speech pathologist meaning in urdu

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• v.37(7); Nov-Dec 2021

Development & Validation of Urdu Receptive Language Scale (URLS)

Ghazal awais butt.

1 Ms. Ghazal Awais Butt, M.S (Speech Language Pathology) Speech Language Pathologist, Department of Speech Language Pathology, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan

Nazia Mumtaz

2 Dr. Nazia Mumtaz, PhD (Rehabilitation Sciences) Head of Department, Department of Speech Language Pathology, Faculty of Rehab and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan

Ghulam Saqulain

3 Dr. Ghulam Saqulain, F.C.P.S. (Otorhinolaryngology) Head of Department, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Capital Hospital PGMI, Islamabad, Pakistan

Objectives:

To develop “Urdu Receptive Language Scale (URLS)” for Urdu speaking Pakistani children of age 0-6 years.

This exploratory study was done at mainstream schools and day care centers on children with normal language development between the ages of 0-6 years from 1 st March 2016 to 31 st August 2016, by using convenient sampling technique. Firstly, the items for the questionnaire were constructed from four sources: literature review, experts, parents and direct observation of 384 Children of same age. Secondly the constructed test items were sent to the field experts (SLP’s) for the purpose of improvement. Thirdly, after incorporation of suggestions, the improved items were securitized by Urdu experts and finalized. In the next step, these items were tested for Relevance, Ambiguity, Clarity and Simplicity from field experts. The developed scale was then analyzed for reliability and validity by SPSS Version-18.

Study resulted in a 59 items Urdu Receptive Language Scale with each age range having different test items distribution. The mean of the relevance, clarity, simplicity, and ambiguity of test items was 3.89. The Item content validity index value was one for each of the 59 items. The content validity index for the entire scale was also one. The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.948, which indicates a high level of internal consistency.

Conclusion:

The developed 59 Item Urdu Receptive Language Scale is reliable and valid tool for language assessment of Urdu speaking Pakistani children of 0-6 years age.

INTRODUCTION

Voice, speech and language are tools essential for human communication. Voice is produced by the vibration of vocal cords, transformed into Speech, which is the production of recognizable sounds by the articulators. Language is the act of speech with intuitions of an individual transformed into words of a language, 1 hence it is a system of conventional signs and symbols that people of particular region or community use to express ideas and feelings. Language contains socially shared codes and rules to communicate in a meaningful way and it can be expressed in verbal, non-verbal forms, both being important. 2 Language can be classified as receptive and expressive language. 3 Receptive language signifies comprehension, pertaining to critical elements of understanding of commands, stories and directions. While, expressive language refers to expression of language by employing appropriate forms of the language like nouns, adjectives, verbs and prepositions.

English language is a fixed word order dialect and takes after the Subject-Verb-Object structure, while Urdu language is a free word-order dialect and permits numerous conceivable word orderings yet the most well-known sentence structure utilized by the local speakers is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Both dialects contrast in morphological and syntactic elements. English has a moderately basic inflectional framework: just nouns, verb and adjectives can be arched, and the quantity of conceivable inflectional joins is entirely little while Urdu is exceedingly inflectional and rich in morphology. In Urdu, the verbs are bent by gender, number and individuals of the head noun, noun phrases are set apart for gender orientation, number and case and adjectives bend as indicated by the gender and number of the head noun. Likewise, rather than English prepositions, Urdu verbs and nouns are trailed by postpositions. 4

The speech and language skills depend on rich exposure of these skills. The first three years of life are critical for acquiring language skills and failure to get ample exposure during this vital period results in delayed learning. 5 In the process of language development, the milestones of a child act as a checkpoint for an average child that he/she should attain at a particular age. This is also useful for professionals, teachers and parents to understand the normal language development process and identify delays if any.

