an essay about type 2 diabetes

Essay on Diabetes for Students and Children

500+ words essay on diabetes.

Diabetes is a very common disease in the world. But people may never realize, how did they get diabetes and what will happen to them and what will they go through. It may not be your problem but you have to show respect and care for the one who has diabetes. It can help them and also benefited you to know more about it and have a better understanding of it. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder which is identified by the high blood sugar level. Increased blood glucose level damages the vital organs as well as other organs of the human’s body causing other potential health ailments.

Types of Diabetes

Diabetes  Mellitus can be described in two types:

Description of two types of Diabetes Mellitus are as follows

1) Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is classified by a deficiency of insulin in the blood. The deficiency is caused by the loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This type of diabetes is found more commonly in children. An abnormally high or low blood sugar level is a characteristic of this type of Diabetes.

Most patients of type 1 diabetes require regular administration of insulin. Type 1 diabetes is also hereditary from your parents. You are most likely to have type 1 diabetes if any of your parents had it. Frequent urination, thirst, weight loss, and constant hunger are common symptoms of this.

2) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by the inefficiency of body tissues to effectively respond to insulin because of this it may be combined by insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes in people.

People with type 2 diabetes mellitus take medicines to improve the body’s responsiveness to insulin or to reduce the glucose produced by the liver. This type of diabetes mellitus is generally attributed to lifestyle factors like – obesity, low physical activity, irregular and unhealthy diet, excess consumption of sugar in the form of sweets, drinks, etc.

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Causes of Diabetes

By the process of digestion, food that we eat is broken down into useful compounds. One of these compounds is glucose, usually referred to as blood sugar. The blood performs the job of carrying glucose to the cells of the body. But mere carrying the glucose to the cells by blood isn’t enough for the cells to absorb glucose.

This is the job of the Insulin hormone. Pancreas supply insulin in the human body. Insulin acts as a bridge for glucose to transit from blood to the body cells. The problem arises when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or the body cells for some reason do not receive the glucose. Both the cases result in the excess of glucose in the blood, which is referred to as Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus.

Symptoms of Diabetes

Most common symptoms of diabetes are fatigue, irritation, stress, tiredness, frequent urination and headache including loss of strength and stamina, weight loss, increase in appetite, etc.

Levels of Diabetes

There are two types of blood sugar levels – fasting blood sugar level and postprandial blood sugar level. The fasting sugar level is the sugar level that we measure after fasting for at least eight hours generally after an overnight fast. Blood sugar level below 100 mg/dL before eating food is considered normal. Postprandial glucose level or PP level is the sugar level which we measure after two hours of eating.

The PP blood sugar level should be below 140 mg/dL, two hours after the meals. Though the maximum limit in both the cases is defined, the permissible levels may vary among individuals. The range of the sugar level varies with people. Different people have different sugar level such as some people may have normal fasting sugar level of 60 mg/dL while some may have a normal value of 90 mg/dL.

Effects of Diabetes

Diabetes causes severe health consequences and it also affects vital body organs. Excessive glucose in blood damages kidneys, blood vessels, skin resulting in various cardiovascular and skin diseases and other ailments. Diabetes damages the kidneys, resulting in the accumulation of impurities in the body.

It also damages the heart’s blood vessels increasing the possibility of a heart attack. Apart from damaging vital organs, diabetes may also cause various skin infections and the infection in other parts of the body. The prime cause of all type of infections is the decreased immunity of body cells due to their inability to absorb glucose.

Diabetes is a serious life-threatening disease and must be constantly monitored and effectively subdued with proper medication and by adapting to a healthy lifestyle. By following a healthy lifestyle, regular checkups, and proper medication we can observe a healthy and long life.

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• Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a condition that happens because of a problem in the way the body regulates and uses sugar as a fuel. That sugar also is called glucose. This long-term condition results in too much sugar circulating in the blood. Eventually, high blood sugar levels can lead to disorders of the circulatory, nervous and immune systems.

In type 2 diabetes, there are primarily two problems. The pancreas does not produce enough insulin — a hormone that regulates the movement of sugar into the cells. And cells respond poorly to insulin and take in less sugar.

Type 2 diabetes used to be known as adult-onset diabetes, but both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can begin during childhood and adulthood. Type 2 is more common in older adults. But the increase in the number of children with obesity has led to more cases of type 2 diabetes in younger people.

There's no cure for type 2 diabetes. Losing weight, eating well and exercising can help manage the disease. If diet and exercise aren't enough to control blood sugar, diabetes medications or insulin therapy may be recommended.

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Symptoms of type 2 diabetes often develop slowly. In fact, you can be living with type 2 diabetes for years and not know it. When symptoms are present, they may include:

• Increased thirst.
• Frequent urination.
• Increased hunger.
• Unintended weight loss.
• Blurred vision.
• Slow-healing sores.
• Frequent infections.
• Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.
• Areas of darkened skin, usually in the armpits and neck.

When to see a doctor

See your health care provider if you notice any symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

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Type 2 diabetes is mainly the result of two problems:

• Cells in muscle, fat and the liver become resistant to insulin As a result, the cells don't take in enough sugar.
• The pancreas can't make enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range.

Exactly why this happens is not known. Being overweight and inactive are key contributing factors.

How insulin works

Insulin is a hormone that comes from the pancreas — a gland located behind and below the stomach. Insulin controls how the body uses sugar in the following ways:

• Sugar in the bloodstream triggers the pancreas to release insulin.
• Insulin circulates in the bloodstream, enabling sugar to enter the cells.
• The amount of sugar in the bloodstream drops.
• In response to this drop, the pancreas releases less insulin.

The role of glucose

Glucose — a sugar — is a main source of energy for the cells that make up muscles and other tissues. The use and regulation of glucose includes the following:

• Glucose comes from two major sources: food and the liver.
• Glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream, where it enters cells with the help of insulin.
• The liver stores and makes glucose.
• When glucose levels are low, the liver breaks down stored glycogen into glucose to keep the body's glucose level within a healthy range.

In type 2 diabetes, this process doesn't work well. Instead of moving into the cells, sugar builds up in the blood. As blood sugar levels rise, the pancreas releases more insulin. Eventually the cells in the pancreas that make insulin become damaged and can't make enough insulin to meet the body's needs.

Risk factors

Factors that may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes include:

• Weight. Being overweight or obese is a main risk.
• Fat distribution. Storing fat mainly in the abdomen — rather than the hips and thighs — indicates a greater risk. The risk of type 2 diabetes is higher in men with a waist circumference above 40 inches (101.6 centimeters) and in women with a waist measurement above 35 inches (88.9 centimeters).
• Inactivity. The less active a person is, the greater the risk. Physical activity helps control weight, uses up glucose as energy and makes cells more sensitive to insulin.
• Family history. An individual's risk of type 2 diabetes increases if a parent or sibling has type 2 diabetes.
• Race and ethnicity. Although it's unclear why, people of certain races and ethnicities — including Black, Hispanic, Native American and Asian people, and Pacific Islanders — are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than white people are.
• Blood lipid levels. An increased risk is associated with low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol — the "good" cholesterol — and high levels of triglycerides.
• Age. The risk of type 2 diabetes increases with age, especially after age 35.
• Prediabetes. Prediabetes is a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Left untreated, prediabetes often progresses to type 2 diabetes.
• Pregnancy-related risks. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is higher in people who had gestational diabetes when they were pregnant and in those who gave birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds (4 kilograms).
• Polycystic ovary syndrome. Having polycystic ovary syndrome — a condition characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth and obesity — increases the risk of diabetes.

Complications

Type 2 diabetes affects many major organs, including the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Also, factors that increase the risk of diabetes are risk factors for other serious diseases. Managing diabetes and controlling blood sugar can lower the risk for these complications and other medical conditions, including:

• Heart and blood vessel disease. Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and narrowing of blood vessels, a condition called atherosclerosis.
• Nerve damage in limbs. This condition is called neuropathy. High blood sugar over time can damage or destroy nerves. That may result in tingling, numbness, burning, pain or eventual loss of feeling that usually begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and gradually spreads upward.
• Other nerve damage. Damage to nerves of the heart can contribute to irregular heart rhythms. Nerve damage in the digestive system can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. Nerve damage also may cause erectile dysfunction.
• Kidney disease. Diabetes may lead to chronic kidney disease or end-stage kidney disease that can't be reversed. That may require dialysis or a kidney transplant.
• Eye damage. Diabetes increases the risk of serious eye diseases, such as cataracts and glaucoma, and may damage the blood vessels of the retina, potentially leading to blindness.
• Skin conditions. Diabetes may raise the risk of some skin problems, including bacterial and fungal infections.
• Slow healing. Left untreated, cuts and blisters can become serious infections, which may heal poorly. Severe damage might require toe, foot or leg amputation.
• Hearing impairment. Hearing problems are more common in people with diabetes.
• Sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea is common in people living with type 2 diabetes. Obesity may be the main contributing factor to both conditions.
• Dementia. Type 2 diabetes seems to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders that cause dementia. Poor control of blood sugar is linked to a more rapid decline in memory and other thinking skills.

Healthy lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2 diabetes. If you've received a diagnosis of prediabetes, lifestyle changes may slow or stop the progression to diabetes.

A healthy lifestyle includes:

• Eating healthy foods. Choose foods lower in fat and calories and higher in fiber. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
• Getting active. Aim for 150 or more minutes a week of moderate to vigorous aerobic activity, such as a brisk walk, bicycling, running or swimming.
• Losing weight. If you are overweight, losing a modest amount of weight and keeping it off may delay the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. If you have prediabetes, losing 7% to 10% of your body weight may reduce the risk of diabetes.
• Avoiding long stretches of inactivity. Sitting still for long periods of time can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. Try to get up every 30 minutes and move around for at least a few minutes.

