importance of literature review in political science research

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Political Science Subject Guide: Literature Reviews

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More Literature Review Writing Tips

• Thesis Whisperer- Bedraggled Daisy Lay advice on writing theses and dissertations. This article demonstrates in more detail one aspect of our discussion

Books on the Literature Review

What is a literature review?

"A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. [...] In writing the literature review, your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g., your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries."

(from "The Literature Review: A Few Tips on Writing It," http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review )

Strategies for conducting your own literature review

1. Use this guide as a starting point. Begin your search with the resources linked from the political science subject guide. These library catalogs and databases will help you identify what's been published on your topic.

2. What came first? Try bibliographic tracing. As you're finding sources, pay attention to what and whom these authors cite. Their footnotes and bibliographies will point you in the direction of additional scholarship on your topic.

3. What comes next? Look for reviews and citation reports. What did scholars think about that book when it was published in 2003? Has anyone cited that article since 1971? Reviews and citation analysis tools can help you determine if you've found the seminal works on your topic--so that you can be confident that you haven't missed anything important, and that you've kept up with the debates in your field. You'll find book reviews in JSTOR and other databases. Google Scholar has some citation metrics; you can use Web of Science ( Social Sciences Citation Index ) for more robust citation reports.

4. Stay current. Get familiar with the top journals in your field, and set up alerts for new articles. If you don't know where to begin, APSA and other scholarly associations often maintain lists of journals, broken out by subfield . In many databases (and in Google Scholar), you can also set up search alerts, which will notify you when additional items have been added that meet your search criteria.

5. Stay organized. A citation management tool--e.g., RefWorks, Endnote, Zotero, Mendeley--will help you store your citations, generate a bibliography, and cite your sources while you write. Some of these tools are also useful for file storage, if you'd like to keep PDFs of the articles you've found. To get started with citation management tools, check out this guide . 

How to find existing literature reviews

1. Consult Annual Reviews.  The Annual Review of Political Science consists of thorough literature review essays in all areas of political science, written by noted scholars. The library also subscribes to Annual Reviews in economics, law and social science, sociology, and many other disciplines.

2. Turn to handbooks, bibliographies, and other reference sources. Resources like Oxford Bibliographies Online and assorted handbooks ( Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics , Oxford Handbook of American Elections and Political Behavior , etc.) are great ways to get a substantive introduction to a topic, subject area, debate, or issue. Not exactly literature reviews, but they do provide significant reference to and commentary on the relevant literature--like a heavily footnoted encyclopedia for specialists in a discipline. 

3. Search databases and Google Scholar.   Use the recommended databases in the "Articles & Databases" tab of this guide and try a search that includes the phrase "literature review."

4. Search in journals for literature review articles.  Once you've identified the important journals in your field as suggested in the section above, you can target these journals and search for review articles. 

5. Find book reviews.  These reviews can often contain useful contextual information about the concerns and debates of a field. Worldwide Political Science Abstracts is a good source for book reviews, as is JSTOR . To get to book reviews in JSTOR, select the advanced search option, use the title of the book as your search phrase, and narrow by item type: reviews. You can also narrow your search further by discipline.

6. Cast a wide net--don't forget dissertations.  Dissertations and theses often include literature review sections. While these aren't necessarily authoritative, definitive literature reviews (you'll want to check in Annual Reviews for those), they can provide helpful suggestions for sources to consider.

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Political science.

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• Literature Reviews

This guide is designed to:

• Identify the sections and purpose of a literature review in academic writing
• Review practical strategies and organizational methods for preparing a literature review

Useful Links:

• CQUniversity Library - Literature Reviews
• How I Teach Students to Write Literature Reviews
• Research Rabbit
• How to Read a Scholarly Article
• Annual Reviews
• Social Science Citation Index
• Political Science Abstracts - World Wide
• Humanities and Social Sciences Retrospective
• LUC Writing Center
• The Matrix Method
• Lit Review Presentation (2-23-24)
• Lit Review Steps
• Literature_Matrix_Basic_BLANK
• LitReviewMatrixTemplate

What Is a Literature Review?

A literature review is a summary and synthesis of scholarly research on a specific topic. It should answer questions such as:

• What research has been done on the topic?
• Who are the key researchers and experts in the field?
• What are the common theories and methodologies?
• Are there challenges, controversies, and contradictions?
• Are there gaps in the research that your approach addresses?

The process of reviewing existing research allows you to fine-tune your research question and contextualize your own work. Preparing a literature review is a cyclical process. You may find that the research question you begin with evolves as you learn more about the topic.

Review the Literature

Once you have defined your research question, focus on learning what other scholars have written on the topic.

In order to do a thorough search of the literature on the topic, define the basic criteria:

• Databases and journals: Look at the subject guide related to your topic for recommended databases. 
• Books: Search the Library's catalog. 
• What time period should it cover? Is currency important?
• Do I know of primary and secondary sources that I can use as a way to find other information?
• What should I be aware of when looking at popular, trade, and scholarly resources? 

One strategy is to review bibliographies for sources that relate to your interest.

Tip: Use a Synthesis Matrix

As you read sources, themes will emerge that will help you to organize the review. You can use a simple Synthesis Matrix to track your notes as you read. From this work, a concept map emerges that provides an overview of the literature and ways in which it connects. Working with Zotero to capture the citations, you build the structure for writing your literature review.

Pacheco-Vega, R. (2016, June 17).  Synthesizing different bodies of work in your literature review: The Conceptual Synthesis Excel Dump (CSED) technique .  http://www.raulpacheco.org/2016/06/synthesizing-different-bodies-of-work-in-your-literature-review-the-conceptual-synthesis-excel-dump-technique/

How do I know when I am done?

A key indicator for knowing when you are done is running into the same articles and materials. With no new information being uncovered, you are likely exhausting your current search and should modify search terms or search different catalogs or databases. It is also possible that you have reached a point when you can start writing the literature review.

Tip: Manage Your Citations

These citation management tools also create citations, footnotes, and bibliographies with just a few clicks:

Zotero 

Write the Literature Review

Your literature review should be focused on the topic defined in your research question. It should be written in a logical, structured way and maintain an objective perspective and use a formal voice.

Review the Summary Table you created for themes and connecting ideas. Use the following guidelines to prepare an outline of the main points you want to make. 

• Synthesize previous research on the topic.
• Aim to include both summary and synthesis.
• Include literature that supports your research question as well as that which offers a different perspective.
• Avoid relying on one author or publication too heavily.
• Select an organizational structure, such as chronological, methodological, and thematic.

The three elements of a literature review are introduction, body, and conclusion.

