, audio, 37:58, https://www.npr.org/2023/11/28/1215529902/unmasking-ai-facial-recognition-technology-joy-buolamwini.

2. Buolamwini, interview.

Buolamwini, Joy. “ ‘If You Have a Face, You Have a Place in the Conversation About AI,’ Expert Says.” Interview by Tonya Mosley. Fresh Air , NPR, November 28, 2023. Audio, 37:58. https://www.npr.org/2023/11/28/1215529902/unmasking-ai-facial-recognition-technology-joy-buolamwini.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.108 , 14.109 , and 14.110 .

Thesis or dissertation

1. Yuna Blajer de la Garza, “A House Is Not a Home: Citizenship and Belonging in Contemporary Democracies” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2019), 66–67, ProQuest (13865986).

2. Blajer de la Garza, “House,” 93.

Blajer de la Garza, Yuna. “A House Is Not a Home: Citizenship and Belonging in Contemporary Democracies.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2019. ProQuest (13865986).

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.113 .

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of November 15, 2023, Google’s privacy policy stated . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. If a source does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date. Alternatively, if a publicly available archive of the content has been saved using the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine or similar service, the link for that version may be cited.

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, effective November 15, https://policies.google.com/privacy.

2. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style,” Wikimedia Foundation, last modified December 19, 2023, 21:54 (UTC), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

3. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed March 8, 2022, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

3. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, archived March 8, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20220308143337/https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

4. Google, “Privacy Policy.”

5. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.”

6. “Yale Facts.”

In the notes, the title will usually come first (as in the examples above); in a bibliography entry, the source should be listed under the owner or sponsor of the site.

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15, 2023. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

Wikimedia Foundation. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.” Last modified December 19, 2023, at 21:54 (UTC). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Archived March 8, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20220308143337/https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.104 .

Social media content

Citations of content posted to social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 280 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

The Instagram post included a photo of the president delivering a eulogy at the National Cathedral and referred to O’Connor as “gracious and principled” (@potus, December 19, 2023).

1. NASA Webb Telescope (@NASAWebb), “👀 Sneak a peek at the deepest & sharpest infrared image of the early universe ever taken—all in a day’s work for the Webb telescope. (Literally, capturing it took less than a day!),” Twitter (now X), July 11, 2022, https://twitter.com/NASAWebb/status/1546621080298835970.

2. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

3. NASA Webb Telescope, “👀 Sneak a peek.”

4. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.106 .

Video or podcast

1. Vaitea Cowan, “How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era,” TED Talk, Vancouver, BC, April 2022, 9 min., 15 sec., https://www .ted .com /talks /vaitea _cowan _how _green _hydrogen _could _end _the _fossil _fuel _era.

2. Eric Oliver, “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things,” moderated by Andrew McCall, virtual lecture, February 23, 2022, posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago, YouTube, 1:01:45, https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.

3. Lauren Ober, host, The Loudest Girl in the World, season 1, episode 2, “Goodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!,” Pushkin Industries, September 13, 2022, 41 min., 37 sec., https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/loudest-girl-in-the-world.

1. Cowan, “Green Hydrogen,” at 6:09–17.

2. Oliver, “Why.”

3. Ober, “Goodbye, Routine.”

Unless it is clear from context, “video” or the like may be specified in the bibliography.

Cowan, Vaitea. “How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era.” TED Talk, Vancouver, BC, April 2022. Video, 9 min., 15 sec. https://www .ted .com /talks /vaitea _cowan _how _green _hydrogen _could _end _the _fossil _fuel _era.

Ober, Lauren, host. The Loudest Girl in the World. Season 1, episode 2, “Goodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!” Pushkin Industries, September 13, 2022. Podcast, 41 min., 37 sec. https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/loudest-girl-in-the-world.

Oliver, Eric. “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things.” Moderated by Andrew McCall. Virtual lecture, February 23, 2022. Posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago. YouTube, 1:01:45. https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.167–69 .

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook direct message to author, August 1, 2024.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.111 .

History: Chicago Style Citations: Chicago Style Citations

• Chicago Style Citations
• Citation Help Research Guide

Books: Chicago Style Citations

Most of the books on writing are located in the 800's. Citation guides can be found in the 808 call number range. A few examples are listed below.For more books on Chicago Style, s earch the Libraries catalog .

Software Citation Tools

Word processing programs can help you insert footnotes or endnotes, and manage your references. See online help:

• Creating Footnotes and Endnotes in World
• Word 2016/ 2013 / Office 365 - footnotes and endnotes
• Word 2016 / 2013 / Office 365 - Create a bibliography
• Word 2016 for MAC - footnotes and endnotes
• Google Drive - footnotes

Citing books accessed on ereaders in Chicago style

The Chicago Manual of Style website provides examples of how to cite ebooks on its website under 'Book published electronically'.

In your citation, include the author, title, editor (if there is one), publication information, and the version of the book you consulted. If you used the book online, include the URL. Include an access date only if required by your publisher or discipline. If no fixed pagination is available, include a section title, chapter or other number.

The Manual website offers examples of how to cite ebooks in both the notes and bibliography style and the author-date style. A couple of our own examples are shown below. Consult the Manual's website to see additional examples:

Notes and Bibliography:

 1. Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried (Boston: Mariner Books, 1990), Kindle edition.

O'Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried. Boston: Mariner Books, 1990. Kindle edition.

Author-Date:

O'Brien, Tim. 1990. The Things They Carried. Boston: Mariner Books. Kindle edition.

Chicago / Turabian Style​:  Be sure to check your class syllabus, as well as any documents, announcements, or postings from your instructor for specific information about the assignment. If your instructor recommends using Chicago style citations for your essay or research paper, these resources may be helpful:

Online Help with Chicago Style Citations

• Chicago Manual of Style Online: Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide
• Chicago Style (Excelsior College OWL)
• Purdue OWL: Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition Help
• Turabian Quick Guide
• What are Footnotes? from Plagiarism.org

Quick Tips:

• Chicago: Humanities style citations use footnotes or endnotes, not parenthetical references. 
• Write in the 3rd person, not 1st or 2nd. Don't use "I" or "you" or related words in your writing.
• Indent the first line of each note by five spaces.
• Start each note with its corresponding number, a period, and one space.
• For the first footnote or endnote for a source, give the full citation information.
• For subsequent notes, use use the author's name, title, and the page number.
• If you use the same source two or more times in a row, use the abbreviation Ibid., followed by the page number.

To cite books , check the front pages of the book or the record in the library catalog to find the publication information you need to format the citation. Sample Chicago style format for the first footnote or endnote for a print book:

1. Author's Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Publication Date), Page Numbers.

To cite articles found in our library databases , check the article citation or article information page to find publication information.