For people with prediabetes, metformin (Fortamet, Glumetza, others), a diabetes medication, may be prescribed to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. This is usually prescribed for older adults who are obese and unable to lower blood sugar levels with lifestyle changes.

More Information

• Diabetes prevention: 5 tips for taking control
• Professional Practice Committee: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — 2020. Diabetes Care. 2020; doi:10.2337/dc20-Sppc.
• Diabetes mellitus. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm. Accessed Dec. 7, 2020.
• Melmed S, et al. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 3, 2020.
• Diabetes overview. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/all-content. Accessed Dec. 4, 2020.
• AskMayoExpert. Type 2 diabetes. Mayo Clinic; 2018.
• Feldman M, et al., eds. Surgical and endoscopic treatment of obesity. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Oct. 20, 2020.
• Hypersmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-hhs. Accessed Dec. 11, 2020.
• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka. Accessed Dec. 11, 2020.
• Hypoglycemia. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/hypoglycemia. Accessed Dec. 11, 2020.
• 6 things to know about diabetes and dietary supplements. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/tips/things-to-know-about-type-diabetes-and-dietary-supplements. Accessed Dec. 11, 2020.
• Type 2 diabetes and dietary supplements: What the science says. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/providers/digest/type-2-diabetes-and-dietary-supplements-science. Accessed Dec. 11, 2020.
• Preventing diabetes problems. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/preventing-problems/all-content. Accessed Dec. 3, 2020.
• Schillie S, et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recommendations and Reports. 2018; doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6701a1.
• Caffeine: Does it affect blood sugar?
• GLP-1 agonists: Diabetes drugs and weight loss
• Hyperinsulinemia: Is it diabetes?
• Medications for type 2 diabetes

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Essay on Diabetes

Students are often asked to write an essay on Diabetes in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Diabetes

What is diabetes.

Diabetes is a chronic disease where the body can’t control blood sugar levels. This happens because the body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use it properly.

Types of Diabetes

There are two main types: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 is when the body doesn’t produce insulin. Type 2 is when the body doesn’t use insulin well.

Managing Diabetes

Diabetes can be managed through a healthy diet, regular exercise, and medication. Regular check-ups are also important to monitor blood sugar levels.

The Impact of Diabetes

If not managed, diabetes can lead to serious health problems like heart disease, kidney disease, and vision loss.

250 Words Essay on Diabetes

Introduction.

Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder, is characterized by an increased level of glucose in the blood. It arises due to the body’s inability to produce or effectively utilize insulin, a hormone responsible for glucose regulation.

Etiology of Diabetes

Diabetes is classified into two major types: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disorder, is a result of the body’s immune system attacking insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. On the other hand, Type 2 diabetes, the more prevalent form, is primarily associated with insulin resistance and often linked to obesity and sedentary lifestyle.

Impact and Management

Diabetes can lead to severe complications like heart disease, kidney failure, and blindness if left unmanaged. Management involves lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet, regular physical activity, and medication or insulin therapy as needed.

Prevention and Future Research

Prevention strategies for Type 2 diabetes involve promoting healthier lifestyles and early detection. For Type 1 diabetes, research is still ongoing to understand its triggers. Advances in technology and medicine, such as artificial pancreas systems and islet cell transplantation, show promise for future diabetes management.

Diabetes, a global health crisis, requires comprehensive understanding and management strategies. With ongoing research and advancements, the future holds potential for improved diabetes care and prevention.

500 Words Essay on Diabetes

Introduction to diabetes.

There are primarily two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This type is less common and usually develops early in life. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is more prevalent and typically develops in adulthood. It occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough to maintain a normal glucose level.

Risk Factors and Symptoms

Several factors increase the risk of developing diabetes, including genetics, obesity, lack of physical activity, and poor diet. Additionally, certain ethnic groups are at a higher risk.

Management and Treatment

While there is currently no cure for diabetes, it can be effectively managed with a combination of lifestyle changes and medication. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and maintaining a healthy weight are crucial for managing both types of diabetes.

For Type 1 diabetes, insulin injections or use of an insulin pump are necessary. Type 2 diabetes can often be managed with lifestyle changes and oral medication, but insulin may be required as the disease progresses.

Complications and Prevention

Prevention strategies for Type 2 diabetes include regular physical activity, a healthy diet, maintaining a normal body weight, and avoiding tobacco use. Early detection through regular health screenings is also critical, as early treatment can prevent or delay the onset of complications.

Diabetes is a significant global health concern that requires concerted efforts for effective management and prevention. Understanding the disease, its risk factors, and the importance of early detection can go a long way in reducing the impact of this chronic condition. Through lifestyle changes and medical intervention, individuals with diabetes can lead healthy and fulfilling lives.

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Type 2 Diabetes - Free Essay Examples And Topic Ideas

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Type 2 Diabetes

This paper aims to examine type 2 diabetes from both a scientific and an analytical/mathematical viewpoint, with particular attention paid to the effects of the illness on various organs and systems and the financial burdens it places on society. The paper details the intricate physiological processes—involving the endocrine, cardiovascular, neurological, and immunological systems—that contribute to these effects. Financial repercussions of type 2 diabetes are also examined in this paper. This includes medical care and treatment expenditures, diabetes-related consumables, and lost productivity, both direct and direct costs. The paper stresses the significance of maintaining frequent medical checkups and stable blood sugar levels in avoiding or delaying the onset of problems associated with type 2 diabetes. It further aims to scrutinize the disease from an ethical and cultural vantage point, with particular attention paid to the rules that regulate the disease and their effect on a patient’s ability to get care and treatment. The paper explains how the ACA and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) are helping to expand access to medical care for individuals with Type 2 diabetes. The report also analyzes state-level efforts, and legislation passed intending to expand access to treatment for persons who suffer from the illness. The paper describes some of the challenges people face when trying to get healthcare, including the high cost of treatment and a lack of qualified medical professionals, as well as some of the programs and policies already in place to address these issues. The Veteran Association is also mentioned as a support system for veterans ailing from the condition. The paper discusses the societal and cultural effects of Type 2 diabetes, emphasizing the Western world and low- and middle-income nations. This paper mentions how certain civilizations are more likely to contract type 2 diabetes due to cultural and lifestyle variables. Finally, the paper discusses potential approaches to treating and controlling the disease.

Introduction

Hyperglycemia, or preeminent blood glucose intensities, is a cause of type 2 diabetes, a long-term illness. It happens when the pancreas cannot generate enough of the hormone insulin, which controls blood sugar, or when the body develops insulin resistance. Being overweight, having a diabetes-related family history, and living a sedentary lifestyle are all risk factors. Increased thirst and hunger, urine frequency, weariness, and impaired wound healing are among the symptoms. Diet, exercise, and medication changes may help control the condition. Heart disease, stroke, renal failure, and nerve damage are some consequences that may result from untreated type 2 diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic neuropathy are just a few products that may arise from the disease’s effects on the body’s numerous systems. The endocrine, circulatory, neurological, and immunological systems all play a role in these effects. The direct expenses of medical care and treatment, diabetes-related consumables, and the indirect costs of lost work and lower productivity significantly impact people, families, and society due to type 2 diabetes. Several legislation and guidelines have been implemented to guarantee that people with Type 2 diabetes may get the treatment they need. Healthcare access for all Americans has been expanded by passing laws like the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Medicare’s Diabetes Prevention Program (MDPP) and Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) are examples of federal and state programs that try to improve patient’s access to care for the disease. However, despite these regulations and programs, there are still obstacles to receiving care and treatment, especially for low-income persons in rural regions. Middle- and low-income countries, as well as Western and Middle Eastern people, are disproportionately afflicted by Type 2 diabetes. Metformin is widely used as a medication for this disease. Thiazolidinediones or glitazones are another class of medications used to treat type 2 diabetes. These medications aid blood sugar regulation by increasing insulin sensitivity and lowering insulin resistance. However, they can raise blood pressure and water retention risks.

Scientific Inquiry

Body parts affected by type 2 diabetes.

The inability to properly use glucose, the body’s primary source of cellular metabolism, lies at the heart of type 2 diabetes, a chronic disease with far-reaching consequences. High blood sugar levels are associated with a wide range of health problems because of the harm they may do to the body over time. Individuals who have type 2 diabetes often have complications related to their eyes. Diabetic retinopathy occurs when blood capillaries in the retina are damaged due to high blood sugar levels. If neglected, this may result in impaired eyesight or total blindness, according to Daryabor et al. (2020). The course of diabetic retinopathy may be halted or at least slowed with regular eye examinations and good blood sugar management.

Moreover, type 2 diabetes may damage the kidneys, another vital organ. Diabetic nephropathy develops when capillaries in the kidneys are damaged due to high blood sugar. Because of this, dialysis or a kidney transplant may become necessary. Diabetic nephropathy may be avoided, or its development slowed with strict blood sugar management and routine monitoring of kidney function. Type 2 diabetes may potentially damage the nerves. Diabetic neuropathy is a disorder in which impairment of the nerves is caused by high blood sugar levels (Daryabor et al., 2020). Symptoms include tingling, numbness, and discomfort in the limbs. Because patients with diabetic neuropathy might not be able to experience pain or other impulses in their feet, this may increase the likelihood of foot injuries and illnesses. Diabetic neuropathy may be prevented or slowed by regular foot examinations and good blood sugar management.

Type 2 diabetes has additional effects on the cardiovascular system, particularly the heart and the blood arteries. Damage to the blood arteries caused by high blood sugar levels is associated with improved cardiovascular illness and stroke risk. The danger of heart disease increases in individuals with type 2 diabetes because of their heightened susceptibility to hypertension. Carpenter et al. (2019) posit that individuals with the disease may lower their danger of cardiac disease and stroke by sustaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and consuming a balanced diet.

