research topics in disaster management

33 Disaster Management Dissertation Topics Ideas

February 17, 2022

Dr Jana Martiskova

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Disaster Management Dissertation Topics

Disasters in their natural forms can prove to be quite harmful to the survival of human beings on Earth. Therefore, it is imperative to come up with new and innovative strategies to manage the damages due to natural disasters. Dissertation topics on disaster management cover all such strategies, policies, and plans. In addition to this, disaster management research topics also include assessing the disasters and their impacts on different populations in different ways. The risks that arise as a result of natural disasters are also included in the subject matter of this field. Check out more related posts on Marketing Management and Event Managemet .

Best Disaster Management Dissertation Topics ideas for college students

Given below is a list of some very interesting disaster management thesis topics. We are available for guidance and help if you like to prepare your thesis/dissertation on any of the given topics:

The role played by occupational therapists in the domain of disaster management: a systematic analysis.
Investigating the role of disaster management in maintaining resilience for victims of floods: a quantitative study.
Relationship of community-based organizations in dealing with local disaster management issues.
Comparative analysis of the Turkish and Chinese disaster management systems and recommendations.
Investigation of the role played by weather radar in disaster management practices: a descriptive approach.
Ethics in disaster management policies and practices: a comparative analysis.
Information technology and the disaster management domain: potential challenges and opportunities.
Effects of an integrated geospatial information service system on disaster management domain.
Cyclone disaster management system: issues and their potential solutions.
How disaster management is maintained through big data computing and social sensing? A qualitative approach.
Comparative analysis of the disaster management systems of developed and developing countries of the world.
The role played by social workers in the disaster management systems in X country.
Decision-making strategies in disaster management: how emergencies are tackled with?
Disaster management systems for disabled people: a descriptive approach.
The role played by drone applications in the disaster management systems: a review of the literature.
Hurricane Katrina: lessons for university disaster management degrees.
Globalization of disaster management systems: potential challenges and interventions.
The role played by IT in mitigation, preparedness, and responses to natural disasters: a correlational analysis.
Community-based disaster management: how communities can work together?
UAV-assisted disaster management strategies: potential opportunities for updating the services.
Medicine supplies in high earthquake risk areas: how disaster management strategies are developed?
The role played by media in forecasted natural disasters: a review of the literature.
Community planning, public participation, and disaster management: focus on the achievement of sustainable hazard mitigation.
The role played by financial resources and digitalization in keeping a disaster management organization operational: a systematic study.
Pre-disaster management strategies: potential challenges and interventions.
Importance of geospatial support in disaster management strategies: a descriptive approach.
Remote sensing technologies and disaster management strategies: a review of the literature.
The role played by NGOs in disaster management systems for developing countries of the world.
Disaster management and hazardous waste cleanup.
Importance of governance in disaster management systems.

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Best Disaster Management Topic Ideas

Published by Owen Ingram at December 29th, 2022 , Revised On May 2, 2024

Disasters can potentially be quite dangerous to the continued existence of humans on Earth. Therefore, it is crucial to develop fresh, cutting-edge approaches to managing the damage caused by natural disasters. Students of disaster management studies find it difficult to complete their graduate and post-graduate studies due to the extensive research required in dissertations, and the first step towards it is the dissertation topic. Dissertation themes on disaster management cover all the tactics, policies, and plans relating to disaster management. In addition, evaluating disasters and their effects on various populations is another important area for disaster management research.

If you are looking for specific, focused and relevant disaster management thesis ideas, your search is over. We have provided a great selection of disaster management topics below for your consideration.

Intriguing Disaster Management Topics & Ideas

A thorough examination of occupational therapists’ contributions to disaster management.
An analytical investigation of how disaster management can help flood victims remain resilient.
Relationships between community-based organisations in managing regional disasters.
Managing the Arsenic Disaster in Water Supply: Risk Assessment, Medical Costs, and Bangladeshi Policy Options.
Comparison of the Chinese and Turkish disaster management programs, with recommendations.
Setting Up Disaster Resilience Indicators for Taiwan’s Tan-SUI River Basin.
An analysis of how food aid affects the growth of schooling.
An evaluation of the damaging effects of flooding and methods to prevent the calamity.
An explanation Examining the part weather radar plays in catastrophe management procedures.
Analysis of how catastrophe management policies and techniques compare ethically.
Analysis of Potential Large-Scale Natural Disasters: A Case Study of Wenzhou City, China
Information technology’s potential benefits and drawbacks in the field of catastrophe management.
Effects of a comprehensive system of geospatial information services in disaster management.
An evaluation of the connection between cultural diversity and readiness for disasters
Issues with the cyclone disaster management system and proposed fixes.
How do big data computing and social sensing maintain catastrophe management? A systematic approach.
A comparison of developed and developing countries approaches to catastrophe management.
The part social workers play in X country’s disaster management programs.
An evaluation of risk management techniques aimed at boosting food security
Disaster management decision-making processes: how are emergencies handled?
A descriptive approach to disaster management systems for people with disabilities.
Extreme Natural Event Mitigation: A Study of the Latin American National Disaster Funds.
A survey of the literature on the role performed by drone applications in disaster management systems.
Philippines Natural Disaster Risk Management: Reducing Vulnerability.
Ensure sustainable hazard mitigation through community planning, public involvement, and disaster management.
A thorough investigation of money and technology’s role in keeping a disaster management organisation operational.
Disaster Vulnerability and Evacuation Readiness: Floridians living in coastal mobile homes.
A Critical Perspective on the Relationships Between Natural Disasters, Humanitarian Aid, and Disaster Risk Reduction.
Findings from a Field Survey in Post-Earthquake Nepal on Natural Disaster Damages and Their Relationship to Coping Strategy Choices.
Investigating the Impact of Disasters on Local Businesses in the UK.
An analysis of the Impact of Natural Disasters on Equity and Efficiency in Developing Countries.
Examining the Ethical Considerations in Balancing Equity and Efficiency in Disaster Risk Management.
Investigating the Modes of Communication in a Disaster.
The Impact of Weak Governance on Disaster Management.
An Analysis of the Different Species Affected by Disasters.
The Effect of the Magnitude of an Earthquake on Property Destruction.
Exploring the Benefits of Disaster to People who Experience them.
A Systematic Analysis of the Role Played by Occupational Therapists in Disaster Management.

Final Words

There you go. Use or get inspired by our list of top trending dissertation topics on disaster management to kickstart your dissertation writing . Make sure to research your topic well and pass some ideas to your supervisor before you begin writing. If you are still having trouble deciding on a suitable topic and moving on with the proposal, you can get professional help from our topic and outline services available online. Start writing!

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1. “Effective Community Evacuation Plans” 2. “Cybersecurity in Disaster Preparedness” 3. “Climate Change Resilience Strategies” 4. “Role of AI in Disaster Response” 5. “Sustainable Rebuilding After Disasters”

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303 Disaster Research Topics & Essay Titles + Examples

Are you looking for a good idea for your presentation, thesis project, dissertation, or other assignment? StudyCorgi has prepared a list of emergency management research topics and essay titles about various disaster-related issues. Below, you’ll also find free A+ essay examples. Read on to get inspired!