Chicago style format 

Sample Chicago style format for the first footnote or endnote for an article from one of our databases:

1. Author's Name, "Title of Article,"  Title of Journal Volume Number, Issue Number (Date of Publication), Page Numbers, Name of Database , Database Vendor ( or persistent/stable URL, accession number or doi).   

The 16th edition does not require the date accessed for articles from library databases. You could generally cite an online database journal article similar to a print journal article, but also add the database information, and an accession number or doi. 

Library databases may allow you export a citation or to save a citation in a particular format. You can then copy and paste the citation text into your footnote or endnote.

For example:

• EBSCO databases, including Academic Search , select the include when saving/sending checkbox and select Chicago/Turabian:Humanities style from drop-down Citation Format list.

Be sure to check with your instructor and follow requirements for your assignment.  Check the formatting and make any necessary corrections. 

Citing Book Reviews

Citing book reviews in Chicago / Turabian:

Sample Chicago style format for the first footnote or endnote for a book review from a journal in one of our library databases using Chicago 15th edition:

1. Reviewer's Name, "Title of Review," Review of Title of Book , by Name of Author, Title of Journal Volume Number, Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Numbers.  Name of Database , Database vendor . (or persistent URL, accession number or doi). 

Questions: Check with your instructor, the Writing Center, or Ask a Librarian.

• Writing Center
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Book Review (Section 14.100 )

For a print book review, follow the same guidelines without the use of the DOI.

DOI - Digital Object Identifier

Most scholarly publishers now assign a unique alpha-numeric code called a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) to journal articles, e-books, and other documents. Chicago guidelines for citing electronic resources include this number in the citation whenever possible. The DOI can generally be found on the first page of scholarly journal articles as well as in the database record for that article. DOIs are typically provided within a URL beginning with  https://uleth.idm.oclc.org/login?url=   and ending with the DOI, as seen in this example:  https://login.uleth.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt22zmc3w.

If the DOI does not appear on the article or in the database record, it may be found by entering citation information into the free DOI Lookup on CrossRef.org.

To determine DOIs for an entire reference list, copy & paste the entire list here: Cross/Ref Simple Text Query .

A DOI can be searched or verified by entering the DOI number here: Cross/Ref DOI Resolver .

Materials originally published prior to the Internet, but now available online, may not have a DOI. When a DOI is not available, include the URL in its place.

Help & Guide Contents

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Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Sample Paper, Bibliography, & Annotated Bibliography

• What Kind of Source Is This?
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On this Page

General paper formatting guidelines, quick rules for a chicago bibliography.

What is an Annotated Bibliography?

Writing an Evaluative Annotation

Tips on Writing & Formatting an Annotated Bibliography

Sample Paper with Bibliography

• Chicago Sample Paper

This sample paper can be used as a template to set up your assignment. It includes a title page, main body paragraph with footnotes, and a bibliography.

Sample Paper with Appendix

• Chicago Sample Paper Template - with Appendix

If you are adding an appendix to your paper there are a few rules to follow that comply with Chicago guidelines:

• The Appendix appears before the Bibliography
• If you have more than one appendix you would name the first appendix Appendix A, the second Appendix B, etc.
• The appendices should appear in the order that the information is mentioned in your essay
• Each appendix begins on a new page

Sample Annotated Bibliography

This sample annotated bibliography shows you the structure you should use to write a Chicago style annotated bibliography and gives examples of evaluative and summary annotations.

It can be used as a template to set up your assignment.

• End-of-Paper Checklist

Finished your assignment? Use this checklist to be sure you haven't missed any information needed for Chicago style.

Useful Links for Annotated Bibliographies

Overview of purpose and form of annotated bibliographies from the Purdue OWL.

Includes a sample annotation from a Chicago Manual of Style annotated bibliography. From the Purdue OWL.

An example of an MLA annotated bibliography. From the Purdue OWL.

Assemble your paper in the following order:

• Body of paper
• Appendix (if needed)
• Bibliography

Use Times New Roman, Size 12 (unless otherwise instructed).

Margins and Indents

Your margins should be 1 inch on all sides.

Indent new paragraphs by one-half inch.

Double-space the main text of your paper.

Single-space the footnotes and bibliography, but add a blank line between entries.

Start numbering your pages on the  second  page of your paper (don't include the title page).

Put your page numbers in the header of the first page of text (skip the title page), beginning with page number 1. Continue numbering your pages to the end of the bibliography.

Place the footnote number at the end of the sentence in which you have quoted or paraphrased information from another source. The footnote number should be in superscript, and be placed  after  any punctuation.

Put your footnotes in the footer section of the page.

Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in the text of the paper. This is called a bibliography.

See an example in the "Sample Paper with Bibliography" box on this page.

Here are nine quick rules for this list:

• Start a new page for your bibliography (e.g. If your paper is 4 pages long, start your bibliography on page 5).
• Centre the title, Bibliography, at the top of the page and do not bold or underline it. Look for the alignment option in Word. 
• Leave two blank lines between the title and the first entry on your list.
• Single-space the list, but leave one blank line between entries.
• Start the first line of each citation at the left margin; each subsequent line should be indented (also known as a "hanging indent").
• Put your list in alphabetical order. Alphabetize the list by the first word in the citation. In most cases, the first word will be the author’s last name. Where the author is unknown, alphabetize by the first word in the title, ignoring the words a, an, the.
• For each author, give the last name followed by a comma and the first name followed by a period.
• Italicize the titles of full works , such as: books, videos (films and television shows), artwork, images, maps, journals, newspapers, magazines.
• Do not italicize titles of parts of works , such as: articles from newspapers, magazines, or journals / essays, poems, short stories or chapter titles from a book / chapters or sections of an Internet document. Instead, use quotation marks.

What Is An Annotated Bibliography?

An  annotated bibliography  is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a Works Cited page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.

Types of Annotations

 A  summary annotation  describes the source by answering the following questions: who wrote the document, what the document discusses, when and where was the document written, why was the document produced, and how was it provided to the public. The focus is on description. 

 An  evaluative annotation  includes a summary as listed above but also critically assesses the work for accuracy, relevance, and quality. Evaluative annotations can help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a specific source will be useful for your assignment, and determine if there is enough valid information available to complete your project. The focus is on description and evaluation.

• Cite the source using Chicago style.
• Describe the main ideas, arguments, themes, theses, or methodology, and identify the intended audience.
• Explain the author’s expertise, point of view, and any bias he/she may have.
• Compare to other sources on the same topic that you have also cited to show similarities and differences.
• Explain why each source is useful for your research topic and how it relates to your topic.
• Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each source.
• Identify the observations or conclusions of the author. 

