case study on group housing

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GROUP HOUSING BUILDING DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE

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Introduction

Group housing refers to a type of residential living where several families or individuals reside in a single building or complex, typically sharing common areas and amenities such as parking lots, gardens, and recreation facilities.

The purpose of group housing is to provide affordable and efficient housing solutions for individuals and families. By sharing living spaces and amenities, residents can save on expenses and reduce their environmental footprint. Group housing also provides opportunities for social interaction and community building among residents.

Group housing building design in architecture is a complex and important field that deals with the design and construction of buildings intended to accommodate multiple households. It involves a wide range of considerations such as spatial planning, site selection, user comfort, sustainability, and community engagement.

Importance of good building design in group housing

Good building design is crucial in group housing for several reasons

• Space efficiency: With multiple families or individuals sharing a building, space utilization is critical. Well-designed group housing buildings maximize space usage and create functional living spaces for residents.
• Privacy: While group housing involves shared living spaces, residents also require privacy. Good building design should incorporate measures that allow residents to have their own private spaces.
• Security: Group housing buildings need to provide a secure living environment for residents. Proper building design can ensure the safety and security of the building’s residents.
• Accessibility: Group housing buildings need to be accessible for all residents, including those with disabilities or mobility issues. Good building design can incorporate features such as ramps, lifts, and other accessibility solutions.
• Social interaction: Group housing provides residents with opportunities to socialize and interact with each other. Good building design can create common areas that foster social interaction, creating a sense of community among residents.

In summary, good building design is essential in group housing to create functional, secure, accessible, and social living spaces for residents.

1) Key Elements of Group Housing Building Design

Group housing building design involves a wide range of elements that must be considered to create a successful and functional living space for multiple households. Here are the essential elements of group housing building design:

• Spatial planning: This involves the allocation and arrangement of space within the building to maximize functionality, efficiency, and comfort. It includes considerations such as the placement of rooms, the flow of traffic, and the use of natural light and ventilation.
• Site selection: The selection of an appropriate site is crucial to the success of a group housing building design. The site must be chosen based on factors such as access to public transportation, proximity to amenities and services, and environmental factors such as sun orientation, wind patterns, and soil quality.
• Sustainability: The design of a group housing building should incorporate sustainable practices and materials to minimize environmental impact and promote energy efficiency. This can include the use of green roofs, solar panels, and energy-efficient HVAC systems.
• User comfort: The design should prioritize the comfort and well-being of the residents. This can be achieved through the use of natural light, soundproofing, efficient temperature control, and appropriate ventilation.

The significance of each of these elements lies in their contribution to the overall success and functionality of the group housing building design. Spatial planning, for example, ensures that the space is well-utilized and optimized for the residents’ needs. Site selection ensures that the building is conveniently located and environmentally appropriate.

Sustainability helps to minimize environmental impact and reduce energy costs, while user comfort ensures that the residents’ well-being and quality of life are prioritized. By prioritizing these elements, architects and design professionals can create successful and functional group housing building designs that meet the needs of the residents while also promoting sustainability and environmental responsibility.

2) Latest Trends in Group Housing Building Design

There are several latest trends in group housing building design that are gaining popularity in the field. Here are some of them:

• Mixed-use development: This trend involves incorporating different uses into a single development, such as residential, commercial, and retail spaces. This allows residents to live, work, and shop in the same vicinity, promoting a more sustainable and convenient lifestyle.
• Energy-efficient designs: Energy-efficient designs involve using materials and systems that reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. This includes using insulation, passive solar heating, energy-efficient appliances, and smart home technology.
• Communal spaces: Communal spaces promote social interaction among residents and can include shared amenities such as community gardens, rooftop lounges, and fitness centers.
• Technology integration: Technology is being integrated into group housing building design in a variety of ways, including smart home systems, energy management systems, and security systems.

These trends impact the design of group housing buildings in several ways. For instance, mixed-use development requires a more integrated approach to design, with consideration given to how different uses will interact and how the building can promote a sense of community.

Energy-efficient designs require careful consideration of building orientation, insulation, and the selection of energy-efficient materials and systems. Communal spaces require designers to consider how the building’s layout can promote social interaction, while technology integration requires consideration of the latest technological developments and how they can be incorporated into the design.

Overall, these latest trends in group housing building design are aimed at creating more sustainable, convenient, and comfortable living spaces that promote a sense of community and encourage social interaction among residents. Architects and design professionals who are able to successfully incorporate these trends into their designs can create buildings that are highly desirable among residents and are more likely to attract attention in the competitive real estate market.