🌋 TOP 7 Disaster Management Topics for Presentation

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2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami
Earthquakes’ Impacts on Society
Forest Fires as a Global Environmental Hazard
Chernobyl Disaster and Engineering Ethics
Flooding and Ways to Survive in It
Disaster Management in Nursing Practice
Natural Disasters and Disaster Management in Katmandu
A Natural Disaster Preparation Plan Common steps in preparing for natural disasters include assembling an emergency kit, developing a plan of action in case of a catastrophe, and educating children.
Strategies Applicable to the Hurricane Katrina The Mississippi Crisis Plan many focuses on public information in order to ensure more communities and populations are aware of possible disasters.
Community Health: Disaster Recovery Plan Healthy People 2020 is a government initiative aimed at improving health for all groups. Its objectives are raising length and quality of life, achieving health equity.
Floods: Stages, Types, Effects, and Prevention Flood is the most regularly occurring and the most destructive natural disaster. The most flood-prone area in the world is Asia, but the US has its own share of floods.
Human Factors In Aviation: Tenerife Air Disaster The probability of mistake linked to the issue estimates around 30%, which is too high for aviation. For this reason, there is a need for an enhanced understanding of the problem.
A Report on Earthquakes Using Scientific Terms The current essay is a report on earthquakes using scientific terms from the course. Moment magnitude or moment magnitude scale refers to the relative size of an earthquake.
Disaster Operations and Decision Making This paper discusses disaster operations issues, particularly the planning process, decision making, operations plans, protection in place and evacuation, and others.
Mining as a Cause of Environmental Disaster Mining does great damage to the environment and biological diversity of the planet. The negative consequences of mining indicates the gravity of the present ecological situation.
Earthquake: Definition, Stages, and Monitoring An earthquake is a term used to describe the tremors and vibrations of the Earth’s surface; they are the result of sudden natural displacements and ruptures in the Earth’s crust.
Decision-Making in the 1989 Hillsborough Disaster The decision-makers in the case of the Hillsborough Disaster were the event organizers, road engineers, and policemen handling the crowd.
Disaster Triage and Nursing Utilitarian Ethics Utilitarian moral principles are applicable to a wide range of extreme situations. One of the most relatable ethical issues in this context would be disaster triage.
Disaster Preparedness for an Earthquake Knowing the signs of an earthquake is the key to survival in the event where it happens. It includes a roaring sound that may initially be gentle but grows louder within seconds.
Disasters Influenced by Technology Depending on the natural environment of a community, social and building systems could either be strong or weak and vulnerable to a disaster.
The Tohoku Earthquake: Tsunami Entry The paper discusses the Tohoku earthquake. The tsunami evacuation can be described as one that was preceded by warning, preparation, and knowledge.
Disaster Recovery Plan for the Vila Health Community The Vila Health community has significant limitations as it has many elderly patients with complex health conditions, with shelters for the homeless running at capacity.
The Flood in Genesis and Lessons Learnt The story of the Flood in Genesis is fascinating because it is illustrative of the new beginning and a chance to achieve a different result for humanity.
Historical Perspective and Disasters as a Process Natural disaster should be analyzed on the social level, because disasters are socially constructed and experienced in different ways by individuals or groups of individuals.
Nurse’s Role in Disaster Planning and Preparedness Public health officials play an important role in disaster planning and emergency preparedness. Nurses are involved in disaster planning, preparedness, response and recovery.
India’s, Indonesia’s, Haiti’s, Japan’s Earthquakes In 2001, the major tremor hit the Indian state Gujarat. It was reported as the most significant earthquake in the region in the last several decades.
Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Post-Disaster Fraud This report evaluates the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s post-disaster fraud since there have been people wanted to benefit from occurrences of calamities.
Hurricane Katrina: Government Ethical Dilemmas Hurricane Katrina is a prime example of government failure. That`s why the leadership and decision-making Issues are very important at every level: local, state and federal.
Environmental Studies: The Chernobyl Disaster On April 26, 1986, The Chernobyl Unit 4 Reactor was undergoing a test on the system that was meant to provide electric power in case of a power outage.
Natural Disasters and Their Effects on Supply Chains This paper identifies emerging global supply chains and uses the cases of Thailand and Japan to explain the impacts of natural disasters on global supply chains.
Earthquakes: Effects on People’s Health Earthquakes are one of the global environmental health issues that hugely impact people’s lives in certain geographical areas and communities.
Nursing and Natural Disasters: An Emergency Planning Project The purpose of this paper is to describe the role of the nurse in an emergency situation (an earthquake) by listing priorities, resources, describing the nursing process.
The Importance of Disaster Recovery The paper aims at providing a Disaster Recovery Plan for the Vila Health community and presenting evidence-based strategies to enhance the recovery effort.
Drought as an Extremely Dangerous Natural Disaster On our planet, especially in places with an arid climate, drought itself, like the dry winds that cause it, are not uncommon.
Prevention of Nuclear Disasters The paper reports on the mechanical and engineering failures that sparked a nuclear meltdown in the Three Mile power plant, its effects and the ways to improve safety.
Emergency and Disaster Preparedness in Healthcare The impromptu nature of emergency and disaster occurrence makes it almost impossible to prepare for emergencies and other challenges.
Stop Disasters Game: Learning, Entertainment, or Both? It is worth mentioning that the game seems to be informative in helping the player understand how to get prepared for natural calamities.
Links Between Natural Disasters, Humanitarian Assistance, and Disaster Risk Reduction: A Critical Perspective
Global Warming: The Overlooked Man-Made Disaster Assignment
Natural Disaster, Comparing Huadong and Spence Views
Natural Disaster, Policy Action, and Mental Well-Being: The Case of Fukushima
Natural Disaster Equals Economic Turmoil – Trade Deficit
Disaster and Political Trust: The Japan Tsunami and Earthquake of 2011
Minamata Mercury Pollution Disaster
Natural Disaster Damages and Their Link to Coping Strategy Choices: Field Survey Findings From Post‐Earthquake Nepal
Flood Forecasting: Disaster Risk Management
Disaster Relief for People and Their Pets
Man-Made Natural Disaster: Acid Rain
What Spiritual Issues Surrounding a Disaster Can Arise for Individuals, Communities, and Health Care Providers
Natural Disaster Management Strategy for Common People
Flood Disaster Management With the Use of Association for Healthcare Philanthropy
Disaster Relief and the United Nation’s Style of Leadership
India’s 1984 Bhopal Disaster Analysis
The National Disaster Management Authority
Natural Disaster Insurance and the Equity-Efficiency Trade-off
What the Puerto Rican Hurricanes Make Visible: Chronicle of a Public Health Disaster Foretold
Disaster, Aid, and Preferences: The Long-Run Impact of the Tsunami on Giving in Sri Lanka
Natural Disaster Early Warning Systems
Disaster Preparedness for Travis County Texas
Establishing Disaster Resilience Indicators for Tan-SUI River Basin in Taiwan
Natural Disaster Death and Socio-Economic Factors in Selected Asian Countries
Managing the Arsenic Disaster in Water Supply: Risk Measurement, Costs of Illness and Policy Choices for Bangladesh
Large-Scale Natural Disaster Risk Scenario Analysis: A Case Study of Wenzhou City, China
Hurricane Katrina: Natural Disaster or Human Error
Disaster Relief and the American Red Cross
Extreme Natural Events Mitigation: An Analysis of the National Disaster Funds in Latin America
The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster and Its Effects on the World
Valero Refinery Disaster and Confined Space Entry On November 5, 2010, a disaster occurred at the Valero Delaware City, Delaware. Two workers succumbed to suffocation within a process vessel.
Natural Disasters: Rebuilding and Recovery Using the case of Hurricane Sandy, this paper explores some of the best approaches that can be used to address social justice and multicultural issues related to rebuilding and recovery.
Geology: Iquique Earthquake in Chile This paper describes the Iquique earthquake that took place on 1 April, 2014 in Chile and explains why living near an active faultline is better than on an active volcano.
Hurricane Response Plan: Analysis The City of Baton Rouge Emergency Services has developed a five-step detailed response plan in the event of a major hurricane to reduce risks to civilians and city infrastructure.
Emergency Operations Plan During Earthquake Timeliness and quality of response to environmental challenges are the primary factors that can save the lives of thousands of people.
MAP-IT Framework for Disaster Recovery Plan for the Vila Health Community This Vila Health Disaster Recovery Plan will address the potential threat of the Monkeypox (MPX) outbreak in the Charlotte, North Carolina, area.
Humanitarian Assistance After 2010 Haiti Earthquake This paper aims to discuss how the people of Haiti experienced the earthquake, as well as how humanitarian aid from various organizations helped make a difference for Haitians.
Earthquake Threats in Bakersfield Earthquakes and dam failures are the most severe threats to Bakersfield, both of which can result in gas leaks and power disruptions.
Galveston Hurricane of 1900 The paper discusses Galveston, the 1900 hurricane. It remains the deadliest in terms of natural disasters ever witnessed in the history of America.
Preventing Forest Fires in California with Forestry Changes From the beginning of the 21st century, California has been experiencing an increase in forest fires, destroying citizens’ lives and property.
Disaster, PTSD, and Psychological First Aid Psychological first aid should be consistent and evidence-based, practically applicable in the field, appropriate, and culturally flexible.
The Review of the Challenger Disaster This essay aims to discuss the Challenger Disaster and consider the details of the mission. It examines the reasons why the mission was conducted despite the warnings of engineers.
Disaster and People Behavior Changes Some of the behavioral changes that occur due to the presence of a disaster relying from research from sources across the world on the countries affected by the disasters.
Has the Media Changed the Response to Natural Disasters? This ethical information structure of this paper will be based on expounding the issues of the media and the way the media has played its part during a disaster.
Dell Technologies Company’s Disaster Recovery Plan The goals of Dell Technologies include not only succeeding in its target market and attracting new customers but also demonstrating that its technology can be safer.
Riverbend City’s Flood Disaster Communication Both communication and leadership styles can have profound effects on the behavior and productivity of individuals in their circles. This work analyzes the Riverbend City scenario.
Hurricane Katrina Emergency Management This paper discusses the effects, response, recovery, and lessons that people learned from Hurricane Katrina disaster with a particular focus on New Orleans Fire Department.
Bhopal Disaster: Analytical Evaluation The Bhopal accident occurred in India almost 40 years ago, on December 2, 1984. This disaster claimed the lives of 3800 people.
Ethics of the Flixborough Chemical Plant Disaster The Flixborough chemical plant disaster exposed some problematic ethical issues found in the engineering industry.
Disasters and Emergency Response in the Community The onset of a disaster prompts the nation, region, or community affected to depend on the emergency response team.
Earthquake Mitigation Measures for Oregon Oregon could prepare for the earthquake by using earthquake-proof construction technologies and training people.
Overpopulation’s and Environmental Disasters’ Connection This essay focuses on evaluating overpopulation as one of the greatest environmental threats, the relationship between the problem of overpopulation and harm to harmony in nature.
Disaster Preparedness Experience It is essential to conduct such training for water damage, which can come from floods or even a small leak that goes undetected for some time.
Hurricane Katrina: Improvised Communication Plan This article seeks to highlight improvised communication plans adopted by the victims in the shelter at the Houston Astrodome.
William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam Disaster The 1928 St. Francis dam disaster in Los Angeles, California is one of the most devastating man-made failures in the history of the United States.
Disaster Recovery Plan At Vila Health At Vila Health, the use of inadequate protocols caused confusion, staff overload, and excessive use of resources, so an improved Disaster Recovery plan is needed.
Disaster Planning and Health Information Management This paper discusses promising measures and practices to help the organization to avoid situations with loosing all health information in case of future disastrous events.
Comparison of the Loma Prieta California Earthquake and Armenia An earthquake is a tremor in the earth’s crust that results to seismic waves as a result of the sudden energy realized from the earths bowels.
Teaching Experience in Disaster Management Among Teenage Students The significance of the role that a nurse plays in disaster management (DM) is often overlooked yet is crucial to the safety and security of community members.
Disaster Management and Training for Emergency A national emergency management training center’s existence ensures a higher level of cooperation, experience exchange, and knowledge accumulation.
Nonprofit Organizations’ Disaster Management This research paper is performing an in-depth analysis of the nonprofit sector and its implications for the field of disaster management.
Earthquakes: History and Studies Earthquakes are sudden movements of the earth’s surface caused by the abrupt release of energy into the earth’s crust. The earliest earthquake took place in China in 1411 BC.
Developing a Disaster Recovery Plan for Vila Health Community The purpose of the presentation is to develop a disaster recovery plan that will address health disparities and improve access to services after a disaster.
Concrete Homes Your Fortress in a Natural Disaster
II-the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster the Year
Hurricane Katrin Human-Made Disaster
Hurricane Sandy: Lessons Learned From the Natural Disaster
Thomas Drabek and Crisis and Disaster Management
Disaster Management: The Cases of Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Rita, and Hurricane Ike
Natural Disaster, Environmental Concerns, Well-Being and Policy Action
Improving the American Red Cross Disaster Relief
Union Carbide Disaster: Bhopal, India
Managing Risk the Disaster Plan That You Will Need
Disasters: Disaster Management Cycle and Major Disasters in India in the Year 2017
Ready for the Storm: Education for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
Fire Prevention and Basic Disaster Management
Japan Tsunami Disaster March 2011 Present the Earthquake-Tsunami Hit Japan
Indian Ocean Tsunami: Disaster, Generosity, and Recovery
Gauley Bridge Disaster and Bhopal Disaster
Natural Disaster Shocks and Macroeconomic Growth in Asia: Evidence for Typhoons and Droughts
Disaster Recovery Toms River After Sandy
The History About the Bhopal Disaster Construction
The Black Death Was the Largest Disaster of European History
Middle Tennessee Disaster Analysis
Living With the Merapi Volcano: Risks and Disaster Microinsurance
Natural Disaster Risk Management in the Philippines: Reducing Vulnerability
Korea’s Neoliberal Restructuring: Miracle or Disaster
The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Economic Impact, Disaster Management, and Lessons
Modeling the Regional Impact of Natural Disaster and Recovery
Knowledge Management Systems and Disaster Management in Malaysia
Disaster Planning and Emergency Response
Disaster Vulnerability and Evacuation Readiness: Coastal Mobile Home Residents in Florida
Hurricane Katrin Disaster Response and Recovery System
Ohio Catastrophe: Train-Induced Chemical Pollution Disasters The paper presents an overview of the chemical pollution incident caused by a train derailment in Ohio alongside possible remedies to combat the pollution.
Climate Activism to Prevent Ecological Disasters The most relevant concern of modern society’s activism revolves around the climate situation and ecological disasters threatening humanity.
A Hurricane Threat: A Risk Communication Plan The paper discusses a risk communication plan for the residents of New Orleans about a hurricane threat. It addresses disaster scenarios and introduces the risk communication plan.
Why the Hurricane Katrina Response Failed Hurricane Katrina was the most destructive hurricane in US history, hit in late August 2005. The most severe damage from Hurricane Katrina was caused to New Orleans in Louisiana.
The US Disaster Recovery System’s Analysis The US disaster recovery system is operating below its potential, hence there is a need to review performance in past disaster incidents.
Chornobyl Disaster: Exploring Radiation Measurement After Fukushima The event is the Chornobyl disaster. A flawed reactor design caused it (Westmore, 2020). It resulted in the discharge of radioactive particles.
Earthquake’s Intensity and Magnitude Intensity measures earthquakes’ strength and indicates how much the ground shook. An earthquake’s magnitude quantifies its size.
Lake Oroville Disaster: Analysis Water released from the lake through the spillway was halted to assess the damage, which caused the quick rise of Lake Oroville water levels.
Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Recovery in the US PDD-39 and HSPD-5 are very similar safety directives, united by the provisions concerning terrorism as a world problem and the attitude of the United States towards it.
An Agent-Based Model of Flood Risk and Insurance This paper provides all essential information concerning the nature of property and liability insurance along with its core principles.
Henderson Flood Hazard and Risk Assessment A proper understanding of the disasters capable of disorienting the lives of the people of Henderson can guide different agencies to formulate interventions.
Hurricane Maria and Community Response to Hazard Hurricane Maria, which took place in the United States, Puerto Rico, and Dominica on September 20, 2017, is believed to be one of the most devastating natural disasters.
Discussion of Managing Disasters in the USA People in the United States of America are constantly in danger of natural disasters, such as storms and tornadoes.
FEMA Assistance to Man-Made and Natural Disasters The Federal Emergency Management Agency can provide financial assistance to individuals and families who, as a result of natural disasters, have incurred expenses.
The Hurricane Katrina: Consequences Hurricane Katrina is one of the unprecedented disasters that led to deaths and the destruction of economic resources.
The Possibility of Agroterrorism: Disaster Management Efforts The U.S. needs to prepare for the possibility of agroterrorism. Local administrators are responsible for disaster management efforts.
Earthquakes Preventions in USA and Japan The article clarifies the issue of earthquakes in the United States, investigate the weaknesses of the American system, and explore the benefits of the Japanese technique.
Aspects of Hurricane Irma: Analysis The paper examines Hurricane Irma and the responses of the country, state, and Monroe County to the disaster. Irma was one of the most powerful hurricanes.
Earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand The earthquake is considered one of the costliest natural disasters in history. Thousands of buildings, cars, and other property were damaged or destroyed completely.
Researching of Record-Breaking Floods Floods are natural disasters, usually caused by excessive precipitation, leading to severe consequences. The most significant flood in the world occurred in 1931 in China
Disaster Preparedness and Recovery The paper analyzes the characteristics of public and private partners concerning disaster, their advantages and disadvantages, and the government’s role in disaster control.
Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans Hurricane Katrina made landfall in New Orleans, on the United States Gulf Coast, on August 29, 2005, leaving a path of devastation and flooding in her wake.
“Emergency Management”: Building Disaster-Resilient Communities “Emergency Management” exemplifies the opportunities available currently in regard to building disaster-resilient communities to strengthen emergency management in the US.
Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster: Results After the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, NASA identified the management failure elements that led to the disaster and substituted them with sustainable alternatives.
Hurricane Vince: The Tropical Cyclone Hurricane Vince is a tropical cyclone that formed and developed in the eastern region of the Atlantic Ocean in 2005, near the Iberian Peninsula.
Disaster Recovery Plan in Overcoming Disparities Health services are a social determinant and barrier that affects community health, safety, and recovery efforts.
Consequences of Northridge Earthquake The paper discusses Northridge Earthquake. A blind thrust fault provoked an earthquake of a magnitude of 6.7, which is high for such a natural phenomenon.
Disaster: Typhoon in Philipines Developing countries struggle to receive equal access to the same options. States like the Philippines do not have enough resources to invest in resilience and prevention measures.
Destructive Atlantic Hurricane Season in 2017 The deadly and destructive 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season affected many people in society as it made people lose over 200 billion dollars.
Earthquakes: Determination of the Risk There is a need to create awareness and knowledge about earthquake disasters and how to mitigate and respond to such disasters.
Disaster Management and Analysis of Information The assessment and analysis of a disaster help understand the main problem, causes, and effects on human safety and security.
Disasters and Actions of Rapid Response Services The collaborative work of rapid response services in emergencies is crucial for the rapid and effective elimination of their consequences and for saving people’s lives.
The Mississippi Floods of 2020, Its Impact and the Requisite Solution for the Future For numerous years, the Mississippi River has been prone to flooding incidents proved quite inconvenient for the local communities.
Hurricane Katrina: Military and Civilian Response One of the three most dramatic catastrophes of the millennium, hurricane Katrina highlighted weak points of government and military forces.
The Haiti Quake and Disaster Aid The experience of Haiti with earthquakes supports the opinion of researchers that there are factors that might prevent entities from assisting the populations.
Flood Environmental Issues in the Netherlands With the current constantly rising sea levels, the Netherlands is at constant risk of floods, and those calamities were harsh incentives for the country’s development.
Hurricane Katrina and Failures of Emergency Management Operations Hurricane Katrina came from the coast of Louisiana on August 29, 2005, immediately resulting in a Category 3 storm as winds reached the speed of over 120 miles per hour.
Incident Command System and Disaster Response The significance of successfully deploying the Incident Command System to any type or scale of emergency response situation cannot be overestimated.
Communities and Disaster Preparedness: Limiting the Spread of COVID-19 This paper focuses on communicating the necessary rules children must follow to limit the spread of COVID-19 as much as possible.
Preparedness Planning in Case of Flooding According to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, a preparedness plan for floods is divided into multiple steps that meet a national preparedness goal.
How Can We Prevent Natural Disasters?
What Is the Relationship Between Disaster Risk and Climate Change?
How Does Disaster Affect Our Lives?
Where Do Natural Disasters Happen?
What Natural Disasters Are Caused by Climate Change?
How Can We Communicate Without a Phone or Internet in a Disaster?
What Is the Difference Between Crisis Management and Disaster Recovery?
Can Natural Disasters Be Prevented?
How Can We Reduce Disaster Risk?
Are Natural Disaster Situations a Formidable Obstacle to Economic Growth?
Why Is Communication Important in Disaster Management?
How Do Natural Disasters Help the Earth?
What Are the Principles of Disaster Management?
Are There Any Aspects of BP’s Ethical Culture That Could Have Contributed to the Gulf Coast Oil Spill Disaster?
Why Is Governance Important in Disaster Management?
How Does Weak Governance Affect Disaster Risk?
What Are the 5 Important Elements of Disaster Preparedness?
How Can Climate Change Affect Natural Disasters?
What Is Alternative Communication System During Disaster?
How to Cope With the Stress of Natural Disasters?
Does Economic Growth Really Reduce Disaster Damages?
Who Is Responsible for Disaster Management?
What Is the Importance of Disaster Risk Assessment?
How Important Is Disaster Awareness and Preparedness?
Does Natural Disaster Only Harm Humankind?
Earthquakes as the Natural Disaster Posing the Greatest Danger to Societies The scope of irreparable damage, human losses, and paralyzed infrastructure due to earthquakes causes high economic costs for rescuing, preventing, reconstructing, rehabilitating.
Disaster Planning for Public Health: Darby Township Case The present paper is devoted to flood preparedness and planning in Darby Township (DT) located in Delaware County, Pennsylvania.
Disasters Caused by Climate Change This paper focuses on several recent natural disasters caused by climate change – simultaneous fires in Russia and floods in Pakistan.
Hurricane: How Human Actions Affect It To prevent the frequent occurrence of hurricanes, it is necessary to understand the process of their occurrence and how human actions affect it.
“Measuring Inequality in Community Resilience to Natural Disasters” by Hong et al. This paper analyzes the scientific study “Measuring inequality in community resilience to natural disasters using large-scale mobility data” and the content of the article.
Natural Disaster Preparedness in Texas: Nursing Response Southeast Texas is the territory largely affected by hurricanes. In addition to property damage, hurricanes pose threats to public and individual health in different ways.
Hurricane Katrina: Hazards Management This paper explores the events of Hurricane Katrina in regard to the arguments for and against rebuilding along the shorelines.
Noah’s Floods: Development of the Grand Canyon Rocks The paper discusses Noah’s floods. Developing a distinction between the sole causes for the development of the Grand Canyon rocks is still a daunting task.
IT Disaster Recovery Plan Information technology disaster recovery management procedures remain an important element of the overall corporate strategy.
Adopting Smart Grid to Mitigate the Blackout Disaster The author proposes the creation of a smart grid for effective blackout monitoring and mitigation the blackout disasters.
Spiritual Considerations in the Context of a Disaster The purpose of this essay is to discuss the spiritual considerations arising after disasters and a nurse’s role in this scenario
The Role of Nurses in Disaster Management Taking action in the event of adversities and helping out communities in recuperation is a central part of public health nurses.
Loss Prevention and How It Was Affected by Hurricane Katrina The most damaging flood in United States’ history, is known as the 2005 Great New Orleans Flood or Katrina. It is estimated that the damages were incurred in 2005.
Nuclear Disaster Prevention and Related Challenges The article addresses the role of transparency in monitoring nuclear arsenals as well as the varied approaches for identifying challenges.
Chernobyl and Fukushima Disasters: Their Impact on the Ecology The fallout’s impact poses a danger to animal and plant life because of the half-life of the released isotopes. Longer exposure to radiation may lead to the burning of the skin.
Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster: Causes of the Tragedy and the Measures to Be Taken On January 28, 1986, the Challenger was launched to explode 73 seconds after its lift-off. The tragedy is commonly called “the worst disaster in the history of the space program”.
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Disaster Responses: Improving the State of Affairs Despite technological improvements and increased knowledge, humanity is still struggling against disasters because they cannot either predict them or respond to them appropriately.
Disaster Preparedness: Miami, Florida The development of a disaster preparedness plan is a priority for all states, and Miami, Florida, is no exception to the rule.
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Lazarus Island: Disaster Systems Analysis and Design This paper aims to develop a web-based emergency management system for the government of Lazarus Island. This system will be used at the response stage of disaster management.
“Manual Dosage and Infusion Rate Calculations During Disasters” by Wilmes The article “Manual dosage and infusion rate calculations during disasters” written by Wilmes, highlights the importance of manual calculation skills in nurses.
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Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Data loss is the center of focus of business continuity and disaster recovery (BC/DR), as this is the lifeblood of business operations today.
Fire Disaster Plan For a Skilled Nursing Facility The purpose of this fire disaster plan is to provide guidance to the skilled nursing facility on fire emergency procedures to protect the lives and property of staff, residents.
Southern Europe Flash Floods: Disaster Overview Southern Europe flash floods are the most recent significant event. People need to learn about the cause and effects of flooding and apply the knowledge to protect themselves.
The Atlantic Hurricane Season Explained The Atlantic hurricane occurs from June 1 to November 30. It peaks sharply from late August to September; in most cases, the season is at the highest point around September 10.
Community Disaster Preparedness in Nassau County, New York The objective of disaster management is to design a realistic and executable coordinated planning that minimizes duplication of functions and optimizes the overall effectiveness.
Article Review: “The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Trust in Government” The research applies trust concept to and measured in dwellers of several counties within Mississippi and Louisiana.
International and South Africa’s Disaster Management When South Africa gained self-governance status in 1931, one of the issues that its government focused on was the management of major disasters.
Effect of Flooding on Cultures in Egypt and Mesopotamia The effects of Tigris and Euphrates river largely impacted on the Mesopotamian culture more so with regard to its frequent and destructive floods.
Organizational Behavior and Motivation in Hurricane Response This article examines methods that could be used to manage the aftermath of the Katrina disaster by some theorists in the field of creating mechanisms to regulate human behavior.
All-Hazards Disaster Preparedness: The Role of the Nurse Preparing for hazards means developing skills and gaining knowledge that will allow allocating less time to decision-making in case of emergency.
Hurricane Katrina’s Mental Health Impact on Populations The occurrence of Hurricane Katrina and Tsunami disasters called for the development of specialized techniques that would respond to a crisis.
Disaster, Crisis, Trauma: Interview with a Victim An interviewed process suffered trauma in 2008. He was just a teenager when all the members of his family died in a plane crash.
Effects of Earthquakes: Differences in the Magnitude of Damage Caused by Earthquakes There are various types of earthquakes depending on the cause of the earthquake hence have different effects and damage to property and loss of life.
How Natural Disasters Impact Systems at Various Levels? Health complications such as cancer are associated with nuclear disasters. Such diseases are hard to cure and manage.
Disasters’ Benefits to People Who Experience Them The disasters cause more harm than good. This is because their negative consequences supersede the positive impacts.
Chernobyl Disaster’s Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact Future efforts to prevent the impacts of a disaster similar to the Chernobyl accident is to invest more in public information, considering the previous misconceptions.
Causes of the Haiti Earthquake This paper defines what an earthquake is, then discusses and reviews the causes of the Haiti Earthquake and the possibility of another Earthquake.
Environmental Disaster Education: Incorporation Into the University Curriculum
Was the BP Oil Spill Disaster in the Gulf Avoidable
The 1900 Galveston Hurricane: Disaster Management Failure
Managing Change, the Challenger and Columbia Shuttle Disasters
Ethical and Legal Issues During Catastrophes or Disasters
Managing Emergencies and Disasters
Energy Safety and Earthquake Hazards Program
Recovery Efforts During 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina as One of the Worst National Disasters in the USA
Destructive Force: Earthquake in Aquila, Italy
Hurricane Katrina and the USA’s South
International Studies: Global Disasters
Hurricane Katrina: Determining Management Approach
Scientific Responsibility for Earthquakes in Japan
Disaster Recovery. Automated Management System
Media Coverage of the China 2008 Earthquake
Vulnerability of Hazardville to Flooding Disasters
Natural Sciences. 1996 Mount Everest Disaster
The Climate Tragedy and Adaptation to Disasters
Potential Disasters’ Impact on Nursing Community
National Guidance During Hurricane Katrina
Psychological Issues After a Crisis or Disaster
Hurricane Katrina and Public Administration Action
Emergency Planner’s Role in Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Recovery Plan: Business Impact Analysis
The “New Normal” Concept After Disaster
Disaster Management: Evacuations from Gulf Coast Hurricanes
American and European Disaster Relief Agencies
Flooding in Houston and New Life After It
Deepwater Horizon Disaster and Prevention Plan
Hurricane Hanna, Aftermath and Community Recovery
Emergency and Disaster Management Legal Framework
Disaster Support by Miami and Federal Emergency Management Agency
9/11 and Hurricane Katrina in Psychological Aspect
Disaster Plan Activation and Healthcare Staff
Hurricane Katrina and Emergency Planning Lessons
Family Self-Care and Disaster Management Plan
The Role of Homeland Security in Terrorism and Disaster Management
How Can the Negative Effects of Disasters Be Avoided?
The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster Factors
Disaster Management: Terrorism and Emergency Situations
Defence Against Coastal Flooding in Florida
Evaluation as Part of a Disaster Management Plan
World Trade Center Disaster and Anti-Terrorism
Structural Violence and Hurricane Matthew in Haiti
Vulnerable Population: Disaster Management’ Improvement
Risk Management Model and Disaster Recovery Plan
Kendall Regional Medical Center’s Disaster Plan
Houston’s Revitalization After Harvey Hurricane
Disaster Recovery Team and Disaster Recovery Strategy
Hurricane Katrina: Facts, Impacts and Prognosis
Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response
Hurricane Katrina, Its Economic and Social Impact
Mississippi’ Disaster: Hurricane Katrina Crisis Strategy
Philadelphia Winter Snow Disaster and Its Impact
Fukushima and Chernobyl’ Nuclear Disasters Comparison
Natural Disasters Effects on the Supply Chain
Natural Disasters: The Budalangi Flood
Homeland Security: Fast Response to Disasters and Terrorism
Tornado and Hurricane Comparison
The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster
Hurricane Katrina’ Meaning: Mental, Economic, and Geographical Impact
Preparing for Terrorism and Disasters in the New Age of Health Care
Healthcare Facilities Standards and Disaster Management
Planning Disaster Management in the Urban Context
Strategic Preparedness for Disasters
Nuclear Disasters: Fukushima and Chernobyl
Hurricane Katrina and the US Emergency Management