Remember: Annotations are original descriptions that you create after reading the document. When researching, you may find journal articles that provide a short summary at the beginning of the text. This article abstract is similar to a summary annotation. You may consult the abstract when creating your evaluative annotation, but never simply copy it as that would be considered plagiarism. 

Tips on Writing & Formatting an Annotated Bibliography

• Each annotation should be one paragraph, between three to six sentences long (about 150- 200 words).
• Start with the same format as a regular Bibliography list.
• All lines should be double-spaced. Do not add an extra line between the citations.
• If your list of citations is especially long, you can organize it by topic.
• Try to be objective, and give explanations if you state any opinions.
• Use the third person (e.g., he, she, the author) instead of the first person (e.g., I, my, me)
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Chicago Citation Style 17th Edition

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Journal Article from a Database

Magazine article, newspaper article.

• Website Examples
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• Format Your Bibliography
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Numbers in parentheses refer to specific pages in The Chicago Manual  (17th ed.) 

General Format

1. Author First Name Surname, "Article Title," Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year): page #, DOI OR URL of journal article web page OR Name of database.

2. Author Surname, "Article Title," page #.

Author Surname, First Name. "Article Title." Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year): Page range of article. DOI OR URL of journal article web page OR Name of database.

1. Valerie Bunce, "Rethinking Recent Democritization: Lessons from the Postcommunist Experience," World Politics 55, no. 2 (2003): 168, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25054217.

2. Bunce, "Rethinking Recent Democritization," 168.

Bunce, Valerie. "Rethinking Recent Democritization: Lessons from the Postcommunist Experience." World Politics 55, no. 2 (2003): 167-192. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25054217.

See The Chicago Manual ( pp. 833 ) for more information on citing a journal article from a database.

See The Chicago Manual ( pp. 829-37 ) for more information and examples on citing journal articles.

If you viewed a journal article in its  print  format, your note would end after the page number, and your  Bibliography  entry would end after you provide the page range of the article.

1. Author First Name Surname, "Article Title," Magazine Title , Month Day, Year, URL.

2. Author Surname, "Article Title," paragraph #.

Author Surname, First Name. "Article Title." Magazine Title , Month Day, Year. URL.

1. Jason G. Goldman, "Lizards Learn a Silly Walk after Losing Their Tail," Scientific American , December 1, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lizards-learn-a-silly-walk-after-losing-their-tail/. 

2. Goldman, " Lizards Learn a Silly Walk after Losing Their Tail ," para. 3.

Goldman, Jason G. "Lizards Learn a Silly Walk after Losing Their Tail."  Scientific American , December 1, 2017. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lizards-learn-a-silly-walk-after-losing-their-tail/.

See The Chicago Manual ( pp. 837-38 ) for more information on citing magazine articles.

I f you view a magazine article online, include the URL of the article's web page in your reference ( p. 838 ).

1. Author First Name/Initial Surname, "Article Title," Newspaper Title , Month Day, Year.

2. Author Surname, "Article Title."

Author Surname, First Name. "Article Title." Newspaper Title , Month Day, Year.

1.  Laurie Goodstein and William Glaberson, "The Well-Marked Roads to Homicidal Rage," New York Times , April 10, 2000, national edition, sec. 1.

2. Goodstein and Glaberson, "The Well-Marked Roads."

Goodstein, Laurie, and William Glaberson. "The Well-Marked Roads to Homicidal Rage." New York Times , April 10, 2000, national edition, sec. 1.

See The Chicago Manual ( pp. 838-42 ) for more information on citing newspaper articles.

If you view a newspaper article online, include the URL of the article's web page in your reference ( p. 839 ).

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How to Cite a Review in Chicago Author–Date Referencing

• 2-minute read
• 15th July 2020

Reviews of books, movies, artworks, and other media can be a great resource when writing an essay . But how do you cite a review in your work? Here, we explain how to cite a review in Chicago author–date referencing.

Citing a Review in Chicago Author–Date Referencing

To cite a review in Chicago author–date referencing , give the author’s surname and the date of publication in brackets . However, make sure to cite the author and date of the review itself , not of the work being reviewed!

Here’s an example of an in-text citation for a movie review by Ian Nathan:

The movie was acclaimed for its compelling performances (Nathan 1994).

This citation will then point readers to an entry in your reference list .

If the reviewer is not named, though, cite the publisher instead:

The reviewer described the concert as “impeccable” (BachTrack 2020).

The key thing is that the name in the citation matches the name at the start of the accompanying reference list entry. Speaking of which…

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Reviews in a Chicago Reference List

In the reference list at the end of your paper, provide full details for any source you cited in the main text. For a review, this should include:

Reviewer’s surname, first name. Year of review. “Title of Review,” review of Title of Reviewed Work by Creator(s), location and date of performance (if applicable). Title of Periodical/Website , month and day of review, edition/section information. URL (online sources only).

The entry for the first review cited above, for instance, would look like this:

Nathan, Ian. 1994. Review of The Shawshank Redemption , directed by Frank Darabont. Empire , February 17. https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/shawshank-redemption-review/.

As in the citations, if a review does not have a named author, you can use the publisher’s name in its place. For instance:

BachTrack. 2020. “Spiritually Uplifting Bach from the Bach Collegium Japan,” review of concert performance by Bach Collegium Japan, National Concert Hall, Dublin, March 10, 2020. BachTrack.com , March 10, Concert reviews. https://bachtrack.com/review-bach-suzuki-bach-collegium-japan-dublin-march-2020.

We hope this has helped you with citing a review using Chicago author–date referencing. Would you like more help checking your referencing, though? If so, our team of proofreading experts can help!

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Chicago Style (17th ed.): Citation Guide

• Getting Started with Chicago
• Formatting a Paper in Chicago Style
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• What are you citing?

Books & Ebooks

Journal articles, magazines & newspapers, web sources, images & art, music & audio, government sources, generative ai & chatbots, personal communication.

• Additional Chicago Style Resources
• Citation Guides Homepage

Ask A Librarian

What type of information do you need to cite?

Use the links below or scroll to find the type of information.

• Book (print)
• Edited Chapter in a Book
• Article in a Reference Book

Book (1 author)

1.  Author FirstName LastName,  Book Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page numbers.

1.  Daniel Ogden,  The Werewolf in the Ancient World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021), 25.

2.  Ogden,  Werewolf , 45.

Bibliography

Author LastName, FirstName.  Book Title.  Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

Ogden, Daniel.  The Werewolf in the Ancient World.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.

Book (2 authors)

1.  Author FirstName LastName and FirstName LastName,  Book Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page numbers.