3) Challenges in Group Housing Building Design

Architects face several challenges in designing group housing buildings.

Here are some of the most common challenges:

• Budget constraints: Group housing building design can be expensive, and architects must often work within strict budget constraints. This can limit the scope of the project and make it more difficult to incorporate certain design elements.
• Zoning regulations: Zoning regulations can limit the size and height of buildings, as well as dictate where they can be located. This can make it difficult to find suitable sites for group housing building designs.
• Social issues: Group housing buildings must be designed with the needs and preferences of residents in mind. This can be challenging as residents may have diverse needs and preferences.
• Design standards: Group housing building designs must meet certain design standards, including safety codes and accessibility requirements. Meeting these standards can add complexity and cost to the design process.

To overcome these challenges, architects can take several steps:

• Conduct thorough research: Architects should conduct thorough research on the site, zoning regulations, and the needs of potential residents. This can help to identify potential challenges early in the design process.
• Prioritize design elements: Architects should prioritize design elements that are most important to the project’s success, and work to incorporate these within the available budget.
• Collaborate with stakeholders: Architects should collaborate with stakeholders, including residents, developers, and city officials, to ensure that the design meets everyone’s needs.
• Use technology: Architects can use technology, such as computer-aided design (CAD) software and building information modeling (BIM), to help streamline the design process and reduce errors.
• Stay up-to-date on regulations and standards: Architects should stay up-to-date on zoning regulations and design standards to ensure that their designs meet all legal requirements.

By taking these steps, architects can overcome the challenges of designing group housing buildings and create successful designs that meet the needs of residents, comply with regulations, and fit within available budgets.

4) Types of group housing buildings

Different types of group housing buildings:.

• Apartments: Apartments are a type of group housing building where individual units are rented out to tenants. Apartments can vary in size and design, ranging from studio apartments to multi-bedroom units. They often feature shared amenities such as fitness centers, swimming pools, and laundry facilities.
• Condominiums: Condominiums are similar to apartments in that individual units are owned by different residents. However, in condominiums, the common areas and amenities are owned and maintained by a homeowners’ association. Condominiums often offer shared amenities such as rooftop decks, party rooms, and storage units.
• Co-housing: Co-housing is a type of intentional community where residents share common spaces and amenities such as kitchens, gardens, and laundry facilities. While each resident has their own private living space, the community is designed to foster social interaction and a sense of community.
• Dormitories: Dormitories are group housing buildings that are designed to provide affordable housing options for college students. Dormitories often feature shared spaces such as lounges, study rooms, and laundry facilities.

Unique design considerations for each type of group housing building:

• Apartments: Architects designing apartments need to consider how to maximize living space within each unit while also providing shared amenities that meet the needs of residents. They also need to consider how to provide privacy and security for individual units while still creating a sense of community among residents.
• Maximizing natural light and views from each unit
• Designing efficient and functional kitchens and bathrooms
• Providing storage space within each unit
• Incorporating sound insulation to minimize noise from adjacent units
• Designing common areas that are accessible and easy to maintain
• Condominiums: Architects designing condominiums need to consider how to create a sense of community among residents while also ensuring that each unit feels private and secure. They also need to consider how to provide shared amenities that are functional and meet the needs of residents.
• Creating distinct entrances and elevator access for each unit
• Incorporating security measures such as security cameras and controlled access points
• Designing shared amenities that are spacious and well-equipped
• Providing ample storage space for each unit
• Incorporating green spaces and outdoor areas for residents to enjoy
• Co-housing: Architects designing co-housing communities need to consider how to create shared spaces that are functional and promote social interaction, while also providing private living spaces that allow residents to have their own personal space. They also need to consider how to create a sense of community among residents.
• Designing communal spaces that are flexible and can be easily reconfigured for different activities
• Creating a sense of community through shared meals and group activities
• Incorporating sustainable features such as renewable energy sources and green roofs
• Designing private spaces that are flexible and can be adapted to different needs
• Incorporating storage spaces within each unit and communal storage areas
• Dormitories: Architects designing dormitories need to consider how to create functional and efficient living spaces that meet the needs of college students. They also need to consider how to provide shared spaces that promote social interaction, while also providing private areas for studying and sleeping.
• Designing compact and efficient living spaces that maximize the available square footage
• Creating shared spaces that are conducive to studying and socializing
• Providing ample storage space for each student
• Incorporating technologies that support modern learning and communication
• Incorporating security measures such as access control systems and on-site security staff

Overall, architects designing group housing buildings need to consider a range of factors such as space efficiency, privacy, security, and accessibility, as well as the specific needs of residents for each type of building. By considering these unique design considerations, architects can create group housing buildings that provide a safe, comfortable, and affordable living environment for residents.