Speech-language pathologists (SLP) need to perform formal and informal assessments that provide information of a child’s understanding and/or use of progressively complex aspects of language in order to identify and support the receptive and expressive language learning needs of diverse children during their early learning experiences. However, evidence regarding types of methods and tools in practice are lacking. A number of standardized tools are available in English language for assessment including New Reynell Developmental Language Scales (NRDLS) 4 , which is a standardized assessment tool for language comprehension and production for children 2-7 years of age with items representing language acquisition and impairment. Another commonly used scale is the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals -Preschool-2 (CELF-Preschool-2), a standardized tool used for the assessment of language skills in preschool children and assess receptive and expressive language skills. 5 Also Preschool Language Scale-3 (PLS 3) is a standardized tool used for the assessment of receptive and expressive language skills in children, aged range two weeks to six years and consists of two sub scales and three optional supplemental measures. The use of auditory comprehension subscale is to assess the understanding of receptive language skills in the areas of attention, semantics, morphology, syntax and integrative thinking skills. The expressive communication subscale is used to evaluate expression of language in the areas of vocal development, social communication, semantics, morphology, syntax and integrative thinking skills. The three optional measures in PLS-3 are Articulation Screener, Language Sample Checklist, and Family Information and Suggestions Form. 6 Another scale is the British Picture Vocabulary Scale (BPVS), which is used to assess the comprehension of single words in 3 to 16 years old kids. 7 Presently the only tool available for assessment in Urdu language assesses only spoken vocabulary skills. 8

Early intervention for the child with language delay is crucial to social, affective and intellectual development and better adjustment. However, intervention cannot be initiated without a valid and reliable assessment of the child’s current level of functioning. Currently there is no standardized tool available for Urdu language assessment and informal screening forms are used to assess these parameters.

Hence, the current study was designed with the objective to develop an Urdu Receptive Language Scale (URLS), for Urdu speaking Pakistani children between the ages of 0-6 years. Since majority of the population of the country is Urdu speaking, and language assessment is essential in most speech and language disorders 9 this study is important because with URLS improved assessments of children with language impairments would be possible, leading to early intervention paving way for better management. Also this study might have implications for future research in the field of SLP, the current URLS being the only available tool for Pakistani Urdu speaking population.

Current Exploratory research was conducted over a period of six months from 1st March, 2016 to 31 st August, 2016. Sample included 5 expert Urdu linguists & five expert Speech and language pathologists, with minimum Master’s degree; while for direct observation, a sample of n=384 children and their parents were recruited from mainstream schools and day care centers, using convenience sampling technique. Sample size was calculated using Raosoft online calculator with a confidence level of 95%, 5% margin of error and a population size of 50,000. The sample included children of both genders with normal language development of age range of 0-6 years, having Urdu language as their native language. Children with speech and language disorders and with any disability, and children whose parents refused to be included in the study were excluded.

Study was conducted following ethical approval of Institutional Research Board of Riphah International University vide (Ref: REC/RCRS/16/3001, Dated 15 th February, 2016 and informed consent of the participant experts and parents of children. Confidentiality of the participants was maintained. Data was collected from experts, parents and by direct observation of children. The sample of children N=384 was divided into 12 age groups including 0-6, 7-12, 13-18, 19-24, 25-30, 31-36, 37-42, 43-48, 49-54, 55-60, 61-66 and 67-72 months. The study was divided into two phases: Phase 1 included development of Urdu Receptive Language Scale (URLS) and Phase 2 included reliability and validity testing of the same.

Phase 1: Development of the URLS Scale

Firstly, the items for the questionnaire were constructed from four sources: literature review, experts, parents and direct observation of n=384 children, Secondly the constructed test items were sent to the experts, Thirdly, after the improvement of questionnaire these items was again sent to Urdu experts and were finalized, Fourthly, items were tested for Relevance, ambiguity, clarity and simplicity from experts. The positive responses from experts were termed as agreed and presented by code X and score- 1, and negative responses were presented by code 0.

Phase 2: Testing of Reliability and validity of the URLS Scale

After the development of the scale, the reliability and validity of the scale was analyzed.

SPSS 18 was used for data entry and analysis. Descriptive statistics along with Cronbach’s alpha reliability analysis and Content validity index.

The tryout sample (N=384) with male female ratio of 1:1, with 32(8.33%) children in each of the 12 age groups (0-6, 7-12, 13-18, 19-24, 25-30, 31-36, 37-42, 43-48, 49-54, 55-60, 61-66 and 67-72 months) ( Table-I ). Experts included 5 SLP’s, and 5 Urdu Language experts including 2 PhD’s as well. Most 8(80%) experts were experienced with more than five years’ experience.

Demographic distribution of sample of tryout subjects (n = 384) & Experts (n = 10).