1.  Meg Hafdahl and Kelly Florence,  The Science of Monsters: The Truth About Zombies, Witches, Werewolves, Vampires, and Other Legendary Creatures  (New York: Skyhorse, 2019), 25.

2.  Hafdahl and Florence, Science of Monsters , 45.

Author LastName, FirstName and FirstName LastName.  Book Title.  Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

Hafdahl, Meg and Kelly Florence.  The Science of Monsters: The Truth About Zombies, Witches, Werewolves, Vampires, and Other Legendary Creatures.  New York: Skyhorse, 2019.

Book with a Corporate Author

1.  Company Name,  Book Title,  edition (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page numbers.

1.   American Heart Association, The New American Heart Association Cookbook,  8th ed. (New York: Clarkson Potter, 2010), 25.

2.  American Heart Association,  New American Heart , 45.

Company Name.  Book Title. Edition.   Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

American Heart Association.  The New American Heart Association Cookbook,  8th ed. New York: Clarkson Potter, 2010.

Edited Chapter in a Book (anthology or collection)

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Chapter Title," in  Book Title , edited by Editor FirstName LastName (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page numbers used.

1.  Joanna Russ, "The Image of Women in Science Fiction," in  Science Fiction Criticism: An Anthology of Essential Writings ,  edited by Rob Latham (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017), 202.

2.  Russ, "Image of Women," 210.

Author LastName, FirstName. "Chapter Title." In  Book Title, edited by Editor FirstName LastName, chapter page numbers. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

Russ, Joanna. "The Image of Women in Science Fiction." In  Science Fiction Criticism: An Anthology of Essential Writings , edited by Rob Latham, 200-10. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017.

Reference Book (Encyclopedia or Dictionary) with no author

1.  "Entry Title," in  Book Title , edited by Editor FirstName LastName (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page numbers used.

1.  "Detecting Werewolves," in The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shape-Shifting Beings , 2nd ed., edited by Brad Steiger (Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press, 2011), 85. 

2.  "Detecting Werewolves," 86-7.

"Entry Title." In  Book Title, edited by Editor FirstName LastName, chapter page numbers. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

"Detecting Werewolves." In  The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shape-Shifting Beings , 2nd ed., edited by Brad Steiger, 84-87. Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press, 2011.

Ebook (from Library Database)

1.  Author FirstName LastName,  Book Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page numbers. Format.

1.  Nick Groom,  The Vampire: A New History  (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018), 25. EBSCO eBook Collection.

2.  Groom,  Vampire , 45.

Author LastName, FirstName.  Book Title.  Place of Publication: Publisher, Date. Format.

Groom, Nick.  The Vampire: A New History . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018. EBSCO eBook Collection.

Ebook (Online)

1.  Author FirstName LastName,  Book Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page numbers. URL.

1.  Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra,  The History of Don Quixote , trans. John Ornsby (Salt Lake City, UT: Project Gutenberg, 2004), 25. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/996.

2.  Cervantes Saavedra,  Don Quixote , 45.

Author LastName, FirstName.  Book Title.  Place of Publication: Publisher, Date. URL.

Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de.  The History of Don Quixote. Translated by John Ornsby. Salt Lake City, UT: Project Gutenberg, 2004. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/996.

• Journal Article with DOI
• Journal Article without DOI

Journal Article with a DOI 

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Article Title,"  Journal Title  volume, no. Issue (Year): page number used, https://doi.org/DOI.

1.  Ivan Klopov et al., "Digital Transformation of Education Based on Artificial Intelligence,"  TEM Journal  12, no. 4 (2023): 2627. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM124-74.

2.  Klopov et al., "Digital Transformation," 2629-30.

Author LastName, FirstName.  "Article Title."  Journal Title  volume, no. Issue (Year): page numbers of article. https://doi.org/DOI.

Klopov, Ivan, Olexandr Shapurov, Valentyna Voronkova, Vitalina Nikitenko, Roman Oleksenko, Irina Khavina, and Yulia Chebakova. "Digital Transformation of Education Based on Artificial Intelligence."  TEM Journal  12, no. 4 (2023): 2625-634. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM124-74

Journal Article without DOI (print)

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Article Title,"  Journal Title  volume, no. Issue (Year): page number used.

1.  Michael Jawer, "Emotion: The Connective Tisse of Atmospheres and Haunts,"  Journal of Scientific Exploration  37, no. 1 (2023): 89-90. 

2.  Jawer, "Emotion," 103.

Author LastName, FirstName.  "Article Title."  Journal Title  volume, no. Issue (Year): page numbers of article.

Jawer, Michael. "Emotion: The Connective Tissue of Atmospheres and Haunts."  Journal of Scientific Exploration  37, no. 1 (2023): 88-105. 

Journal Article without DOI (from library database or website)

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Article Title,"  Journal Title  volume, no. Issue (Year): page number used, URL.

1.  Alex S. Li, "Touring Outer Space: The Past, Present, and Future of Space Tourism,"  Cleveland Law Library  71, no. 3 (2023), 800, http://lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,cpid&custid=s1088435&db=a9h&AN=164595219&site=ehost-live

2.  Li, "Touring Outer Space," 800-03.

Author LastName, FirstName.  "Article Title."  Journal Title  volume, no. Issue (Year): page numbers of article. URL.

Li, Alex S. "Touring Outer Space: The Past, Present, and Future." Cleveland State Law Library  71, no. 3 (2023): 743-810. http://lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,cpid&custid=s1088435&db=a9h&AN=164595219&site=ehost-live

• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article

Magazine Article in Print 

For Magazines and newspapers, page numbers if available only need to be included in the footnote.

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Article Title," Magazine Title , Month Day, Year, page number used, page number.

1.  Rohit Bhargava, "Can You Read Culture?,"  Inc. , Winter 2023/2024, 24-5.

2.  Bhargava, "Can You Read Culture," 24.

Author LastName, FirstName. "Article Title." Magazine Title , Month Day, Year. 

Bhargava, Rohit. "Can You Read Culture?"  Inc. , Winter 2023/2024.

Magazine Article from Library Database (no DOI)

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Article Title," Magazine Title , Month Day, Year, page number used, URL.

1.  TJ Fink, "AI Content Detector: How to Spot AI Creations,"  Laptop , December 31, 2023, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A777901979/PPPM?u=nhmccd_main&sid=bookmark-PPPM&xid=8da3cc56.

2.  Fink, "AI Content Detector."

Author LastName, FirstName. "Article Title." Magazine Title , Month Day, Year. URL.

Fink, TJ. "AI Content Detector: How to Spot AI Creations."  Laptop , December 31, 2023. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A777901979/PPPM?u=nhmccd_main&sid=bookmark-PPPM&xid=8da3cc56.