The Specific Physiological Mechanisms and Processes That Lead to The Effects on the Different Body Systems in Individuals Having Type 2 Diabetes

High blood glucose intensities are related to a wide range of health issues because of the wear and tear they place on the body over time. It is difficult and time-consuming to isolate the specific physiological processes and systems contributing to these effects. The endocrine system is a significant contributor to the adverse effects of type 2 diabetes on the body. Humans’ ability to produce and regulate hormones like insulin is a function of the endocrine system (Eizirik et al., 2020). Over time, increased blood glucose levels may harm the blood vessels and organs, resulting in various problems such as diabetic retinopathy and diabetic neuropathy.

Type 2 diabetes affects the body in several ways, and the cardiovascular system is a significant contributor. Atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, is a disorder caused by damage to the blood vessels brought on by high blood sugar levels. Heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular issues may be more likely due to this, as Khan et al. (2020) claim.

Type 2 diabetes has adverse effects on the neurological system as well. Damage to the nerves, known as diabetic neuropathy, is a known complication of uncontrolled high blood sugar. Symptoms include tingling, numbness, and discomfort in the extremities. However, oxidative stress, inflammation, and alterations in nerve function are all speculated to have a role in diabetic neuropathy, while the exact roles remain unclear. The immune system is another critical physiological system that contributes to the impacts of type 2 diabetes on the body. The disease may lower the body’s defenses, making those with type 2 diabetes more vulnerable to illness. Some autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune thyroiditis and celiac disease, may be more likely in people with type 2 diabetes (Galicia-Garcia et al., 2020). It is unclear what exact physiological mechanisms contribute to these elevated risks, although alterations in immune system function and oxidative stress are two likely candidates.

Mathematical/Analytical Inquiry

Economic issues involved with type 2 diabetes.

Affecting one in ten American grownups, type 2 diabetes is costly for people, families, and the economy. Type 2 diabetes may have severe repercussions on a person’s financial security due to various direct and indirect charges. The expense of treatment and medical care is a direct cost associated with having the condition. Most individuals with the disease need continuing medical treatment, such as follow-up appointments with their doctor, blood work, and medication. Those without insurance or with inadequate coverage may find the expense of these procedures prohibitive. Medical costs may skyrocket for those with type 2 diabetes because of the increased likelihood that they will also acquire illnesses like heart disease and renal disease. Blood glucose monitors, test strips, and insulin are just a few examples of diabetes-related equipment and supplies, all of which add up to a significant financial burden for people with type 2 diabetes (Younossi et al., 2020). These expenditures may add up quickly for people who need numerous injections of insulin daily. Diabetic shoes and wound care kits are just a few examples of the specialized equipment that some persons with type 2 diabetes may need to invest in.

However, the actual financial burden of type 2 diabetes often lies in its indirect expenses. Loss of income and diminished earning potential may occur when a person with type 2 diabetes has to miss work or is unable to work because of their disease. Type 2 diabetics have a greater chance of being disabled, which may lead to higher disability insurance premiums and less money put up for retirement. Adverse economic effects of type 2 diabetes on the community are also possible. According to O’Connell et al. (2019), estimates place the annual cost of treating and caring for people with type 2 diabetes in the billions of dollars. Since customers ultimately bear healthcare costs and missed productivity in the form of progressive taxation and the prices of goods and services, this may burden healthcare systems and the economy.

Several monetary issues also arise from having type 2 diabetes. One significant difficulty is that people with type 2 diabetes may experience a decline in their quality of life, which may have repercussions on their social and economic security. The inability to engage in strenuous physical activity may hinder a person’s ability to work and enjoy life while living with type 2 diabetes. Quality of life might suffer due to the resulting decline in social and emotional functioning. The high price tag of treating diabetes-related consequences, including amputations, blindness, and renal failure, is a further financial burden for those with type 2 diabetes. Medical costs and time away from work are only two ways these difficulties add up to a hefty price tag. Additionally, they may lower one’s quality of life, which has repercussions for one’s emotional and material well-being.

Furthermore, depression and other psychological health disorders are more prevalent in people with type 2 diabetes, which may have severe consequences for both physical health and financial security. Due to their deteriorating psychological and physical health, individuals with type 2 diabetes may incur higher expenditures for mental health care and have less earning capacity. Furthermore, the expenses of medical treatment and missed productivity might make it hard for those with type 2 diabetes to break the cycle of poverty. The chance of acquiring type 2 diabetes and other health disorders is increased, which may lead to losing access to good food and secure housing. Costs associated with caring for the anticipated 30 million Americans with type 2 diabetes each year are expected to exceed $200 billion (Alzaid et al., 2021). Both direct and indirect costs are included here.

How Do Direct and Indirect Costs of Type 2 Diabetes Vary by Geography, Demographic, and Healthcare Access

Dependent on factors including population size, healthcare availability, and location, the direct and indirect costs of type 2 diabetes may range widely. Because of these disparities, certain areas and groups may bear a disproportionate share of the cost of caring for people with type 2 diabetes. The direct and indirect financial burdens of type 2 diabetes might vary widely by geography. Individuals who have type 2 diabetes, for instance, may have to pay more for healthcare and diabetes-related supplies and equipment if they live in an area with restricted access to excellent healthcare. They may also have difficulties gaining access to specialists like endocrinologists, which may raise the likelihood of problems and the expense of treatment (O’Connell et al., 2019). Type 2 diabetes is associated with more extraordinary healthcare expenses over time. It may be more prevalent in areas with high air pollution levels or restricted access to good dietary alternatives.

Furthermore, the direct and indirect expenses of type 2 diabetes may be affected by demographic variables. For example, persons living in low-income areas are more likely to acquire type 2 diabetes because they have less access to nutritious food and less chance of participating in risky physical exercise. The quality of life, ability to generate money, and overall cost of care might all take a hit. Type 2 diabetes and its consequences are more common among people of color, which poses a heftier financial burden on communities struggling to recover from other social and economic issues.

The availability of healthcare significantly impacts the direct and indirect expenses of type 2 diabetes. Healthcare and diabetes-related supplies and equipment may be more expensive for those who cannot quickly get high-quality medical care (Alzaid et al., 2021). Complications and additional expenses may be magnified because they may not have ready access to specialists like endocrinologists. The danger of getting the disease and its consequences is greater among those who lack adequate access to health insurance, who may also face increased expenses for medical treatment and lower access to preventative care. Moreover, some groups may have difficulty gaining entry to high-quality healthcare due to language and cultural barriers, leading to increased healthcare expenses and a lack of preventative programs. A person’s capacity to avoid and treat type 2 diabetes may be hindered if they lack access to knowledge on the illness and its management techniques due to low levels of education or literacy.

Additionally, the direct and indirect expenses of type 2 diabetes may be affected by workplace policies and initiatives. Health and wellness initiatives in the workplace, such as incentives to exercise and access to nutritious food, have been shown to minimize the likelihood of getting the disease and its consequences. However, the threat of acquiring the disease and accompanying problems may rise in workplaces with limited access to nutritious food selections, physical exercise opportunities, and supportive health policies, leading to increased expenses for medical treatment and lower productivity. The direct and indirect costs of type 2 diabetes may be affected by socioeconomic variables such as poverty, lack of secure housing, and restricted access to an excellent education. Higher medical expenses and worse quality of life may arise from the increased chance of having type 2 diabetes and its consequences due to these conditions. The economic and health burdens of type 2 diabetes may be alleviated and health outcomes improved by addressing these socioeconomic factors.

Ethical Perspective of Inquiry

Laws that govern type 2 diabetes and how these laws affect the access to care and treatment for those with the condition.

Several rules and regulations regulate the condition to make sure that individuals who are detected with Type 2 diabetes have access to the treatments and care that they require. The Americans with Disabilities Act is among the most significant legislation relevant to people with type 2 diabetes (ADA). The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a piece of federal legislation that forbids discrimination against disabled people in all spheres of public life, particularly jobs, housing, and access to medical treatment. The legislation mandates that companies offer reasonable adjustments for workers with impairments, including those with Type 2 diabetes. According to O’Brien & Brown (2018), businesses must provide their workers flexible working arrangements, more breaks, or other accommodations that enable them to manage their diabetes.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA), more often referred to as Obama care, is yet another significant piece of legislation influencing people with type 2 diabetes. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is a piece of legislation passed into law on the federal level to broaden people’s access to medical care. Persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are now qualified for health insurance coverage via the marketplace or Medicaid according to the Affordable Care Act (ACA). In addition, the Affordable Care Act mandates that insurance providers pay for specific preventative care, such as blood sugar monitoring supplies, foot checks, and eye exams, for diabetic patients (Myerson et al., 2019). This makes it more likely that people who have type 2 diabetes will have access to the care and treatment they need to manage their illness effectively.

Additionally, federal and state restrictions may make it more difficult for individuals with the disease to get the care and treatment they need. For instance, “mandated benefits” regulations are prevalent in several jurisdictions. These laws oblige insurance companies to provide coverage for various medical treatments to persons with specified medical conditions, such as type 2 diabetes. The passage of this legislation helps guarantee that individuals who are detected with the disease have access to the therapies necessary to manage their illness. These treatments may include insulin injections, oral drugs, and glucose-tracking devices.

Despite these rules, there are still hurdles that prevent people with Type 2 diabetes from accessing care and treatment. For instance, a significant number of people who have Type 2 Diabetes reside in rural areas or in regions where medical professionals are scarce. Because of this, it is challenging for individuals to get the attention and therapy needed to manage their disease. In addition, a significant number of people who have Type 2 Diabetes have poor incomes, and as a result, they are unable to pay for the necessary medical treatments and supplies (Jia et al., 2019). Diabetes care and treatment may come at a significant financial burden, representing a significant obstacle to access for many individuals.