Introduction

• Define the topic of the literature review, including any terminology.
• Introduce the central theme and organization of the literature review.
• Summarize the state of research on the topic.
• Frame the literature review with your research question.
• Focus on ways to have the body of literature tell its own story. Do not add your own interpretations at this point.
• Look for patterns and find ways to tie the pieces together.
• Summarize instead of quote.
• Weave the points together rather than list summaries of each source.
• Include the most important sources, not everything you have read.
• Summarize the review of the literature.
• Identify areas of further research on the topic.
• Connect the review with your research.
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Political Science: Conducting a Literature Review

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What is a Literature Review?

"A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. [...] In writing the literature review, your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g., your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries."

From Yale University Library "The Literature Review: A Few Tips on Writing It," http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review )

Literature Review Help

Courtesy of the University of North Carolina State University Libraries

• Annual Reviews This link opens in a new window Critical reviews of current research in biomedical, life, physical, and social sciences disciplines. More Info Partial Full-Text UB ONLY

Useful Guides for Doing One

• The Literature Review: A Few Tips on Conducting it (University of Toronto)
• Organizing Your Social Science Research Paper: 5. The Literature Review (USC Libraries) 
• How to Write a Literature Review 
• Review of the Literature
• Literature Reviews (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)

How to Conduct a Literature Review in Political Science

• Literature Reviews (Political Science) (Yale University Library)
• Literature Review (Michigan State University)
• Literature Review (CQ University Library)

How to Read a Research Article

• How to Read a Scientific Paper (Elsevier)
• The Art of Reading Research Papers (Simon Fraser University)

More on Doing a Literature Review

• Jeffrey W. Knopf, "Doing a Literature Review," PS: Political Science & Politics 1 (January 2006): pp. 127-132.
• Iain McMenamin, "Process and Text: Teaching Students to Review the Literature," PS: Political Science & Politics 1 (January 2006): pp. 133-135.

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I.  What is a Literature Review? The purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies. It can be a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern, combining both summary and synthesis.

• Review of the Literature (Wisconsin)
• Systematic Literature Review vs Narrative Reviews
• Get Lit: the Literature Review Candace Schaefer in the Texas A&M University Writing Center.

III.  What Major Steps and Basic Elements Literature Reviews Require?

• Overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of literature review
• Perform a literature review, finding materials relevant to the subject being explored
• Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, etc)
• Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others
• Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research
• Write a Lit Review (UCSC)

IV.    Which Citation Tool Are You Going to Use to Manage the Literature Sources? Choose your citation tool before conducing your literature reviews.  There are a number of choices, including following software supported by the Libraries and the University:

• RefWorks Available at no cost to Texas A&M affiliates.
• EndNote Available for free through a campus-wide site license.

Cited Reference Searching

Cited references are the sources consulted in writing an article or a book, often referred to within the text of the work. A list of cited references may appear as Bibliographic Notes, Footnotes or Endnotes, References, List of Sources Cited or Consulted. In order for an article to be cited, it needs to have been published for a long enough period of time for another published article, citing it to appear.

These listings can be helpful in a number of ways:

• Finding an article on a relevant topic and accumulating similar helpful resources
• Following a specific idea or theory back to its first appearance in the literature
• Finding articles that build on a specific theory or the most recent article on a topic
• Identifying experts or leaders on a specific topic
• Documenting scholarly reputation and impact for tenure and promotion

The cited reference databases are efficient in pulling together many articles on a topic with their references and in identifying which articles on a topic have been cited most frequently.  They can also help identify the “top” journals in a field by impact factor, which may be useful for assessing them.

• Web of Science This link opens in a new window covers the world’s leading scholarly literature in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities and examines proceedings of international conferences, symposia, seminars, colloquia, workshops, and conventions. It also includes cited references and citation mapping functions.

Searches can be done by:

• Title or Topic
•  Author or Editor – The Author Finder tool includes variations on an author’s name
• Journal or Publication Name
• Grant Name or Funding Agency
• Limited by year, Language, Document Type 

The citation of the article  will be retrieved with its references as well as the number of times cited and by whom.

You can refine your search results by subject area, useful when there is more than one author with the same name, or by document type.  You can see the number of articles in your set contributed by particular authors and institutions and can create a citation report to identify which articles in your results have been cited the most.

You can easily export your results to bibliographic software like EndNote or RefWorks.

Articles can be searched by:

• Abstract word or keyword
• Source or journal
• Author (by name or by affiliation)
• Limit by date or document type

The database allows accounts to be set up and can save search alerts and journals lists.  Scopus also provides journal analytics including data and graphs to illustrate the total citations, articles published, trend line and % not cited over time.  It has the ability to exclude self-citations.

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Sage Research Methods-How to Write a Literature Review

Dr. Eric Jensen, Professor of Sociology at the University of Warwick, and Dr. Charles Laurie, Director of Research at Verisk Maplecroft, explain how to write a literature review and why researchers need to do so.

The steps of how to write a literature review discussed in the video include the following:

• How Do You Conduct a Literature Review?
• How Do You Find and Organize Sources of Information?
• How Do You Assess These Sources of Information?
• How Do You Write up Your Findings?
• How Do You Identify Gaps in Literature?

Other sources for Writing Literature Reviews

• Owl Purdue - Writing a Literature Review Provides a general overview of how to write a literature review.

What's a Literature Review?

• Acquire a better understanding of the current state of knowledge in a particular discipline or field of study, providing context for a research project.
• Identify key concepts, theories, methodologies, and other findings related to their research topic, which helps researchers in build theoretical frameworks based on established theories and concepts.
• Identify gaps in a disciplinary area where there is a lack of research or conflicting findings, and highlight major questions that should be addressed in further literature.

Types of Literature Reviews

• Narrative literature reviews provide a general, qualitative summary of the literature. Narrative reviews focus on only a few studies that describe a topic of interest and are not systematic. Undergraduates writing research papers for the first time are usually assigned to write this type of review.
• Systematic reviews  follow a structured and rigorous methodology to systematically gather, analyze, and synthesize all relevant studies on a specific topic of literature. Systematic reviews use specific criteria to decide what literature to include in the review. Systematic reviews are primarily used in the medical and psychological literature.
• Meta-analyses  combine empirical statistical analysis research and data from multiple studies. The terms meta-analysis and systematic review are often used interchangeably.
• Scoping reviews map the literature in a broad sense to identify key themes and gaps. Unlike systematic reviews, which have a narrow focus, scoping reviews are broader in scope and explore a diversity of the available literature in a given field.