Magazine Article from Website

1.  Alex Soojung-Kim Pang, "Rest Takes Hard Work,"  Time , January 25, 2024, https://time.com/6566763/rest-takes-hard-work-essay/.

2.  Pang, "Rest Takes Hard Work."

Pang, Alex Soojung-Kim. "Rest Takes Hard Work."  Time , January 25, 2024. https://time.com/6566763/rest-takes-hard-work-essay/.

Newspaper Article - Print

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Article Title," Newspaper Title , Month Day, Year, Location/Page.

1.  Dana G. Smith, "Here to Help: How to Overcome 'Task Paralysis,'" The New York Times , January 8, 2023, A3

2.  Smith, "Here to Help," A3.

Author LastName, FirstName. "Article Title." Newspaper Title , Month Day, Year, Location/Page.

Smith, Dana G. "Here to Help: How to Overcome 'Task Paralysis.'"  The New York Times , January 8, 2023, A4.

Newspaper Article from Library Database or Website

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Article Title," Newspaper Title , Month Day, Year, URL.

1.  Daniel Akst, "Should Robots with Artificial Intelligence Have Moral or Legal Rights?,"  Wall Street Journal , April 10, 2023, https:// login.lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/usmajordailies/newspapers/should-robots-with-artificial-intelligence-have/docview/2798764407/sem-2?accountid=7054.

2.  Akst, "Robots with Artificial Intelligence."

Author LastName, FirstName. "Article Title." Newspaper Title , Month Day, Year. URL.

Akst, Daniel. "Should Robots with Artificial Intelligence Have Moral or Legal Rights?"  Wall Street Journal , April 10, 2023. https://login.lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/usmajordailies/newspapers/should-robots-with-artificial-intelligence-have/docview/2798764407/sem-2?accountid=7054.

Newspaper Article - Online

1.  Nusaiba Mizan, "Girl Scout Cookies Price Hike: What's the Price Per Box and Where Is the Money Going?,"  Houston Chronicle , January 26, 2024, https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/retail/article/girl-scouts-cookies-price-increase-18628206.php.

2.  Mizan, "Girl Scout Cookies."

Mizan, Nusaiba. "Girl Scout Cookies Price Hike: What's the Price Per Box and Where is the Money Going?"  Houston Chronicle , January 26, 2024.  https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/retail/article/girl-scouts-cookies-price-increase-18628206.php.  

• Social Media

Webpage without an author

If a source does not include a date of publication or revision, include an access date.

1.  "Webpage," Website, Date, URL.

1.  "Shrinking Moon Causing Moonquakes and Faults Near Lunar South Pole," NASA, January 25, 2024, https://www.nasa.gov/earth/moon/shrinking-moon-causing-moonquakes-and-faults-near-lunar-south-pole/.

2.  "Shrinking Moon."

"Webpage." Website. Date. URL.

"Shrinking Moon Causing Moonquakes and Faults Near Lunar South Pole." NASA. January 25, 2024.  https://www.nasa.gov/earth/moon/shrinking-moon-causing-moonquakes-and-faults-near-lunar-south-pole/.

Social Media Post 

According to the Chicago Manual of Style , social media usually just needs to be cited in the text and a footnote if needed. It does not need to be included in the bibliography.

Lone Star College announced on Twitter: "We received approval to offer bachelor's degrees, including Bachelor of Science in Nursing; Bachelor of Applied Technology in Cybersecurity; and Bachelor of Applied Science in Energy, Manufacturing & Trades Management" (@lonestarcollege, December 11, 2019).

Footnote - Twitter/X

1  Author FirstName LastName (@username), "Text of post," Platform, Date, URL.

1   Lone Star College (@lonestarcollege), "We received approval to offer bachelor's degrees, including Bachelor of Science in Nursing; Bachelor of Applied Technology in Cybersecurity; and Bachelor of Applied Science in Energy, Manufacturing & Trades Management," X post, December 11, 2019, https://twitter.com/lonestarcollege/status/1204842366357651456.

2   Lone Star College, "Approval to Offer Bachelor's."

Footnote - Instagram

1  Lone Star College (@lonestarcollege), "The Houston Business Journal named Mario K. Castillo, J.D., LSC chancellor among the Top 100 Texans who have made an impact in 2023," Instagram photo, January 12, 2024, https://www.instagram.com/p/C2BElOfMWpc/.

Like social media, blogs are typically only cited in footnotes. If used frequently, it can be included in your bibliography.

1.  Author First Name, Last Name, "Title of Blog Post," Blog Name (blog), Publisher, Date, URL.

1.  Russell Harper, "What Do Chatbots Know?," CMOS Shop Talk  (blog), Chicago Manual of Style, November 21, 2023, https://cmosshoptalk.com/2023/11/21/what-do-chatbots-know/.

2.  Harper, "What Do Chatbots."

Author Last Name, First Name. Blog Name (blog). Publisher. Date. URL.

Russell Harper. CMOS Shop Talk (blog). Chicago Manual of Style. November 21, 2023. https://cmosshoptalk.com/2023/11/21/what-do-chatbots-know/.

Online Video

Streaming videos are cited more like elements of a website unless they were originally in a different format. (See examples for Movies for more details on how to cite these.)

YouTube Example

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Video Title," Website, uploaded Date, video, URL, time stamp.

1.  Pocket Gamer, "What is 8-bit?," YouTube, uploaded August 28, 2015, video, https://youtu.be/QaIoW1aL9GE?si=ASBb8YXbVVITuvjf, 00:01:00.

2.  Pocket Gamer, "What is 8-bit," 00:03:30-00:03:45.

Author LastName, FirstName. "Video Title." Website. Uploaded Date. Video. URL.

Pocket Gamer. "What is 8-bit?" YouTube. Uploaded August 28, 2015. Video. https://youtu.be/QaIoW1aL9GE?si=ASBb8YXbVVITuvjf.

TEDTalk Example

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Video Title," filmed Date at Place, City, video, URL, time stamp.

1.  Graham Shaw, "Why People Believe They Can't Draw," filmed February 2015 at TEDxHull, Hull, video, https://www.ted.com/talks/graham_shaw_why_people_believe_they_can_t_draw, 00:15:20.

2.  Shaw, "Why People Believe," 00:10:45.

Author LastName, FirstName. "Video Title." Filmed Date at Place, City. Video. URL.

Shaw, Graham. "Why People Believe They Can't Draw." Filmed February 2015 at TEDxHull, Hull. Video. https://www.ted.com/talks/graham_shaw_why_people_believe_they_can_t_draw.