There are several initiatives now underway that aim to expand access to care and treatment for people who have the disease. These programs are designed to assist people with diabetes in conquering the existing access hurdles. Individuals unable to pay for their medical treatment may take advantage of the diabetes management and education programs provided by many community health clinics. These programs are either provided at a reduced cost or completely free of charge. In addition, a large number of healthcare providers are forming partnerships with groups like the American Diabetes Association and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation that deliver financial support to people living with Type 2 diabetes who have little financial resources. Because of these measures, people who have the condition are more likely to have access to the care and medications they need to manage their illness effectively.

People who are at great threat of developing Type 2 diabetes and have prediabetes are the target population for the Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program (MDPP), which is an effort to avoid the disease’s emergence. Beneficiaries of Medicare are eligible to participate in this program and get preventive therapies that may help reduce the threat of acquiring type 2 diabetes. A systematic intervention to prevent type 2 diabetes in patients who indicate prediabetes is being made available by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). This initiative is known as the Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program (MDPP) extended model (Ritchie et al., 2020).

Furthermore, the clinical intervention comprises a minimum of sixteen intensive “core” meetings of a curriculum approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). These sessions are delivered over six months in a cohort, classroom-style setting. These sessions offer practical training in long-term nutritional intervention, enhanced physical activity, and behavior modification strategies for weight management. After completing the core sessions, less intense follow-up meetings every month ensure that the participants continue to engage in healthy habits. The reduction of at least 5 percent of total body weight by participants is the primary objective of the enlarged program.

People who are disabled due to type 2 diabetes have another alternative: Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI). Individuals with impairments, particularly those with severe Type 2 diabetes, can receive financial assistance via this program. The financial strain that comes with managing this chronic ailment could be reduced. Walker & Roessel (2019) posit that people who cannot work due to specific impairments or medical problems, such as chronic type 2 diabetes, are eligible to receive payments from the SSDI.

Furthermore, payroll taxes for FICA Social Security are what finance SSDI. Workers qualify for SSDI if they have accumulated sufficient labor credits during their working lives. An individual must be below the age of 65 and have what the Social Security Administration (SSA) considers a severe qualifying disability to be eligible for the Supplemental Security Income program. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), responsible for serving veterans, is also dedicated to assisting those with Type 2 diabetes. Veterans with this illness have access to specialist clinics and programs to help them manage their diabetes as part of the comprehensive care and treatment that the VA provides.

Cultural Perspective of Inquiry

Cultures or societies most affected by type 2 diabetes.

About 80% of people with diabetes live in low and middle-income nations, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). This exemplifies how severely the sickness affects some of the most disadvantaged people on Earth. The Western world is one culture hit hard by the illness, with the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia among the nations with the highest rates of Type 2 Diabetes. The disease disproportionately impacts the Middle Eastern populace (Sohal et al., 2015). Some nations with the highest rates of diabetes include Egypt, Iran, and Saudi Arabia.

In addition, New Zealand, Australia, and Canada’s indigenous individuals are at a better risk of developing the disease. Rates of obesity and diabetes have skyrocketed in these societies as people have switched to Western diets characterized by their heavy consumption of processed foods. Type 2 diabetes also has a disproportionately large impact on the Pacific Islander population. Heavy rates of the illness may be traced back to cultural activities like feasting and high intake of sugar-rich meals in countries like Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa. Type 2 diabetes is also more prevalent in certain racial groups than in others such as Asian Americans, Hispanics, African Americans, and Native Americans (Omodara et al., 2022).

Cultural Aspects That Lead to the Advanced Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Specific Cultures or Societies

In certain civilizations or societies, cultural variables greatly influence the disease’s progressive occurrence. As said earlier, Type 2 Diabetes is quite common in the Western world, which includes nations like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Numerous cultural influences, such as sedentary lifestyles, unhealthful eating patterns, and large consumption of processed and sugary foods, might be blamed for this. Individuals who live in the West are often more concerned with convenience and efficiency, which leads to a sedentary lifestyle that entails spending much time in front of a computer or TV (Brunetti, 2017). This lack of physical exercise raises the chance of being overweight, a significant danger factor for Type 2 Diabetes when paired with a poor diet.

The extensive accessibility of unhealthy food alternatives is another cultural element contributing to the high disease incidence in the Western world. Fast food, processed meals, and sugary beverages are readily available and often taken in large amounts, which raises calorie consumption and causes weight gain. Huge percentage sizes and excessive food intake are also strongly associated in many Western societies, where they are seen as symbols of success and affluence.

Type 2 Diabetes prevalence in Middle Eastern nations may be related to various cultural aspects, such as unhealthy fat and sugar-heavy diet. In the typical Middle Eastern diet, fatty foods like oils, nuts, and meats are often consumed, along with sugary pastries and sweets. This eating approach raises the risk of being overweight and having Type 2 Diabetes when paired with a sedentary lifestyle. Additionally, the Middle Eastern area has a large population of sedentary people with little access to physical exercise (Omodara et al., 2022). The substantial value placed on hospitality and generosity in many Middle Eastern cultures has led to the custom of providing visitors with copious amounts of food, which adds to overeating and weight gain.

Some cultural factors that may be at play in the high prevalence of the disease in native people of Canada and New Zealand include the introduction of Western diets high in processed foods and sugar to replace traditional indigenous diets. It is typical for indigenous populations to be economically disadvantaged, leaving them with few choices except unhealthy fast food. There has been a shift in eating habits and a simultaneous decline in bodily exercise, both leading to the rising rates of overweight and obesity-related diabetes in these areas (Al-Sahouri et al., 2022). Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa are just a few Pacific Island countries that feel the effects of Type 2 Diabetes’ widespread prevalence. Perhaps this is due to the widespread practice of feasting in many cultures, which involves ingesting many sugary foods and drinks all at once. Due to the high importance placed on hospitality and generosity in many communities, obesity is a common problem.

However, other factors besides culture may account for the increased incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in specific cultural and community contexts. One of these factors is genetics. Some racial and ethnic groups are biologically susceptible to acquiring Type 2 Diabetes due to factors including family history and genetic makeup. There is also the matter of one’s socioeconomic standing (Wu et al., 2014). People who are impoverished or lack access to adequate medical care and healthy food options are more expected to develop the disease because they are more likely to engage in health-damaging activities, including leading a sedentary lifestyle and eating poorly.

Stress may lead to the development of the disease due to its potential to cause hormonal disruptions and alterations in blood sugar levels. Some populations may be more susceptible to the disease because of cultural factors exacerbating stress, such as a fast-paced way of life, financial insecurity, and discrimination. Furthermore, a lack of education and awareness about maintaining a healthy lifestyle and adopting preventative measures may also be to blame for the increasing incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in certain cultures and groups (Wu et al., 2014). Those with fewer resources may not know how to appropriately manage and prevent illness or the risks associated with particular behaviors.

The solution to Type 2 Diabetes

Modifications to one’s way of life and medical treatment are both necessary components of diabetes management for type 2 patients. The maintenance of a diet that is both balanced and healthful is one of the most critical measures in the management of the condition. This involves reducing the consumption of meals high in sugar, carbs, and unhealthy fats, which may increase blood sugar levels. It is essential to prioritize eating a diet abundant in fiber, protein, and healthy fats to maintain a healthy body. The regulation of sugar levels in the blood and the avoidance of complications are possible benefits of this. In addition, maintaining a regular exercise routine is a crucial component of diabetes management in type 2 patients.

Additionally, regular physical activity boosts insulin sensitivity and has the potential to bring blood sugar levels down. Because cardiovascular illness is a prevalent consequence of type 2 diabetes, this may help lower the chance of developing the disease (McGill et al., 2017). Monitoring one’s blood sugar levels consistently and maintaining a good relationship with one’s primary care physician are both essential components of a successful management strategy for type 2 diabetes. Other alterations to one’s way of life, such as giving up smoking and finding healthy ways to cope with stress, are also encouraged. A patient and their healthcare practitioner may collaborate to establish an individualized treatment strategy tailored to the patient’s preferences and way of life.

Metformin, sulfonylureas, and DPP-4 inhibitors may aid in decreasing blood glucose levels by either enhancing insulin sensitivity or stimulating insulin secretion. These effects can be achieved by oral administration. Insulin therapy is another alternative, and it may either be administered by injectable or an insulin pump (C Thomas, 2016). People unable to regulate their blood sugar levels with oral drugs or lifestyle modifications alone are often advised to consider this a possible option. Other treatments, for instance, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) blockers and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor injectors, are also accessible in addition to these drugs. The most effective course of action for someone with type 2 diabetes will rely on their particular medical requirements and circumstances and how they react to various treatments. In addition, it is essential to have routine checkups with the doctor to monitor blood sugar, cholesterol levels, and blood pressure and to look for any warning indications of issues. One’s healthcare practitioner may also suggest checking their eyes and feet and getting blood tests regularly to monitor overall health.