The Urdu URLS contained a total of 59 test items, each age range having a different test items distribution including 7 items for 7-12 years age group; 6 items for 49-54 years age group; 5 items for 19-24 years and 31-36 years age group each; 4 items for 0-6 years, 13- 18 years, 25-30 years, 37-42 years, 55-60 years, 61-66 years, and 67- 72 years age group each.

As regards the content validity of URLS, the Mean±SD for “relevance”, “clarity”, “simplicity” and “ambiguity” was found to be 3.89±0.15 each, with slight variability for individual expert rating of content validity ( Fig.1 ).

Experts Rating of Content Validation of Urdu Receptive Language Scale.

As regards Reliability of our 59 item URLS, Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.948, which indicates high level of internal consistency for the scale. For purpose of scoring of the URLS, score below 35 indicated severe problem while that above 53 indicated no apparent problem ( Table-II ).

Score Interpretation of URLS.

Tools meant for diagnosis developed in a country or region may not be applicable elsewhere. 10 Also dearth of language assessment tools exists 11 , especially in Urdu language. Though some assessment tools have been developed in Urdu language including test of articulation and phonology in Urdu 12 , however no standardized tool for Urdu language assessment currently available in Pakistan, and use of informal screening forms and self-translated assessment tools being a norm like some other countries. 13 Also kids having reading disorders not related to attention or movement issues have lower skills for receptive language compared to expressive. 14 Also to manage specific learning disorders, it is necessary to screen children at initiation of schooling. 15 Hence, in the present study Urdu Receptive Language Scale (URLS) has been developed to assess the receptive language skills in infants and young children of 0-6 years. Special emphasis has been given to the fact that even in the assessment of preschool children both receptive as well as expressive language is assessed including assessment of more than one language dimension. 16

The receptive skills’ precursors were evaluated in auditory comprehension domain including tasks focusing on attention in the preschool language scale adopted for children speaking Bangla 17 , with some similarity in the current study, the precursor to receptive skills was evaluated within the receptive language scale with emphasis on tasks that focus on attention, understanding language structures and pragmatics. Receptive and expressive language was represented as consisting of the interrelated components of form, content, and use. 18 The receptive language scale tasks were used to evaluate receptive language skills in the areas of attention, comprehension development, semantics: vocabulary and concepts, structure: morphology and syntax and integrative thinking skills. 19 Attention is an essential component since before child learns to grasp language, he must attend to auditory input with resultant improved development of receptive as well as expressive language. 20 Similarly for the progress of semantics, child learns what words mean, hence growth of receptive vocabulary from few to thousands of words occurs. A child rapidly learns and recognizes the words naming objects like ball, cat; actions like jumping, playing; and understanding these words progresses through learning from immediate neighboring environment and through pictures in books. The morphology and syntax develop along with ability to understand words and sentence structure comprising of few words’ phrases. 21 According to Cheung EYM, more time is taken for the syntactic acquisition of function words. 22

Urdu receptive language scale was developed to assess language of children between the ages of 0-6 years. The scale was divided into 12 sections with the difference of six months of age. Each age range includes different number of test items. These items were focusing on attention, listening, command following, understanding questions, morphological structures and making simple conclusions.

In spite of facing difficulties in the scale development process 23 , the scale was developed with the following different steps, including the construction of items by different sources from literature, experts, parents and observation of children. Firstly, test items were constructed and then the language of n=384 children were observed. Data was also collected from parents about their children language development. Then those test items were again discussed with experts. After that these items were tested for relevance, clarity, ambiguity and simplicity. Different English tools like preschool language scale and clinical evaluation of language fundamentals are also constructed following similar steps. There is total 59 receptive language test items that are divided into different age ranges. The results of this study are consistent with the study of Zimmerman IL et al. 6 study related to development of preschool language scale for infants and children, for receptive and expressive language. The scoring of our Urdu expressive language scale also relates to preschool language scale which is comprised of categories for measuring severity like “no problem”, “mild language problem”, “moderate language problem” and “severe language problem”. The results of this current study are also related to New Reynell Developmental Language Scales (NRDLS) which is a norm referenced test, which assesses the language comprehension and production for children of 2-7 years. The items included in scale reflect the language acquisition and impairment. 4

Current study is instrumental in adding a reliable Urdu receptive language scale (URLS) to the literature with a good reliability having a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.948. This is the only tool available for receptive language assessment in Urdu language. This is clinically very significant since, Urdu being national language is well understood all over the country and hence, this tool will help speech language pathologists in early and better assessment of children with language disorders and hence make early management possible. It will also be useful for research in the field.