Resources for Locating Literature Reviews

Published literature reviews of all types are found in a variety of research databases. It is important to search different databases to locate relevant reviews. Regardless of the databases used, the following searches can be helpful:

• " literature review " OR " review of the literature " AND " your research topic/question/key terms "
• " systematic review " AND " your research topic/question/key terms "  
• " meta analysis " OR " meta-analysis " AND " your research topic/question/key terms "
• " scoping review " AND " your research topic/question/key terms "
• Annual Reviews The Annual Reviews series of publications provides literature review articles that analyze the most significant scholarly research published within the preceding year. These article-length reviews are authored by leading scholars and cover over 40 different subject disciplines in the social, behavioral, and hard sciences.
• JSTOR Started as a grant-funded project at the University of Michigan, JSTOR is now a  premier scholarly digital research database primarily for the humanities and social sciences. In addition to journal articles, users can access ebooks, book chapters, images, and primary source documents.  JSTOR contains the full text of more than 2,300 journals from 1,000 publishers, with publication dates ranging from 1665 to 2015 (for specific titles). Journals are available in more than 60 disciplines in the humanities, social sciences, sciences, and mathematics. Note:  The majority of journals in JSTOR have an embargo period or "Moving Wall" delay of 3 to 5 years. This means there is a gap in the availability of current issues of most JSTOR journals.
• The International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) The International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) is compiled by the British Library of Political and Economic Science at the London School of Economics. It provides access to scholarly literature in the social sciences, covering various disciplines, including sociology, political science, anthropology, economics, geography, and more. It includes over 3 million bibliographic references to journal articles, books, book reviews, and selected book chapters back to 1951.
• Project Muse Project Muse provides online access to many scholarly journals, books, and other academic resources in the humanities, social sciences, and arts. It is also a leading provider of digital humanities content. Project MUSE offers access to diverse, high-quality, peer-reviewed journals from renowned university presses, scholarly societies, and academic publishers. It also covers various disciplines, including literature, history, philosophy, political science, sociology, cultural studies, etc. Some institutions subscribe to the Project Muse Premium Collection, which contains over 700 scholarly journals from over 100 publishers on various subjects.
• Dissertations & Theses Global ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global is a comprehensive collection of academic theses and dissertations students submit as part of their university studies. Each dissertation or thesis provides a literature review section, offering a critical assessment of the sources used to write the work.
• Science Direct Science Direct provides a large collection of Social Sciences and Humanities journals and books, highlighting historical context, current developments, theories, applications, trends, and more.
• Social Science Citation Index™ (Web of Science) Social Sciences Citation Index™ provides access to a wide range of scholarly literature in the social sciences, including sociology, psychology, political science, anthropology, economics, and education, among others. Contains over 3,400 journals across 58 social sciences disciplines, as well as selected items from 3,500 of the world’s leading scientific and technical journals. More than 9.37 million records and 122 million cited references date back from 1900 to the present.
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Subject Guide

What is a literature review and why should you do it?

A literature review is:.

• a summary and evaluation of the significant research and/or theory published on a topic
• organized in a way that analyzes, integrates, and shows the relationship between research studies, as well as the way each has contributed to an understanding of the topic
• NOT just an annotated bibliography

The purpose of a literature review is to:

• provide an overview of relevant literature, research, and methodology in an area of study
• explore relationships among the prior research
• evaluate the prior research
• identify gaps and discrepancies in the literature
• identify areas of controversy in the literature
• make an argument for why further study of your research question is important to a field

 Benefits to the researcher:

• Establishing context and significance of the problem
• Discovering appropriate subject vocabulary
• Identifying methodologies
• Identifying what has been researched and where gaps may be found – underused methodologies, designs, populations
• Focusing research topic

Evaluate your articles by asking yourself some of these questions:

• What is the methodology ?
• What is the quality of the findings or conclusions?
• What are the article’s major strengths and weaknesses ?
• What beliefs are expressed/is there an ideological stance?
• Can the results be generalized?
• How does this fit in and compare with other articles I have read?

Writing the review

The literature review should deal with relationships – how do the articles relate to each other?  How do the articles relate to your research?

In the literature review:

• Explain the reason for reviewing the literature; explain why particular literature was included or excluded
• Summarize the major contributions of the significant articles
• Evaluate and compare the articles
• Evaluate the current state of the research -- explain inconsistencies in theory or conclusions, gaps in research, trends in what has been published, and opportunities for further research
• DO NOT just summarize the articles

Ways to organize:

• By theoretical approaches
• By concept or issue
• By methodologies employed
• By chronology, if significant changes in thought have taken place
• Use subheadings to clarify the structure
• Use original sources -- do not cite works you have not read
• Minimize direct quotations by summarizing in your own words (with citations)
• Use appropriate quotation and citation methods to avoid plagiarism
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Political Science Honors and Graduate Guide

• General Overview
• What is a Literature Review? Where do I Begin?
• Political Science Literature (Recommended)
• The Citation Search!
• Grey Literature
• Managing All These Citations?
• International Organizations
• Assistance with Methods
• Where Are Old Honors Theses and Dissertations?
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Exploring Secondary Resources

Use the I-BEAM method to figure out what  work  you mean each source to do in  your  piece of writing.  I-BEAM  stands for  I nstancing,  B ackground,  E xhibit,  A rgument, &  M ethod.

Instancing  is the use of sources to indicate the context and nature of the question you are addressing, or even its very existence. 

These sources will probably show up in your introduction , to help define your project in light of what has come before and establish a context in which your reader can see the importance of your project.

Background  source use is for facts or "objective" information. You expect your reader to simply trust these outright, so they must be widely accepted in your field as credible sources for facts and information. Exhibit  sources are those you  analyze  in your essay, ultimately for evidence to help you sustain your claims and deal with counter-claims. Your analysis of these sources—through detailed description, quantitative analysis, or other methods—will likely constitute the bulk of your research essay. These are your most important "primary sources."

Argument  sources are ones you draw on for key claims, concepts (with stipulated definitions), and theories you are using and responding to in your essay. In many fields, these will be considered your most important "secondary sources." Most of these will be academic sources (academic journal articles, books or book chapters, essays in anthologies, dissertations, master's theses, etc.). Your essay might be doing any combination of  forwarding  (applying, extending, revising) or  countering  (rebutting, refuting, delineating) these arguments. Method  sources are those you use for the methods they model, especially in cases where the method itself is unique, innovative, or particularly applicable to your project. For example, you might cite and describe a certain quantitative method, adapting it for your own purposes in your essay. You might also consider as "method" sources those from which you derive your own mode of questioning, way of thinking, or style of writing. Sources influential in these more subtle ways are sometimes noted in acknowledgements or epigraphs rather than citations.

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Definition of a literature review

• Framework of Information Literacy
• Citing using Americal Political Science Association (APSA) Style
• Undergraduate Research Toolkit

A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a particular area of research.  The review should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify this previous research.  It should give a theoretical base for the research and help you (the author) determine the nature of your research.  The literature review acknowledges the work of previous researchers, and in so doing, assures the reader that your work has been well conceived.  It is assumed that by mentioning a previous work in the field of study, that the author has read, evaluated, and assimilated that work into the work at hand.