Type 2 diabetes is a long-term illness that affects various body components and systems, such as the eyes, adrenal glands, nerves, heart and blood vessels, cardiovascular system, nervous system, and immune system. It can have significant consequences on an individual’s financial situation. The inability of the body to create enough insulin or react effectively to the insulin produced causes this disorder, which ultimately results in elevated blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes may lead to several complications, such as retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, chronic neuropathy, improved danger of cardiovascular ailment and stroke, and autoimmune illnesses. It is possible for the costs of medical care, therapy, supplies, and equipment to be very high, which may have a considerable effect on a person’s ability to maintain financial stability. Diabetes type 2 is a severe illness, but it is possible to maintain reasonable disease control with the appropriate care and treatment. Thus, it is advised that frequent visits to the doctor, laboratory testing, adequate blood sugar management, a balanced diet, and regular exercise be undertaken to treat type 2 diabetes and its associated effects. People who are diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes are eligible for insurance coverage, preventive care, and financial support due to a variety of pieces of legislation, including the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Affordable Care Act (ACA). However, obstacles still prevent people from getting the necessary care, such as a lack of medical professionals in specific regions and expensive treatment options. People with type 2 diabetes may get assistance through initiatives such as the Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program, Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), and the Department of Veterans Affairs. These services are designed to help people overcome the obstacles listed above. The illness is more common in nations with a moderate income and a poor income, as well as in the inhabitants of the Western world and the Middle East, as well as African Americans and Hispanics. To solve this issue that affects the public’s health, it is essential to maintain efforts to expand access to medical care and treatment for those with type 2 diabetes. Some cultures and communities have an advanced threat of contracting type 2 diabetes than others due to causes including hereditary factors, environmental factors, and lifestyle factors such as leading a sedentary lifestyle, being overweight, and consuming nutritious foods.

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Essay: Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM)

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American Diabetes Association (2015) describes “Diabetes as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Type 2 Diabetes(T2DM), the most prevalent form of the disease is caused by a series of metabolic disorders which results from insulin resistance in muscles and tissues, unrestricted glucose secretion, reduced insulin secretion from the pancreas and or declining beta cell function. which lead to elevated levels of sugar in the blood (Talachai et al 2012). Diabetes of all types can lead to complications in many parts of the body, increasing the overall risk of dying prematurely (Lind 2013). Complications include heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, leg amputation, vision loss and nerve damage. In pregnancy, poorly controlled diabetes increases the risk of fatal death and other complications (Diabetes UK 2015). Both Diabetes UK (2015) and WHO (2016) makes us aware of the substantial economic loss diabetes and its complication can bring to people with diabetes, their families, health systems and national economies through direct medical costs, loss of work and wages. Because of the huge burden of mortality and morbidity attributed to diabetes through micro and macro vascular completion (Lind 2013), people with diabetes require access to systematic, ongoing, and structured care delivered by a team of competent healthcare professionals (NICE 2017).The U.K. prospective diabetes study group UKPDS (1998) had indicated that this was necessary in order to achieve strict glucose control, blood pressure and cholesterol which can reduce the risk of diabetes related complication. Diabetic care in the primary care involves the use of medication, health education, counselling, consistent follow up and periodic referral for specialist services (Long 2011) in accordance with National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2017) guidelines for managing diabetes. The initial recommendation is to follow a healthy diet and exercise regime and usually followed with one or more hypoglycaemic agents to prevent micro and macrovascular complication (American Diabetes Association 2015). Despite the benefit of medication, numerous studies have indicated that that recommended glycaemic targets are not achieved by majority of patients. America Diabetic Association (2015) makes us aware that about 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes fail to achieve glycaemic control that is HBA1c less than 7%. As a result, two third of patients die prematurely of cardiovascular diseases (Bailey and Kodack 2011). Edege et al (2016) further believes that the problem is due to poor patient adherence to prescribed medication. Particularly In primary care population. Anecdotal evidence from practice, gathered from HBA1c results suggest that even with the wide range of oral pharmacological available to patients, achieving recommended glycaemic control among adult patients’ groups on oral medication is a challenge. This results in a greater number of patients remaining at risk of long term complication, premature mortality, and increased healthcare cost. It well documented that reasons for non-adherent may be difficult to modify, partly due to factors beyond patient control such as demographic and healthcare structures (Luis Emilio et al 2013). Never the less, Salker (2016) believes if primary care nurses understand the barriers to medicine adherence, they will be able to intervene to increase adherence and improve patient outcome. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes The characterises hyperglycaemia associated with Type two diabetes is caused by a series of metabolic disorders which results from insulin resistance in muscles and tissues, unrestricted glucose secretion, reduced insulin secretion from the pancreas and or declining beta cell function (Ruso et al 2014) Talachi et al (2012) further explains that, although beta cell disfunction may be partly due to genetics, it can also be caused by inflammation, obesity, insulin resistance, overconsumption of saturated fats and free fatty acid. Beta cell disfunction is characterized by impairment in the first phase of insulin secretion during glucose stimulation followed by the inability of the pancreas to compensate for insulin resistance. This leads to hyperglycemia and the onset of diabetes with symptoms as tiredness, polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision, slow healing wounds, loss of muscle mass and thrush (Barr, Myslinksi, & Scarborough, 2008). Russo et al (2014) further comments, it is the β-cell dysfunction along with glucotoxicity, lipid toxicity, and other inflammatory agents on pancreatic insulin production all play a contributing role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tissue resistance to glucose uptake is also recognized as a major cause of DMT2.Cerf (2013) explains that tissue resistance is linked to elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines which trigger endothelial cell dysfunction leading to vascular abnormalities. These mechanisms may also lead to atherosclerosis and coagulation tendencies which can also be present with DMT2. Although these causes are not linked to diabetes alone, they are found in other chronic diseases such as dyslipidemia and hypertension which are known risk factors of diabetes. (Cerf 2013). Incidence of Type 2 diabetes Global incidence of diabetes is on the rise (World Health Organization (WHO) (2016). Similarly, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (2015) predict the cases of type 2 diabetes are set to double particularly in US, Australia, and Europe, by 2040 making type 2 diabetes the seventh-biggest cause of death worldwide (Long 2011, WHO 2016). Type 2 diabetes in United Kingdom is estimated to double by 2040, causing 16% of deaths (Diabetes UK 2011, Basu et al 2014, IDF 2015). As the UK’s fifth-biggest cause of death, it accounts for one tenth of NHS expenditure (Paulweber et al 2010, Hex et al 2012, WHO 2016). The incidence of type 2 diabetes in a locality in outer London borough is not an isolated case. Of the 15000 active patients within the health facility 810 do suffer from type 2 diabetics. Type 2 diabetes affect more men than women and affect people from black and south Asian ethnic minority groups (PHE 2011). The increase in T2DM is associated with the increases in obesity, and an increasingly elderly population (PHE 2011) Management of type two diabetes and Quality and outcome framework NICE (2017) guideline NG28 provides evidence-based management system for the management of type 2 diabetes in primary care. This is based on the intervening to promote and support healthy lifestyle, pharmacological control of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia regular exam for early detection of cardiovascular risk and standard criteria for referral of patients to specialist care The guideline is supported by Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) introduced in 2004 and provides financial incentives to general practices for the provision of high-quality care Diabetes UK (2018). Contrary to the limited evidence of improving healthcare quality (PRUComm 2016, NHS 2017), diabetic outcomes and care process under QOF has improved according to National Diabetic Audit Report (2017) Poor Medicine adherence and Glycaemic control The suggestion that people are achieving the recommended target for glycaemic control (NDA 2017) is debatable. Indeed, some practices may be achieving recommended targets according to QOF (NDA 2017), yet poor glycaemic control remains a problem among patient groups (Hendelsman et al 2015). Hendelsman et al (2015) further argue that, the present high morbidity and mortality associated with the disease and its associated high healthcare bill is attributed to poor glycaemic control which is a result of poor medicine adherence among patients ((DiBonaventura et al 2014) Medicine adherence is crucial if the recommended glycaemic control, essential to prevent long term micro and macro vascular complication of the disease is to be achieved (American diabetic association 2013). Aside poor glycaemic control, Poor medicine adherence is also associated with increased healthcare costs (Nasseh et al 2012), and higher morbidity and mortality rates (Currie et al 2012). Improved medication adherence has the potential to reduce healthcare related with care T2DM (Jha et al 2012) and improve patient outcomes (Egede et al 2014.) it is obvious that therefore that improving medicine adherence in patients with T2DM offers real opportunity for improving outcomes as well as reducing health care costs. Numerous studies have evidence non-adherence in patients on one or more to oral hypoglycaemic medications, all with wide variation the in actual occurrences. An extensive study of electronic records on patients on oral hypoglycaemic agents revealed that only 39.6 % of patients filled their prescription after two years although 53% had HBA1C over 7 % (Karter et al 2009). A retrospective analysis of health records of patients who had recently initiated oral diabetic medication showed an overall adherence of 81% (Garzia-Perez et al 2013) Similarly, a recent meta-analysis of 40 studies in which patients taking oral antidiabetic drugs found that medication adherence rates were suboptimal, with only 67.9% of patients showing an overall adherence of about 80% (Iglay et 2105).all studies recognize the scope of the problems and its key contributors. Factors influencing adherence to oral antiglycaemics Studies have been conducted in attempt to identify the factors that influence patients’ adherence to prescribed medication (Houston et al 1997, Ho et al 2006 and Maningat et al 2013). Most of the factors identified. include relationship between patient and healthcare professional, healthcare systems and environment. Hsu et al (2014) explains the factors as lack of education about treatment regimes, lack of support to help patients establish a routine for taking their