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Disaster Risk Science: A Geographical Perspective and a Research Framework

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Published: 21 August 2020
Volume 11 , pages 426–440, ( 2020 )

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Peijun Shi 1 , 3 , 5 ,
Tao Ye 1 , 2 , 3 ,
Ying Wang 2 , 3 ,
Tao Zhou 1 , 3 ,
Wei Xu 1 , 2 , 3 ,
Juan Du 3 , 4 ,
Jing’ai Wang 2 , 4 ,
Ning Li 1 , 2 , 3 ,
Chongfu Huang 2 , 3 ,
Lianyou Liu 1 , 2 , 3 ,
Bo Chen 1 , 2 , 3 ,
Yun Su 2 , 4 ,
Weihua Fang 2 , 3 ,
Ming Wang 1 , 3 ,
Xiaobin Hu 1 , 3 ,
Jidong Wu 2 , 3 ,
Chunyang He 1 , 4 ,
Qiang Zhang 2 , 3 ,
Qian Ye 1 , 3 ,
Carlo Jaeger 1 , 6 &
Norio Okada 1 , 3 , 7

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In this article, we recall the United Nations’ 30-year journey in disaster risk reduction strategy and framework, review the latest progress and key scientific and technological questions related to the United Nations disaster risk reduction initiatives, and summarize the framework and contents of disaster risk science research. The object of disaster risk science research is the “disaster system” consisting of hazard, the geographical environment, and exposed units, with features of regionality, interconnectedness, coupling, and complexity. Environmental stability, hazard threat, and socioeconomic vulnerability together determine the way that disasters are formed, establish the spatial extent of disaster impact, and generate the scale of losses. In the formation of a disaster, a conducive environment is the prerequisite, a hazard is the necessary condition, and socioeconomic exposure is the sufficient condition. The geographical environment affects local hazard intensity and therefore can change the pattern of loss distribution. Regional multi-hazard, disaster chain, and disaster compound could induce complex impacts, amplifying or attenuating hazard intensity and changing the scope of affected areas. In the light of research progress, particularly in the context of China, we propose a three-layer disaster risk science disciplinary structure, which contains three pillars (disaster science, disaster technology, and disaster governance), nine core areas, and 27 research fields. Based on these elements, we discuss the frontiers in disaster risk science research.

Knowledge mapping analysis of research progress and frontiers in integrated disaster risk management in a changing climate

Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDRM): Elements to Advance Its Study and Assessment

World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

1 Introduction

2019 was the 30th anniversary of the United Nations (UN) global disaster risk reduction (DRR) initiatives. On 11 December 1987, the UN General Assembly announced plans to organize the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) in the 1990s. On 23–27 May 1994, the First World Conference on Disaster Reduction was held in Yokohama, Japan. Its output, the Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World (IDNDR 1994 ), suggested that disaster prevention, preparedness, mitigation, and relief are the key measures needed to build a safer world and realize sustainable development. In November 2000, the 54th UN General Assembly decided to implement the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), and set up a Secretariat for coordination. On 18–22 January 2005, the Second World Conference on Disaster Reduction was held in Kobe, Japan. The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005 – 2015 (UNISDR 2005 ) was adopted, which emphasized building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. On 14–18 March 2015, the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction was held in Sendai, Japan. Its official output, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 – 2030 (UNISDR 2015 ), exclusively outlined four priorities: understand disaster risk, strengthen disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk, invest in disaster risk reduction for resilience, and enhance disaster preparedness for effective response and to Build Back Better in recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. The Sendai Framework also called for enhanced international collaboration to build a global DRR partnership to face the challenges of climate change and achieve the sustainable development goals. So far, it has been a 30-year endeavor of all countries, sectors, and stakeholders to seek for the scientific strategies, effective methods, advanced technologies, and powerful measures that promote DRR.

The fundamental motivation of disaster risk science and technology (S&T) development is to protect life and assets and achieve sustainable socioeconomic development. The scientific community, primarily Earth sciences researchers, has responded actively to the UN global DRR initiatives, and has systematically provided S&T support. During the 30 years of UN global initiatives, from hazard mitigation to disaster reduction and then to DRR, the academic community has conducted a series of systematic and integrated research efforts to address global, regional, subregional, country, local, and community needs. The topics have covered the entire cycle of disaster management (prevention, preparedness, emergency response, recovery, and reconstruction) and regional actions for DRR from the perspective of Earth system science. The scope and focus of disaster risk science are summarized in subsequent subsections: Sects. 1.1 and 1.2 .

1.1 Hazards, Disasters, Disaster Risks, and Their Linkages

The academic community has not reached a consensus on the concepts of hazard, disaster, and disaster risk. Under the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, the United Nations proposed a terminology system that has been widely adopted by researchers and practitioners: Hazard is “a process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation” (UNDRR 2017 ). Hazards include biological, environmental, geological, hydrometeorological and technological processes and phenomena (UNISDR 2015 ). Disaster is “a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts” (UNDRR 2017 ). Disaster risk is “the potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets that could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity” (UNDRR 2017 ).

Figure 1 presents a framework that elaborates the linkages and differences among hazards, disasters, and disaster risks (Shi 2018 ). For hazards, the observation, monitoring, and measurement of hazards help to reveal the spatial–temporal patterns and formation mechanisms, and develop statistical and/or process-based models for prediction, forecasting, and early warning. On these bases, the formation processes of individual disaster events can be modeled, and their consequences can be estimated, including human casualties, losses in property and damage to resources and environment, and further economic, political, cultural, societal, and ecosystem effects. The estimation of disaster impacts in a region as a whole through time (regional disasters) can be obtained from statistical analysis of regional disaster pattern and construction of indices and models. For risks, by understanding the hazard mechanism and disaster process of a regional disaster system, future risk of disasters at the event and regional scales under difference scenarios can be assessed with disaster risk models and modeling that integrates hazard forecasting modules and disaster impact estimation modules.

Relationships between hazards, disasters, and risks

1.2 The Disaster System

In order to deepen understanding of the relationship between hazards and the formation of disasters, the concept of disaster system (DS) has been proposed (Shi 1991 ). The DS is regarded as the object of disaster risk science research, and has both structure and function (Fig. 2 ). The structure presents the elements of a DS. To Ma and Gao the DS consists of planet Earth, human beings, and atmospheric, geological, hydrometeorological, and biological hazards (Ma and Gao 1990 ); or a DS can be described as an Earth surface metamorphic system consisting of the geographical environment, hazards, socioeconomic exposure, and disaster (losses) (Shi 1991 ) (Fig. 2 a); or alternatively as a coupled system of Earth system, human system, and construction system (Mileti 1999 ).

Source Adapted from Shi ( 1991 , 2005 )

A conceptual model of disaster system.

The interlinkages and interactions among the elements determine the function of the DS (Fig. 2 b) (Shi, Wang, et al. 2014 ). Disaster vulnerability in a broader sense contains resilience and adaptability (Turner et al. 2003 ). Key function attributes of the core elements of a disaster system (Df) therefore include environmental stability (or sensitivity) (S), hazardousness (H), and vulnerability of the exposed units (V). The interactions of those attributes determine the state and function of a disaster system, Df = S ∩ H ∩ V (Shi 2005 ). Burton et al. stated that vulnerability plays a key role in the formation of disasters (Burton et al. 1993 ). Wisner emphasized the interaction of hazards and exposure during the formation of disasters (Wisner et al. 2004 ): No hazard, no disaster; no exposure, no disaster, either. This is exactly the reason that the second edition of At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters has revised its conceptual framework from R ( isk )= H + V to R = H × V , which clarifies the necessary condition of both hazard and exposure (socioeconomic vulnerability) in disasters.

The regional geographical environment within which hazards form determines not only the spatial distribution of exposure, but also influences the complexity of hazards and further alters hazard intensity. Such influences could be critical in triggering completely different multi-hazards, disaster chains, and disaster compounding events. This can be demonstrated by the dramatic difference between the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China that occurred in a mountainous region, and the 2011 Eastern Japan Great Earthquake and Tsunami that occurred off-shore. The Wenchuan Earthquake triggered a large number of rock-falls and landslides, which together with rainstorms further induced debris flows and quake lakes, which formed a typical disaster chain of earthquake–rock fall and landslide–rainstorm–debris flow–quake lake (Shi 2008a ). The East Japan Earthquake, by contrast, triggered a tsunami, which in turn damaged the nuclear power plant in Fukushima, forming a typical Natech (Natural disaster-triggered technological accident) disaster chain of earthquake–tsunami–nuclear power plant failure–radiative accidents (Okada et al. 2011 ). Their difference vividly illustrates the critical roles of the geographical environment in modifying local hazards. It also reveals that the structure of a disaster system determines its function and regional features.

2 Advances in Disaster Risk Science Research

In this section, we review the major scientific advances in disaster risk research, in terms of our understanding of each of the key elements—hazards, disaster, disaster risks and disaster response, as well as integrated studies.

2.1 Hazard Study in Disaster Risk Science

Studies of hazards have always been fundamental in disaster risk science research. Their focus is to deepen our understanding of the causes and formation mechanism of hazards, so as to improve forecasting capability and accuracy and, in turn, the effectiveness of early warning. Researchers from the fields of seismology, meteorology, geology, hydrology, biology, and geography have conducted long-term systematic research on the formation mechanism and processes, dynamics, and causes of various types of natural hazards. In addition to the systematic research within single disciplinary fields, transdisciplinary, comprehensive studies have also been conducted about earthquakes, tropic cyclones, landslides, debris flows, floods, diseases and pests, wildfires, droughts, land degradation, and desertification. The launch of the IDNDR greatly stimulated hazard studies. Several important academic journals were founded, including Natural Hazards (1988 in the United States), Environmental Hazards (1999 in the United Kingdom), Natural Hazards Review (2000 in the United States), and Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (2001 in Germany). There are also many hazard study books such as Recent Studies in Geophysical Hazards (El-Sabh et al. 1994 ), Natural Hazards (Chen and Shi 2013 ), and the Atlas of Natural Disasters in China published bilingually in Chinese and English (Zhang 1992 ).

Recent advances within the focus of hazard studies include, for example, further understanding of earthquake occurrence, which has occurred by connecting slow earthquakes to huge earthquakes (Obara and Kato 2016 ), earthquake forecast (Huang 2015 ), and early-warning system improvement (Cochran and Husker 2019 ). Sea-surface temperature change and its impact on tropic cyclone frequency and intensity is explored by Emanuel ( 2017 ). Other examples include the impact of global warming (Yamaguchi et al. 2020 ) and rising sea-level on tropical cyclones and storm surges (Calafat and Marcos 2020 ), and their influence on costal residents’ migration (Hauer 2017 ). The linkages between climate change and hydrometeorological hazards (for example, floods and heatwaves) and their secondary hazards (for example, landslides and debris flows), mostly concentrate on the altered frequency and intensity of hazards driven by climate change (Stott 2016 ; Blöschl et al. 2019 ), and have spurred the construction and improvement of early-warning systems (Schiermeier 2018 ). The connection between climate change and environmental hazards such as droughts, wildfires, land degradation, and desertification are examined by Mazdiyasni and AghaKouchak ( 2015 ), especially the cryosphere change in higher elevation regions and its corresponding impact on the water supply of oases in arid basins (Pritchard 2019 ). Besides these single hazard studies, multi-hazards, hazard chains or cascading hazards (Walter et al. 2019 ), and hazard compounds (Bevacqua et al. 2019 ) are attracting increasing attention.

2.2 Disaster Study in Disaster Risk Science

Studies of hazards have been accompanied by research on disasters, and the focus of the latter has been on the loss-formation mechanism, and evaluation of disaster losses and impacts. Special attention has been paid to the critical roles of human and socioeconomic factors in the formation of disasters, and their amplification on the effects of natural and environmental hazards. Journals, including Disasters (founded in 1977 in the United Kingdom), the Journal of Catastrophology (founded in 1986 in China), and Progress in Disaster Science (founded in 2018 in the Netherlands), have promoted the advance in this field.

Key topics in this field, repeatedly published in the journals mentioned above, include, for instance, the global impact of volcanic eruption (Papale and Marzocchi 2019 ); the spatial–temporal distribution of urban heat wave exposure and loss (Yang et al. 2019 ); climate change and flood vulnerability (Jongman et al. 2015 ); socioeconomic impact assessment of climate change (Carleton and Hsiang 2016 ; Su et al. 2018 ); the damage of climate extremes to road infrastructure and transportation (Wang et al. 2019 ), among many others. These studies have largely improved the methodology and models available for disaster loss assessment, particularly for climate trend effects and climate change-related disasters, and have significantly advanced disaster risk science.

Many important books have also been published in this field, including The Environment as Hazard (Burton et al. 1993 ), Major Natural Disasters in China and the Mitigation Countermeasures (General Issues) (Ma 1994 ), Disasters by Design (Mileti 1999 ), the Atlas of Natural Disaster Systems of China , which appears in a bilingual Chinese and English edition (Shi 2003 ), At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters (Wisner et al. 2004 ), and Natural Disasters in China (Shi 2016 ), among others. These publications have mostly centered on the relationship between resource exploitation and natural hazards and disasters from the perspective of human activity, and have paid close attention to the role of human and socioeconomic factors in the formation of disasters, all contributing in important ways to the development of disaster risk science research.

2.3 Risk Study in Disaster Risk Science

Studies on risks have involved the extension of disaster studies to meet the urgent needs of risk reduction, with foci on disaster risk assessment, simulation, and governance approaches. Risk Analysis (founded in 1981 in the United States) has concentrated on the mathematical models and modeling of disaster risk. Other journals such as Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies (founded in 2006 in South Africa), and Geomatics, Natural Hazards & Risk (founded in 2010 in the United Kingdom) have also published systematic studies on disaster risk. In 2010, the International Journal of Disaster Risk Science was founded in China, which for the first time formally put forward the term “disaster risk science.”

Advances in risk studies in recent years include, for example, seismic risk simulation using scenario ensembles (Robinson et al. 2018 ) and risk reduction (Tucker 2013 ), global trends of tropical cyclone risks (Peduzzi et al. 2012 ), climatic and socioeconomic controls in coastal flood risks (Vousdoukas et al. 2018 ), climate change and global flood risk and its reduction (Kundzewicz et al. 2018 ; Ward et al. 2015 ; Aerts et al. 2018 ), avalanche risk (Ballesteros-Cánovas et al. 2018 ), wild fire risk (Radeloff et al. 2018 ), and multi-hazard risk (Koks et al. 2019 ). There has been an increasing concern about networked risk (Helbing 2013 ) and compound event risks (Zscheischler et al. 2018 ), and crop synchronized failure risk (Gaupp et al. 2020 ), and so on.

There are also many books published in the risk field, for example, Integrated Catastrophe Risk Modeling (Amendola et al. 2013 ), Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in Society (Collins et al. 2014 ), The Social Roots of Risk: Producing Disasters, Promoting Resilience (Tierney 2014 ), the World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk (Shi and Kasperson 2015 ), Risk Modeling for Hazards and Disasters (Michel 2018 ), among many others. In the context of China, representative works include Mountainous Disaster Forming Mechanism and Risk Control in Wenchuan Earthquake (Cui et al. 2011 ), the Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk of China (Shi 2011a ), Integrated Risk Governance: Science, Technology and Demonstration (Shi 2011b ), Integrated Risk Governance (Shi, Jaeger, et al. 2012 ), the Atlas of Environmental Risks Facing China Under Climate Change (Tang and Ge 2018 ), Disaster Risk Science (Shi 2018 ), and so on. These publications have substantially pushed forward the development of disaster risk science research in China and globally, deepened understanding of disaster risk, particularly for climate change, multi-hazards, disaster chains, and disaster compounds, and provided scientific support to risk reduction plans.

2.4 Disaster Response Study in Disaster Risk Science

Disaster response includes two pillars: the response system for individual disaster events, namely, prevention, preparedness, emergency response, recovery and reconstruction; and the response system for regional disasters, namely the combination of prevention, consilience, relief, and integrated disaster risk governance.

In response to the United Nations call for global hazard mitigation, disaster reduction, and DRR, several scientific programs have been launched, a set of new academic journals have been founded, and new research output in the form of journal articles and books have been published. In 2008, the International Council for Science (ICSU) launched the Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) program (ICSU 2008 ). The International Human Dimension Program (IHDP) launched the Integrated Risk Governance (IRG) core science project (Shi, Jaeger, et al. 2012 ). In 2015, IRG formally enrolled in the Future Earth program. In this field, representative academic journals include Geological Hazard and Control (founded in 1990 in China, and renamed The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control in 1991), Disaster Prevention and Management (founded in 1992 in the United States), the Journal of Flood Risk Management (founded in 2008 in the United Kingdom), the International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment (founded in 2010 in the United Kingdom), and International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction (founded in 2012 in the Netherlands). These journals have provided important platforms for academic discussion of disaster response.

The latest progress in disaster response study, for instance, has focused on: the function of preparedness in disaster response (McNutt 2015 ); optimization of emergency coping resources (Hanson and Roberts 2005 ); emergency relocation and social capital (Hikichi et al. 2017 ); disaster insurance’s plausible roles (Surminski et al. 2016 ), and so on. Other studies call for effective adaptation to climate change to reduce disaster risk (Jongman 2018 ), particularly increased adaptation in the private sector (Goldstein et al. 2019 ), prevention capacity improvement in the wildland-urban interface (Calkin et al. 2014 ) and coastal regions (Barbier 2014 ), protection of the environment and ecosystem services (Reyers et al. 2015 ), adjustments in human exposure in quantity and distribution (Spears 2015 ).