A literature review creates a "landscape" for the reader, giving her or him a full understanding of the developments in the field.  This landscape informs the reader that the author has indeed assimilated all (or the vast majority of) previous, significant works in the field into her or his research. 

Review articles. Sometimes categorized as a literature review in a database, a review article is a survey of articles on a topic with findings summarized. This provides the reader with the current state of research in a field or research area.

• Dartmouth University Library's "Writing a Literature Review"
• UNC Writing Center's guide on Literature Reviews
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Political Studies: Literature Review

Research methodology sources.

In the Library Catalogue , you can search for a variety of research methodolgy sources including general sources, sources specific to Political Studies, or sources about a specific research method.

Sample subject headings:

• Political Science -- Methodology
• Political Science -- Research
• Qualitative research

Sample keyword searches by research method:

• Grounded Theory
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Critiquing Research

Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., & Ryan, F. (2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. part 1: Quantitative research. British Journal of Nursing, 16(11), 658-663. 

Ryan, F., Coughlan, M., & Cronin, P. (2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. part 2: Qualitative research. British Journal of Nursing, 16(12), 738-745.  

Letts, L., Wilkins, S., Law, M., Stewart, D., Bosch J., & Westmorland, M., (2007).  Critical Review Form - Qualitative Studies (version 2.0).  McMaster University.

Defining the Literature Review

These videos from North Carolina State University give a good overview of the process for conducting a  literature review.

Types of Literature Reviews

Completing a Literature Review

Sites to Further Help You

• UNC Writing Center Handout for Writing a Lit Review
• UW-Madison Writing Center Learn How to Write a Review of Literature
• University of Toronto The Literature Review: A Few Tips on Conducting It
• The Literature Review in Under 5 Minutes

Free Online Course (MOOC)

Research Writing: How to Do a Literature Review (from The University of Wollongong in Australia)

Topics covered:

• Understanding the literature review as a genre, and its fundamental role in all serious investigations and research projects
• Developing a useful list of search terms and understanding where to use them to find the most relevant literature available
• Developing a professional bibliography and annotating it with critical evaluations of readings
• Asking good questions to guide the reading and writing process
• Planning a critical discussion in response to specific questions and based on evidence from the published literature

Sources to Assist With the Writing Process

• Succeeding with your Master's Dissertation : A Step-By-Step Handbook by Biggam, John Call Number: e-book Publication Date: 2008
• The Student's Guide to Preparing Dissertations and Theses by Brian Allison and Phil Race Call Number: e-book Publication Date: 2004

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Political science.

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• Annual Reviews*
• Annual Review of Political Science * "The Annual Review of Political Science, in publication since 1998, covers significant developments in the field of Political Science including political theory and philosophy, international relations, political economy, political behavior, American and comparative politics, public administration and policy, and methodology."
• Annual Reviews * Annual Review publications are among the most highly cited in scholarly literature. Annual Reviews are published each year for 46 disciplines including the Social Sciences.

"Writing A Literature Review Is An Inevitable Part of Being A Graduate Student" (NCSU)

Annual Reviews* - The Ultimate Lit Review

"Annual Review articles hold a unique place in the scholarly communication ecosystem because they transfer expert knowledge synthesized from the exponentially expanding corpus of scientific literature to scholars and society. To create this impactful content, we bring together expert Editorial Committees in each covered discipline and facilitate meetings where members can discuss trends in each field and select relevant topics for review. Authoritative authors are then invited to submit reviews, and they readily accept the challenge to help shape and define their field as a service to scholars and society. The number of Annual Review journals continues to grow over a broad range of disciplines within the Biomedical, Life, Physical, and Social Sciences, including Economics. The creation of a new title indicates that the amount of original research in a field has reached a critical mass."

Sample Literature Review

• Song, S. (2018). Political Theories of Migration. Annual Review of Political Science, 21, 385-402. Abstract : The topic of migration raises important and challenging normative questions about the legitimacy of state power, the boundaries of political membership, and justice within and across state borders. States exercise power over borders, but what, if anything, justifies this power? Is it morally permissible for liberal democratic states to prevent their citizens from exiting the country and exclude prospective migrants from entering? If liberal democratic states are justified in excluding some and accepting others, how should they decide whom to admit? This review examines how contemporary political theorists and philosophers have answered these questions. First, I examine the conventional view that says states have the right to control immigration; second, I discuss arguments for open borders. The third section examines critique of open borders, and the fourth section considers more recent arguments that have been advanced in favor of the conventional view. I conclude with some suggestions for future research. Keywords : borders, migration, emigration, immigration, refugees. APA Cite : Song, S. (2018). Political Theories of Migration. Annual Review of Political Science, 21, 385-402. Author : Sarah Song, School of Law and Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; email: [email protected]
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Political Science : Literature Reviews

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What is a literature review?

A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area. It can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis . A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It might give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations. Or it might trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant.

Writing a literature review

A literature review, like a term paper, is usually organized around ideas, not the sources themselves as an annotated bibliography would be organized. This means that you will not just simply list your sources and go into detail about each one of them, one at a time.  As you read widely in your topic area, consider instead what themes or issues connect your sources together. Do they present one or different solutions? Is there an aspect of the field that is missing? How well do they present the material and do they portray it according to an appropriate theory? Do they reveal a trend in the field? A raging debate? You may want to pick one of these themes to focus the organization of your review.

(This section was adapted from the University of North Carolina Writing Center's Guide to Literature Reviews .)

Sources to Help You

Writing a Literature Review and Using a Synthesis Matrix

Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review

• Concept Map Streamline your searching by expanding your list of keywords/search terms.
• Academic Reading Strategies Provides tips for deeper understanding of what you read.
• Literature Review Matrix: Summarize and Synthesize A tool to help you summarize and synthesize what you find.
• Guide for Writing in Political Science (Southwestern Univ.)

TIP:    Look for other literature reviews in your subject area to see how they are written.  Use the keyword "literature review."

The Writing Process

Research is only half of the equation when you're working on an academic project.  You must now synthesize your ideas and sources into a logical, coherent product.  Here are some links that will help you with this process.

• Citation Guides Now that you've researched, written and revised, it's time to properly cite your sources. These guides will help you to give attribution to your references. There's a tab on the guide with information about Citation Managers (e.g. RefWorks, Zotero).
• APSA Style Guide
• APSA Style tip sheet
• Writing Process Map
• How to Start Your Research: A DIY Guide by Benjamin Hoover Last Updated Jun 13, 2024 397 views this year

Key Features of Empirical Research

These are some key features to look for when identifying empirical research in political science.