medicine and poor communication between healthcare professionals as the major barriers to medication adherence. Experience from practice also reveals four major reasons of non-adherence among the patient groups. These include medication side effect, complexity of regime, beliefs about diabetic medication and communication between patients and healthcare professionals These are explored. Medication side effects The first line of treatment in type 2 diabetes are lifestyle modification and metformin Bartolomeo et al (2010). If glycaemic control is not achieved and or is contraindicated, a second drug such as sulphanylureas, meglitinide thiazolidines, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors incretin mimetics and incretin enhancer are used (Bartolomeo et al 2010) However, patients’ knowledge of and or experience of side effects of medication can prevent them from adhering to medication especially when the side effect(s) is/are not communicated to healthcare professionals. Side effect associated with oral medication includes bloating or diarrhoea, weight loss or weight gain, feeling sick and swollen ankles (NHS 2017), erectly dysfunction and hypoglycaemia (Garcia-Pérez et al 2013). For example, the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes is known (Russo et al 2014), so if patients who are overweight or obese are gaining weight because of side effects of medication, and do not report for medication review, they are likely not to adhere to the medication Garcia-Pérez et al (2013) and Skyler et al (2009) evidence this, that obese or severely obese patients and patient who have experience symptoms hypoglycaemia are more likely to have low or moderate low compliance to medication as compared to non-obese individuals. Also, contrary to the assertion that Intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia reduce HBA1C levels and reduce in cardiovascular events (Mannuci et al 2009), Terry et al (2012) makes us aware that, intensive glucose control does not reduce macrovascular diseases in older patients with long standing diabetes but may be associated with increased mortality. Which way, if patients have knowledge or have experience side effects of medication and do not report the side effects for appropriate intervention, they are more likely not to take their medication Perceived complexity and inconvenience Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic complex disease which implies patients will not only have to be on medication for life but also faced the reality of doses and types of medication increasing over time. For example, the progressive nature of the disease may mean that at oral therapies may over time not be effective in achieving the recommended HbA1c levels, and most patients over time are eventually prescribed injectables which further reduce adherence (cook et al 2010) Furthermore, Medication for T2DM and related complication can involve up to 10 tablets per day (Gaede et al 2003).This has a profound influence on adherence It has been observed in practice that non adherence to medication tend to be more prevalent when the number of prescribed doses per day increases and more so where patients indicates the treatment was complex and/or inconvenience .Hauber et al ( 2006 )put this in context; that, the number of prescribed dosed in a day is inversely associated with medication adherence with mean adherence decreasing sharply from 79% on once daily dose to 51% on four times daily dose. Adding to the effect of dose regime, de Vires et al (2014) further Comment that where treatment regime has been viewed as complex, adherence ifs further reduced. Medication beliefs The perceptions of patients’ effectiveness of medication and fear of the long-term risks associated with diabetic medication contributes to non-adherence to medication in patient groups. Mann et al (2009) indicates that when patients hold negative beliefs or hold sceptical beliefs about their prescribed medications, often fearing that the long-term risks outweigh any benefits. They are more likely not to adhere to prescribed medication and this will be indicated in HBAIc results Although the general believe that when patients view medications as necessary, they are more likely to adhere to prescribed medication, it is equally valid too that patients’ concerns about their medications are more strongly linked to adherence than their beliefs in the necessity of those same medications (Foot et al 2016) .Particularly In patients with T2DM,Mann et al (2009) makes us aware that concerns, about the possible negative impact of medications are associated with poor adherence including reluctance to starting new medications Communication between Healthcare Professionals and Patients Communication between patients suffering from type 2 diabetes and their healthcare providers can have a profound impact on adherence. In practice, where a good rapport has been established and patients understand very well their diseases and the need for medication, adherence is good. Likewise, where effective communication has not been established adherence is poor. Tiv et al (2012) evidence this; that good adherence is associated with good relationship between patients and health professionals whiles poor relationship between patient and healthcare professional is observed in patients with poor adherence to medication and glucose monitoring which is associated with higher HBA1C levels Rubin et al (2006) goes further comment that where there is not only a good relationship between patient and healthcare provider but also have a diabetic specialist nurse at the premises, adherence to both medication and lifestyle is improved. Effective communication between patients and healthcare providers resolves patient distress, patients become aware of treatment options and decisions which leads to patients becoming empowered to self-care. this improves adherence and glycaemic control Improving adherence Nurses owe duty of care to their patient in accordance with the requirements of Nurse and Midwifery (NMC) 2015 code. General practice nurses remain crucial in screening, maintaining, and supporting people with diabetes (Royal College of Nursing 2017). This is because it they are privileged to meet patient at least on annual basis and hence best placed to identify incidences on non-adherence and positively influence the patients. General practice nurses provide the crucial supportive role by providing information (Hick 2010) and developing patients knowledge to be able to take ownership of their care process, through this process patients, can overcome barriers and modify their lifestyles to attain a better quality of life, Evidence evaluating the long-term impact of interventions to improve adherence is limited and results from existing studies are inconsistence (Newman et al (2013), however where there is evidence, the suggestion is that interventions to improve adherence may be beneficial (Sapkota et al 2015). Which way, the case for nurse intervention in improving adherence to diabetic medication is firmly held (Farmer et al 2006). Farmer A et al (2012) recommend that interventions targeted at improving adherence in patients with chronic conditions such as Type 2 diabetes could help to reduce the burden of the disease. Although Farmer et al (2006) and Hick (2010) continues to make the case for improving medicine adherence, Gorter et al (2011) makes the case that healthcare professionals including general practice nurse often do not prepare patient well enough to take responsibility of their care. This leads to misunderstanding between the two parties. The lack of effective communication inhibits partnership building and results in limitation of patients sense of ownership in the care process and adhering to medication. There is therefore the need for general practice nurses to build effective partnership with patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes right form the onset of the care process, to earn patients trust to empower patients to own the treatment process (Garcia-Perez et al 2013). Patient empowerment is a predictor of self-care behaviours and HBAIc (Yang et al 2015). Therefore, intervening to enhance and promote empowerment must be key in diabetic education programs to improve self-behaviour including medicine adherence for glycaemic control. (Yang et al 2015). Yang et al (2015) even challenges the notion of medicine adherence as a dysfunctional concept in diabetes care which must replace by collaboration between patients and healthcare professional. In all, patients will only attain growth and personal maturity if healthcare professional not only tailor relationships but also help them to reflect on their lives and formulate new meaning in their modified lives. The complex nature of T2DM and real possibility of increase in medication types and doses have been noted, (Bartolomeo et al 2013), this requires that patients are armed with coping skills to deal with the complexities of living with T2DM.Here practice nurse can make a difference by early referral for intervention when that challenge has been identified. Garter et al (2010) notes that although patients with higher education may have the capacity to cope with complexities associated with diabetes medication regime, those with lower education may not. Referrals can be made to both commissioned services as well as voluntary services available within the practice locality. It requires adequate knowledge of commissioned services as well as a voluntary service that are available to patients. There is robust evidence that early referral and engagement with diabetic services result in significant decrease in HBA1c levels (Chrvala et al 2016), yet the experience is sometimes some patient may be seen for several times without referral to structured education program or when the referrals have been made, it had not been followed through Also, Patients ability to cope can be adversely affected if they feel thay have little or no imput regarding decision about their care (Dutton et al 2012). The notion of patient centred care is further stressed in diabetes care (Inzucchi et al 2012). Primarily general practice nurse not only promote health but also facilitate the care of individuals within their practice population.it will therefore self-defeating for general practice nurse to accept or even to be inclined to think that they have no contribution to make to help people develop coping strategies and that a patient ability to cope is down to the person individual characteristics. Schulman-Green et al (2012) point out that often healthcare professionals focus on management of illness through improved medication adherence rather than focussing on the emotional aspects of having the diseases and the impact the emotional aspects plays in the patient’s medicine adherence. Obviously, general practice nurses can positively influence adherence when they pay greater attention to patient’s emotions too rather than focusing on the illness alone in efforts to improve adherence. General practice nurses (GPNs) provide knowledge and skill training, facilitate problem solving, motivate for lifestyle adaptation, developing coping skills to achieve goals. Patients including those suffering from T2DM relies on the services of general practice nurses for health and well-being of themselves and family (Madan 2016). General practice nurses, therefore, need to be confident and capable of providing evidence-based information that will instil confidence in patients and carers. This requires a personal commitment to improving practice for better patients’ outcomes thorough ongoing personal and professional development such as attending conferences supervision and regular updates. It is an also worth noting that although GPNs are well placed to be health promotions champion in their communities, let us not forget the challenges they also face which could affect their ability to effect the much-needed changes in patients within their practice community. GPNs are faced with increased patients’ demand, an ageing population, increase in number of people suffering from long term conditions including T2DM, (Cumings 2017) against the backdrop of a shrinking workforce and this is likely to impact on care patients receive. This calls for a need for nurses including customary practices nurses involved in diabetic care to be well supported and recognized. (While 2004) The need to develop and support GPN workforce is widely acknowledged (NHS 2016) Although it may be too early to realize its impact, it has provided an opportunity to develop the much-needed confidence, capability, and capacity to support general practice nurses to effect changes that will ensure that will ensure better outcomes for patients suffering fromT2DM  