5) Design considerations for group housing buildings

Design considerations for group housing buildings:.

• Space efficiency: Group housing buildings need to be designed to maximize space efficiency, particularly in urban areas where space is at a premium. Architects need to consider how to make the most of each unit, as well as shared spaces and amenities.
• Privacy: Privacy is a crucial consideration in group housing buildings. Architects need to design spaces that allow residents to have their own private areas and minimize noise and disruption from shared spaces.
• Security: Group housing buildings need to be secure to provide a safe living environment for residents. Architects need to consider how to design buildings that prevent unauthorized entry, protect residents from external threats, and provide secure areas for residents to store their belongings.
• Accessibility: Group housing buildings need to be accessible to all residents, regardless of their physical abilities. Architects need to consider how to design buildings that are accessible for people with disabilities or mobility issues.

Examples of how architects have addressed these design considerations:

• Space efficiency: Architects have addressed space efficiency in group housing buildings by designing multi-functional spaces that can serve multiple purposes. For example, a living room in an apartment could double as a workspace or guest room.
• Privacy: Architects have addressed privacy concerns in group housing buildings by designing layouts that separate living spaces from shared spaces. For example, some co-housing communities have individual units with their own private entrances and balconies, while also providing shared spaces for socializing.
• Security: Architects have addressed security concerns in group housing buildings by incorporating secure entryways, surveillance systems, and secure storage areas. For example, some student housing buildings have keycard entry systems and on-site security personnel to ensure resident safety.
• Accessibility: Architects have addressed accessibility concerns in group housing buildings by designing units that are accessible to people with disabilities or mobility issues. For example, some co-housing communities have units with wider doorways, accessible bathrooms, and accessible parking spots.

Overall, architects play a crucial role in designing group housing buildings that meet the needs of residents while maximizing efficiency and functionality. By considering important design considerations such as space efficiency, privacy, security, and accessibility, architects can create group housing buildings that provide a safe, comfortable, and affordable living environment for residents.

6) Case Studies of Successful Group Housing Building Designs

There are several examples of successful group housing building designs that have been able to overcome design challenges and incorporate key elements and latest trends to create functional and appealing living spaces. Here are three examples:

Sky Habitat, Singapore:

Sky Habitat is a residential complex in Singapore that incorporates innovative design elements to create a functional and attractive living space. The building features a unique “Habitat Matrix” design that creates sky gardens and communal spaces throughout the building.

The design also incorporates energy-efficient features such as natural ventilation, rainwater harvesting, and solar shading. The building’s design was able to overcome the challenge of limited space in a densely populated urban area, creating a sense of community and greenery in the heart of the city.

Via Verde, New York City:

Via Verde is a mixed-use development in New York City that combines affordable housing with commercial and retail spaces. The building features a unique design that incorporates green roofs, gardens, and communal spaces to promote social interaction among residents. The building’s design was able to overcome the challenge of limited space in an urban area, creating a sustainable and community-oriented living space.

The Collective Old Oak, London:

The Collective Old Oak is a co-living space in London that incorporates communal spaces, technology integration, and sustainability features to create a modern and attractive living space. The building features a variety of communal spaces, including a cinema, rooftop terrace, and shared kitchens, to promote social interaction among residents.

The building’s design also incorporates energy-efficient features such as rainwater harvesting and solar panels. The building’s design was able to overcome the challenge of creating affordable housing in a high-cost city, creating a sense of community and affordability for residents.

These successful group housing building designs all incorporate innovative design elements, communal spaces, and sustainability features to create functional and appealing living spaces. To apply these strategies to future group housing building designs, architects can prioritize the needs and preferences of residents, incorporate the latest technological advancements, and prioritize sustainable and energy-efficient features.

Additionally, architects can use innovative design elements such as green roofs, communal spaces, and mixed-use development to create a sense of community and promote social interaction among residents. By prioritizing these design elements, architects can create successful group housing building designs that meet the needs of residents and provide a sense of community and sustainability.

There are also several successful group housing building designs in India that have incorporated key elements and latest trends to create functional and appealing living spaces. Here are three examples:

DLF Magnolias, Gurugram:

DLF Magnolias is a luxury residential complex in Gurugram that incorporates innovative design elements to create a functional and attractive living space. The building features large balconies, spacious interiors, and expansive green areas. The design also incorporates energy-efficient features such as rainwater harvesting and solar power.