NOTE:  Not all of these features will be in every empirical research article, some may be excluded, use this only as a guide.

• Statement of methodology
• Research questions are clear and measurable
• Individuals, group, subjects which are being studied are identified/defined
• Data is presented regarding the findings
• Controls or instruments such as surveys or tests were conducted
• There is a literature review
• There is discussion of the results included
• Citations/references are included

Some useful keywords may be...

• Action Research
• Case Studies
• Ethnography
• Evaluation Methods
• Evaluation Research
• Experiments
• Focus Groups
• Field Studies
• Qualitative Research
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What is A Literature Review?

Definition :

A Literature Review surveys scholarly source materials that are relevant to a person's research thesis/problem and/or a particular issue or theory. It also provides a critical analysis that summarizes and synthesizes the source materials while also demonstrating how a person's research pertains to or fits within the larger discipline of study.

Literature Reviews vary from discipline to discipline as well as across assignments, but generally a good literature review is designed to help you answer 2 questions:

• What do we know about this particular issue, theory or subject?
• What do we not know about this particular issue, theory or subject?

Good literature reviews also :

• Evaluate the context of scholarly material for its contribution to the understanding of the research thesis being studied.
• Explain the relationships between each of the works under deliberation.
• Identify gaps in previous research.
• Define new ways to interpret research within a discipline.
• Address conflicts found in contradictory research previously conducted.
• Identify the need for additional research.

For Your Literature Review Include:

1. Introduction to the topic. State the topic, purpose, and significance. Provide a brief overview outlining the central points covered.

2. Relevance and Importance of studying this topic. What direction will the review take? Specific Aspects?

3. Literature Review. Organize your review of the research literature:  Methods, Chronological, different approaches or perspectives, etc... Remember you want to find the seminal or major works on your topic Avoid discussinh each article separately. Explore relationships and aim to compare/contrast more than one article in most paragraphs.

4. Any "Lessons Learned" that can be drawn from the literature review.

5. Future Directions. State any areas for further research, i.e. gaps, omissions, inconsistencies, hitherto unexplored aspects. 

 What types of literature are considered in a literature review

Peer-Reviewed articles are usually considered the most credible sources and the most common format of literature for a review.

In addition, when doing your research, consider those articles written by scholars who have written extensively on the specific topic or related areas. 

And more ......

A literature review DOES:

• discuss the work of others
• describe, in a narrative fashion, the major developments that relate to your research question
• evaluate other researchers' methods and findings
• identify any gaps in their research
• indicate how your research is going to be different in some way

A literature review DOES NOT:

• simply list all the resources that you consult in developing your research (that would be a Works Cited or Works Consulted page)
• simply list resources with a few factual, non-evaluative notes about what is in each work (that would be an Annotated Bibliography)
• try to discuss every bit of research that has ever been done relating to your topic (that would be far too big of a task)

Still confused?  See this guide  from the University of North Carolina for a more detailed explanation of lit reviews.

Tips for Writing Your Literature Review

• Signal Phrases for Summarizing, Paraphrasing, & Quotations
• Do not over "quote." If you only quote from every single author you found, then you are not showing any original thinking or analysis. Use quotes judiciously. Use quotes to highlight a particular passage or thought that exemplifies the research, theory or topic you are researching.
• Instead use paraphrasing to report, in your own words, what the author was reporting or theorizing.
• Summarize findings, important sections or a whole article--this is different from paraphrasing since you are not re-stating the author words but identifying the main points of what you are reading in a concise matter for your readers.
• When synthesizing your findings for the literature review (this is when you make comparisons, establish relationships between authors' works, point out weaknesses, strengths and gaps among the literature review), you still need to give credit to these sources.
• Short paragraphs are easier to read than long paragraphs.
• Subheadings and subsections can help to underscore the structure of your review.
• Do more than just summarize the readings.  A lit review is not an annotated bibliography.
• Resist the temptation to refer to *all* the readings you've evaluated.  To begin with, focus on readings you've identified as essential or representative

Literature Review vs. Annotated Bibliography

Literature reviews and annotated bibliographies may appear similar in nature, but in fact, they vary greatly in two very important areas: purpose and format.

Differences in Purpose :

Literature Review : A literature review works to do two main things. The first is to provide a case for continuing research into a particular subject or idea by giving an overview of source materials you have discovered on a subject or idea. The second is to demonstrate how your research will fit into the the larger discipline of study by noting discipline knowledge gaps and contextulizing questions for the betterment of the discipline. Literature reviews tend to have a stated or implied thesis as well.

Annotated Bibliography : An annotated bibliography is basically an aphabetically arranged list of references that consists of citations and a brief summary and critique of each of the source materials. The element of critiquing appears to give literature reviews and annotated bibliographies their apparent similarities but in truth this is where they greatly differ. An annotated bibliography normally critiques the quality of the source material  while literature reviews concentrate on the value of the source material in its ability to answer a particular question or support an argument.  

Differences in Format :

Literature Review : A literature review is a formally written prose document very similar to journal articles.  Many literature reviews are incorporated directly into scholarly source material as part of the formal research process. The literature review is typically a required component of dissertations and theses.

Annotated Bibliography : An annotated bibliography is a formal list of citations with annotations or short descriptions and critiques of particular source materials. Annotated bibliographies act as a precursor to a literature review as an organizational tool.

Literature Review Examples

To find literature reviews in databases like Academic Search Complete:

• Type your search term in the first search box.
• Type literature review in the second search box.

Some sample reviews:

• Writing a Short Literature Review
• Sample Literature Review
• Another Sample Literature Review

Ways to Organize Your Literature Review

Chronologically by Events   If your review follows the chronological method, you could write about the materials according to when they were published. This approach should only be followed if a clear path of research building on previous research can be identified and that these trends follow a clear chronological order of development. For example, a literature review that focuses on continuing research about the emergence of German economic power after the fall of the Soviet Union. By Publication Date Order your sources by publication date if the order demonstrates an important trend. For instance, you could order a review of literature on environmental studies of brown fields if the progression revealed, for example, a change in the soil collection practices of the researchers who wrote and/or conducted the studies. Thematically (“conceptual categories”) Thematic reviews of literature are organized around a topic or issue, rather than the progression of time. However, progression of time may still be an important factor in a thematic review. For example, a review of the Internet’s impact on American presidential politics could focus on the development of online political satire. While the study focuses on one topic, the Internet’s impact on American presidential politics, it will still be organized chronologically reflecting technological developments in media. The only difference here between a "chronological" and a "thematic" approach is what is emphasized the most: the role of the Internet in presidential politics. Note however that more authentic thematic reviews tend to break away from chronological order. A review organized in this manner would shift between time periods within each section according to the point made. Methodologically A methodological approach focuses on the methods utilized by the researcher. For the Internet in American presidential politics project, one methodological approach would be to look at cultural differences between the portrayal of American presidents on American, British, and French websites. Or the review might focus on the fundraising impact of the Internet on a particular political party. A methodological scope will influence either the types of documents in the review or the way in which these documents are discussed.