Representative publications in this field include Large - scale Disasters: Prediction, Control, and Mitigation (Gad-el-Hak 2008 ), Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (IPCC 2012 ), Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in Society (Collins et al. 2014 ), Integrated Disaster Science and Management: Global Case Studies in Mitigation and Recovery (Samui et al. 2018 ), and Science and Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia: Potentials and Challenges (Shaw et al. 2018 ).

Important concentrations of research in the disaster response field include the improvement of disaster and risk management, implementation of disaster reduction strategies, improvement of early-warning technology and information services for effective response, an improved scientific basis for disaster insurance, and disaster aid for developing countries. These research nodes have greatly promoted scientific research in disaster response, provided solid S&T support to effective disaster response, and supplied evidence for the UN’s strategy for reducing disaster impact and DRR.

3 A Framework for Disaster Risk Science Research

Developing disaster risk science is imperative to meet the need for DRR, and is the product of and basis for implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 – 2030 of the United Nations (Aitsi-Selmi et al. 2016 ). The terminology system is not complete, and some of the terms overlap or are contradictory (Kelman 2018 ). This situation requires scholars to learn from other disciplines and improve the precision of their terminology in order to establish an interdisciplinary group of disaster risk science researchers.

Disaster risk science is the discipline that studies the hazard mechanism, disaster process, dynamics modeling, spatial–temporal patterns of disaster impact (effects and losses), emergency response, and risk governance paradigms of disaster systems. It is a multi-, cross-, and transdisciplinary field. The structure of disaster risk science is different from that of the Earth science system, which is divided into Earth spheres (such as geology, geography, atmospheric science, oceanology and ecology, and so on), or divided by basic science linkage (such as geomathematics, geophysics, geochemistry, geometrics, digital Earth, and so on). By contrast, the division of disaster risk science is closer to that of the study of the cryosphere (Qin et al. 2017 ). Disaster risk science includes not only basic (including applied basic) studies, namely, theory and methodology, but also systematic application-oriented research and development (R&D), namely, response technologies and governance approaches and their integration. Because the disaster system is a giant, complex system, its corresponding disaster risk science naturally is a disciplinary group, which can be further divided into three pillars—disaster science, disaster technology, and disaster governance.

Disaster science mainly focuses on the structure, function, properties, and dynamics of disaster systems. Research on disaster systems’ structure includes the study of hazards, socioeconomic exposure, and the environment. Research on the function of disaster systems includes studies on hazardousness (threat or danger), socioeconomic vulnerability, and environmental stability. Research on the properties of disaster systems refers to studies that explore their interconnectedness, regionality, complexity, and coupling features. Research on disaster system dynamics refers to the mechanism, processes, and evolution of these systems. Given these topics, disaster science can be further divided into fields such as hazardology, hazardous environment studies, and exposure science (Fig. 3 ).

A framework of disaster risk science research—a root system diagram of the three-layered disciplinary structure

Disaster technology mainly focuses on the R&D of disaster systems’ metrics and statistics, disaster response technologies, disaster and risk management technologies, and technology integration. Disaster system metrics and statistics includes disaster monitoring (site and station based, or using remote sensing data and big data), forecasting, early warning, loss estimation (statistics and relative impact), disaster modeling (experimental, numerical, and scenario modeling of mechanisms and impacts), disaster risk assessment (quantitative, semiquantitative, qualitative), and disaster risk simulation. Disaster response technology includes technologies for prevention (inventory, maps, regionalization, plans and planning, fortification standards, insurance), resilience (structural measures, retrofitting, relocation, site improvement), and relief (rapid assessment, aid to victims, organizing assistance and funding, distribution of material and funds), and their integration. Disaster and risk management technology covers disaster management (regulation, standard, procedure, method, statistical indicator system, mapping, logistic, online service and automation, information system), disaster risk management (regulation, standard, procedure, method, mapping, premium setting, loss assessment, insurance, financing, online service and automation, information system), and disaster emergency management (regulation, standard, procedure, method, plan, logistic, institution, online service and automation, information system) and technologies. Disaster technology can be divided into disaster metrics and statistics, disaster response technology, and disaster and risk management technology (Fig. 3 ).

Disaster governance mainly focuses on developing approaches and methods of preparedness, adaptation, emergency response, recovery and reconstruction, and their integration. Disaster preparedness and adaptation management includes capacity building for the management of inventories, shelters, and command system; disaster response schemes, plans and standards, and disaster response media communication, campaign, and education. Emergency response management covers emergency command and rescue systems, logistics and allocation of goods and materials, and joint defense and control. Recovery and reconstruction management covers rehabilitation, carrying capacity assessment, ground safety assessment, and reconstruction planning. According to the topics/fields mentioned above, disaster governance can be divided into disaster preparedness governance, disaster emergency governance, and disaster recovery and reconstruction governance. Therefore, disaster risk science as an interdisciplinary group contains three pillars, nine core-areas, and 27 research fields (Fig. 3 ).

Disaster risk science has strong multi-, cross-, and transdisciplinary features. Its theory, methodology, technology, and governance systems must be broadly developed from the perspectives of science and engineering, as well as the humanities and social sciences. Therefore, disaster risk science, as a super disciplinary group, requires its researchers and students to have a wide knowledge background in the Geosciences (Geology, Geography, Atmospheric Sciences, Oceanology, Geomathematics, Geophysics, Geochemistry, Geometrics, Digital Earth, and so on), Life Sciences (Biology, Ecology, Medicine, Pharmaceutical Science, and so on), Economics, Management Science, as well as Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Information Science and Technology, Language and Literature, History, Philosophy, Sociology, Political Science, and Law, among others.

4 Frontiers in the Disaster Risk Science Research

The Sendai Framework has outlined four priorities of actions, and these four priorities all require strong support from disaster risk science. This offers new opportunity but also challenges for disaster risk science. The UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 was held in Geneva in 27–29 January 2016 (Dickinson et al. 2016 ). Scientists, policymakers, business people, and practitioners at the conference focused on following key questions: (1) In what way would the UNISDR Science and Technology Partnership leverage local, national, regional, and international networks and platforms to advance multidisciplinary research and bring together science, policy, and practice? (2) How is disaster risk understood, and how are risks assessed and early warning systems designed? (3) What data, standards, and innovative practices would be needed to measure and report on risk reduction? (4) What research and capacity gaps exist and how can difficulties in creating and using science for effective disaster risk reduction be overcome? In support, UNISDR also revised DRR-related terminology, and set up monitoring indices for the seven targets listed in the Sendai Framework. In light of these updates, five topics should be addressed as high priority research areas: Dynamics and non-dynamics of disaster systems; disaster response digital systems; disaster response models; integrated disaster risk governance paradigms; and new disaster emergency and risk management systems.

4.1 Dynamics and Non-dynamics of Disaster Systems

Disaster systems are typical coupled human–environment systems, or socioecological systems, with the features of giant systems and complex network systems. A regional disaster system can have complex network system behaviors such as disaster swarms, disaster chains, and disaster compounds (Shi, Lu, et al. 2014 ). A disaster swarm refers to the phenomenon that disasters often occur as spatial and temporal clusters (Shi 1991 ). It is close to the concept of multi-hazards, and this clustering property mainly depends on the environment of the region. A disaster swarm could be further grouped into a temporal co-occurrence and a spatial cluster of hazards. Disaster chains (or cascading disasters) refer to the triggering or causal relationship between one disaster and other disaster(s). It can be further divided into parallel disaster chains (one-to-many; or ripple behavior), and sporadic disaster chains (one-after-another; or the domino effect) (Shi 1991 ; Shi, Lu, et al. 2014 ). The concept of a hazard/disaster compound was proposed by Hewitt and Burton, and indicates “the co-occurrence of multiple disasters that could induce social risks” (Burton et al. 1993 ; Hewitt 1997 ). In the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) framework, hazard compounds are a special case that result when two or more climate extremes occur together. We have framed disaster compound as the case in which two or more disasters without any causal relationships have occurred simultaneously or consecutively, and induces much larger consequences than the simple summation of each disaster, even if they are not extremes when considered separately (Shi, Lu, et al. 2014 ). Understanding these complex features of disaster systems is important for further understanding the formation process of hazards and disasters.

The existing literature has obtained some understanding of disasters induced by climate extremes. Knowledge gaps still exist, however, about the complexity of global change, particularly about the impact of climate change on disaster systems. Our earlier studies have shown that climate change impact on disaster has three different components: (1) the trade-off induced by climate trends; (2) uncertainty introduced by climate variability; and (3) the extreme impact associated with climate extremes (Shi, Ye, et al. 2012 ; Wang et al. 2018 ). The trade-offs induced by climate trends depend largely on geographical location. For instance, for crops grown in higher latitudes or altitudes, warming climate brings more potential gains than losses. By contrast, in middle-and-lower latitude arid and semi-arid regions, warming would further exacerbate drought, making it even more difficulty to reduce agricultural risks. The impact of climate variability largely depends on the threshold of triggers. Variation of precipitation and temperature without exceeding the prevention capacity of human society could have some effect, but not disaster. Once variations in climate exceed impact prevention capacity, a tipping-point might occur and catastrophic extreme climate and weather disaster could be triggered, causing huge losses and long-run impacts.

Studying multi-hazard, disaster chain, and disaster compound occurrences, and the impacts of climate change in its trend, variability, and extremes have important theoretical and practical meanings in understanding regional hazard mechanisms and disaster processes. Presently, we have only started to study the many features of disaster system dynamics and non-dynamics, that is, their interconnectedness, regionality, complexity, and coupling. In most cases, the existing literature considers one or two features at one time, and mainly focuses on single hazard types. Studies on the dynamics of multi-hazard, disaster chain, and disaster compound events have been very limited. Current studies on the impact of climate change on disasters paid more attention to the impact of climate trend, that is, estimation of loss and of the impacts of global average temperature increase, than that of the changes in climate variability and extremes. Studies about the dynamics of climate change in its mean, variability, and extremes, together forming systemic risk, are also limited. Study of the dynamics of disaster systems continues to rely heavily on complex network system dynamics. There is an urgent need to further establish novel quantitative indices, and deepen our understanding of the mechanisms and processes that are basic to network system dynamics. Study on the non-dynamics of disaster systems, that is, disaster risk related management and policy issues, have largely been limited to statistical analysis.

The globalization process has further highlighted the regional, interconnective, coupled, and complex features of disaster systems. The system dynamics and non-dynamics of disaster systems not only reveal the “node degree” behavior of their elements, but also their “consilience” behavior (Hu et al. 2017 ). The consilience of disaster systems can reflect the differences of regional disaster systems not only in their mechanisms and processes, but also the integrated features of their structures and functions. The concept of consilience also makes quantitative analysis and simulation of disaster systems possible. Disaster system dynamics contain mechanisms, processes, and dynamics models. Numerical simulations together with statistical models have often been applied to model the nature of nonlinear dynamic processes. The non-dynamics processes—disaster and disaster risk management schemes and policies—of a disaster system, like many other human–environment systems, have limited quantitative indicators and data to model, and mostly relied on statistical models. The integration and coupled study of the system dynamics and non-dynamics features of disaster systems have always been a tough challenge in disaster risk science research. With the development of the supercomputer, big data, artificial intelligence, visualization, and modern 5G network systems and their application in coupled human–environment systems, a promotion in the integration and coupled study on the system dynamics and non-dynamics of disaster systems is expected, making possible a deeper understanding of the formation processes of hazard and disaster.

4.2 Disaster Response Digital Systems

Information systems have played important roles in disaster response. The digital system for disaster response is a critical part in digital Earth systems, including the disaster response system, digital disaster system, and modeled disaster system.

The disaster response system is the system that describes the response of a regional DS at varying scales—community, local place, nation, subregion, region, and the globe—to individual disaster events and regional disasters. These include various types of response activities, such as DRR demonstration communities, Footnote 1 the UNDRR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction) disaster resilience scorecard for cities, Footnote 2 WHO-international safe community approach to injury prevention, Footnote 3 and various other types of resources for disaster response.

The digital disaster system is the data center of a regional disaster system, mainly about the construction of and quality standard for information products. Disaster system data centers can be established by expanding the databases created from implementing the Yokohama Strategy , the Hyogo Framework for Action , and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and incorporating new data obtained from new technologies and approaches such as earth observation, internet resources, big data processing, and supercomputing. The goal of developing such digital disaster systems and data centers is to turn the observation of individual disaster events from occasional observation into long-term and fixed-site observation, from static observation to dynamic analysis, from human observation to artificial intelligence-supported observation. In this way, it is possible to provide critical data support and management services for global and regional DRR. Such data centers must be capable of receiving data from local sources and the cloud, accessing telecommunication, navigation, and remote sensing data, and assimilating multisource, spatial–temporal data.

The modeled disaster system is the modeling platform for quantitative studies of regional DS mechanisms, processes, and dynamics, loss estimation and modeling for disaster events, disaster risk assessment, and simulation of regional disasters. Based on the support of the disaster response system and data centers, technologies such as cloud computing, geographic information systems, big data visualization, virtual reality and augmented reality, and artificial intelligence can be applied to conduct all-weather, full-element, whole-process, and all-scale integrated simulation via various types of disaster and disaster-risk models.

4.3 Disaster Response Models

Disaster response models include those designed models for individual disaster events and for regional disaster systems.

Systematic response model for individual disaster events From the disaster management cycle (Carter 2008 ), the management of individual disaster events includes the stages of preparedness, prediction and early warning, emergency response, relief, recovery and reconstruction. The Sendai Framework divides the response to a disaster event into five stages: preparedness, emergency, rehabilitation, recovery, and reconstruction (UNISDR 2015 ). We divide the response to an individual disaster event into three phases: pre-disaster, during-disaster, and post-disaster. These three phases cover the preparedness, emergency response, recovery, and reconstruction stages that form the functional system of integrated disaster risk governance. Of the four stages, preparedness is the key. The response of China to the 2020 novel coronavirus has revealed the drawbacks of an insufficient resources reserve and the weakness in existing prediction and early-warning capability.

Systematic response model for regional disasters At the regional scale, disaster response has to strive for a synthesis of prevention, resilience, and relief, with a major focus on prevention. This is also the structural system of integrated disaster risk governance. Prevention is the key in regional disaster response. From the practice of disaster response, prevention refers to the set of measures that include peril identification and survey, disaster governance regionalization, prevention standard determination, and disaster insurance development. The key for resilience includes infrastructure construction, and retrofitting. The key for relief includes rapid disaster assessment and humanitarian aid. The response system for regional disasters is closely related to the developmental disaster risk governance paradigm (see below for more discussion). The efficiency and cost-effectiveness of a response system for regional disasters can be improved via optimization under the rules of effectiveness, efficiency, and equity (Shi 2011b ; Hu et al. 2014 ).

4.4 Integrated Disaster Risk Governance Paradigms

Presently, there are plenty of ongoing discussions on the synergetic paradigm of green development and DRR, the collaborative paradigm of regions and sectors to increase DRR resources utilization efficiency, and the consilience paradigm of stakeholder involvement to improve DRR resources utilization effectiveness. The ultimate goal of these paradigms is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of integrated DRR resources utilization (Hu et al. 2014 ; Shi 2018 ).

Synergetic paradigm The synergetic paradigm achieves the balance of development and security (Fig. 4 ) via effective disaster risk reduction and an overall plan of green development and integrated disaster risk governance in order to promote sustainable development (Shi 2008b ). This process is also referred to as managing risk for development (World Bank 2014 ). It is characterized by the following goals: (1) coordinate the establishment of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society, the promotion of green economy, and progress toward a circular economy; (2) enhance the administrative functions of governments at all levels, and promote the roles of other stakeholdes (entrepreneurs and households) in integrated disaster risk governance (Shi et al. 2006 ); (3) increase integrated disaster risk governance resource utilization efficiency and effectiveness, optimize the coordination of DRR plans at different levels and sectors, synergize innovative development that is coordinated, green, open, and shared, and that promotes the establishment of “win–win” models for all. The establishment of regional integrated disaster risk governance synergetic paradigm has important supportive roles in improving response capability to regional disasters.

Source Adapted from Shi ( 2008b )

Synergetic paradigm for disaster risk governance and sustainable development.

Collaborative paradigm The collaborative paradigm is important in improving the stakeholders’ role in regional integrated disaster risk governance, particularly their capability to respond systematically in individual disaster events. The collaborative paradigm attempts to build up the cooperative relationship of stakeholders in the system via improvement of institutional arrangements, operational mechanisms, and legislation (Shi 1996 , 2009 ) (Fig. 5 ). The establishment of a regional disaster risk governance collaborative paradigm can effectively guide the improvement of response capability in event-based disaster management systems (Shi et al. 2006 ).

Collaborative paradigm for regional disaster risk governance: stakeholders’ relationship

Consilience paradigm The consilience paradigm involves the integration of “cohesion” and “joining force,” which is the integration of hard and soft power, coupling of the dynamic and non-dynamic elements of systems, and integration of structural and nonstructural measures in the response of stakeholders (governments, the private sector, and individuals and households) to individual disaster events and regional disasters in integrated disaster systems. Consilience is a metrics and description of the “cohesion” and “joining force” capabilities, and is related to system structure and function. In the concept of consilience, cohesion refers to the process by which system components reach consensus, and joining force refers to the process that links system components to form joint forces. Consensus is reached and joint forces are formed in order to resist gradual or sudden hits from external hazards. Consilience refers to four different synergetic principles in disaster management: (1) tolerance (cohesion), namely “united people can move mountains” (traditional Chinese saying, Ren Xin Qi, Tai Shan Yi ), “united people are strong” ( Qi Min Zhe Qiang ); (2) constraint (cohesion), namely “sacrifice a pawn to save a castle” ( Qi Zu Bao Ju ), “triumph comes when leaders and followers share the same goal” ( Shang Xia Tong Yu Zhe Sheng ); (3) amplification (joining force), that is, “more hands produce a stronger flame” ( Zhong Ren Shi Chai Huo Yan Gao ); and (4) diversification (joining force), that is, “ten chopsticks are stronger than one.” Consilience is closely related to the vulnerability, resilience, and adaptability of disaster systems (Shi, Wang, et al. 2014 ). Consilience can be computed by using consilience degree (Hu et al. 2017 ). Simulation experiments have shown that a higher consilience degree indicates a greater capability to resist external shocks. Optimization over consilience degree can substantially increase DRR resources utilization efficiency and effectiveness (Hu et al. 2017 ).

4.5 New Disaster Emergency and Risk Management Systems

In the era of globalization, modern disaster risks have wide spatial extent, stronger systemic features, and greater uncertainty and unpredictability than ever before. Disaster risk is no longer a matter of single, one-shot events, but a new societal norm. We have entered the “risk society,” and face the situation of “living with risk” (Beck 1999 ; UNISDR 2004 ). It has become an urgent issue in DRR to establish new emergency and risk management systems, which is also a new challenge in disaster risk science research.