Movie/Film 

Source type refers to the original format (ex-35mm), and format is the version you viewed (ex-DVD, YouTube, etc).

Cite the video first using the original release information, and then add in details about the digital version.

1.   Title of Motion Picture , directed by Director First Name Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Format.

1.   Black Panther , directed by Ryan Coogler (2018; Burbank, CA: Buena Vista Home Entertainment, 2018), DVD.

2.   Black Panther .

Title of Motion Picture.  Directed by Director First Name Last Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Format.

Black Panther . Directed by Ryan Coogler. 2018; Burbank, CA: Buena Vista Home Entertainment, 2018. DVD.

Movie/Film viewed Online

1.   Title of Motion Picture , directed by Director First Name Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Source Type, Format, URL.

1.   Othello,  directed by Oliver Parker (Columbia Pictures, 1995), 35 mm film, Swank Digital Campus video, https://digitalcampus.swankmp.net/lsconline395001/play/5b248cf117888f54?referrer=direct.

2.   Othello .

Title of Motion Picture.  Directed by Director First Name Last Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Format. URL.

Othello . Directed by Oliver Parker. Columbia Pictures, 1995, 35 mm film. Swank Digital Campus video. https://digitalcampus.swankmp.net/lsconline395001/play/5b248cf117888f54?referrer=direct.

Episode of a TV Series

1.  Series Title, "Episode/Segment Title," Website Name video, Duration of Video, Broadcast Date, URL.

1.  The Amazing Race, "To the Physical and Mental Limit," Swank Digital Campus video, 44:17, November 21, 2001, https://digitalcampus.swankmp.net/lsconline395001/watch/C1C2FD73531F1345?referrer=direct.

2.  The Amazing Race, "To the Physical and Mental Limit."

Series Title. "Episode/Segment Title." Website Name video, Duration of Video. Broadcast Date. URL.

The Amazing Race. "To the Physical and Mental Limit." Swank Digital Campus video, 44:17. November 21, 2001. https://digitalcampus.swankmp.net/lsconline395001/watch/C1C2FD73531F1345?referrer=direct.

1.  Series Title,  Website Name video, Broadcast Dates, URL.

1.  This Is Us,  Hulu  video, 2016-2022, https://www.hulu.com/series/this-is-us-9dc170da-85db-475d-9df4-6572f15ffb00.

2.  This Is Us.

Series Title.  Website Name video. Dates aired. URL.

This is Us.  Hulu video. 2016-2022. https://www.hulu.com/series/this-is-us-9dc170da-85db-475d-9df4-6572f15ffb00.

• Image (online)

Clip Art or Stock Image

Online image with a title.

1.  Author First Name Last Name,  Image Title , Year, Medium, Dimensions, Location, URL.

1.  Kate Beaton,  Tesla, Marconi, Edison, n.d., color comic, Hark! A Vagrant, http://www.harkavagrant.com/index.php?id=256.

2.  Beaton,  Tesla, Marconi, Edison.

Author Last Name, First Name. Image Title.  Year. Medium, Dimensions. Location. URL.

Beaton, Kate.  Tesla, Marconi, Edison . N.d. Color comic. Hark! A Vagrant. http://www.harkavagrant.com/index.php?id=256.

Artwork Viewed Online

If viewed in person, leave off the URL.

1.  Georgia O'Keefe,  Red Hill and White Shell, 1938, oil on canvas, 30 x 36.5 in, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/17860/red-hill-and-white-shell?ctx=c469d6c7436b6ddfaeba46e287e6d599ebbed0c0&idx=0

2.  O'Keefe,  Red Hill and White Shell .

O'Keefe, Georgia.  Red Hill and White Shell . 1938. Oil on canvas, 30 x 36.5 in. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/17860/red-hill-and-white-shell?ctx=c469d6c7436b6ddfaeba46e287e6d599ebbed0c0&idx=0.

1.  Liftarn, Cartoon Raccoon Holding a Blank Sign , 2024, clipart, Openclipart, https://openclipart.org/detail/346730/cartoon-raccoon-holding-blank-sign.

2.  Liftarn,  Cartoon Raccoon .

Liftarn.  Cartoon Raccoon Holding a Blank Sign . 2024. Clipart. Openclipart. https://openclipart.org/detail/346730/cartoon-raccoon-holding-blank-sign.

Single Song or Track

If your source doesn't indicate a date of recording or publication, use other sources to find this information (Google it!).

Recordings on LP or disc will typically have an acquisition number, which be included after the name of the recording company.

1.  Creator or Group, "Title of Song," other contributors, recording date, Recording Company or publisher acquisition number, track number on  Album Title , year of release, format, time stamp.

1.  Dua Lipa, performer, "Dance the Night," by Dua Li[a and Caroline Ailin, recorded 2022, Atlantic 075678616006, track 2 on  Barbie the Album , 2023, compact disc, 1:10.

2.  Lipa, "Dance the Night," 0:35.

Creator or Group.  Album Title.  Recording Company acquisition number, Recording date, format.

Ronson, Mark, Kevin Weaver, and Brandon David, producers.  Barbie the Album.  Atlantic 075678616006, 2023, compact disc.

Music Album

1.  Creator or Group,  Album Title,  Recording Company acquisition number, Recording date, format.

1.  David Bowie, performer,  The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars,  EMI 7243 5 39826 2 1, compact disc.

2.  Bowie, Ziggy Stardust .

Bowie, David, performer.  The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars . EMI 7243 5 39826 2 1, compact disc.

Audiobook without a DOI

1  Creator FirstName LastName,  Title of Work , other contributors, (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Format, timestamp.

1  Ernest Cline,  Ready Player One , read by Wil Wheaton, (New York: Random House Audio, 2011), Audible audio ed., 1:05:10.

2  Cline,  Ready Player One , 14:20:15.

Creator LastName, First Name.  Title of Work.  Other contributors. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Format, duration.

Cline, Ernest.  Ready Player One.  Read by Wil Wheaton. New York: Random House Audio, 2011. Audible audio ed., 15 hr., 40 min.

Podcast Episode

1  Creator FirstName LastName, "Title of Episode,"  Title of Work , other contributors, (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Format, timestamp, URL.

1  Sarah Gonzalez and Kenny Malone, hosts, "Why '90s Ads Are Unforgettable,"  Planet Money,  (Washington, D.C.: NPR, 2023), podcast, 00:14:00-00:15:00, https://www.npr.org/2023/12/13/1197956022/got-milk-soap-operas-advertising.

2  Gonzalez and Malone, "Why '90s Ads," 00:05:00-00:07:00.

Creator LastName, FirstName. "Title of Episode."  Title of Work.  Other contributors. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Format.