(adapted from  "The Literature Review"  from Organizing Your Social Research Paper, University of Southern California )

Best Practices: Quoting, Paraphrasing, etc.

Definitions:

Quoting *: "(a) to speak or write (a passage) from another usually with credit acknowledgment. (b) to repeat a passage especially in substantiation or illustration."

Paraphrasing *: Paraphrase is the "restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form."

Summarizing *: It's the process of summarizing a text or paragraph to tis main points succinctly.

Synthesizing *: "1. (a) the composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form a whole."

 *Definitions from Merriam Webster Dictionary Online: http://www.m-w.com <Accessed September 1st, 2011>

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The Relevance of Political Awareness: A Literature Review with Meta-Analysis

• First Online: 10 December 2021

Cite this chapter

• Carl Görtz 5  

478 Accesses

3 Citations

Has research overlooked causes of citizens’ political awareness—and are the empirical merits, connected to political awareness, not that convincing as we thought? Recently, such topics have been discussed among scholars. Although, information about the state and development of the research is substandard. Therefore, this chapter provides an extensive literature review that focuses on how studies have theoretically employed the concept of political awareness and on results about the relevance of political awareness. The results from analyzing 78 articles are as follows. (1) Most of the research on political awareness uses political awareness as a moderating variable (38.4%), followed by nearly equal proportions of studies using political awareness as either an independent (20.5%) or dependent variable (24.3%), and a small number of studies using political awareness as an intervening variable. (2) The assessment of the empirical evidence brought forward in these studies, through meta-analysis, shows that an overwhelming majority of the research report positive and significant results. Suggesting that the field is essentially in agreement, the influence of the social world on public opinion and political behavior is far from equally distributed among the citizenry. Such effects are depended on citizens’ (levels of) political awareness.

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Conclusion: Rethinking Politicisation: What Have We Learned?

Casting light on citizens’ conceptions of what is ‘political’

Perceptions of politics and their implications: exploring the link between conceptualisations of politics and political participation

Studies marked * are included in the analyses.

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Görtz, C. (2022). The Relevance of Political Awareness: A Literature Review with Meta-Analysis. In: Kristensen, N.N., Denk, T., Olson, M., Solhaug, T. (eds) Perspectives on Political Awareness. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90394-7_2

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Why is it important to do a literature review in research?

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 “A substantive, thorough, sophisticated literature review is a precondition for doing substantive, thorough, sophisticated research”. Boote and Baile 2005

Authors of manuscripts treat writing a literature review as a routine work or a mere formality. But a seasoned one knows the purpose and importance of a well-written literature review.  Since it is one of the basic needs for researches at any level, they have to be done vigilantly. Only then the reader will know that the basics of research have not been neglected.

The aim of any literature review is to summarize and synthesize the arguments and ideas of existing knowledge in a particular field without adding any new contributions.   Being built on existing knowledge they help the researcher to even turn the wheels of the topic of research.  It is possible only with profound knowledge of what is wrong in the existing findings in detail to overpower them.  For other researches, the literature review gives the direction to be headed for its success. 

The common perception of literature review and reality:

As per the common belief, literature reviews are only a summary of the sources related to the research. And many authors of scientific manuscripts believe that they are only surveys of what are the researches are done on the chosen topic.  But on the contrary, it uses published information from pertinent and relevant sources like

• Scholarly books
• Scientific papers
• Latest studies in the field
• Established school of thoughts
• Relevant articles from renowned scientific journals

and many more for a field of study or theory or a particular problem to do the following:

• Summarize into a brief account of all information
• Synthesize the information by restructuring and reorganizing
• Critical evaluation of a concept or a school of thought or ideas
• Familiarize the authors to the extent of knowledge in the particular field
• Encapsulate
• Compare & contrast

By doing the above on the relevant information, it provides the reader of the scientific manuscript with the following for a better understanding of it:

• It establishes the authors’  in-depth understanding and knowledge of their field subject
• It gives the background of the research
• Portrays the scientific manuscript plan of examining the research result
• Illuminates on how the knowledge has changed within the field
• Highlights what has already been done in a particular field
• Information of the generally accepted facts, emerging and current state of the topic of research
• Identifies the research gap that is still unexplored or under-researched fields
• Demonstrates how the research fits within a larger field of study
• Provides an overview of the sources explored during the research of a particular topic

Importance of literature review in research:

The importance of literature review in scientific manuscripts can be condensed into an analytical feature to enable the multifold reach of its significance.  It adds value to the legitimacy of the research in many ways:

• Provides the interpretation of existing literature in light of updated developments in the field to help in establishing the consistency in knowledge and relevancy of existing materials
• It helps in calculating the impact of the latest information in the field by mapping their progress of knowledge.
• It brings out the dialects of contradictions between various thoughts within the field to establish facts
• The research gaps scrutinized initially are further explored to establish the latest facts of theories to add value to the field
• Indicates the current research place in the schema of a particular field
• Provides information for relevancy and coherency to check the research
• Apart from elucidating the continuance of knowledge, it also points out areas that require further investigation and thus aid as a starting point of any future research
• Justifies the research and sets up the research question
• Sets up a theoretical framework comprising the concepts and theories of the research upon which its success can be judged
• Helps to adopt a more appropriate methodology for the research by examining the strengths and weaknesses of existing research in the same field
• Increases the significance of the results by comparing it with the existing literature
• Provides a point of reference by writing the findings in the scientific manuscript
• Helps to get the due credit from the audience for having done the fact-finding and fact-checking mission in the scientific manuscripts
• The more the reference of relevant sources of it could increase more of its trustworthiness with the readers
• Helps to prevent plagiarism by tailoring and uniquely tweaking the scientific manuscript not to repeat other’s original idea
• By preventing plagiarism , it saves the scientific manuscript from rejection and thus also saves a lot of time and money
• Helps to evaluate, condense and synthesize gist in the author’s own words to sharpen the research focus
• Helps to compare and contrast to  show the originality and uniqueness of the research than that of the existing other researches
• Rationalizes the need for conducting the particular research in a specified field
• Helps to collect data accurately for allowing any new methodology of research than the existing ones
• Enables the readers of the manuscript to answer the following questions of its readers for its better chances for publication
• What do the researchers know?
• What do they not know?
• Is the scientific manuscript reliable and trustworthy?
• What are the knowledge gaps of the researcher?