New disaster emergency management systems An emergency management system is an important part of the disaster response system and the core of individual disaster event response. Traditional emergency management systems, which consist of ex-ante prevention, during event coping, and ex-post recovery, have been challenged by multi-hazards, disaster chains, and disaster compounds. It has been an arduous task for disaster risk science research to reveal how we can improve the emergency management capacity against large-scale disasters by regrouping disaster management administrations, establishing new schemes, improving legal systems, encouraging applied S&T as well as R&D, restructuring educational and cultural systems, enhancing rescuing systems, empowering social mobilization, and improving guaranteed emergency resources access. New disaster management schemes, administrations, systems, and command and rescue forces must be established to save people’s lives and property from disasters by using science, technology, planning, and management measures. During the response to the 2020 novel coronavirus outbreak, the Chinese government has called for a new emergency management strategy of “strengthening confidence, working together, scientific prevention and control, and targeted implementation” (Zhao et al. 2020 ).

Globally emergency management systems differ substantially by nations’ administrative system, institutional arrangement, and legal system. China has adopted the emergency management system of “centralized leadership, integrated coordination, management by category, multi-level responsibility, and jurisdiction management,” which places more emphasis on the regional integration of different government authorities. The United States adopted the dual-core (Federal and State administration) system supported with Federal disaster-related agencies, which emphasizes strongly the role of responsible agencies. Japan adopted a system of centralized management with the participation of local governments and departments. Since 1994, Russia has set up its Ministry of Emergency Situations. The department takes full responsibility for commanding and coordinating emergency situations, and reports to the President directly. A successful emergency management system requires an authoritative command system, solid legal support, strong rescue teams, extensive social mobilization, efficient joint defense and joint control mechanisms, strong S&T support, a consilient social environment, and timely and accurate online information services. It requires practical tests to identify which system could be more efficient, and which system could be more effective for various types of emergencies.

New disaster risk management system The UNDRR has emphasized the development strategy of “living with risk.” The dependence and interactions between different types of disaster risks are intensifying in the era of globalization. The occurrence of disaster chains becomes more frequent, with more complicated mechanisms and larger scale impacts than before. Traditional disaster risk management systems based on quantitative measurement and assessment, and an expertise system of single disciplines, are facing a series of challenges stemming from multi-hazards, disaster chains, disaster compounds, and global change. A new disaster risk management system must follow the overall trend in the “risk society.” There are different interpretations of disaster management and disaster governance. In UNDRR’s perspective, disaster management refers to specific actions in DRR, while disaster governance emphasizes institutional arrangements. The International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) has advocated a change from risk management to risk governance. The IRGC proposes to integrate DRR with green development. The Chinese government is promoting holistic national security, that is, an effort to strive for people-centered and coordinated development, prevention-centered and integrated DRR, response with legal and S&T support, and private-sector participation under government leadership. In an era of globalization, more comparative studies are needed to understand how to establish a brand-new disaster risk management system (Hu et al. 2017 ).

Integrated disaster risk governance needs to pay special attention to modern coupled human–environment system research (Liu et al. 2007 ) and the human dimensions of disaster vulnerability research (Cutter and Finch 2008 ). This field could borrow the idea of the Dujiangyan irrigation system from ancient China so that appropriate modification to the local environments can lead to the win–win result of risk reduction and development gains (Yan et al. 2017 ). It could also consider China’s response strategy to large-scale disasters, that is, to focus on stakeholder cohesion and joining forces, conduct joint defense, and centralize community prevention and governance in order to strengthen confidence, work together, scientifically prevent and reduce disaster risks, and achieve targeted implementation of policies.

5 Conclusion

It has been 30 years since UN lunched the IDNDR and the global joint efforts devoted to reducing disaster risk. There has been remarkable development in DRR science and technology. In the present article, we have reviewed the framework and contents of disaster risk science research and summarized recent progress in disaster risk science with regard to hazard study focusing on the physical mechanisms, disaster study concentrating on estimating and modeling of losses, risk study emphasizing assessment, and disaster response study highlighting actions for risk reduction. Based on these understandings, we propose a three-dimensional and three-layered disciplinary system for disaster risk science research containing three pillars (disaster science, disaster technology, and disaster governance). Key research frontiers in this field, including the dynamics and non-dynamics of disaster systems, disaster response digital systems, disaster response models, and integrated disaster risk governance paradigms are also briefly discussed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the discussions with Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer, Ortwin Renn, Guoyi Han, and many BNU colleagues who helped to improve the paper. This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, “Global Change Risks of Population and Economic Systems: Mechanisms and Assessments,” Grant No. 2016YFA0602404.

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Shi, P., Ye, T., Wang, Y. et al. Disaster Risk Science: A Geographical Perspective and a Research Framework. Int J Disaster Risk Sci 11 , 426–440 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00296-5

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Below is a list of acceptable peer-reviewed journals in the interdisciplinary field of Emergency and Disaster Management. By selecting the journal title, you will be redirected to the research database (access provided by the Georgetown University Library System) that provides access to the respective journal title.

Disasters

Disaster Prevention and Management

Environmental Management

International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment

International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction

International Journal of Disaster Risk Science

Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning

Journal of Hazardous Materials

Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management

Natural Hazards

Natural Hazards Review

Risk, Hazards, & Crisis in Public Policy

Studies in Conflict and Terrorism

Environmental Issues Online This link opens in a new window Environmental Issues Online brings together multimedia materials (text, archival primary sources, video and audio) around key environmental challenges, including climate change, water/air pollution, biodiversity, conservation, agriculture, deforestation and more. This mixed media collection spans over 173 hours of video and 132,000 pages of digital material. more... less... The database is curated around specific environmental issues and events from the 20th and 21st centuries, enabling students to build a critical understanding of the relationship between people and the environment through social, cultural, economic, political, historical and ecological perspectives. Reflecting the multidisciplinary nature of the field of Environmental Studies, content is drawn from the social sciences, ecology and earth science, and the humanities.
Security Issues Online This link opens in a new window Security Studies Online is organized around major themes related to security, including terrorism and counter-terrorism, conflicts and resolution, nuclear threats and weapons, and transnational organized crime. Historical background is offered on key worldwide events, such as the U-2 incident (1960), the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979), and the 9/11 terrorist attacks (2001). Featured in the collection are video, images, and scholarly text, including works published by Cambridge University Press and Cornell University Press. more... less... The collection provides primary and secondary materials across multiple media formats and content types for each selected event, including Iran (1940s to the Present), 1960 U-2 Incident, World War II and Intelligence, Cold War: The Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1961-1962, and more.
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Preparedness Research

One way FEMA helps individuals, organizations, and communities prepare is by connecting them with research and tools to build and sustain capabilities. The agency conducts research to better understand effective preparedness actions and ways to motivate the public to take those actions.

Research Conducted

Below are examples of the research FEMA’s Individual and Community Preparedness Division has conducted.

National Household Survey

FEMA conducts the annual National Household Survey to track progress in personal disaster preparedness. The research findings support the growth and improvement of national preparedness programs and initiatives.

The survey also:

Measures the public’s degree of preparedness for the hazards they are likely to face
Measures the public’s awareness, attitudes and experiences that can motivate actions to prepare
Identifies successful mechanisms for enhancing preparedness as well as areas that need improvement

Annual Findings from the National Household Survey

2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017

Preparedness in America report

Protective action research.

FEMA conducts research to help people prepare for, protect against, and respond to disaster by providing current, validated guidance for decision-making.

FEMA assessed more than 380 protective actions based on 275 research studies and articles by dozens of subject-matter experts covering 12 natural hazards.

"Protective actions" include topics such as:

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Know Your Risk
Alerts And Warnings
Communication Plans
Emergency Supplies
Shelter In Place
Preparing Your Home
Damaged Buildings
Disaster Clean Up

View all Protective Actions Research

407 Disaster Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best disaster topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on disaster, 📑 interesting topics to write about disaster, 🔍 good research topics about disaster, 💡 most interesting disaster topics to write about, ✅ simple & easy disaster essay titles, ❓ essay questions on disaster management.