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Diabetes — The Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

The Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

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July 16, 2024

CHL program focuses on taking control of Type 2 diabetes, prediabetes; register by July 31

As part of the Healthy Boiler Program’s physical health pillar , the Center for Healthy Living (CHL) offers a 14 - week diabetes program multiple times throughout the year. Taking Control of My Diabetes (TCMD) is open to all benefits-eligible employees (and dependents covered on a Purdue health plan) from West Lafayette/Indianapolis, Purdue Northwest and Purdue Fort Wayne. The program is geared toward those living with Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes or those supporting someone with a diagnosis. The next session begins Aug. 7.  

The 14-week virtual lifestyle management program covers a variety of topics related to Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes with a goal of equipping participants with the knowledge and resources needed to manage the disease as best as they can. As a result of the program, participants will understand what diabetes is and how lifestyle changes are part of managing blood glucose.

A pre- and post-program evaluation to measure knowledge and beliefs as well as satisfaction with the program are required.

Participants have access to expert services of the CHL’s health care professionals, including pharmacists who are specially trained in medication therapy management, as well as Cheryl Laszynski , RN health coach; Jen Gregory , health coach; and CHL registered dietitians Megan Shidler and Jessica McKeever , who are leading the program.

Eligible participants will receive a glucose meter and test strips to check their blood glucose levels.* Program participants can continue to receive glucose testing supplies post-program if they continue to meet with a health coach on a monthly basis.

Many past program participants have seen improvement in their A1c (blood test that measures a patient’s blood glucose level over the past three months) and more.

Bruce Novak, a limited-term lecturer at Purdue Fort Wayne who has lived with Type 2 diabetes for over 10 years, shared that his experience with the course was exceptional and he benefited from the increased and reinforced knowledge gained throughout the program.

“Diabetes does not go on vacation,” he said. “The more you learn and apply, the better off you are. Diabetes is a constant battle.”

There are two upcoming sessions, which run Aug. 7 to Nov. 13 and Aug. 8 to Nov. 14, respectively. Those interested in participating should register by July 31 via the Healthy Boiler Portal . A registration link can be found under the “Healthy Boiler Workshops” section on the portal’s homepage. Hover over the “Taking Control of My Diabetes” square and click on the information “i” to register.

“I would highly recommend this class to any diabetic or someone who has been diagnosed as prediabetic,” said Leigh Ann Griffin, senior quality advisor at the Regenstreif Center for Healthcare Engineering, who has lived with Type 2 diabetes for approximately 20 years and previously participated in the TCMD program. “I decided that I could benefit from a refresher course of ‘how to act like a diabetic’ by eating and cooking healthy and could use all the assistance I could get with motivating me to exercise. And I didn’t even have a working blood glucose meter anymore, and this class was giving us one for free! So, I signed up. Knowledge is power, and this class provides you with much needed knowledge to properly manage your diabetes.”

Healthy Boiler workshops and lifestyle programs are free to all benefits-eligible faculty and staff and their dependents.

*Individuals living with Type 1 diabetes are able to meet monthly with a health coach but are not required to participate in the 14-week Taking Control of My Diabetes program to take advantage of the test strips and blood glucose meter opportunity. Contact the CHL at 765-494-0111 for more information. 

Questions about the Taking Control of My Diabetes wellness program should be directed to the CHL at 765-494-0111.

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Epidemiology and Burden of Peripheral Artery Disease in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Literature Review

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• 1 Division of Cardiac Surgery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. [email protected].
• 2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
• 3 Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark.
• 4 CPC Clinical Research, Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
• 5 University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
• PMID: 39023686
• DOI: 10.1007/s13300-024-01606-6

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and lower-extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) are growing global health problems associated with considerable cardiovascular (CV) and limb-related morbidity and mortality, poor quality of life and high healthcare resource use and costs. Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for PAD, and the occurrence of PAD in people with T2D further increases the risk of long-term complications. As the available evidence is primarily focused on the overall PAD population, we undertook a systematic review to describe the burden of comorbid PAD in people with T2D. The MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies including people with T2D and comorbid PAD published from 2012 to November 2021, with no restriction on PAD definition, study design or country. Hand searching of conference proceedings, reference lists of included publications and relevant identified reviews and global burden of disease reports complemented the searches. We identified 86 eligible studies, mostly observational and conducted in Asia and Europe, presenting data on the epidemiology (n = 62) and on the clinical (n = 29), humanistic (n = 12) and economic burden (n = 12) of PAD in people with T2D. The most common definition of PAD relied on ankle-brachial index values ≤ 0.9 (alone or with other parameters). Incidence and prevalence varied substantially across studies; nonetheless, four large multinational randomised controlled trials found that 12.5%-22% of people with T2D had comorbid PAD. The presence of PAD in people with T2D was a major cause of lower-limb and CV complications and of all-cause and CV mortality. Overall, PAD was associated with poor quality of life, and with substantial healthcare resource use and costs. To our knowledge, this systematic review provides the most comprehensive overview of the evidence on the burden of PAD in people with T2D to date. In this population, there is an urgent unmet need for disease-modifying agents to improve outcomes.

Keywords: Complications; Costs; Epidemiology; Healthcare resource use; Peripheral artery disease; Quality of life; Systematic literature review; Type 2 diabetes.

© 2024. The Author(s).

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Is Falling Asleep After Eating a Sign of Diabetes? It Can Be — Here’s How To Tell

Experts reveal the diabetes warning signs, plus other common post-meal energy sappers

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We’ve all fallen into the occasional food coma after a big family feast or bottomless brunch. But if dozing off after meals becomes a daily occurrence, you might start to worry. After all, fatigue is known to be a type 2 diabetes symptom. So is falling asleep after eating a sign of diabetes? It might be — but there are a few other possible explanations, too. Here’s what the experts want you to know.

The two main types of diabetes

Diabetes is a condition in which your body has trouble using glucose for energy. When everything is humming along smoothly, a hormone called insulin shuttles glucose into your cells to be used for energy. But people with diabetes either don’t produce enough insulin or their body doesn’t use it efficiently. This can lead to dangerously high blood sugar levels. If diabetes isn’t managed properly, it can become a life-threatening condition.

Aside from gestation diabetes, which can occur during pregnancy, there are two main types of diabetes:

• Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Without insulin, glucose can’t enter cells efficiently and builds up in the bloodstream instead. This type of diabetes is most likely to develop during childhood or adolescence.
• Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the cells don’t respond normally to insulin, also known as insulin resistance. This type of diabetes typically develops in adults middle age and older, and it may be linked to ultra-processed foods . “When you’re eating a diet that has a lot of processed foods, your pancreas is constantly working to pump out insulin to deal with the sugar spikes,” explains Terri DeNeui, DNP , a board-certified nurse practitioner, hormone health expert and founder of EVEXIAS Health Solutions. “Over time, patients get resistant to the insulin. Your body’s not utilizing glucose for fuel effectively.”

Type 2 diabetes is incredibly common in the U.S. It’s estimated that 1 in 10 Americans have diabetes, and type 2 diabetes accounts for up to 95% of cases. So if you notice symptoms, it’s always worth talking to your doctor. Check out the video below for more on the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

These 9 Simple (and Delicious!) Food Swaps Significantly Lower Diabetes Risk, Say MDs

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

Common symptoms of diabetes include:

• Frequent urination, especially at night
• Excessive thirst or hunger
• Blurred vision
• Unexplained weight loss
• Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet
• Slower-than-usual healing time

Note: These symptoms can be mild, and some people have type 2 diabetes for years before they experience any noticeable symptoms . That’s just one more reason to keep up with your annual wellness checkups, which typically include blood glucose testing.

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Is falling asleep after eating a sign of diabetes.

Maybe you’re worried because you’ve been nodding off at your desk after lunch every day. Or you curl up on the couch after dinner, and before you know it, you’re sound asleep. Since fatigue can be a symptom of diabetes, you may wonder if falling asleep after eating is a sign of diabetes.

It’s possible. Type 2 diabetes can make you feel sluggish after a meal because it interferes with your body’s ability to use glucose for energy. “The brain’s primary fuel is glucose,” DeNeui explains. “If you’re not getting glucose into the cells very well, you’re going to feel really tired and want to go to sleep.” (Click through to see how the Dubrow Diet helps balance blood sugar to boost energy and speed weight loss.)

And because people with type 2 diabetes have trouble regulating blood sugar, they may experience more dramatic spikes and crashes after eating. Type 2 diabetes is also linked to sleep problems, which can make daytime drowsiness worse.

“Blood sugar fluctuations can disrupt your sleep, making it harder to wake up feeling refreshed in the morning,” says Raj Dasgupta, MD , Chief Medical Advisor at Sleep Advisor and a board-certified physician specializing in internal medicine, pulmonology and critical care. Type 2 diabetes is also associated with a higher risk of obstructive sleep apnea , which can wreak havoc on your sleep quality, he adds. And certain symptoms of diabetes — like frequent urination or nerve pain — can make it tough to get a full night’s rest.

Bottom line: If you’re routinely groggy after meals, and you notice any of the above symptoms of diabetes, schedule a visit with with your doctor.

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When falling asleep after eating isn’t a sign of diabetes: common energy sappers.

Now for some good news: Falling asleep after eating isn’t always a sign of diabetes. There are other factors that could be at play. Some of the most common culprits:

1. Sugar and carbs

Refined sugars and processed foods can cause blood sugar to spike and crash after a meal — even if you don’t have insulin resistance, DeNeui says. If you tend to reach for sugary snacks or carb-heavy meals, that alone could be the explanation for your post-meal sleepiness. “If you eat a well-balanced meal with protein, healthy fats and lower carbohydrates, people don’t tend to feel crummy or tired after that,” DeNeui adds.

2. Underlying conditions

Beyond type 2 diabetes, there are a few other conditions that could be making you feel tired during the day. “Daytime sleepiness can be caused by sleep disorders, medication side effects that keep you up at night or health issues like depression or anemia,” Dr. Dasgupta says. “Unmanaged stress and poor quality or quantity of sleep can also contribute to feeling un-refreshed and not well-rested in the morning. Finding out the reason behind why you feel so tired is important for feeling more awake during the day.” (Tossing and turning at night? Click through to see how ashwagandha can deepen sleep.)

3. A midday energy dip

If you often sluggish in the afternoon, you may just be dealing with the typical midday tiredness. “During this time, the body’s circadian rhythm takes a dip,” Dr. Dasgupta notes. “Combined with post-lunch digestion, this can make you feel fatigued and less alert, causing decreased productivity and the desire to take a nap.”

If you’re worried that you may have type 2 diabetes, visit your doctor. A simple blood test can help diagnose diabetes or assess your risk of developing it down the road. Your doctor may also want to rule out other possible causes for fatigue, such as hormonal imbalances, depression or vitamin deficiencies. (Click through to see more sneaky causes — and cures — for an afternoon slump .)

5 ways to beat an afternoon slump

While it’s true that falling asleep after eating can be a sign of diabetes, if your doctor has given you the all-clear, you’re likely dealing with a simple afternoon slump. These tips help recharge your batteries when you’re feeling sluggish.