22. It helps the readers to identify the following for further reading of the scientific manuscript:

• What has been already established, discredited and accepted in the particular field of research
• Areas of controversy and conflicts among different schools of thought
• Unsolved problems and issues in the connected field of research
• The emerging trends and approaches
• How the research extends, builds upon and leaves behind from the previous research

A profound literature review with many relevant sources of reference will enhance the chances of the scientific manuscript publication in renowned and reputed scientific journals .

References:

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A systematic literature review of modalities, trends, and limitations in emotion recognition, affective computing, and sentiment analysis.

1. Introduction

2. methodology, 2.1. research questions, 2.2. search process, 2.2.1. search terms, 2.2.2. inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2.2.3. quality assessment, 2.2.4. data extraction, 3.1. overview, 3.2. unimodal data approaches, 3.2.1. unimodal physical approaches, 3.2.2. unimodal speech data approaches.

• Several articles mention the use of transfer learning for speech emotion recognition. This technique involves training models on one dataset and applying them to another. This can improve the efficiency of emotion recognition across different datasets.
• Some articles discuss multitask learning models, which are designed to simultaneously learn multiple related tasks. In the context of speech emotion recognition, this approach may help capture commonalities and differences across different datasets or emotions.
• Data augmentation techniques are mentioned in multiple articles, which involve generating additional training data from existing data, which can improve model performance and generalization.
• Attention mechanisms are a common trend for improving emotion recognition. Attention models allow the model to focus on specific features or segments of the input data that are most relevant for recognizing emotions, such as in multi-level attention-based approaches.
• Many articles discuss the use of deep learning models, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and some variants like “Two-Stage Fuzzy Fusion Based-Convolution Neural Network, “Deep Convolutional LSTM”, and “Attention-Oriented Parallel CNN Encoders”.
• While deep learning is prevalent, some articles explore novel feature engineering methods, such as modulation spectral features and wavelet packet information gain entropy, to enhance emotion recognition.
• From the list of articles on unimodal emotion recognition through speech, 7.14% address the challenge of recognizing emotions across different datasets or corpora. This is an important trend for making emotion recognition models more versatile.
• A few articles focus on making emotion recognition models more interpretable and explainable, which is crucial for real-world applications and understanding how the model makes its predictions.
• Ensemble methods, which combine multiple models to make predictions, are mentioned in several articles as a way to improve the performance of emotion recognition systems.
• Some articles discuss emotion recognition in specific contexts, such as call/contact centers, school violence detection, depression detection, analysis of podcast recordings, noisy environment analysis, in-the-wild sentiment analysis, and speech emotion segmentation of vowel-like and non-vowel-like regions. This indicates a trend toward applying emotion recognition in diverse applications.

3.2.3. Unimodal Text Data Approaches

3.2.4. unimodal physiological data approaches.

• Attention and self-attention mechanisms: These suggest that researchers are paying attention to the relevance of different parts of EEG signals for emotion recognition.
• Generative adversarial networks (GANs): Used for generating synthetic EEG data in order to improve the robustness and generalization of the models.
• Semi-supervised learning and domain transfer: Allow emotion recognition with limited datasets or datasets that are applicable to different domains, suggesting a concern for scalability and generalization of models.
• Interpretability and explainability: There is a growing interest in models that are interpretable and explainable, suggesting a concern for understanding how models make decisions and facilitating user trust in them.
• Utilization of transformers and capsule networks: Newer neural network architectures such as transformers and capsule networks are being explored for emotion recognition, indicating an interest in enhancing the modeling and representation capabilities of EEG signals.
• Although studies with a unimodal physical approach using signals different from EEG, like ECG, EDA, HR, and PPG, are still scarce, these can provide information about the cardiovascular system and the body’s autonomic response to emotions. Their limitations are that they may not be as specific or sensitive in detecting subtle or changing emotions. Noise and artifacts, such as motion, can affect the quality of these signals in practical situations and can be influenced by non-emotional factors, such as physical exercise and fatigue. Various studies explore the utilization of ECG and PPG signals for emotion recognition and stress classification. Techniques such as CNNs, LSTMs, attention mechanisms, self-supervised learning, and data augmentation are employed to analyze these signals and extract meaningful features for emotion recognition tasks. Bayesian deep learning frameworks are utilized for probabilistic modeling and uncertainty estimation in emotion prediction from HB data. These approaches aim to enhance human–computer interaction, improve mental health monitoring, and develop personalized systems for emotion recognition based on individual user characteristics.

3.3. Multi-Physical Data Approaches

• Most studies employ CNNs and RNNs, while others utilize variations of general neural networks, such as spiking neural networks (SNN) and tree-based neural networks. SNNs represent and transmit information through discrete bursts of neuronal activity, known as “spikes” or “pulses”, unlike conventional neural networks, which process information in continuous values. Additionally, several studies leverage advanced analysis models such as the stacked ensemble model and multimodal fusion models, which focus on integrating diverse sources of information to enhance decision-making. Transfer learning models and hybrid attention networks aim to capitalize on knowledge from related tasks or domains to improve performance in a target task. Attention-based neural networks prioritize capturing relevant information and patterns within the data. Semi-supervised and contrastive learning models offer alternative learning paradigms by incorporating both labeled and unlabeled data.
• The studies address diverse applications, including sarcasm, sentiment, and emotion recognition in conversations, financial distress prediction, performance evaluation in job interviews, emotion-based location recommendation systems, user experience (UX) analysis, emotion detection in video games, and in educational settings. This suggests that emotion recognition thorough multi-physical data analysis has a wide spectrum of applications in everyday life.
• Various audio and video signal processing techniques are employed, including pitch analysis, facial feature detection, cross-attention, and representational learning.

3.4. Multi-Physiological Data Approaches

• The fusion of physiological signals, such as EEG, ECG, PPG, GSR, EMG, BVP, EOG, respiration, temperature, and movement signals, is a predominant trend in these studies. The combination of multiple physiological signals allows for a richer representation of emotions.
• Most studies apply deep learning models, such as CNNs, RNNs, and autoencoder neural networks (AE), for the processing and analysis of these signals. Supervised and unsupervised learning approaches are also used.
• These studies focus on a variety of applications, such as emotion recognition in healthcare environments, brain–computer interfaces for music, emotion detection in interactive virtual environments, stress assessment in mobility environments for visually impaired people, among others. This indicates that emotion recognition based on physiological signals has applications in healthcare, technology, and beyond.
• Some studies focus on personalized emotion recognition, suggesting tailoring of models for each individual. This may be relevant for personalized health and wellness applications. Others focus on interactive applications and virtual environments useful for entertainment and virtual therapy.
• It is important to mention that the studies within this classification are quite limited in comparison to the previously described modalities. Although it appears that they are using similar physiological signals, the databases differ in terms of their approaches and generation methods. Therefore, there is an opportunity to establish a protocol for generating these databases, allowing for meaningful comparisons among studies.