Effects of Natural Disasters Essay Various factors influence the effects that a disaster on a country among them the magnitude of the disaster, the geography of the area affected and recovery efforts directed towards reducing the immediate effects of a […]
Flooding Problem in Philippines Flooding affects every region of the Philippines neighborhood, and several low-lying regions in the Manila City, such as Espino, Taft, Malabo, and Valenzuela, are usually among the worst hit in every series of flooding that […]
Chernobyl Disaster: Ethical Aspects and Effects The cause of the disaster was a faulty design that caused a nuclear reactor to overheat and explode. The constructors of the plant violated the construction technology and there were plenty of design deviations.
Sri Lanka Flood Disaster Preparedness From these findings, it is evident that floods are the major concerns for the disaster management center, with the recent damages being witnessed towards the end of 2012 and the beginning of the year 2013.
Description of the Amphan Storm Disaster in India This is due to the loss of a large amount of precipitation, as well as the release of rivers from the shores in the lower reaches and the merging of the zones of the river […]
Disaster Recovery Plan for Valley City Community The availability of infrastructure such as hospitals promote the health and wellbeing of the community. Assessing the needs of the community is integral in development of the plan.
How to Prepare for a Hurricane? Fortunately, today, there exist ways to predict hurricanes and their routes so that the regions that are likely to be under risk can prepare beforehand and take all the necessary measures to ensure the safety […]
Mitigation of Earthquake Hazards The geologists should also inform the architects on the areas where earthquakes are likely to occur and how strong they will be able.
Effects of Forest Fires on Ecosystem The general fire’s destruction on the forest crop is reliant on such factors as; the species that make up a portion of the crop or the forest components, the condition in which the crop is, […]
The Disaster Preparedness Plan A natural disaster is a natural phenomenon that is of an emergency nature and leads to disruption of the everyday activities of the population, death of people, and destruction of material values.
Public Awareness of Earthquake This will mean that the basement that is involved in thickening and shortening is mechanically required to produce the shape of zagros belt.
Disaster Nursing: Preparedness and Response The issues of nursing competencies are of significant interest in the modern research literature, and the investigation of the professional competencies in the area of disaster medicine has both practical and theoretical implications as it […]
Sri Lanka Disaster Analysis While the floods can be explained by a large river system and the relatively low above-sea-level of the island, the drought might seem rather a rare occurrence in the place where floods are frequent.
Impact of the Japan Tsunami 2011 Disaster on Tourism and Hospitality Industries Most coastal regions in the Pacific countries are highly populated due to the fact that the inland regions are usually mountainous and inhabitable compared to the relatively flatland in the coastal areas.
Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Floods and Volcanic Eruption This is due to the relationship between an eruption and the geology of the area. It was observed that the mountain swelled and increased in size due to the upward force of magma.
Natural Disasters: Tornadoes, Earthquakes, and Hurricanes Hence the loss may depend on the population of the area affected and also the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster.
Earthquake in South Africa: Reconstruction Process Therefore, it is vital for the government of South Africa to address the issues caused by the earthquake and reconstruct the region, focusing on several public interventions to stimulate the region’s growth in the shortest […]
Theory of Disaster: Earthquakes and Floods as Examples of Disasters The second category is that of those people who put their focus on the effects of the social vulnerability or the disasters to the society or to the people who are likely to be the […]
Emergency Nursing Disaster Preparedness: Teaching Plan The topic that will be covered in the teaching session is “Emergency Nursing Disaster Preparedness”, and the time allocated to cover the topic is 30 minutes.
Climate Change, Development and Disaster Risk Reduction However, the increased cases of droughts, storms, and very high rainfalls in different places are indicative of the culmination of the effects of climate change, and major disasters are yet to follow in the future.
Incident Command System on Katrina Disaster It is against this backdrop that the magnitude of the hurricane Katrina should have been accessed thoroughly so that the IC could assume his role to the letter as the head of the organisation.
Earthquakes and Their Devastating Consequences The break in the ground surface is the most common cause of horrific consequences, and people often cannot get out of the epicenter of the incident.
Earthquakes in Chile and Haiti Moreover, the quake in Haiti raptured at the epicenter of the city with a high population density compared to Chile. Therefore despite a lower magnitude earthquake than Chile, Haiti suffered more damage due to the […]
1906 San Francisco Earthquake: Eyewitness Story The moon crept in and out of the room, like a late evening silhouette, but its lazy rays did little to signal us what we would expect for the rest of the day.
The Challenger Space Shuttle Disaster The case of the space shuttle Challenger is, probably, one of the biggest disasters in the history of American space exploration.
Flooding and Mitigation Measures The nation has invested in capacity building, resilience, and creating awareness concerning human behaviors that are leading to environmental degradation and increasing impacts of flooding.
What is Disaster Risk Reduction? Disaster risk reduction exists in various approaches, according to the urgency and nature of the disaster itself. The severity of the disaster also determines the strategy to be employed.
Bhopal Disaster Response and Impacts The presence of water and MIC resulted to the occurrence of an exothermic reaction that resulted to the increase of temperature and pressure in the storage tank.
Analysis of Damage to Apartment Buildings in the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake In turn, it is a prerequisite for the cataclysms in nature, such as earthquakes and the effect of liquefaction which was particular to the Marina district in the disaster of 1989.
Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Tsunamis In addition, the paper will outline some of the similarities and differences between tsunamis and floods. Similarities between tsunamis and floods: Both tsunamis and floods are natural disasters that cause destruction of properties and human […]
Response to Hurricane Disasters This paper will discuss the adaptive management approach to hurricanes Harvey and Irma, and the Incident Command System applied to hurricane Irma and its structure.
Disaster Management: Mitigation and Communication Networks According to the current definition, mitigation is the set of strategies designed to minimize the negative outcomes of a disaster. The notion is often conflated with the concept of preparedness due to the focus on […]
School Preparedness Plan for Tornado, Earthquakes, Fire Emergency In case of an earthquake emergency, the school should be prepared to keep the students safe. In case of a tornado emergency the school should be prepared to keep the students safe.
Disaster Recovery Plan for the Valley City Among the members of the community, it will be necessary to divide irretrievable losses six people who died at the time of the explosion and died before entering the first stage of medical evacuation, as […]
Earthquake in Haiti 2010: Nursing Interventions During natural disasters, such as the catastrophic earthquake in Haiti in 2010, nursing interventions aim to reduce the level of injury and provide the conditions for the fast recovery of its victims.
Disaster Preparedness Advertisement The management of hospices in regions that are highly likely to be hit by a hurricane will plan to have enough supply of medicine and food among other necessities.
Haiti Earthquake of 2010 Overview The purpose of this paper is to review the location and physical cause of the event, its human impact from it, and some of the interesting facts related to the disaster.
1989 Hillsborough Stadium Disaster’s Risk Assessment Failure to analyze and approximate the risk before opening the gate led to a stampede. The assumption analysis technique of risk identification can recognize and prevent all the risks from occurring in the future.
Earthquake Risk Reduction: Challenges and Strategies The victims of the earthquake in Haiti were hundreds of people, while the number of wounded and homeless was in the thousands. As for the latter, the worst scenario of the earthquake is created and […]
The Sumatra Earthquake of 26 December 2004: Indonesia Tsunami As such, the earthquake resulted in the development of a large tsunami off the Sumatran Coast that led to destruction of large cities in Indonesia.
Qatar’s Disaster Risks at the 2022 World Cup This document analyses disasters and emergencies that are to be considered for inclusion in a future National Risk Register for the State of Qatar to contribute to safety and security during the 2022 World Cup.
1996 Mount Everest Disaster and Teamwork Factor The Everest case study illustrates some key problems that need to be addressed to avert the recurrence of errors or omissions that may have occasioned the deaths of the climbers.
Walmart Company: Factory Disaster in Bangladesh In turn, the companies such as Walmart, Gap, and H&M reacted to the events attempting to address the workplace safety problems of the manufacturers and improve the conditions in which the Bangladeshi employees had to […]
2008 and 2013 Sichuan Earthquakes in China This was the worst and the most devastating earthquake since “the Tangshan earthquake of 1976 in China”. In addition, impacts differ based on the number of fatalities and damages to property.
Earthquakes Impact on Human Resource in Organizations The researcher seeks to determine the magnitude of this effect and its general effect on the society in general and the firms affected in specific.
Tōhoku Earthquake of 2011 The rate at which the pacific plate undergoes displacement is at eight to nine centimeter per annum, hence the plate subduction of the plate led to a discharge of large amounts of energy leading to […]
The 1979 Tangshan Earthquake The Tangshan Earthquake happened in 1976 is considered to be one of the large-scale earthquakes of the past century. The 1975 Haicheng Earthquake was the first marker of gradual and continuous intensification of tectonic activity […]
Fictional Hurricane Karl in City of Old Orleans Moreover, due to the damage on the local chemical plant, the water resources in the area were contaminated. Natural disaster planning is essential in any given community due to the vastness of damages and risks.
Disaster Management in New York The police department is part of the emergency response team that exists to serve all citizens within the New York jurisdiction with fairness, respect, and compassion.
Response Plan and Mitigation of a Chemical Disaster Thirdly, to minimize the risk of exposure, the team needs to understand the injuries. Additionally, the rescue team should know emergency actions to reduce risk on their side and the public.
Earthquake Prevention From Healthcare Perspective In terms of primary prevention of such a disaster, it is necessary to establish a public body or organization responsible for the creation of an extensive network of food, water, and first-aid kits to last […]
Recent Earthquakes and Safety Measures in California and Nevada The earthquake that is the largest by magnitude is in California. It is possible to minimize the damage by an earthquake.
“Natural Disaster Management Planning” by Perry Perry writes the article Natural disaster management planning: A study of logistics manager responding to the tsunami with the aim of analysing the tsunami disaster that occurred in 2004, as well as providing comprehensive overview […]
Flood Damage by Hurricane Maxine in Charleston The role of the mayor and his dignitaries is to determine the duration and level of use of resources by the city.
The Impact That Hurricane Katrina Had On Gasoline Prices Relevant points: The articles suggest that the shortage in gasoline is due to the disruptions caused by the Hurricane in the oil drilling and refining areas of the Gulf of America.
Floods: Structural vs. Non-Structural Solutions The occurrence of hazards disorients the lives and experiences of many people. The selected community can mitigate this hazard through the use of non-structural and structural solutions.
Flixborough Disaster and Its Health Effects The accident was believed to have been caused by the crack that was detected on the reactor number 5 in the company.
Disaster Planning for Families However, families can be able to adopt an emergency preparedness plan to improve the ability of all the people in the family to help in the rescue and evacuation procedures. The training plan can be […]
Psychological and Psychosocial Support in Disaster Nursing The paper reviews the presently available literature on the topic, covering the aspects of the significance of psychological and psychosocial support and related education, as well as the perceptions of nursing, existing problems in the […]
Centralia Mine Disaster and Public Administration Failure Scanlan, who was the district inspector at the time, identified the hazards surrounding the coal mines and reported his findings about a possible explosion to other relevant professionals. Scanlan should not have taken heed to […]
Natural Disasters: Tsunami, Hurricanes and Earthquake The response time upon the prediction of a tsunami is minimal owing to the rapid fall and rise of the sea level.
The Ethics of the Union Carbide Disaster in India What the incident made painfully clear appertains to the moral conventions that the governments of the host and the parent country failed to adhere to.
ICT for Disaster Management Systems The purpose of this research is to establish the conditions for successful design of ICT for disaster management systems in ICT and emergency services.
The Failure of Leadership in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina exposed the shocking degree of unpreparedness of the Federal Government, FEMA, various local and state officials, and the residents of New Orleans when it comes to dealing with hurricane-force winds and massive flooding […]
Disaster Planning for Families: Is Your Family Prepared? It is important to have a disaster preparedness program for your family. This will reduce the impact on your family’s lives and ensure faster recovery.
The Strategies of Flood Management However, it would be the most beneficial to implement these methods while planning the use of the land; for this reason, management is important.
Disaster Response: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Policies The alerts and notifications about natural disasters are usually sent by phones to all citizens and articulated in the media, including television and radio.
Floods in Los Angeles and Disaster Response The Los Angeles local government is set to respond and control the effects of floods. Therefore, the local government and citizens have set aside adequate resources to respond to the disaster.
Hurricane Katrina and Its Effect on the Nation The storm quickly recovered to a hurricane in the southeastern part of the Gulf. When the hurricane turned to the Gulf of Mexico, the management of the oil platforms announced the evacuation of workers.
Disaster Management: Programs and Approaches The need to facilitate the preparation of the federal government to engage in preventing, responding, and even mitigating the impacts of natural disasters led to the formation of FEMA.
Hurricane Katrina: The US Emergency Management The United States of America is among the countries that have experienced the effects of such storms, and Hurricane Katrina was one of the most fearsome and devastating disasters in the country’s recent history.
Genetic and Environmental Impact of the Chornobyl Disaster The ecological impact of the explosion on the lands surrounding Chornobyl comes first. Chornobyl remains the worst in human history due to radioactive contamination.
Approaching Disaster Security: Book Review The book emphasizes the importance of predicting, creating scenarios, and thinking about the ways to solve them. I would suggest this book to risk assessment experts and average readers interested in how the human mind […]
Galveston Hurricane 1900 in the Historical Context It was one of the promising coastal cities in the United States during the 18th century because it boasted an excellent seaport that was essential in revenue collection, particularly from the ships that loaded and […]
The Devastating Flood of 1993: Lessons Learned In order to understand the causes and consequences of the flood that occurred in the summer of 1993, it is necessary to define the meaning of the concept of flood.
Spiritual Considerations Surrounding Disaster and the Role of Health Nurses The emotional well-being of families and affected individuals during and after a disaster is very important in their physical recovery. Much as spirituality assists during recovery, people struggle to find meaning in their losses and […]
San Ciriaco Hurricane: Analysis San Ciriaco Hurricane’s historical context describes the locations, groups, and people affected as well as the societal preparedness at the time. The locations affected by the San Ciriaco Hurricane were the mid-Atlantic coast of the […]
Natural vs. Moral Evil: Earthquakes vs. Murder This problem demonstrates that such justifications for the problem of evil, such as the fact that suffering exists to improve the moral qualities of a person and thus serve the greater good, are unconvincing.
Hurricane Harvey and Nurses’ Disaster Management In addition, it evaluates and describes the effectiveness of emergency response measures taken in responding to the event and provides examples and rationale.
Electronic Health Record in Disaster Response Planning That is why medical facilities should create a plan to determine what specific procedures their staff members can take to respond to a natural disaster.
Augmenting the Disaster Healthcare Workforce Historically, the licensing process, which has been in existence in virtually every state, successfully eliminated fraudsters who purposefully misled and deceived the public. The medical licensure procedure in each state has a long history of […]
Aspects of Disaster Management Thus, the academic community agrees that religious people may impact the spiritual well-being of victims. Lastly, the spiritual well-being of self and colleagues is also important.
Hurricane Ida in the United States Hurricane Ida hit the coast of the United States, hitting the state of Louisiana. Finally, I thoroughly learned the recommendations on how to behave in case of a hurricane.
Poor Communication in the National Emergency Crisis and Disaster Management Authority The UAE National Emergency Crisis and Disaster Management Authority is a quite essential and recently introduced government department that addresses various natural and man-made accidents and issues and maintains the safety of the community.
Bobsville’s Emergency Plan for Tornado Disaster It shows, to the best extent, actions Bobsville and its’ municipalities government should take, working together with private and public organizations, seeking to develop the capacity for the government to protect citizens from tornadoes.
Disaster Response Resources: The American Red Cross On a local level, there is a program held by the Ohio administration and is expected to combat mental health crisis by training police officers and paramedics on psychological assistance.
The Chernobyl Tragedy and Hurricane Katrina The people of Chernobyl were politically and physically disadvantaged, and the blacks in New Orleans were physically and economically vulnerable to the disasters.
Review of Earthquake Emergency Response The second resource is the supply of food and water that can help survivors wait for the rescue team for three days.
The 1996 Everest Disaster and Decision-Making It is likely that Krakauer, knowing the composition of his team, expected the guides to provide clear instructions and failed to express his concerns in a timely fashion due to this overreliance.
The Role of Community Nurses in Disaster Planning Most people usually perceive this content quickly, and it becomes the background knowledge they can apply automatically in case of a disaster.
Hurricane Sandy and Emergency Plan Moreover, the question of how to determine the level of reliability of the coastal infrastructure was raised. Second, the storm, which had been predicted months in advance, demonstrated the need of having a reliable weather […]
Ethical News Coverage: Indian Floods 2020 As part of the assessment of the consequences of reporting these events, it should be noted that the materials presented can attract public attention to help people in the affected areas, which is important for […]
Nursing Roles & Responsibilities in Disaster Response In addition, it is necessary to analyze the real state of the bed fund of medical institutions and the possibility of its re-profiling and deployment of an additional bed fund. Moreover, the joint efforts of […]
Disaster Management of COVID-19 Pandemic As part of the pandemic, a significant event in healthcare services for Saudi Arabia was the spread of a new genetic line of SARS-CoV-2 in the country.
Record Keeping in Disaster Management On the one hand, the word incident can be described as an event, situation, or condition emerging in the course of work that led to injuries, damage to health, illnesses, or fatalities. Another motive is […]
Chornobyl Nuclear Plant Disaster as Historical Event The major process going on in the world affairs of the time was the Cold War, the main players of which were the Soviet Union and the USA.
Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Disaster: Primary and Secondary Sources In case of the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Disaster, the most relevant primary sources include reports, documents, and local newspapers of that time, photographs, and interviews of witnesses. By analyzing secondary sources, one can get a […]
War in Ukraine: A Humanitarian Disaster Belarus, a close ally of the Russian Federation, provided its territory as the ground for the invasion while rejecting its direct participation in the conflict.
Chornobyl, the Type-Site of Nuclear Disaster The station began to operate in 1977 in the former Soviet Union, and about 14000 people lived in the town before the explosion.
Analysis of Disaster Risk Reduction Lastly, the cyclone will cause a threat to the financial stability of Southeast Texas owing to the resultant inadequate risk transfer and risk financing.
International Disaster Management: Tonga The international community has been relatively quick to respond to the disaster and its effects despite the challenges of establishing communication and following Tonga’s security guidelines to combat the spread of COVID-19 in the country.
Critique of the ACPO Policy: Disaster Victim There is often a lack of understanding that identifying individual bodies and even bodily fragments is the first and perhaps most crucial step in starting and supporting the grieving process that allows families and the […]
California Earthquakes of the 20th Century Ultimately, the current essay examines the most devastating earthquakes in California in the 20th century and proposes a hypothesis of when the next large earthquake might strike.
News Accounts of the 1996 Everest Disaster The case of the 1996 Everest disaster shows the influential nature of leadership decisions on a larger group of people. It is crucial to understand that leaders must avoid such biases in order to ensure […]
Hurricane Elsa: Characteristics, Causes, and Damages With a decent amount of warm water, the cycle will continue and cause the hurricane to form due to the generation of speedy winds and storm clouds.
National Disaster Medical System The purpose of the paper is to determine the primary goals and objectives of the NDMS as well as identify its structure and functions.
Addressing the Threat of Flash Flood to Birmingham, Alabama The purpose of the work is to identify the key stages of threat addressing, including mitigation steps, preparedness and communication mechanisms, and response and recovery measures to address the outcomes of such disasters.
Emergency Planning Team for New Orleans in Case of Hurricane Katrina Considering the fact that the specified areas are likely to be affected in the first place, it is reasonable to suggest that the priority should be the evacuation of the target population group.
Hurricane Harvey, Its Effects and Importance Harvey started in the middle of August 2017 as a weak typhoon in the Gulf of Mexico, beginning from a tropical wave off the west bank of Africa.
Disaster Management Documents and Principles The challenging task of ensuring the security of citizens is one of the key priorities of the government. In this way, the security of citizens is ensured by the identified entities and programs.
Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team’s Activity Overall, funeral directors and DMORT together form a team responsible for the arrangements concerning the burial of the deceased after severe incidents or disasters.
California Wildfire Disaster: The Emergency Response Given the complexity of the problem and the difficulty of incorporating efforts to avert the crisis, the scope of the document will be limited to the review of communication strategies and immediate emergency responses.
Human Activity and Growing Number of Earthquakes The pieces that support the opposing view claim that the data about their number may be distorted due to the lack of difference in the development mechanism of natural and artificial earthquakes.
Researching the Earthquake Due to human activity, artificial earthquakes occur, and their number increases every year following the strengthening of destructive human impact on the planet.
The Flood Stories in Different Cultures The scientific community recognizes that the oldest flood myth known to humanity is the Epic of Gilgamesh, which tells the story of Utnapishtim, who attained immortality by escaping from the flood on a ship.
Hurricane Katrina and Failure of Emergency Management Operations The apocalyptic scenes following the destruction caused by one of the biggest disasters in American history, the 2005 Hurricane Katrina, were a direct reflection of the U.S.government’s failure to prepare for and respond to such […]
Disaster Preparedness and Nursing: A Scenario of an Earthquake In a scenario of an earthquake, nursing staff must be aware of the stages of disaster management and disaster preparedness in particular.
Earthquake Disasters: Medical Response and Healthcare Challenges Therefore, an earthquake disaster infers abrupt and immense shaking of the ground for a duration and magnitude that can infringe the day-to-day activities. The last role of healthcare personnel in triage and intervention is to […]
Human Rights Issues: Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans Hurricane Katrina is considered one of the worst calamities in the history of the United States. The law of the United States gives the government the responsibility to protect the lives of its citizens.
Corruption During Disaster Relief One of the most notable elements about most of the disasters that have been documented in various parts of the world is lack of adequate preparation in case of their occurrence.
Kathmandu, Disaster Management Strategies It is estimated that about 40% of the building that was on the valley were destroyed and more than 25% of the households in Kathmandu.
Medicines Management for Elderly During Disaster Accordingly, the objective of this systematic review was To summarise the best available evidence that described medicines management for elderly patients during disasters Make recommendations towards the promotion of disaster preparedness with the elderly in […]
Coordination of Disaster Preparedness Similarly, the health agencies could have formed a crisis center to coordinate their activities. In this regard, health agencies could have managed the Ebola outbreak through proper planning and preparedness.
Wenchuan Earthquake: Impact on China’s Economy The earthquake made a moderate impact on the country’s economy, yet affected several industries located in the devastated areas.
Disaster and Emergency Planning and Management Based on the emergency planner, writes a report to the organization’s senior managers to inform them about the impacts that the disaster has on people, infrastructure, environment, and reputation of the organization.
Nova Killer Floods Documentary Review Flood is a phase of the water regime of the river, which is repeated every year at the same time of year, is characterized by the highest water content, increased and prolonged rise and fall […]
Poor Communication During the Emergency of Hurricane Katrina Although federal, state, and local agencies provided the ways and communication strategies to deal with disasters, the plans or assets were inadequate to respond effectively to the calamity.
South California Tsunami and Disaster Response This paper provides the report’s estimate figures in terms of human casualties and the structures affected by the wave. The Figure 1 represents the graphical representation of the data collected.
Disaster Recovery Planning Consequently, a disaster recovery plan must contain steps to respond to such problems and should be adapted to accommodate the needs of the different responses. Flooding causes inaccessibility to the company and large-scale power outages […]
Bipartisan Strategies for Overcoming Environmental Disaster Speaking about a pandemic, we must be aware that this is a global and collective problem that requires a consolidation of minds that are not clouded by differences in the views of political parties.
The Hurricane Crisis Care Plan It is meant to give way forward in the case of a hurricane in an area. The first step is to alert humans on how to act in the event of a disaster.
The Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011 Documentary The documentary reflects the events leading to the natural disasters and their aftermath, including an investigation into the reasons for the failure of the precautionary measures in place during the 2011 earthquake in Japan.
The Vasa Launch Disaster: Causes and Prevention The building of the Vasa Ship construction exposed the project to several risks leading to the vessel’s capsizing. The king authorized the craft’s launch despite previously identified stability challenges, and the ship capsized in front […]
National Response to Terrorism & Natural Disaster The National Response Framework governs the national security and crisis response to dynamic emergencies and natural disasters that occur in the community.
Natural Disaster Risks Overview The Resilinc indicators provide analysis of the riskiness of the locations, such as real-time monitoring of the disruptions, analysis of the multiple risk indicators, assessment of the suppliers in the risky countries, and analysis of […]
Emergency Disaster Preparation in the Hospital The Community Emergency and Disaster Management Team should be a liaison with the involved agencies, the hospital, the school, and the parents of students.
Disaster Management Program in England The most vulnerable one is the flood following its adverse effect both in terms of financial implications, casualties, and deaths, and the frequency of its occurrence, making it the most prioritized disaster in England.
Floods in the City of Austin, Texas on October 30th, 2013 The catastrophic consequences of the devastation in Central Texas and, in particular, in the city of Austin, were caused by flooding.
Hurricane Katrina: Review of After-Action One of the main factors that complicated the emergency services situation and caused most of the deaths was flooding associated with deficiencies in the dam around New Orleans.
The Disaster Recovery Planning The commonly accepted plans of the Disaster Recovery Plan are elaborated with the aim of providing the general principles of recovery, however, they should be adapted for the real situation, as the origin of a […]
Disaster Planning for Public Health My community is the city of Portsmouth in Virginia, and a potential natural disaster likely to affect the area is flooding.
Disaster Management in the Flood Scenario In such a case, the authorities and residents should adopt disaster prevention and preparedness strategies to minimize impact and adequately brace for the expected flood magnitude.
Euro Disney, a History of the 1992 European Cultural and Financial Disaster Disney had twenty-nine restaurants built at the time with a further eleven at Disney hotels and a reservation of 2300 seats within the theme park for outdoor eating. Euro Disney was at the crucible of […]
BP Corporation’s Oil Disaster and Its Reputation BP’s attempts to compensate the victims, in my opinion, are not enough to change the corporation’s reputation. A good reputation encourages and keeps customers loyal to the products of the company.
The Competencies of Disaster Nursing on a Scope of Emergency Department That is why the most important competencies in the case of a disaster are the problem-solving skills and critical but flexible thinking.
Role of the Nurses in the Site of the Haiti Earthquake The primary aim of the tertiary intervention conducted by the health practitioners was to reduce the effect of the diseases and injuries that occurred because of the Haiti earthquake.
Financial Reporting at BP Ltd. During the Deepwater Horizon Disaster The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is regarded as one of the biggest marine hazards in the history of the US. The shortcomings of the reports provided by the company will be analysed in the context […]
Electronic Health Records in Disaster and Response Planning To deal with this problem, it is important to have a disaster response system that can be used to arrest such outbreaks to eliminate possible causes of casualties.
Nurse Emergency and Disaster Preparedness Hajj mass gatherings is common in this society and this increases chances that one of the risk factors may occur, which may lead to cases of emergency medical needs.
Public Health Nurse Involved in the Disaster Management In this case, the public health personnel are given the responsibility of ensuring that the population is fed with the right information concerning the step by step occurrences at the scene of the disaster.
Background Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster The aim of the research was to address engineering associated issues that could lead to a nuclear disaster, such as the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in Russia.
A Geological Disaster: Nisqually Earthquake in Washington State Geology refers to the study of the processes that lead to the formation of rocks and the processes that contribute to the shape of the earth.
Disaster in Franklin Country Simulation The health personnel played very significant roles in the dissemination of the health information that was needed to the public. The press as a resource helped in passing the relevant information and the updates to […]
Hurricane Katrina: Genesis and Impact As the hurricane advanced toward south of Florida it was compelled to move in the southwest direction by the toughening edge above Mexico and the states in the south.
Technology in Disaster Preparedness With the help of these guidelines, researchers can find issues and limitations in the process of implementation and subsequently identify the results and benefits of health information systems to facilitate the improvements in technology applications […]
“Forest Fires in Mexico” by Galván and Magaña Such formulas should be based on the analysis of physical and geographic conditions and factors of the occurrence of fires, zoning of the territory according to forest biogenic conditions, information on the number, intensity, and […]
Biscayne Bay Plane Crash: The Air Disaster Investigation Although the exact cause of the incident is unknown, the Federal Aviation Administration’s main version is that water in the gasoline tank caused the crash.
Information Technologies and Disaster Management In this article, Sakurai and Murayama present examples of the application of information technology in various stages of disaster management, including preparedness, recovery, response, and risk reduction.
Technology in the Process of Prior Preparation for Disaster During the preparedness stage, the project head should ensure that technology is used to develop a privileged emergency network system for communication and completion of other activities that provide successful mitigation of the prevailing disaster.
The Huaxian Earthquake: China’s Deadliest Disaster
Disaster Review in the United States
Hydrology Methods: Flood Risk Management
A Flood Insurance Program in Canada: The Way to Protect Lives and Homes
Quarantellie’s “Converting Disaster Scholarship Into Effective Disaster Planning”
Hurricane Harvey Crisis Consequences
Response to Social Crisis and Disaster’ by Quarantelli and Dynes
Disaster Studies by Quarantelli
Disaster Damage Prevention Costs
Disaster Crisis: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms
The Flood Interpretation in the World Literature
Hurricane Katrina’s Catastrophic Impact on the Gulf Coast
Bhopal Disaster Report’s Rhetorical Analysis
Sheffield Flooding and Environmental Issues Involved
Hurricane Formation and Possible Precautions: Ways of Monitoring and Prognosis
The Chernobyl Disaster: Influence on Human Health
Understanding Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes: Movements, Causes, and Measurement
Review of Public Meeting Regarded Earthquakes
Rebuilding Haiti: Post-Earthquake Recovery
Al Gore and Global Warming: Hurricane Katrina Was Avoidable
Earthquake Impacts: A Case Study of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake
Minimizing Flood Fatalities in Canada
Incident Command System in a Disaster Situation
Government Response to Natural Disasters – Hurricane Katrina
How Can a Company’s Knowledge Base Be Protected in the Event of a Natural Disaster?
City of Jeddah’s Flood: Cause and Disastrous Effects
Bureaucracy and Disaster Management
Emergency Management on Hurricane Katrina
Incident Command System: Natural Disaster Prevention Planning
Contemporary History: Hindenburg Disaster of 1937
Devastating Power of Hurricane Katrina
Personal Emergency and Disaster Preparedness Plan
AIDS Infection in Europe Statistics: A National Disaster in Many Countries
Volcanoes: Volcanic Chains and Earthquakes
Hurricane Katrina as a Significant National Issue
Earthquakes: Causes and Consequences
Great Flood in Mississippi River Basin: Major Factors
Hurricane Katrine Exposed Racism in New Orleans
Emergency Response to Haiti Earthquake
Harris and Hartfield Manufacturing: Evaluation of Need for Disaster Recovery Procedure
Examining Possible Health Outcomes of Hurricane
Draft Disaster/Emergency Plan for the Qatar Civil Defence Department’s Response to Stadium Disaster
Railway Disaster Management Plan in Qatar
Ferry Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan
Hurricane Matthew: Communicating Health Risks
Qatar’s Disaster and Emergency Planning
Catastrophe of Hurricane Sandy
Community Disaster Preparedness and Nurses’ Role
Weather and Climate: Tathra Natural Disaster
Hurricane Katrina Survivors’ Happiness Factors
Replacing Politicians with Regular People: Receipt for Disaster
Disaster Planning for Public Health in Bronx
Fukushima Disaster in “Falling Out” Dancing Performance
Hypothetical New York Earthquake Case
Gender Sensitivity in Disaster or Humanitarian Crises
Natural Disasters: Hurricane Sandy
Guide to Disaster Recovery
The Boston Molasses Disaster of 1919
Hurricane Katrina and Public Health System for the Future
Disaster’ Health and Medical Aspects: Hurricane Katrina
British Petroleum Company After Deepwater Horizon Disaster
Evacuation: Hurricane Quasimodo
Disaster Preparedness for Influenza Prevention
Dangerous and Natural Energy: Earthquakes
Floods, Technology and Price Ceiling in the Market
The Upper Big Branch Mine Disaster and Environment
Hurricane Katrina and Incident Management Principles
Trauma System and Disaster Preparedness in Maryland
Earthquake Emergency Management and Health Services
Disaster Recovery Planning: Third-Party Service Providers
Hurricane Harvey Crisis Management
Humanitarian Logistics in Disaster Relief Operations
Fracking: Increased Seismic Activities in Kansas
Disaster Response Stage: Healthcare Challenges
Hurricane Katrina: Emergency Response
Health Training and Disaster Preparedness
Disaster and Humanitarian Crises Framework
Disaster Response and Recovery: Strategies and Tactics
Disaster Epidemiology: Saudi Arabia, Israel and Turkmenistan
Epidemiology Disaster Planning from Nursing Perspective
Disaster Planning in Public Health and Nursing
Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System’s Issues
Hurricane Katrina: Communication Challenges
Disaster Recovery Plan and Team
The Chernobyl Disaster: Time, Distance and Shielding
Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Services
Disaster Preparedness for Healthcare Facilities
Boeing 767 Crash: Mass Disaster Investigation
Flood Disaster Recovery Plan and Stakeholders
Chernobyl Disaster in New York Newspapers
Disaster Response and Counseling Evaluation
Hurricane Katrina Crisis Response and Criticism
Earthquake as a Unique Type of Natural Disaster
Hurricane Katrina as a Class Disaster
Multidimensional and Collaborative Disaster Management
Hurricane Katrina’s Outcomes Management Methods
Disaster Reaction in Human Behavior
Disaster Recovery Plans in Business
Hurricane Katrina’s Analysis
Humanitarian Disaster in Somalia
Hurricane Ike 2008 and its Impacts on America
US Charities in Haiti After the 2010 Earthquake
Flood Mitigation Measures in the United States
Buncefield Oil Depot Disaster and Its Triggers
Challenger Disaster and Risk Management Failure
Saudi Arabian and Asian Disaster Epidemiology
Australian and Asian Natural Disaster Epidemiology
Disaster Preparedness: Core Competencies for Nurses
Disaster Response Training for Saudi Nurses
Malthus’s Demographic Disaster and Its Prevention
The Changing Meaning of Disaster
New Orleans Life after Hurricane Katrina
NetHope Technology: Worldwide Disaster Relief
BHP Billiton’s Handling of Brazilian Mine Disaster
Psychological First Aid for Disaster Victims
Overview of the Texas City Disaster, 1947
Christchurch Earthquakes’ Impact on New Zealand Businesses
The Sinai Fire Disaster’ Management
Understanding Earthquake Statistics: Frequency, Magnitude, and Data Sources
Hurricane Katrina Stats: Path and Intensity
Flooding, Landslides and Mudflows in Florida
Seveso Dioxin Leak Disaster
Preparing for a Natural Disaster in US
Disaster Recovery and Emergency Management – Business Continuity
Disaster Management Cycle – Risk Management Fundamentals
The Hurricane Katrina Disaster
Japan Nuclear Disaster Government Response
Managing Natural Disaster Risks in a Changing Climate
Geology Issues: Earthquakes
Hurricane Katrina’ Economic Effects for New Orlean
History of Hurricane in Galveston
Natural Hazards – Hurricane Andrew
International Disaster Relief Agency Profile and Mentally Ill rights
Personal Emergency and Disaster Plan
Hurricane Sandy on Long Island, New York
Disaster Preparedness: Personal Emergency and Disaster Plan
PAH’s and the 2010 BP Gulf Oil Disaster
Analysis of Love Canal Environmental Disaster
Disaster and Emergency Management: The Use of Military During Disaster Response
Engineering Disaster: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Haiti Earthquake Devastation of 2010
Emergency Planning and Disaster Management
Bhopal Disaster: Main Causes and Response Measures
Disaster Management of Johnson&Johnson and Coca-Cola
Financial Planning for National Disaster
Addressing the Issues Faced by the Hurricane Katrina Survivors
How to Survive When a Disaster Outbreaks?
Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Disaster
Public Procurement – Post Disaster Development Haiti
Impediments To Disaster Prevention
Mitigation for Earthquake and Eruption
Disaster management is planet management
Climate Change: Floods in Queensland Australia
Effective Hazard Mitigation
History of Disaster Films
The Nature of Hurricane Katrina
Great Barrier Reef: Flood Alleviation Solutions
Flooding in New Zealand
Disaster Management: The case of the Gonu Cyclone
Hurricane Andrew: Response and Recovery Failure
1906 San Francisco Fire Disaster
Earthquakes in New Madrid and Fulton City, Missouri
Physical Characteristics, Earthquake, Geology of the New Madrid Seismic Zone
1996 Mount Everest Disaster: Leadership Perspective
Indiana University Bloomington Natural Disaster Risk Assessment and Risk Management
Earthquakes as a Cause of the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Tourism Disaster Management
Concept of Flooding as a Economic Disaster
Mennonite Disaster Service
Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster: 20/20 Hindsight Bias
Disaster Management: the Case of Hurricane Katrina
Plate Tectonics, Volcanism, Earthquakes and Rings of Fire
The Flood of San Antonio in 1921: Re-Evaluating the Effects, a Catastrophe Viewed Through a Different Lens
The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake
The Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment
Earthquakes: Definition, Prevalence of Occurrence, Damage, and Possibility of Prediction
Fire Disaster on the Station Nightclub
Public Health Lapses in Dealing With Hurricane Katrina
Losing the Ground: Where Do Most Earthquakes Take Place?
Design of ICT For Disaster Management Systems
ICT Disaster Management Systems
Disaster of Columbia shuttle
Japan’s Nuclear Disaster: Fukushima’s Legacy
Lack of Quality Management During Hurricane Katrina
IUB Natural Disaster Risk Assessments and Risk Management
The Mount Everest Disaster of 1996 as It Happened
Mining Disaster in Chile on 5th of August 2010
Special Needs that Children Aged 0 to 5 Years Would Have in Time of Disaster in Anne Arundel, Maryland
Year of the Flood
The Impacts of Japan’s Earthquake, Tsunami on the World Economy
Geology Issue – Nature of Earthquakes
The Great San Francisco Earthquake
The Midwest Flood of April to October 1993
1900 Storm: The Great Galveston Hurricane
The red sludge ecological disaster
The State of New York’s Disaster Emergency Preparedness Plans
Galveston Hurricane Influence on America in1800s and 1900s
Crises and Disaster Management
Disaster of Hurricane Katrina in 2005
Public Policy and Hurricane Katrina
Disaster Recovery Plan
Can New Zealand Take Advantage of Social Media Platforms for Disaster Management?
What Are the Different Types of Disaster Management?
What Is Disaster Management, and Why Is It Important?
What Are the Steps of Disaster Management?
What Is Mid-America Earthquake Center by Subject of Disaster Management?
How Is Climate Change Impact Flood Disaster Management in Nigerian Urban Centres?
How Is Disaster Management Impact Mitigation and Adaptation in a Public Goods Framework?
Which Communication Facilities Are for Disaster Management System?
Which Crowdsourcing Roles, Methods, and Tools Are for Data-Intensive Disaster Management?
How to Use Disaster Management Achieve Sustainable Hazard Mitigation?
What Is Disaster Management Plan for a Hypothetical Volcano Eruption?
What Is Public Involvement in Disaster Management and Disaster Risk Reduction?
What Is Potential Value to Risk Assessment and Disaster Management?
What Is Emergency Management Natural of Disaster Management?
What Are Ethical and Legal Implications for Disaster Management?
Which Are Fire Prevention and Basic Disaster Management?
What Is the Tourism Industry’s Strategic Planning for Disaster Management?
Which Are Institutional Co-creation Interfaces for Innovation Diffusion During Disaster Management?
How Is Integrating Disaster Management Impact Poverty Reduction?
How Are Work Knowledge Management Systems and Disaster Management in Malaysia?
How to Use Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Maps for Natural Disaster Management?
What Are Natural Disaster Management Mechanisms for Probabilistic Earthquake Loss?
What Is Relationship Between Disaster Management and Sociology?
What Are Opportunities for Including Distributive Justice Concerns in Disaster Management?
How Will Strengthen Institutional Capacity Help Disaster Management?
What Is the National Disaster Management Authority?
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What Are Wireless Sensor Networks for Disaster Management?
Black Death Ideas
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40 Disaster Management Research Topics