Limitations & Suggestions

Though the current study has reported high reliability of the developed tool, it is limited to one city only. Hence, further research is required in rural areas predominantly using local languages to increase generalizability. Furthermore, clinical control trials involving larger samples from different provinces speaking different local languages, can add clinical knowledge as well as guide towards appropriate management strategies.

CONCLUSIONS

The developed Urdu Receptive Language Scale (URLS) is a reliable and valid tool for language assessment of Urdu speaking Pakistani children 0-6 years of age.

Authors Contribution:

GAB, NM did the manuscript writing.

NM conceived, designed and did the editing of manuscript.

GS did the literature review and responsible for integrity of the research.

Conflict of interest statement: None.

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What Is a Speech Pathologist?

Also Known as a Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) or Speech Therapist

• What They Do
• Conditions Treated

Training for Speech Pathologists

• When to See an SLP

A speech pathologist, also known as a speech therapist, is a healthcare professional who helps you improve your speech and communication if you have been ill, injured, or have a chronic disability. Speech pathologists may also be called speech-language pathologists (SLP).

Speech pathologists also work with people who have difficulty swallowing food or drink to help them stay safe while eating.

This article examines the important work that speech pathologists do as part of a rehabilitation team of professionals. You will learn what conditions they treat and when you should seek out the services of an SLP.

What a Speech Pathologist Does

A speech pathologist is a trained medical professional who works with patients who are injured or ill and are having difficulty speaking or swallowing. They work to prevent, assess, and treat these disorders in adults and children.

Speech pathologists help people communicate, and this may involve:

• Expressive communication : The ability to communicate verbally and nonverbally
• Receptive communication : The ability to understand verbal and nonverbal communications

Some speech therapists work closely with audiologists (healthcare professionals who treat hearing and balance problems) to ensure that you can hear and understand language correctly. Others work with otolaryngologists , also called ear, nose, and throat physicians (ENTs), to help patients swallow food and drink safely and to assist patients with oral motor function.

Common Specialty Areas

Some speech pathologists have a more generalized practice, while others have a more narrow focus on specific areas or problems such as:

• Social communication
• Voice and vocal hygiene
• Speech sound disorders

Some of the official certifications that a speech pathologist may receive include:

•  Intraoperative monitoring
•  Fluency disorders
•  Swallowing and feeding disorders
•  Child language disorders

Speech pathologists seeking specialty certification have to meet education, experience, and clinical practice requirements as established by independent specialty certification boards.

Where Speech Therapists Work

There are a variety of settings in which speech pathologists work. This may include:

• Schools: Speech therapists working in schools help children with speech disorders learn to overcome their communication challenges.
• Nursing homes: Speech therapists in nursing homes help patients with dementia or communication issues caused by other conditions like stroke learn communication strategies. They also work with staff on ways to help residents communicate more effectively.
• Hospitals: A speech pathologist working in a hospital may help diagnose and treat language communication problems and swallowing disorders in hospitalized patients. 
• Private practices: Speech pathologists may also work in private practices where they may specialize in one or more language problems or health conditions in specific populations.

Speech pathologists can also work as educators in colleges and universities, and they may be involved in research.

Conditions Speech Therapists Treat

Speech pathologists work with people of various ages and with a variety of conditions. They sometimes work with young children who are having problems speaking properly, or they may help older adults with cognitive communication (communication that is affected by memory, attention, organization, and problem-solving, which are examples of executive functioning ).

A stroke can cause damage to the part of the brain responsible for language and communication. Depending on the extent of the stroke, this loss of ability may be short-term or long-term. A speech pathologist can help someone who is recovering from a stroke regain their ability to speak and understand language.

What is aphasia?

Aphasia is a condition of the brain that affects how you communicate with others. It is caused by damage to the part of the brain responsible for language and can affect your ability to speak and understand what is being said.

Hearing Loss

A speech pathologist may work with other professionals such as audiologists and ENTs to help assess, manage, and treat someone with hearing loss. Some of the things a speech pathologist might do to help someone with hearing loss include evaluating the person's speech, helping them improve listening skills, and working with them to develop alternative communication strategies.

Vocal Damage

Vocal cords can become damaged in various ways including persistent coughing and voice overuse. A speech pathologist can teach you muscle strengthing and voice rehabilitation excercises and other strategies to help your vocal cords heal (such as cough modification). 