Gonzalez, Sarah and Kenny Malone, hosts. "Why '90s Ads Are Unforgettable."  Planet Money.  Washington, D.C.: NPR, 2023. Podcast. https://www.npr.org/2023/12/13/1197956022/got-milk-soap-operas-advertising.

1  Creator FirstName LastName, Title of Work , other contributors, (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Format.

1  Danielle Fishel, Rider Strong, and Will Freidle, hosts.  Pod Meets World,  (San Antonio, TX: iHeart Radio, 2022), podcast, https://www.iheart.com/podcast/1119-pod-meets-world-98589488/.

2  Fishel, Strong, and Freidle,  Pod Meets World .

Creator LastName, FirstName. Title of Work.  Other contributors. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Format.

Danielle Fishel, Rider Strong, and Will Freidle, hosts.  Pod Meets World . San Antonio, TX: iHeart Radio, 2022. Podcast. https://www.iheart.com/podcast/1119-pod-meets-world-98589488/.

• Laws and Court Cases
• Government Agency Publications

Legal References

The Chicago Manual of Style  defers to the standard legal citation system from the  Bluebook  for citing legal sources.

Legal publications only need to be cited in the notes and not in bibliography.

Court Cases and Court Decisions

1 Name v. Name, Volume no. Reporter Abbreviation Page no. (Name of Court (abbrev.) Year), URL

2 Brown,  347 U.S. at 485.

Legislation (Enacted Bills / Statutes)

Laws are collected in the  United States Statutes at Large  (Stat.) and then are incorporated into the  United States Code  (U.S.C.). 

1 Name of the Legislation, volume no. Series name Series no. (Year), URL

1  Limitations on Exclusive Rights: Fair Use, 17 U.S.C. §107 (1992), hhttps://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2022-title17/USCODE-2022-title17-chap1-sec107 .

Bills and Resolutions (Proposed Laws, Not Enacted)

1 Name of the Bill, Bill no., No. of Cong., section no. (Year).

1  WILD Act, H. R. 5009, 118th Cong. (2024).

Government Webpage

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Webpage," Website, Date, URL.

1.  United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Librarians and Media Specialists,"  Occupational Outlook Handbook , September 6, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/librarians.htm.

2.  United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Librarians and Media Specialists."

LastName, FirstName. "Webpage." Website. Date. URL.

United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Librarians and Media Specialists." Occupational Outlook Handbook . September 6, 2023. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/librarians.htm.

1.  Government Department, Agency, or Committee,  Title of Government Publication , Date, Page number, URL.

1.  Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,  2023 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report,  December 2023, 617, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CMR-HE20_6500-00184279/pdf/CMR-HE20_6500-00184279.pdf.

2.  Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,  2023 National Healthcare , 187-8.

Government Department, Agency, or Committee.  Title of Government Publication . Date. URL.

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.  2023 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report . December 2023. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CMR-HE20_6500-00184279/pdf/CMR-HE20_6500-00184279.pdf. 

Generative AI & Chatbots

Chicago Manual of Style  has provided some new and developing guidance on how to cite AI generated content in your paper.

Best Practices for AI Content

• cite generative AI whenever you use what they generate in your own work
• most of the time, it's ok to just acknowledge the AI tool in your text
• can use a formal citation in a Note if needed, but do not include in the Bibliography
• if the prompt is not included in the text, include it in the Note.

1 AI Tool, response to "response text," Publisher, Date, URL to tool.

• Documenting ChatGPT Content Chicago Manual of Style FAQ on how to document AI generated content

Personal communications, including email, text messages, and direct messages sent via social media, are typically cited in the text or in a note only. They are very rarely included in the bibliography.

Personal Interview  - Footnote

1 Author FirstName LastName, description of communication, Date.

1 Jane Smith, personal interview, January 15, 2024.

Email  - Footnote

1 Megan Hopwood, email to author, February 15, 2023.

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Periodicals

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Periodicals include print journals, electronic journals, magazines, and newspapers. Citations for these sources should include enough information for the reader to find them   in a library or a database, and as such, publication dates are essential. Magazines and newspapers are typically serialized by day, month, and year; journals include volume, year, month, or season and issue number.

One of the major differences between notes and bibliographic entries for periodicals is the way in which major elements are separated. In notes, the major elements are separated by commas. In the bibliography, the major elements are separated by periods.

Notes and bibliographic entries for a journal include the following: full name of the author(s), article title, journal title, and issue information. Issue information refers to volume, issue number, month, year, and page number(s). For online works, retrieval information and the date of access are also included. Author Name:

Notes include the author’s name as listed in the article. Bibliographic entries, however, invert the author’s name (last name, first name). Article Title: Both notes and bibliographies use quotation marks to set off the titles of articles within the journal. Journal Title: Journal titles may omit an initial “The” but should otherwise be given in full, capitalized (headline-style), and italicized. Issue Information: The volume number follows the journal title with no punctuation and is not italicized. The issue number (if it is given) is separated from the volume number with a comma and is preceded by “no.” The year appears in parentheses after the volume number (or issue number if given). The year may be preceded by a specific date, month, or season if given. Page information follows the year. For notes, page number(s) refer only to the cited material; the bibliography includes the first and last pages of the article.

Electronic Journals

Citing electronic journals generally follows the same format for printed periodicals, which is explained in the Journals section. Additionally, entries include the DOI or URL (DOIs are preferred). The date accessed is not required by CMOS for citations of formally published electronic sources. If an access date is required for other reasons (i.e. by discipline, publisher, or instructor), the access date should be included immediately prior to the DOI or URL. If included, access dates should be separated by commas in notes or periods in bibliographical entries.

Even if weekly or monthly magazines are numbered by volume or issue, they are cited by date only. When following the CMOS Note and Bibliography style, the year is presented as shown in the examples below. When following the CMOS Author-Date style, the date is essential to the citation and it is not enclosed in parentheses.

Page Numbers: Citations for journal articles may include a specific page number. Inclusive page numbers for the entire article are often omitted in bibliographical entries, however, because the pages of the article are often separated by many pages of unrelated material. If page numbers are included, they should follow the date and be preceded by a colon.

Notes and bibliographic entries for magazines include the following information: author’s name, article title (enclosed by quotation marks), magazine title (italicized), and date. Page numbers are included in notes but are omitted in bibliographic entries. Regular departments (or regularly occurring subsections) in a magazine are capitalized but not put in quotation marks. For example, National Geographic is the magazine that regularly includes a department called Foods of the Region.  