Excellent Disaster Management Research Topics by Assignment Desk

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Disaster Management Research Topics for Beginners

Disaster management research topics for intermediate, disaster management research topics for advanced, disaster management research topics for proficient, identify the reason, brainstorm the ideas, do in-depth research, gather sources, research around your interest area.

Are you searching for disaster management research topics to write your document? Well, then your search ends here. As, in this blog, you will know all the information related to disaster management research. First, you will understand the meaning of it. After this, there is also a list of disaster management research topics. You can select any of them and write your document. Lastly, when you read further, you will learn tips from experts that help you choose the correct theme. Hence, let's move ahead and understand the meaning of disaster management in the first section.

An Overview of Disaster Management

Students often buy dissertation online as they do not have proper knowledge about the concept of disaster management. So, let's start by understanding its meaning. Disasters can cause a vast range of destruction to all the resources. This can occur due to man-made events or natural events. It is because of this reason that there is a need for disaster management. This is the process of preparing and utilizing the sources to tackle the tragedy and involves systematic strategy. Disaster management also includes examining and managing casual factors. In this process, it is also assessed to what extent people can prevent disaster. As some communities are more adversely affected than others.

So, now that you know the meaning of disaster management and its importance. It becomes easy for you to prepare your research document. The main thing for preparing any academic work is selecting a strong idea. So, read ahead to know some research topics on disaster management.

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List of 40 Best Disaster Management Research Topics

Are you looking for disaster control and other management dissertation topics online? Well, then this blog is the perfect place. It is because in this section you will read some disaster management research topics. You can select any idea and write your submission that grabs readers' attention. So, take a look at the list of topics in disaster management.

1. Analyze the role of weather radar in disaster management strategy.

2. Examine the issues and potential solutions of the cyclone disaster management system.

3. Examine the role of big data computing in disaster management.

4. Study and discuss social network theory in communication and its role in coordination during a disaster.

5. Analyze the role of the private sector in disaster management.

6. How effective are housing and shelter programs in post-disaster recovery?

7. How social media can help in disaster communication and public response?

8. How can community-based organizations can help in managing regional disasters?

9. Examine the adverse effects of flooding with its prevention.

10. Analyze the role of drone applications in disaster management.

11. Examine the role of occupational therapists in disaster management.

12. Examine the benefits and drawbacks of information technology in disaster management

13. Analyze the issues with the cyclone disaster management system

14. Examine the approaches of developed and developing countries to catastrophe management

15. Analyze the role of money and technology in keeping disaster management systems operational

16. Evaluate the role of social workers in disaster management

17. How does food aid affect the growth of schooling?

18. Compare the disaster management programs of China and Turkish by giving suggestions

19. Examine the effects of earthquakes on people's health

20. Describe the emergency operational plans during an earthquake

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21. Examine the role of non-governmental organizations in disaster management

22. Evaluate the management of medical supplies in the regions prone to high earthquake

23. Examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disaster management

24. Analyze the role of the UK government in combating natural disasters

25. How socio-cultural factors can influence the community in combating disasters?

26. Analyze the role of technology and innovation in disaster management from different technological solutions

27. Describe the approaches and case studies in cultural heritage preservation in disaster management

28. Evaluate the role of public-private partnership in post-disaster recovery through case study

29. Explain how emergencies can be tackled with effective decision-making strategies

30. Evaluate the potential challenges that occur due to the globalization of disaster management systems

31. Analyze the role of media in forecasting natural disaster

32. Evaluate critically the relationship between natural disasters, humanitarian aid and disaster risk reduction

33. Evaluate the role of community planning, public involvement and disaster management in ensuring sustainable hazard mitigation

34. Evaluate the relationship between cultural diversity in preparing people to combat disasters

35. How risk management techniques can boost food security?

36. Explain the impacts of a comprehensive system of geospatial information services in disaster management

37. Analyze the role of disaster management in keeping people resilient to flood

38. Explain with the case study the role of international cooperation and collaboration in disaster response

39. Examine how ethical considerations help in disaster management decision-making

40. Evaluate the economic impacts of disasters on local businesses and explore the strategies

So, these are some of the disaster management research topics. You can select any one of them for writing the document. Moreover, you can also inform your readers about how to tackle the tragedy with the above disaster management ideas. Still, if you face any issues in picking out your best title then we are here to assist. So, let's move to the next section and learn some tips that help you select the best topic for your document.

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Tips for Selecting Disaster Management Research Topic

So, as you have the list of research topics on disaster management in the above section. We will move to the next part and learn the tips that help you select the topic. So, read the pointers given below by the experts of Assignment Desk.

The first tip that helps you in selecting the disaster management topics is to identify the reason for preparing the document. Maybe you are writing it because you want to inform the readers about this issue. It may be possible that you have to submit a research paper on disaster management dissertation topics. When you know the reason for writing academic work, only then you can know what information to include in the project. Moreover, it also helps you prepare your document.

After you have identified the reason for writing the research project. You have to brainstorm the disaster management thesis topics. Select the theme that interests you along with informing the readers. Moreover, make sure that you have enough content to write. To choose a theme, make a list of all potential topics on disaster management. After this, take an overview of each idea until you find your best fit. Still, if you face any issues topic selection, then find a reliable platform and seek dissertation help online from their experts.

After you have selected the topics on disaster management, next comes the research part. As, without this, you cannot write your document. For collecting the data, you can use various books and articles. Whatever the disaster management project ideas you select, it is essential to do in-depth research. As, with this, you can know what information you have to write. It also helps you in selecting the data for your research project.

The next tip is related to collecting sources. You need to gather data based on which you can write the document. For this, you can take the help of various books and articles. You can also read newspapers to find innovative ideas for disaster management. With this, you can also find the information to include in the project. Make sure that the source you gather should justify the disaster management research topics.

If you select the topic based on your interest area, it becomes easy for you to prepare the project. When you select a theme based on your interest, it becomes easy for you to do research. So, you will find several disaster management presentation topics on the internet. You have to select the idea that grabs your attention. It is because when you write a document on your interest topic, it becomes easy for you to explain the concept. You can see various dissertation examples that are based on your interests.

Probably, the above tips will help you select the correct disaster management research topics. But, if you are still facing issues in choosing a theme and writing the project, you can take the help of experts at the Assignment Desk. So, read the below section to know how we can assist you with your project.

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At the Assignment Desk, you will get the best assistance for your project. Our subject-matter experts have years of experience in their respective fields. Moreover, they can also help you select the best disaster management research topics for the project. With this, you can get their assistance in researching and proofreading the document as well. Moreover, dissertation writers in UK also help you in writing the top-quality research paper. So, what are you waiting for, contact us today and get the best assistance from us.

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5 Research Topics for Emergency Management Students

Students enrolled in emergency management classes, with the intent to complete the degree, have the opportunity to explore a wide variety of incident command systems; learn about hospital preparedness; and become more familiar with response agencies at the federal, state and local levels. In order to complete the program, most emergency management students are required to research, write and submit a thesis project that correlates closely with the area of study.

Resource: Top 10 Online Emergency Management Degree Programs 2015

These are 5 research topics appropriate for emergency management students:

1. A critical analysis of the 2001 anthrax attacks

The anthrax attacks, often delivered via postal services, were traumatic events in 2001 shortly after the 9/11 attacks. Because the United States was still on high alert from that incident, new protocol was quickly established to handle anthrax and other forms of bioterrorism. These procedures, in hindsight, may not have been the most effective means for dealing with this calamity. An emergency management student could research the real-life situations and responses of the crisis teams in 2001, detailing how these incidents would be better handled in today’s society of improved and more experienced crisis teams.