The building’s design was able to overcome the challenge of creating luxury housing in a crowded urban area, providing residents with a sense of luxury and comfort.

Godrej Platinum, Mumbai:

Godrej Platinum is a residential complex in Mumbai that combines sustainable design with luxury living. The building features green roofs, solar power, and rainwater harvesting, as well as amenities such as a clubhouse, gym, and swimming pool. The design was able to overcome the challenge of creating sustainable housing in a crowded urban area, providing residents with a sense of luxury and environmental responsibility.

Brigade Orchards, Bangalore:

Brigade Orchards is a mixed-use development in Bangalore that combines residential units with commercial and retail spaces. The building features a variety of communal spaces, including a cricket pitch, swimming pool, and jogging track, as well as sustainable features such as rainwater harvesting and solar power. The design was able to overcome the challenge of creating a sense of community in a sprawling urban area, providing residents with a sense of community and sustainability.

These successful group housing building designs in India all incorporate innovative design elements, communal spaces, and sustainability features to create functional and appealing living spaces. To apply these strategies to future group housing building designs in India, architects can prioritize the needs and preferences of residents, incorporate the latest technological advancements, and prioritize sustainable and energy-efficient features.

Additionally, architects can use innovative design elements such as green roofs, communal spaces, and mixed-use development to create a sense of community and promote social interaction among residents. By prioritizing these design elements, architects can create successful group housing building designs in India that meet the needs of residents and provide a sense of community and sustainability.

7) Sustainability and group housing design

Sustainability is an increasingly important consideration in all aspects of architecture, including group housing design. Sustainable design aims to minimize the environmental impact of buildings while also creating healthy and comfortable living spaces for residents. In group housing design, incorporating sustainability is particularly important because these buildings have the potential to impact a large number of people.

Architects can incorporate sustainability into group housing design in a number of ways. Here are a few examples:

• Green roofs: A green roof is a roof that is partially or completely covered with vegetation. Green roofs help to reduce the heat island effect in urban areas, as they absorb heat and provide natural insulation. They also help to filter air and water, reducing pollution and improving air and water quality. Additionally, green roofs can provide residents with outdoor space and a connection to nature.
• Energy-efficient lighting: Energy-efficient lighting such as LED lights use less energy than traditional lighting, reducing electricity usage and lowering energy bills. Additionally, by using sensors and timers, lighting can be controlled to turn off when not needed, further reducing energy usage.
• Water conservation: In group housing buildings, water conservation can be achieved through features such as low-flow faucets, showerheads, and toilets. These features use less water, reducing water bills and conserving this important resource. Rainwater harvesting systems can also be installed to collect rainwater for irrigation and other non-potable uses.
• Solar panels: Solar panels can be installed on the roof of group housing buildings to generate electricity from the sun. This renewable energy source can significantly reduce the building’s reliance on fossil fuels and lower energy bills for residents.
• Passive design strategies: Passive design strategies include features such as natural ventilation, shading, and orientation to maximize natural light and reduce the need for heating and cooling. These strategies help to create comfortable living spaces while also reducing energy usage.

By incorporating these sustainability features into group housing design, architects can create buildings that are not only comfortable and functional but also environmentally responsible. Additionally, incorporating sustainability into group housing design can provide cost savings for residents, improve the health and well-being of occupants, and create a positive impact on the environment.

8) Future of Group Housing Building Design

The potential future of group housing building design is exciting, with a focus on sustainable and eco-friendly materials, the integration of technology for smart living, and the creation of more communal and shared spaces.

One significant trend in group housing building design is the use of sustainable and eco-friendly materials. Architects are increasingly using materials such as bamboo, recycled steel, and cross-laminated timber to reduce the environmental impact of building construction.

These materials are also durable and cost-effective, making them a popular choice for sustainable construction. Architects can prepare for this trend by keeping up-to-date with the latest sustainable materials and methods of construction, collaborating with manufacturers to create new sustainable building materials, and incorporating sustainable design principles into their projects.

Another trend is the integration of technology for smart living. The use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, home automation, and energy management systems are becoming increasingly popular in group housing buildings. These technologies can enhance the quality of life for residents, improve energy efficiency, and reduce maintenance costs. Architects can prepare for this trend by designing buildings that can accommodate these technologies and working with technology companies to create custom solutions for group housing buildings.