1. Drink a glass of water

Even mild dehydration can zap your energy level. In fact, research suggests losing as little as 1% of your body water can cause cognitive symptoms like fatigue , memory blips, moodiness and lack of concentration. To avoid zoning out after lunch, be sure to down a tall glass of H2O with your meal. And set reminders on your phone to sip throughout the day, too.

2. Stroll around the block

Not only does exercise boost your energy level, but spending 15 minutes in the sun each day helps your body synthesize vitamin D , which plays a key role in staving off fatigue. “Take short walks or stretch breaks to increase blood flow and oxygen to the body and brain, helping you feel more alert,” Dr. Dasgupta says. “Getting sunlight can also help you feel more energized.” (Click through to learn more about the link between a vitamin D deficiency and fatigue .)

3. Pair protein with fat

It’s tempting to nosh on a handful of chips when you’re sluggish and hunger pangs hit. But before you reach for a snack, make sure it includes both protein and healthy fats. “It’ll slow down the digestion of carbohydrates, and you won’t have that spike and drop-off,” DeNeui explains. One easy go-to: Grab a piece of fruit for a quick energy boost from natural sugars, then add a spoonful of peanut butter or a piece of cheese (which both contain fat) to slow digestion.

4. Indulge in a ‘nappuccino’

Sometimes, the best way to restore your energy is to give in to your urge to nap. But if you do, keep it brief. About 15 to 20 minutes is the sweet spot to help you feel recharged and refreshed. If you snooze longer than half an hour, you’re likely to experience sleep inertia , a state of grogginess and confusion after you wake.

Tip: For an even more effective pick-me-up, consider a “coffee nap” or “ nappuccino “. Drinking a cup of coffee before a short snooze helps you feel even more alert when you wake, since the caffeine starts to kick in just as you wake.

5. Check your testosterone levels

Testosterone levels start to dip in your 40s and 50s, and that could be the surprising reason behind your midday blahs. “Afternoon fatigue is a hallmark symptom of suboptimal testosterone in both men and women,” DeNeui says. “If you’re hitting the wall between 2 and 4 pm, looking for that quick coffee or energy drink, that’s a good reason to get some blood levels checked.”

If your levels are low, your doctor can walk you through ways to bring them back into balance. That may include options such as pills, medicated patches or creams.

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This content is not a substitute for professional medical advice or diagnosis. Always consult your physician before pursuing any treatment plan .

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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Implications Essay

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Case Description

Case analysis, reference list.

You visit White Horse Farm to give William Jones his fortnightly depot injection of Zuclopenthixol Decanoate 200mg. While you are there his mother collapses and starts vomiting approximately 500 mls of coffee ground liquid. You call an ambulance and she is taken in to the ED. She was admitted to the ward with a provisional diagnosis of bleeding peptic ulcer. She is to remain nil by mouth, continue with IV fluids and newly prescribed proton pump inhibitor (IV), please monitor 4 hourly and review.

Background:

• Jean is still very active and works on the farm 3 days a week.
• Jean has had Type II diabetes for 40 years.

Medication:

• Metformin 500 mgs twice a day (35 years)
• Glipizide 2.5 mg orally once a day 30 mins before breakfast (20 years)
• Aspirin 75 mg/day (15 years)
• Simvastatin 10 mg at night (15 years)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease accompanied by chronically elevated blood glucose levels. This diagnosis develops as a result of the reaction of insulin with the cells of the body. This mechanism subsequently affects the functioning of the pancreas, which cannot produce enough insulin. The main accompanying symptoms of this disease are intolerance to physical activity and sleepiness. Subsequently, this can manifest itself in a sedentary lifestyle and excessive weight gain. Rather often in the course of second-degree diabetes, visual impairment due to the malfunctioning of the blood vessels of the eyes is noticed. This affects the patient’s ability to work with documents or study, moreover, many scientists have noted memory disorders in diabetics. The hormone insulin triggers the transport of glucose from the blood to the cells.

But in type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance develops – when muscle, fat and liver cells become less sensitive to the orders of this hormone and therefore cannot absorb glucose easily. As a result, excess sugar accumulates in the blood. If diabetes is left untreated, glucose gradually damages many body systems, especially the nervous and circulatory systems. This is why people with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Fat cells release many hormones and inflammation-inducing bioactive molecules (Kuball and American Diabetes Association, 2018). Scientists suggest that if there is too much adipose tissue, the substances it secretes begin to interfere with insulin’s ability to do its job. In most cases, calculating your body mass index (BMI) can help you know if you are obese. To find it out, you need to divide your weight in kilograms by the square of your height in meters. It is usually a good indicator of how much body fat a person has.

The causes of type 2 diabetes are not yet fully understood. It is believed that in most cases, the disease occurs in people with a genetic predisposition, who have additional risk factors. Over the course of life, the heart and brain will suffer the most from insulin deficiency. Without carefully maintaining their function, there is a risk of stroke, heart attack, or arrhythmia. Since, in Jean’s case, second-degree diabetes was diagnosed as a result of working on a farm, it could be argued that the heart is particularly stressed (Kuball and American Diabetes Association, 2018). Because of the frequent heavy lifting or cardio-loads typical of this kind of work, the blood vessels need to pump a large volume of blood. However, due to the lack of insulin, the walls of the arteries become thickened, and the capacity of the blood flow decreases. This creates a significant risk for arrhythmias and heart attacks afterward.

In everyday life, farm work is likely to be perceived by patients as more difficult than by healthy people in similar conditions. Jean experiences more fatigue per unit of time than people who do not have a bathing diagnosis. This will also affect the psychological state of the patient; moreover, diabetics are characterized by some behavioral changes, that over time become an integral part of life. First, one can observe overeating as a consequence of dissatisfaction with the quality of life. This further increases the risk of obesity in the future. Second, the emotional sphere of diabetics is characterized by constant anxiety.

Diabetes is often psychosomatic in nature, making the nervous system particularly vulnerable to external stimuli. Moreover, the difficulties of life due to this diagnosis create a chronic stress background, which, without proper psychological support, can form mental disorders. The latter most often manifests in the form of neurotic, asthenic, and depressive syndromes (Kuball and American Diabetes Association, 2018). In addition to a purely psychological condition, these conditions arise as a consequence of intoxication or oxygen deprivation, which accompany hypoglycemia and create changes in the functioning of the nervous system. Researchers note that the most rastrotransmitted psychological effects of type 2 diabetes in the long term are mild cognitive impairment and dementia.

This is due primarily to organic abnormalities in the vascular system of the brain, affecting the quality of memory and thinking. Often it is accompanied by other disorders of consciousness, including amnesia or delirium. This means that in the direct diagnosis of patients, it is necessary to detect all possible preconditions for the formation of cognitive disorders (Kuball and American Diabetes Association, 2018). It is important to monitor memory impairment, confusion, or difficulty in formulating ideas over time. For each diabetic, it will be helpful to use various questionnaires and tests that allow doctors to identify these impairments early on.

Diabetics exhibit a variety of mood disorders in everyday life. Scientists have noted such manifestations in 20 percent of patients (Kuball and American Diabetes Association, 2018). At the same time, depression, especially in the chronic form, although possible, is quite rare. The most widespread manifestation of disorders in the emotional sphere is mixed conditions, aggravated by affective symptomatology. Patients exhibit depression, joylessness, passivity, and frozenness. Anxiety disorders often begin in diabetics in the form of apprehension and vague negative expectations. The patient is constantly afraid of potential catastrophic events that may occur because of the diagnosis. In rare cases, anxiety attacks may lead to panic attacks, but in everyday life, they are most often expressed in a person who is highly anxious, irritable, and fidgety (Kuball and American Diabetes Association, 2018). Conditions of this nature observed in a patient for more than 6 months require therapeutic intervention.

The risk of an eating disorder in the case of diabetes should not be overlooked. The above-mentioned obesity is a consequence of a variety of malnutrition scenarios. Patients commit eating excesses, showing an inability to stop eating (Kuball and American Diabetes Association, 2018). Furthermore, night eating syndromes, hedonic eating, and other forms of overeating may be formed. In some cases, eating disorders in diabetics take the form of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (Kuball and American Diabetes Association, 2018). However, such cases are in the minority. It is important for diabetics to stay in contact with a nutritionist or dietitian even if they do not show signs of an eating disorder because the risk of developing one remains high.

From a social point of view, there are also many preconditions for the emergence of an unstable state. By comparing himself with others, the patient comes to an unfair conclusion about his inferiority, which is often fueled by bullying in adolescence. As a consequence, the individual develops complexes, feelings of emotional abandonment, and guilt. In everyday communication, this may manifest as withdrawal or aggression toward others. Consequently, diabetics tend to be unsuccessful in building social contacts. Without proper psychotherapy, these patients have unstable self-esteem, which often becomes an obstacle to networking and career building (Kuball and American Diabetes Association, 2018). Diabetes cannot help but have an impact on Jean’s immediate environment. Relatives have to monitor constant access to medications, monitor the condition, and be there when help is needed. This creates some risks for a healthy family atmosphere, as the focus of attention is kept on the person with the diagnosis. It is not uncommon in such cases for parents or siblings to stop paying attention to their personal lives and interests.

Kuball, E. and American Diabetes Association (2018). Managing type 2 diabetes . Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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• Reflection on the Analysis of Process Recording
• Improving Glycemic Control in Black Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
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• Diabetes: Treatment Complications and Adjustments
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2024, January 28). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Implications. https://ivypanda.com/essays/type-2-diabetes-mellitus-and-its-implications/

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IvyPanda . "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Implications." January 28, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/type-2-diabetes-mellitus-and-its-implications/.