2. Procedures specific for urban search and rescue

With terrorist attacks focused mainly on cities and with the density of populations and buildings in cities, urban searches and rescues can be complicated and difficult. Victims could be on the upper floors of tall buildings, trapped inside interior rooms or even along a side street or alley that is nearly impossible for rescuers to access. In most of these situations, time is of the utmost importance, so urban areas must have thorough and implementable plans of attack in the event of such an emergency. This project could research some cities’ plans and possibly propose changes to their current methods.

3. Humanitarian disaster relief

Many nations rely on humanitarian relief following natural disasters, such as a hurricane or drought. In these instances, there are often projects that raise funds and supplies, or sometimes the governments of more prosperous nations step in to provide aid. Sometimes the delivery is nearly impossible, often because of the state of the area after the disaster or because those who need the aid the most are not easily accessible. This research project could examine recent disasters that have required humanitarian relief by analyzing the process of obtaining supplies and physically delivering those items.

4. Personal preparedness for terrorism and disasters

Many people are unprepared should a natural disaster, or even an act of terrorism, come to them. While it is not necessary or practical for the average citizen to have a panic room or bomb shelter at his or her residence, there are steps that individuals can take to be more prepared if a disaster should occur. This research project could examine typical types of disasters and the provide protocol for the types of supplies people should have on hand and what their reactions should be during such a disaster.

5. Protocol for water rescues

Although not one of the most typical types of rescues, saving people from a river, lake or ocean can present many unusual obstacles. From the difficulty of locating a person who may be drowning or on a raft in the vast ocean to physically rescuing the person when another boat or a helicopter are the only options, water rescues require clear procedures in order to be successful. An emergency management student could research and create the best protocol for each of these situations, especially for a coastal town that may face the problem.

Students hoping to fulfill their requirements for a degree in emergency management will likely need to complete a thoroughly researched project. Although there are many different topics that will meet this requirement, especially dealing with disaster relief and national attacks, these are a few possibilities for the project.

Additional Resource: 50 Most Affordable Schools for an Emergency Management Degree 2015

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The interplay between citizen activities and space across different official memorial landscape construction phases: disaster risk reduction in ishinomaki, japan.

1. Introduction

1.1. disaster risk reduction and the role of citizens, 1.2. memorial facilities and drr, 1.3. memorial parks after the great east japan earthquake (geje), 1.4. current study, 2. materials and methods, 2.1. study site, 2.2. method, 2.2.1. the mixed methods research approach, 2.2.2. data collection, 2.2.3. data analysis, 3.1. quantitative results, 3.2. quantitative results, 3.2.1. before the disaster (prior to 11 march 2011), 3.2.2. after the disaster (from 11 march 2011 to 18 march 2017), 3.2.3. after the construction of the park (from 19 march 2017 to 27 march 2021), 3.2.4. after the park opening (from 28 march 2021 to 31 december 2022), 4. discussion, 4.1. citizen activities and space, 4.2. collaboration between citizen groups and officials in construction and management process, 4.3. contribution of collaborative effort in memorial facility aimed at drr, 4.3.1. recovery, 4.3.2. preparedness, 4.3.3. prevention, 4.3.4. response, 5. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

		Groups		Labels
Contents of activities	A	Planting-related activities	A1	Planting trees or other plants	A2	Maintaining and managing plants
	A	Planting-related activities	A3	Plant seedling raising	A4	Other activities related to planting
	B	Disaster education	B1	Disaster education storytelling	B2	Communication or exchange of views for disaster education
			B3	Disaster education exhibition	B4	Emergency drill
			B5	Visiting memorial facilities or construction site
	C	Prayer and mourning	C1	Anniversary activity of the disaster	C2	Commemoration and mourning for the disaster on normal days
	C	Prayer and mourning	C3	Prayer other than disaster mourning
	D	General citizen usage	D1	Outdoor market	D2	Firework activity
			D3	Knowledge promotion beyond disaster knowledge	D4	Traditional festivals and culture
			D5	Art, history, and culture exhibitions	D6	Performance
			D7	Sport-related events	D8	Sports contest
			D9	Non-sport contest	D10	Communication and meetings of organizations
			D11	Free provision of meals
	E	Preparation or construction of the site	E1	Searching for human remains	E2	Disposal of debris and residential contents
	E	Preparation or construction of the site	E3	Construction related
Organizations of activities	①	Residents and citizens	①1	Citizens and residents who do not belong to groups	①2	Neighborhood Association
	②	Non-profit organization (NPO)	②1	General incorporated foundation	②2	General incorporated association
			②3	Public interest incorporated foundation	②4	Public interest incorporated association
			②5	Incorporated foundation	②6	Incorporated association
			②7	Corporation engaging in specified non-profit activities	②8	Social welfare corporation
			②9	Non-profit organization that was not legally registered
	③	Private sector	③1	Private sector
	④	School	④1	Kindergarten, primary, secondary, and high school	④2	University
	⑤	Park management organization	⑤1	Park management organization
	⑥	Government	⑥1	Government
	⑦	Religious organization	⑦1	Religious organization
	⑧	Executive committee	⑧1	Executive committee
Spaces of activities	α	Built structure	α1	Architecture	α2	Disaster ruin
	α	Built structure	α3	Greenhouse
	β	Outdoor artificial area	β1	Monument and memorial	β2	Public square
			β3	Parking area	β4	Road
			β5	Sports ground	β6	Artificial earth mound
			β7	Debris
	γ	Natural area	γ1	Green space	γ2	Lakeside
	γ	Natural area	γ3	Sandy beach
Time periods of activities			Ⅰ	Before the disaster	II	After the disaster
Time periods of activities			III	After the construction of the park	IV	After park opening

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Click here to enlarge figure

	The Labels of the Data Source	The Names of the Categories	Ishinomaki Minamihama Tsunami Memorial Park
			Number	Percentage (%)
Source of data	[D*]	Digital newspaper (KAHOKU SHIMPO Database)	328	36.28
	[O*]	Online news	21	2.32
	[H1*]	Homepages of memorial parks or related facilities	55	6.08
	[H2*]	Homepages or online documents from national and local governments	155	17.15
	[H3*]	Homepages of organizations joined in the activities	115	12.72
	[S*]	Social media accounts of organizations joined in the activities	227	25.11
	[R*]	Research papers	6	0.66
Type of data		Content of activities	754	83.41
		Management of activities	73	8.08
		Space of activities	77	8.52
Total			904	100

	Example 1		Example 2
Time	2022/1/30		2021/7/11
Labels (time)	IV	After park opening	IV	After the opening of the park
Organizations	3.11 Future Support		Ganbarou Ishinomaki no Kai
Labels	②4	Public interest incorporated association	②9	Non-profit organization that is not legally registered
Groups	②	Non-profit organization (NPO)	②	Non-profit organization
Activities	The 10th In-Prefecture Storytelling Project		Pillars of Moonlight
Labels	B1	Disaster education storytelling	C1	Anniversary of the disaster
Groups	B	Disaster education	C	Prayer and mourning
Spaces	Miyagi Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami Legacy Museum		Ganbarou Ishinomaki Signboard
Labels	α1	Architecture	β1	Monument
Groups	α	Built structure	β	Artificial outdoor area
Original texts or pictures (translated from Japanese)	On 30 January, the 10th session of the “In-Prefecture Storytelling Project” organized by the 3.11 Future Support was held at Miyagi Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami Legacy Museum in the Ishinomaki Minamihama Tsunami Memorial Park in Ishinomaki City.		Ganbarou Ishinomaki no Kai, 11 July 2021, pillar of light on the anniversary of the moon’s death of 10 years and 4 months. We are doing this quietly, with deep prayer. (picture showing the space)
Sources of data	Ishinomaki Kahoku		Facebook account of the Ganbarou Ishinomaki no Kai
Types of the source	Digital newspaper (KAHOKU SHIMPO Database)		Social media accounts of organizations joined in the activities

Category	Explanation	Original Text	Data Source, Year
		The Ishinomaki Cultural Center and Ishinomaki Civic Hall, which were the city’s main cultural facilities... Both facilities had served as the center of cultural and artistic activities for the citizens of the city.	[H2*], 2016
		In preparation for disasters..., an “Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Prevention Seminar”... will be held for foreigners...	[D*], 2006
		The two-story facility was destroyed... but all 47 users and 30 staff members were spared. The facility had been conducting evacuation drills several times a year... it took 20 minutes to complete the ride. However, the time was shortened to 6 minutes...	[D*], 2013

Category	Explanation	Original Text	Data Source, Year
		Some of the damaged buildings remained, but most buildings, including houses, were swept away.	[D*], 2014
		Residents are scattered, moving to temporary housing or out of the prefecture.	[D*], 2012
		Many bereaved families believe that “they should not be happy.”	[D*], 2012
		We look normal, don’t we? But we live with great emotional swings.	[O*], 2022

Category	Explanation	Original Text	Data Source, Year
		The sign was written by local volunteers to encourage the community not to be defeated by the tsunami.	[H1*], 2021
		... a plumbing contractor, built it on the site of his home and store... using boards and wood chips washed ashore by the tsunami.	[O*], 2016
		December: Solar panel installation.	[S*], 2011
		November: New bulletin board installed.	[S*], 2012
		All of the flower offering stands have been completed.	[S*], 2013
		Today, we planted seeds of “Dokonjo Sunflower” in pots to be planted in front of the signboard.	[S*], 2013
		The 150 seeds from the Donegade Sunflowers are distributed free of charge every spring... and are being grown by many people all over Japan and even overseas... we hope that they will serve as a warning bell against the massive natural disasters that will come in the future.	[H3*], 2022
		The seventh repainting of the Ishinomaki signboard was completed. This time, the art club of Kadonowaki Junior High School helped us with the work.	[S*], 2015
		After the signboard was created, the place became a spontaneous place of prayer at some point.	[D*], 2013
		We will be raising the Koinobori on our sign.	[S*], 2014

Category	Explanation	Original Text	Data Source, Year
		It will provide a place for visitors from the city and beyond to record the disaster, learn lessons and reflect on the history...	[D*], 2015
		Exhibits include a model..., materials giving an overview of the disaster, and panels related to the reconstruction prayer park to be built in the area.	[D*], 2015
		Tsunagukan utilizes a one-story unit house and measures approximately 40 square meters.	[D*], 2015
		Since 2016, Minamihama Tsunagukan has held monthly open storytelling sessions (free of charge, no reservations required), where people who were affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake talk about their disaster awareness before the disaster, their experiences of the disaster, and their current thoughts, sometimes in an interview format.	[H3*], 2016
		In the windy South Beach, it serves a new function as an indoor disaster learning place that is less affected by the weather.	[H2*], 2016

Category	Explanation	Original Text	Data Source, Year
		“Even after the rubble had been cleared away, the dusty town remained colorless,” said... who lived nearby, he saw the desolate landscape and wanted to create a “forest park where life can circulate” in this area where many people, including his friends, were killed.	[O*], 2021
		The group of Ishinomaki citizen volunteers, Kokoro no Mori, has built two plastic greenhouses right next to the sign.	[H3*], 2016
		Project description: Project to make use of forests and satoyama from multiple perspectives (pot raising). Location: House in the park.	[H2*], 2017
		Project: Exchange program with University of Hyogo.Location: House in the park.	[H2*], 2017

Category	Explanation	Original Text	Data Source, Year
		Construction of the memorial park began in March 2009, with the aim of completing the park by the end of fiscal year 2020. Currently, the foundation works is underway, including the removal of tsunami deposits.	[H2*], 2021
		Construction work to fill in the ground has begun on the Civil Society Base in the memorial park.	[S*], 2017
		Seawall (near Hibarino and Kogyo Port) To be completed in FY2020. Height T.P. 3.5 m, 7.2 m. Approx. 17 km in length.	[H2*], n.d.

Category		Explanation	Original Text	Data Source, Year
			... the park will provide a place where citizens, NPOs, businesses, and other diverse entities can participate and collaborate in a variety of ways, from the planning stage through the management and operation stages of the park...	[H2*], 2015
			... the park will continue to be managed and operated by a diverse range of entities in the future.	[H2*], 2015
			... a core space where ceremonies, folklore activities, etc. can be held and a space that can serve as the Base of Citizens’ Activities and a space where people can feel that there used to be life in the city.	[H2*], 2015
			... ensure access for users during construction of the park.	[H2*], 2017
			Take into consideration the location of the parking lot and relocate it to a location that is easily accessible to the activity.	[H2*], 2015
			Consideration will be given to securing activity routes for citizens during park development and to layout plans that do not require relocation once again.	[H2*], 2015
			... we will place desks and benches and display pre-disaster photos of the area on the exterior walls to create a space where people can easily talk with each other.	[H3*], 2017
			... reopens with an additional theater room after the completion of land development.	[H3*], 2017
			Project description: House relocation to the Base of Citizens’ Activities in the park.	[H2*], 2017
			Program Description: Blue sky yoga, mini bonsai making.	[H2*], 2017
			The “Kokoro-no-Mori Garden for Raising Smiles,” maintained by the NPO Kokoro-no-Mori, has opened. As the symbolic garden of the park, it welcomes visitors with flowers and greenery, and aims to create a space where smiles and interaction can occur.	[D*], 2017
			A council was established in the fall of 2016, bringing together public and private entities involved in the Reconstruction Memorial Park to discuss new maintenance and management methods in the park based on the desire for “mourning,” “commemoration,” and “passing down the lessons” in the park. The council consisted of three thematic subcommittees: the “Forest Planting Branch,” the “Disaster Learning Branch,” and the “Citizen Use Branch.	[H3*], 2016
			However,... until the council was dissolved in December 2020, “new maintenance and management methods” could not be established. There are several possible reasons for this... the flow of the discussion was in the form of “the administration discusses it based on the results of the hearing from the chairpersons of each for their advice based on the meeting inside their own branch, and the council was not positioned as a place to make a decision.	[H3*], 2022

Category	Explanation	Original Text	Data Source, Year
		Sponsored by the Participatory Management Council...	[D*], 2018
		The national maintenance area and part of the prefectural and municipal maintenance area will be planted by public works, while the rest of the area will be developed in collaboration with citizens.	[H3*], 2017
		The first “Forest Planting Festival for Reconstruction” will be held, with plans to plant approximately 100,000 trees by the time the park is completed in 2020.	[D*], 2017
		The plan is to create a space where people can feel nature surrounding each area.	[D*], 2017
		In addition to mourning the victims, we would like to work together to create a forest for reconstruction so that the memory of the disaster will not fade.	[O*], 2017

Category	Explanation	Original Text	Data Source, Year
		The tsunami museum, which opened on 6 June 2021, welcomed its 50,000th visitor today.	[H1*], 2022
		Name of Entrusted Work—Exhibition Operation of the Miyagi Tsunami Memorial Museum... Reconstruction Assistance and Legacy Division, Reconstruction and Crisis Management Department, Miyagi Prefecture.	[H2*], 2022
		Miyagi Prefecture... and... Tohoku University, will hold lectures by storytellers every Saturday to pass on the memories and lessons of the Great East Japan Earthquake, to strengthen the function of the Museum as a base for passing on the disaster legacy in the prefecture, and to foster the next generation of storytellers and other leaders of the disaster legacy.	[H2*], n.d.
		On 5 May, storytellers from around the prefecture gave regular lectures at the museum... The regular lectures were organized by the public interest incorporated association 3/11 Mirai Support to encourage people to visit the disaster-stricken areas to learn about the experiences and lessons learned from the disaster.	[D*], 2022
		Talking can save you. “At the time, when I was listening to Masami’s story, I was really impressed by the fact that she said she felt liberated... the program was meaningful not only for the people who came to listen to the stories, but also for the storytellers who told the stories.”	[H3*], n.d.
		When seven or eight storytellers gathered for the school excursion this September, it was like a reunion. I was impressed by the atmosphere of not being alone, and I thought it was important to expand this connection.	[H3*], n.d.
		On 11 March, a disaster evacuation drill for visitors to the Memorial Park in Ishinomaki City and Kadonowaki Elementary School... will be held in the Minamihama and Kadonowaki areas to mark the 11th anniversary of the Great East Japan Earthquake. The drill will be co-hosted by 3/11 Mirai Support... and the Kadonowaki Neighborhood Association...	[D*], 2022
		The participants practiced how to respond to visitors unfamiliar with the local geography, and discussed how to improve and the issues that should be addressed.	[D*], 2021
		Participants commented that visitors do not know the evacuation route. Comments such as “In reality, it may take longer to evacuate” and “It is important how passionately local people can talk about the need for evacuation action” were voiced. The development of permanent landmarks to clearly indicate evacuation sites was identified as an area for improvement.	[D*], 2021
		When the park opened at 1:30 p.m., about 10 citizens gathered to offer flowers at the “place of prayer” in the center of the park.	[D*], 2021
		A memorial service was held in Ishinomaki City in front of the Ishinomaki Memorial Cenotaph in the memorial park... The mayor stated in his ceremonial address, “It is our responsibility to pass on the experiences and lessons of the disaster to future generations, and never let them fade away.	[D*], 2022
		4-chome North Square. As the broad grass square, it can be used for various purposes such as sports, recreational activities, and a place relaxation for the family members.	(H1), n.d.
		On 31 October, “Autumn Open-Air Market” was held... About 20 food stalls and kitchen cars as well as flea market booths were lined up.	[D*], 2021
		The marathon began in 2015 to express gratitude for the support received in the aftermath of the GEJE and to show how the region is moving toward recovery.	[D*], 2022
		The Ishinomaki City Ishinomaki Branch Federation of Senior Citizens Clubs, the Young Committee, and the Women’s Club held a community exchange walking event in the city’s Kadonowaki district on 13 March. About 50 members from... participated. The participants walked around the memorial park... The walking event is held once a year to learn about the current state of the community, to promote exchanges among members, and to improve health.	[D*], 2022

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Zhang, S.; Nishisaka, R.; Luo, S.; Xie, J.; Furuya, K. The Interplay between Citizen Activities and Space across Different Official Memorial Landscape Construction Phases: Disaster Risk Reduction in Ishinomaki, Japan. Land 2024 , 13 , 985. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13070985

Zhang S, Nishisaka R, Luo S, Xie J, Furuya K. The Interplay between Citizen Activities and Space across Different Official Memorial Landscape Construction Phases: Disaster Risk Reduction in Ishinomaki, Japan. Land . 2024; 13(7):985. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13070985

Zhang, Sihan, Ryo Nishisaka, Shixian Luo, Jing Xie, and Katsunori Furuya. 2024. "The Interplay between Citizen Activities and Space across Different Official Memorial Landscape Construction Phases: Disaster Risk Reduction in Ishinomaki, Japan" Land 13, no. 7: 985. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13070985

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