Finally, the creation of more communal and shared spaces is a trend that is gaining popularity in group housing building design. Architects are creating communal spaces such as shared kitchens, dining areas, gardens, and co-working spaces to promote social interaction among residents. These spaces can also help to reduce costs, as residents can share resources and amenities. Architects can prepare for this trend by designing buildings with communal spaces in mind, considering the needs and preferences of residents, and creating flexible spaces that can be adapted to meet changing needs.

In conclusion, the potential future of group housing building design is exciting, with a focus on sustainability, technology, and communal living. Architects can prepare for these trends by keeping up-to-date with the latest sustainable materials and methods of construction, designing buildings that can accommodate new technologies, and creating flexible spaces that can be adapted to meet changing needs. By embracing these trends, architects can create successful and innovative group housing building designs that meet the needs of residents and promote a sustainable and interconnected future.

9) Conclusion

In conclusion, designing group housing buildings requires careful consideration of essential elements, latest trends, design challenges, and potential future developments. Architects can create successful and innovative designs by incorporating sustainable materials and design principles, integrating technology, and creating communal spaces.

The call to action for architects and designers is to approach group housing building design with a focus on the needs and preferences of residents. By doing so, they can create living spaces that are comfortable, functional, and enjoyable while also incorporating sustainable features to reduce the environmental impact. Ultimately, this will result in more successful and satisfying group housing communities for residents.

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Learnings from Collective Housing in India

• Written by Ankitha Gattupalli
• Published on November 12, 2022

In almost every Indian language, a colloquial term for “family” - ghar wale in Hindi, for example - literally translates to “the ones in (my) house”. Traditionally, Indian homes would shelter generations of a family together under one roof, forming close-knit neighborhoods of relatives and friends. The residential architecture was therefore influenced by the needs of the joint family system. Spaces for social interaction are pivotal in collective housing, apart from structures that adapt to the changing needs of each family. The nuanced relationship between culture, traditions, and architecture beautifully manifests in the spatial syntax of Indian housing. 

Housing in India is a complex phenomenon to understand as it is influenced by economic, social, environmental, and political factors. The country’s urban fabric is composed of informal settlements, residential colonies, and gated communities - homogenous divisions based on social and economic identity . Prior to urbanization, Indian neighborhoods were well connected and suited to people’s needs. Capitalistic motives in the construction industry have caused a separation between culture, community, and architecture.

Good architecture responds to the socio-cultural context of its location to promote communal living. Culture closely mimics a community's behavioral patterns that have organically evolved over decades. It offers an understanding of how people live meaningfully and operate in local networks. Architects are instrumental in creating culturally informed living systems. Four contemporary Indian projects demonstrate how spatial responses to social ideals can benefit people:

Versatility: Sublime Ordinariness Housing Project / DCOOP

DCOOP’s collective housing project draws inspiration from the vernacular chawl settlements found in western India . Typically, a chawl is a set of rooms strung together by a shared corridor that doubles as a functional threshold space. Such semi-open spaces are nodes for social interaction , offering refuge from the warm and humid climate.

Sublime Ordinariness responds sensitively to the cultural needs of the family and community in spite of spatial constraints. Each apartment contains non-denominational multi-purpose spaces that adjust to the family’s requirements. In Indian homes, activities are fluid and spaces tend to be used more organically. Families of varying densities can use this space for studying sleeping, cooking, or eating. 

The project in the outskirts of Mumbai seeks to establish community interaction and build a sense of belonging amongst residents. The threshold corridor space acts as a buffer between the indoors and outdoors. The kitchen has been positioned to overlook the corridor, enabling women - the primary homemakers - to socialize and keep an eye on their children from the indoors. 

Connectivity: Sanjaynagar Slum Redevelopment Project / Community Design Agency

In a warm climate like India ’s, the best place to be is outdoors and under the open sky . Courtyards are an essential vernacular element in Indian housing, forming a shared space for exchange. Located in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra the Sanjaynagar Slum Redevelopment Project houses 298 families in clusters organized around common courtyard spaces of varying sizes. In Indian houses, outdoor spaces are zones for daily chores like washing, cooking, or drying clothes, rearing domestic animals, and chatting with neighbors.

Located in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra the Sanjaynagar Slum Redevelopment Project aims to provide dignified and socially-sensitive residences for 298 families in the area. Community Design Agency designed the project to closely mimic the scale of the community’s initial settlement. Clustered settlements traditionally enhanced connectivity between people and man-made systems. When rehousing a community - especially of slum dwellers - it is important to keep their street-level socio-spatial connections intact to ensure their solidarity and resilience.