3.5. Multi-Physical–Physiological Data Approaches

• Studies tend to combine multiple types of signals, such as EEG, facial expressions, voice signals, GSR, and other physiological data. Combining signals aims to take advantage of the complementarity of different modalities to improve accuracy in emotion detection.
• Machine learning models, in particular CNNs, are widely used in signal fusion for emotion recognition. CNN models can effectively process data from multiple modalities.
• Applications are also being explored in the health and wellness domain, such as emotion detection for emotional health analysis of people in smart environments.
• The use of standardized and widely accepted databases is important for comparing results between different studies; however, these are still limited.
• The trend towards non-intrusive sensors and wireless technology enables data collection in more natural and less intrusive environments, which facilitates the practical application of these systems in everyday environments.

4. Discussion

• Facial expression analysis approaches are currently being applied across various domains, including naturalistic settings (“in the wild”), on-road driver monitoring, virtual reality environments, smart homes, IoT and edge devices, and assistive robots. There is also a focus on mental health assessment, including autism, depression, and schizophrenia, and distinguishing between genuine and unfelt facial expressions of emotion. Efforts are being made to improve performance in processing faces acquired at a distance despite the challenges posed by low-quality images. Furthermore, there is an emerging interest in utilizing facial expression analysis in human–computer interaction (HCI), learning environments, and multicultural contexts.
• The recognition of emotions through speech and text has experienced tremendous growth, largely due to the abundance of information facilitated by advancements in technology and social media. This has enabled individuals to express their opinions and sentiments through various media, including podcast recordings, live videos, and readily available data sources such as social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and blogs. Additionally, researchers have utilized unconventional sources like stock market data and tourism-related reviews. The variety and richness of these data sources indicate a wide range of segments where such emotion recognition analyses can be applied effectively.
• EEG signals continue to be a prominent modality for emotion recognition due to their highly accurate insights into emotional states. Between 2022 and 2023, studies in this field experienced exponential growth. The identified trends include utilizing EEG for enhancing human–computer interaction, recognizing emotions in various contexts such as patients with consciousness disorders, movie viewing, virtual environments, and driving scenarios. EEG is being used for detecting and monitoring mental health issues. There is also a growing focus on personalization, leading towards more individualized and user-specific emotion recognition systems, Other physiological signals, such as ECG, EDA, and HR, are also gaining attention, albeit at a slower pace.
• In the realm of multi-physical, multi-physiological, and multi-physical–physiological approaches, it is the former that appears to be laying the groundwork, as evidenced by the abundance of studies in this area. The latter two approaches, incorporating fusions with physiological signals, are still relatively scarce but seem to be paving the way for future researchers to contribute to their growth. Multimodal approaches, which integrate both physical and physiological signals, are finding diverse applications in emotion recognition. These range from healthcare systems, individual and group mood research, personality recognition, pain intensity recognition, anxiety detection, work stress detection, stress classification and security monitoring in public spaces, to vehicle security monitoring, movie audience emotion recognition, applications for autism spectrum disorder detection, music interfacing, and virtual environments.
• Bidirectional encoder representations from transformers: Used in sentiment analysis and emotion recognition from text, BERT models can understand the context of words in sentences by pre-training on a large text and then fine-tuning for specific tasks like sentiment analysis.
• CNNs: These are commonly applied in facial emotion recognition, emotion recognition from physiological signals, and even in speech emotion recognition by analyzing spectrograms.
• RNNS and variants (LSTM, GRU): These models are suited for sequential data like speech and text. LSTMs and GRUs are particularly effective in speech emotion recognition and sentiment analysis of time-series data.
• Graph convolutional networks (GCNs): Applied in emotion recognition from EEG signals and conversation-based emotion recognition, these can model relational data and capture the complex dependencies in graph-structured data, like brain connectivity patterns or conversational contexts.
• Attention mechanisms and transformers: Enhancing the ability of models to focus on relevant parts of the data, attention mechanisms are integral to models like transformers for tasks that require understanding the context, such as sentiment analysis in long documents or emotion recognition in conversations.
• Ensemble models: Combining predictions from multiple models to improve accuracy, ensemble methods are used in multimodal emotion recognition, where inputs from different modalities (e.g., audio, text, and video) are integrated to make more accurate predictions.
• Autoencoders and generative adversarial networks (GANs): For tasks like data augmentation in emotion recognition from EEG or for generating synthetic data to improve model robustness, these unsupervised learning models can learn compact representations of data or generate new data samples, respectively.
• Multimodal fusion models: In applications requiring the integration of multiple data types (e.g., speech, text, and video for emotion recognition), fusion models combine features from different modalities to capture more comprehensive information for prediction tasks.
• Transfer learning: Utilizing pre-trained models on large datasets and fine-tuning them for specific affective computing tasks, transfer learning is particularly useful in scenarios with limited labeled data, such as sentiment analysis in niche domains.
• Spatio-temporal models: For tasks that involve data with both spatial and temporal dimensions (like video-based emotion recognition or physiological signal analysis), models that capture spatio-temporal dynamics are employed, combining approaches like CNNs for spatial features and RNNs/LSTMs for temporal features.

5. Conclusions

Author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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García-Hernández, R.A.; Luna-García, H.; Celaya-Padilla, J.M.; García-Hernández, A.; Reveles-Gómez, L.C.; Flores-Chaires, L.A.; Delgado-Contreras, J.R.; Rondon, D.; Villalba-Condori, K.O. A Systematic Literature Review of Modalities, Trends, and Limitations in Emotion Recognition, Affective Computing, and Sentiment Analysis. Appl. Sci. 2024 , 14 , 7165. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167165

García-Hernández RA, Luna-García H, Celaya-Padilla JM, García-Hernández A, Reveles-Gómez LC, Flores-Chaires LA, Delgado-Contreras JR, Rondon D, Villalba-Condori KO. A Systematic Literature Review of Modalities, Trends, and Limitations in Emotion Recognition, Affective Computing, and Sentiment Analysis. Applied Sciences . 2024; 14(16):7165. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167165

García-Hernández, Rosa A., Huizilopoztli Luna-García, José M. Celaya-Padilla, Alejandra García-Hernández, Luis C. Reveles-Gómez, Luis Alberto Flores-Chaires, J. Ruben Delgado-Contreras, David Rondon, and Klinge O. Villalba-Condori. 2024. "A Systematic Literature Review of Modalities, Trends, and Limitations in Emotion Recognition, Affective Computing, and Sentiment Analysis" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 7165. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167165

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