English Language Learners

If you are learning a new language and wish to alter your accent, you may benefit from the services of a speech-language pathologist, as well. They can help you form words and sounds correctly to alter your normal speech in learning a new language.

Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury after a blow to the head or an accident that affects the parts of the brain that control language can also lead to problems with communication. A speech therapist can help someone with this type of injury recover lost speech and language skills.

Swallowing Disorders

Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. It can be caused by several different medical conditions including muscular problems, a narrowed esophagus, damage caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease, or esophageal cancer. 

Untreated dysphagia can lead to problems eating and drinking including choking. A speech pathologist can help you develop strategies for safe chewing and swallowing, including exercises, correct body position, and food preparation recommendations. 

People with autism can have difficulty with both written and spoken communication as well as body-language forms of communication such as pointing and waving. Autism is also associated with difficulties relating to and socializing with other people. 

A speech pathologist can help people with autism understand communication norms and improve their written and spoken communication skills. They can also work with the families of people with autism on strategies that can help develop communication skills.

Alzheimer's Disease

People with dementia or Alzheimer's disease may develop communication problems as the disease progresses. A speech therapist can help the person develop memory skills and other strategies that will help them communicate.

Speech pathologists also work with the family and caregivers of people with dementia so they can help the person implement communication tools and strategies.   

Fluency Disorders

Fluency disorder describes speech patterns characterized by differences in rate and rhythm compared to how most people speak. 

Stuttering is the most common example of a fluency disorder. Another example is cluttering, which describes speech that is atypically fast and irregular.

Speech pathologists usually develop an individualized treatment plan for someone with a fluency disorder, which may include strategies such as:

• Minimizing negative reactions to the problem
• Increasing the person's acceptance of the problem
• Improving confidence
• Reducing avoidance behavior

Speech Sound Disorders

Speech sound disorders describe problems articulating words. People with speech sound disorders may be hard for others to understand. This can result in problems with social relationships, at work, or at school. 

Speech sound disorders are common in childhood and can be treated with the help of a speech pathologist. The pathologist will look at how the person moves their tongue, lips and jaw and help them learn the correct way to make sounds. 

People with speech sound disorders often have other problems with language; their speech therapist can also help them develop strategies to overcome these problems.

Gender-Affirming Voice Therapy

Voice therapy for transgender people can be an important part of gender-affirming healthcare. Learning to speak in ways that align with gender identity can improve a transgender person's quality of life as well as their social and psychological well-being.

A speech pathologist can help a transgender person learn to modify the pitch of their voice in ways that limit fatigue and damage to the vocal cords. They can also help the person learn nonverbal communication, articulation, and other strategies that can help their voice align with their gender identity.

To be a speech pathologist, a person must have a master's degree in communication disorders from a program accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology (CAA).

Many undergraduate and graduate programs in speech pathology require time spent observing a speech therapist at work prior to admission. This satisfies the requirement for entry into school and provides a good understanding of what a speech pathologist's job is like.

The first year of work as a speech therapist is called a clinical fellowship year. During this time, aspiring speech pathologists will work under the supervision of a licensed speech pathologist.

Additional steps to becoming a speech pathologist include:

• Obtaining a certificate of clinical competence in SLP (CCC-SLP)
• Passing a national Praxis examination for Speech-Language Pathology
• Applying for SLP licensure in the state in which you will be working

A speech pathologist's education does not end when they leave school and pass the national examination. They must also fulfill continuing education requirements from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) to maintain their license.

When to See a Speech Pathologist

There are certain instances in which you may need to see a speech pathologist. For example, parents commonly notice small speech or language impairments in their children and seek out an SLP.

Adults may want to work with a speech pathologist to help with new or existing communication or language problems.

If you become hospitalized, you may have a speech pathologist come to your room and work with you at your bedside. They can help you with speech and language, swallowing and diet issues, and can work with other members of a rehab team to ensure that it is safe and appropriate for you to return home.

When to see a medical professional

Many speech and language disorders benefit from the help of a speech therapist, but some are more urgent than others. Any sudden onset of impaired speech should be considered an emergency, as the person may be experiencing a life-threatening problem such as a stroke.

Children should be closely monitored for speech and language development. If your child does not have the language skills expected for their age, it is a good idea to see a speech pathologist as soon as you can.