Online Magazines

Notes and bibliographic entries for online magazines should follow the relevant examples for printed magazines. Additionally, online magazine entries should contain the URL at the end of the citation. If no stable URL exists, the name of the database can be substituted. Note:  In the examples below, Green Room is not placed in quotation marks because it is the department title rather than the article title. Access Date:

Access dates are not required by CMOS in citations of formally published electronic sources. If an access date is required for other reasons (i.e. by discipline, publisher, or instructor), the access date should be included immediately prior to the URL. In notes, access dates are surrounded by commas and in bibliographic entries they are surrounded by periods.

Notes and bibliographic entries for newspapers should include the following: name of the author (if listed), headline or column heading, newspaper name, month (often abbreviated), day, and year. Since issues may include several editions, page numbers are usually omitted. If an online edition of a newspaper is consulted, the URL should be added at the end of the citation. Time stamps may be appropriate to include when stories for unfolding events are modified. Names of Newspapers: If the name of a newspaper begins with “The,” this word is omitted. For American newspapers that are not well-known, a city name should be added along with the newspaper title (see below). Additionally, a state abbreviation may be added in parentheses after the city name. News Services: News services, such as the Associated Press or the United Press International, are capitalized but not italicized and often appear in the author position of the citation. Headlines: Headlines may be capitalized using “headline style,” in which all major words are capitalized. Although many major newspapers prefer sentence style, the CMOS recommends headline style for consistency among various types of cited sources. Headlines presented entirely in full capital letters in the original are usually converted to headline-style upper and lower case in the citation. Regular Columns: If a regular column is cited, the column name may be included with the article title.

Editorials, Letters to the Editor, and Readers’ Comments: Published editorials and letters to the editor should be treated generically, usually without headlines. Instead of a title, use “letter to the editor” [14.196]. Citing in Text: Newspapers are more often cited in notes or parenthetical references than in bibliographies. If newspaper sources are carefully documented in the text, they need not be cited in the bibliography.

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• Chicago In-text Citations | Styles, Format & Examples

Chicago In-text Citations | Styles, Format & Examples

Published on September 12, 2019 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on April 9, 2024.

An in-text citation is used to point readers toward any source you quote , paraphrase or refer to in your writing. The Chicago Manual of Style has two options for in-text citations:

• Author-date : you put your citations in parentheses within the text itself.
• Notes and bibliography : you put your citations in numbered footnotes or endnotes.

You should choose one of these two citation options and use it consistently throughout your text. The source details are listed in full in a bibliography or reference list at the end. Make sure to pay attention to punctuation (e.g., commas and quotation marks ).

Chicago Citation Generator

Author-date citation example

(Woolf 1921, 11)

Footnote citation example

1. Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” 11.

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Table of contents

Which chicago style should you use, option 1: author-date in-text citations, option 2: citations in footnotes or endnotes, citing sources with multiple authors, missing information in chicago in-text citations, frequently asked questions about chicago in-text citations.

First, you need to decide whether you are using notes or author-date in-text citations. You can usually find out from your instructor or syllabus which style you should use.

The notes and bibliography system is usually preferred in humanities subjects like literature, history and the arts. The author-date system is preferred in the sciences, including social sciences.

The styles are similar in the information they present, but they differ in terms of the order, location, and format of that information. It’s important to use one style consistently, and not to confuse the two.

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Author-date style places citations directly in the text in parentheses . In-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and if applicable, a page number or page range:

This style of Chicago in-text citation looks the same for every type of source.

When using author-date, you should always include a reference list  with an entry corresponding to each citation. This provides the reader with full publication information to locate the source.

Where should citations appear in the text?

The author-date style gives you some flexibility in where you place your citations in the text.

Most commonly, you will put the citation at the end of the relevant sentence (before the period). You can also integrate it into the sentence. If you name the author in your sentence, you only need to include the date and page number in parentheses.

Multiple citations can also be combined within one set of parentheses using a semicolon .

As you can see in the Valentine citation, it’s not always necessary to include a page number—only when you’re referring to a specific part of the text. If you want to cite the text as a whole, you can leave out the page number.

In notes and bibliography style, your citations appear in either footnotes or endnotes .

To create a Chicago footnote or endnote reference, a superscript number is placed at the end of the clause or sentence that the citation applies to, after any punctuation (periods, quotation marks , parentheses ). Your first citation is marked with a 1, your second with a 2, and so on.

These superscript numbers correspond to numbered footnotes or endnotes containing the actual citation.

Full notes and short notes

There are two types of note you can use in Chicago style: full and short.

• Full notes contain the full publication details of the source.
• Short notes contain the author’s last name, the title (shortened if it is longer than four words), and the page number (if relevant).

You should usually use a full note the first time you cite each source. If you cite the same source more than once, use a short note for each subsequent citation. You may also use “ ibid. ” to repeat the citation from the previous note, but short notes are the more usual choice.

The rules of your specific institution may vary, requiring you to use one of the two note styles every time. It’s important to check with your instructor if you’re unsure.

This is what a full and short note for the same citation might look like:

The format of the note varies depending on the type of source. Below you can see examples of a Chicago website citation , book citation , book chapter citation , and journal article citation .

Chicago footnote citation examples

• Book chapter
• Journal article

Footnotes or endnotes?

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they refer to, while endnotes appear in their own section at the end of the text, before the Chicago style bibliography .

The citation looks exactly the same whether it appears in a footnote or an endnote . If you haven’t been told which one to use, the choice is a matter of personal preference. The important thing is to consistently use one or the other.

In both styles, when you cite a source with two or three authors, list the names in the order they appear in the original publication:

When a source has four or more authors, use the term “ et al. ” after the first author’s name:

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Sometimes, not all of the information you need for your citation will be available. Thankfully, there are ways to work around this in both styles.

No page number

Page numbers are not always necessary; if the source doesn’t have page numbers (e.g., a website ), or if you’re referring to the general argument of a text instead of a specific passage, you can omit page numbers.

If a source has no page numbers but you still want to specify a particular part of the text, you can use other locators like paragraphs, chapters or headings instead—whatever markers the text provides:

No publication date

If the source doesn’t have a stated publication date, you can write “n.d.” in place of the year:

If no specific author is listed, you can refer to the organization that published the source:

Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:

• You’re quoting from the text.
• You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
• You’re referring to information from a specific section.

When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.

When a source has four or more authors , your in-text citation or Chicago footnote should give only the first author’s name followed by “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”). This makes your citations more concise.

In your bibliography or reference list , when a source has more than 10 authors, list the first seven followed by “et al.” Otherwise, list every author.

• A reference list is used with Chicago author-date citations .
• A bibliography is used with Chicago footnote citations .

Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:

• In a reference list entry, the publication year appears directly after the author’s name.
• In a bibliography entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).

There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a Chicago annotated bibliography .

In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.

In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.

However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.

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