If you or a loved one is having trouble communicating or understanding language, then working with a speech pathologist may be a good idea.

SLPs treat children and adults with a variety of conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, stroke, neurological injuries, autism, and more. They are trained to assess your condition and offer strategies to improve your expressive and receptive communication and swallowing function.

Pascoe A, Breen LJ, Cocks N. What is needed to prepare speech pathologists to work in adult palliative care?: What is needed to prepare SPs to work in adult palliative care? .  International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders . 2018;53(3):542-549. doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12367

American Speech Language Hearing Association. Who are speech pathologists, and what do they do? .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Social communication .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Speech sound disorders .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Clinical specialty certification .

Reilly S, Harper M, Goldfeld S. The demand for speech pathology services for children: Do we need more or just different? . J Paediatr Child Health . 2016;52(12):1057-1061. doi:10.1111/jpc.13318

National Aphasia Association. Stroke .

Johns Hopkins Medicine. Aphasia .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Hearing loss in adults .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Autism (autism spectrum disorder) .

Alzheimer's Association. Strategies to support changes in memory, language and behavior in the early stages of dementia .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Fluency disorders .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Gender-affirming voice therapy advocacy .

SpeechPathologyGraduatePrograms.org. How to become a speech pathologist .

Johns Hopkins Medicine. Identifying speech and language concerns about your child and when should you seek help?  

Salary.com. Speech Pathologist Salary in the United States .

By Brett Sears, PT Brett Sears, PT, MDT, is a physical therapist with over 20 years of experience in orthopedic and hospital-based therapy.

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Definition of pathologist noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

pathologist

• The pathologist confirmed that death was due to poisoning.
• examine something
• confirm something
• review something
• pathologist’s report

Definitions on the go

Look up any word in the dictionary offline, anytime, anywhere with the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary app.

SPEECH THERAPY INTERACTIVE

Noun flashcards:, noun flashcards in urdu with english translation and ipa, price: £9.54 inc vat , digital download.

These set of verb flashcards have 97 nouns with the Urdu noun, English translation, Urdu Transliteration and the IPA in Urdu.

Images used have been sourced from www.Canva.com.

Due to the flashcards being a large file they will be sent to you once you have completed the purchase. Please email us proof of purchase so we can send it to you via email as PDF. The flashcard information and IPA translation can be downloaded from Etsy.

Why have we created these resources?

There is minimal availability of speech and language therapy resources that is geared towards the south Asian community. These flashcards are specifically created with the south Asian community in mind.

Each card includes the Hindi, Urdu or Punjabi translation and phonetic translation with the English translation.

Nouns and verbs have been chosen deliberately as they are relevant to the south Asian community. Additionally, the images chosen are diverse and inclusive, to allow individuals to be seen and represented. – Word finding difficulties – Speech intelligibility – Aphasia – Apraxia – Memory and attention – Categorisation – Sentence formation – SVO – Vocabulary

What are the benefits?

• Inclusivity – individuals who speak Hindi, Urdu or Punjabi as a first language will be able to overcome the communication barrier of speaking a language other than English. Being able to communicate in their own language will give them more confidence to share their preferences and decide for themselves. It will encourage them to engage in conversation, thus improve their communication skills.

• Cultural competence tool for healthcare professionals – Due to the English translation provided with Hindi/Urdu/Punjabi, this allows healthcare professionals to communicate and understand their patients of multilingual backgrounds, if there is no availability of a translator/ interpreter. This means being able to communicate instantly.

• Celebrating diversity – diverse resources such as these do not only assist both the patient and the healthcare professional in communication, but it also unites us in our diversity and celebrates our multilingual, multicultural society.

DISCLAIMER:

Buyer is not at liberty to share these resources with anyone else, and should make sure it is used by no-one but themself..

NON-REFUNDABLE As these resources are a digital download format, we do not accept refunds, exchanges or cancellations. Please contact us at [email protected] about any problems with your order.

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Pathologist meaning in Urdu

Pathologist sentence, pathologist synonym, pathologist definitions.

1) Pathologist , Diagnostician : ماہر تشخیص , ماہرعلم الامراض : (noun) a medical specialist who examines tissues, cells, and body fluids to diagnose diseases and conditions. Pathologists play a crucial role in determining the causes and progression of diseases.

Useful Words

Brain Doctor : نیورولوجی میں ماہر , Rheumatology : جوڑوں اور پٹھوں کے امراض کا علم , Rheumatologist : جوڑوں اور پٹھوں کا ڈاکٹر , Sonologist : الٹراساونڈ کرنے کا ماہر , Pulmonologist : پھیپھڑوں کا ڈاکٹر , Magnetic Resonance Imaging : مرض کی تشخیص کے لئے کیا جانے والا ٹیسٹ , Ct Scan : سی ٹی اسکین , Inoculator : ٹیکا لگانے والا , Blood Profile : خون کی مکمل گنتی , Eye Doctor : طبیب چشم , Rudolf Karl Virchow : جرمن ماہر علم الامراض , Virology : وائرس سے متعلق مرض کا مطالعہ کرنے کا علم , Epidemiologist : ماہر وبائیات , Pathology : امراضیات , Geriatrics : بڑھاپے کا سائنسی مطالعہ , Anaemia : خون کی کمی , Gynaecologist : ماہر امراض نسواں , Baby Doctor : بچوں کا ڈاکٹر , Aetiologist : مرض کے اسباب جاننے کا ماہر , Ear Doctor : کان کے امراض کا معالج , Urologist : ماہرعلم البول , Hygienist : علم حفظان صحت کا ماہر , Gastroenterologist : معدہ اور آنت کا ڈاکٹر , Immunologist : مناعیات کا ماہر , Radiologist : ایکس رے کو سمجھنے والا شخص , Radiology : علم تابکاری , Hospital : ہسپتال , Mbbs : ایم بی بی ایس , Anuresis : پیشاب نہ کر سکنا , Florey : برطانوی ماہر تشخیص امراض , Histocompatibility Complex : چھٹے انسانی کروموسوم کی جین

Useful Words Definitions

Brain Doctor: A neurologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases and disorders related to the nervous system. The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, which play a crucial role in controlling and coordinating the body`s functions.

Rheumatology: Rheumatology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders that affect the joints, muscles, bones, and other related structures of the musculoskeletal system. Rheumatologists are physicians who specialize in the field of rheumatology and are experts in the management of conditions such as arthritis, autoimmune diseases, musculoskeletal pain disorders, and connective tissue diseases.

Rheumatologist: A rheumatologist is a medical specialist who focuses on diagnosing and treating conditions related to the musculoskeletal system and autoimmune disorders. They deal with a wide range of diseases, such as arthritis, lupus, fibromyalgia, and other connective tissue disorders.

Sonologist: A sonologist is a medical professional who specializes in the field of sonography or medical ultrasound. Sonography is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of internal organs, tissues, and structures within the body.

Pulmonologist: A pulmonologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the field of pulmonology. Pulmonology is a branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases and conditions related to the respiratory system. This includes the lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, and other structures involved in breathing and gas exchange.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. It is a medical imaging technique that uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer to generate detailed images of the internal structures of the body. MRI provides a non-invasive way to visualize organs, tissues, and other structures in great detail, helping in the diagnosis and evaluation of various medical conditions.

Ct Scan: A CT scan, also known as a computed tomography scan or CAT scan (computed axial tomography), is a medical imaging procedure that uses X-rays and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. It provides valuable information about internal organs, bones, soft tissues, and blood vessels, allowing for the diagnosis and evaluation of various medical conditions.

Inoculator: a medical practitioner who inoculates people against diseases.

Blood Profile: counting the number of white and red blood cells and the number of platelets in 1 cubic millimeter of blood. A CBC is a routine test used for various medical purposes, including general health screenings, diagnosing medical conditions, and monitoring ongoing treatments.

Eye Doctor: a medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the eye.

Rudolf Karl Virchow: German pathologist who recognized that all cells come from cells by binary fission and who emphasized cellular abnormalities in disease (1821-1902).

Virology: the branch of medical science that studies viruses and viral diseases.

Epidemiologist: a medical scientist who studies the transmission and control of epidemic diseases.

Pathology: the branch of medical science that studies the causes and nature and effects of diseases.

Geriatrics: the branch of medical science that deals with diseases and problems specific to old people.

Anaemia: Anemia is a medical condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a low concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body`s tissues. When the level of hemoglobin or red blood cells falls below the normal range, it can lead to a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen effectively.

Gynaecologist: A gynecologist is a healthcare professional who specializes in women`s reproductive health and medical conditions related to the female reproductive system.

Baby Doctor: a specialist who specializes in the care of infants, children, and adolescents. They diagnose, treat, and prevent a wide range of childhood illnesses, injuries, and developmental issues.

Aetiologist: a specialist in the etiology of diseases.

Ear Doctor: a physician who specializes in the ear and its diseases.

Urologist: a medical specialist who focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of conditions related to the urinary system and the male reproductive system. This includes the kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra, and male reproductive organs such as the testes, prostate.

Hygienist: a medical specialist in hygiene.

Gastroenterologist: a physician who specializes in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and related infection .

Immunologist: a medical scientist who specializes in immunology.

Radiologist: a medical specialist who uses radioactive substances and X-rays in the treatment of disease.

Radiology: the branch of medical science dealing with the medical use of X-rays or other penetrating radiation.

Hospital: a medical institution where sick or injured people are given medical or surgical care.

Mbbs: MBBS stands for "Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery." It is an undergraduate medical degree awarded to individuals who have completed the academic and practical training necessary to become a medical doctor. MBBS is a common degree designation in many countries, including India, the United Kingdom, Australia, and various other countries following the British medical education system.

Anuresis: a medical term for involuntary urination, particularly at night (nocturnal enuresis) or during the day, beyond the age when bladder control is normally expected. It can result from various factors, including developmental, psychological, or medical issues.

Florey: British pathologist who isolated and purified penicillin, which had been discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming (1898-1968).

Histocompatibility Complex: a family of fifty or more genes on the sixth human chromosome that code for proteins on the surfaces of cells and that play a role in the immune response.

Related Words

Medical Specialist : کسی بھی کام میں بے پناہ مہارت

Next of Pathologist

Pathology : the branch of medical science that studies the causes and nature and effects of diseases.

Previous of Pathologist

Paternity : the act of initiating a new idea or theory or writing.

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اکثر اسکولوں میں سالانہ تقسیم انعامات کا دن جب کہ تقریریں وغیرہ بھی ہوتی ہیں۔.

speech-reading

ہونٹوں کی جنبش سے بات سمجھنا، لب خوانی۔.

speech-writer

سیاست دانوں وغیرہ کے لیے تقریر لکھنے پر مامور شخص، تقریر نویس۔.

speech impediment

Speech therapy.

بولنے کے نقص کا علاج۔.

مزاحاً یا تحقیراً: لمبی تقریریں کرنا خصوصاً بے مزہ۔.

speechlessness

Queen's speech.

(برطانیہ میں ) پارلیمنٹ کے افتتاحی اجلاس میں شاہی خطاب جس میں حکومت کے منصوبوں اور مجوزہ اقدامات کا ذکر ہوتا ہے ۔.

visible speech

صوتیاتی حروف کا ایک نِظام جِس میں ہر مُمکِن تقریری آواز اپنے تلفظ کا اسلوب ظاہِر کر دیتی ہے

reported speech

با لواسطہ بیان ( اقتباس یا براہ راست بیان کے بر خلاف ) اسے indirect speech بھی کہتے ہیں( اس پیرایے میں ضمیر اور زمانہ بدل جاتا ہے )۔:

part of speech

لفظ کی قواعدی شکل یا قسم (جیسے اسم، ضمیر ،صفت متعلق فعل، فعل، حرف جار، حرف عطف، فجائیہ).

ship chandler

ترپالیں ، رسّے وغیرہ بیچنے والا ، طناب فروش۔.

sau-pachaas

Urdu words for speech, speech के उर्दू अर्थ.

• अंदाज़-ए-कलाम
• मुख़्तसर तब्सिरा

speech کے اردو معانی

• مختصر تبصرہ

Tags for speech

English meaning of speech , speech meaning in english, speech translation and definition in English. speech का मतलब (मीनिंग) अंग्रेजी (इंग्लिश) में जाने | Khair meaning in hindi

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नाज़ और नख़रे से आँखें फेरना, आँखें नचाना, आँखें चमकाना, आँखें धुमाना

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Meaning of pathologist in English

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• audiologist
• bacteriologist
• neurologist
• non-controlled
• odontologist
• oncological
• orthopaedics
• trichologist
• uncontrolled

pathologist | American Dictionary

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a group of four people who play musical instruments or sing as a group

Shoots, blooms and blossom: talking about plants

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