Diversity: Future Towers / MVRDV

MVRDV’s first project in India successfully responds to the country’s socio-economic needs, while presenting a new approach to housing. With a high degree of income equality, India’s urban populace is segregated into luxurious apartments and tightly packed ghettoes. The resulting urban fabric is fragmented and absent of social cohesion among different groups in society. Future Towers tackles this issue by providing affordable housing for diverse sections of the rising population in Pune, Maharashtra.

The vertical village holds 1,068 apartments of varying typologies to accommodate the full spectrum of the city's middle class. Apartment units ranging from 45 square meters to 450 square meters are scattered across the building to enable families with children, young couples, people living alone, and old people to mingle easily. Public courtyards and communal terraces promote interaction among neighbors. The building provides a breath of fresh air by standing out from the tall box-like apartments that dominate urban India. 

Flexibility: Incremental Housing Strategy in India / Filipe Balestra & Sara Göransson

With multi-generational living comes the need for houses to grow and modify. In India , families will add rooms, floors, or buildings to their existing homes to accommodate new family members from birth, adoption, or marriage. Taking cues from the traditional incremental construction and Charles Correa ’s Belapur Housing, Filipe Balestra & Sara Göransson have developed a replicable strategy for affordable housing systems. The contemporary project understands the family’s need to incrementally grow their residences as funds become available. Residents are given a sense of ownership by enabling them to customize their houses as they like.

This article is part of the ArchDaily Topics: What is Good Architecture? , proudly presented by our first book ever: The ArchDaily Guide to Good Architecture . Every month we explore a topic in-depth through articles, interviews, news, and projects. Learn more about our ArchDaily topics . As always, at ArchDaily we welcome the contributions of our readers; if you want to submit an article or project, contact us .

Editor's Note: This article was originally published on September 12, 2022.

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Interactional spaces of a high-rise group housing complex and social cohesion of its residents: case study from Kolkata, India

• Published: 12 March 2021
• Volume 36 , pages 781–820, ( 2021 )

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• Soumi Muhuri   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1224-936X 1 &
• Sanghamitra Basu 2  

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A Correction to this article was published on 28 April 2021

This article has been updated

From concerns of mental health problems and behavioural issues of residents of high-rises, this research tries to explore the association of interactional spaces (the spaces of interaction in a high-rise housing) with dimensions of social cohesion (the social relations) of the residents. Presuming social cohesion is an important determinant of their mental health. To have both the researchers’ and users’ perspectives while an investigation, this research incorporates perception of the residents, analysis of layout plan, behaviour observation and space syntax analysis. Later, with the help of hierarchical linear regression model it identifies the significant attributes and uses of interactional spaces (both at outdoor and indoor) that facilitate or inhibit social cohesion. The finding indicates that the arrangement and use of the streets and tot-lots within a housing complex have a significant contribution in strengthening social cohesion of the residents. Further, more than actual use, the opportunities of a chance encounter and opportunities of use of the spaces appear to be more effective. The findings of the research would have a wider application not only in high-rise group housing but other instances as well.

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Assessing the role of urban green spaces for human well-being: a systematic review

Understanding the Relationship between Urban Public Space and Social Cohesion: A Systematic Review

Effects of urban green spaces on residents’ well-being, change history, 28 april 2021.

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-021-09842-z

It encompasses the terms of high-rise (ten-storeyed or more than ten storied high building), group housing and residential complex. Group housing is ‘Housing for more than one dwelling unit, where land is owned jointly….and the construction is undertaken by one Agency’ (National Building Code of India, 2016, part 3, p.11). A residential complex means a building or buildings with more than twelve residential units (place of residence in the form of house or apartment) with a common area and one or more facilities or services within “a premises” (p.17); the entire layout is approved by any legal authority but not intended for personal use of an individual (Ministry of Finance, Government of India, 2016).

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur for providing us with the necessary support and facilities for the research that was funded by the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD), India.

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The original online version of this article was revised: The heading of the Table 1 was incorrectly published as “Sense of belonging to a group (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.889, composite reliability = 0.890)”. However, it is intended only for the first nine entries. The correct heading of the table 1 is "Dimensions/Subdimensions”.

Appendix A: Details of characteristics of residents

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Muhuri, S., Basu, S. Interactional spaces of a high-rise group housing complex and social cohesion of its residents: case study from Kolkata, India. J Hous and the Built Environ 36 , 781–820 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-021-09830-3

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-021-09830-3

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Principles of Design for Sustainable Group Housing Projects in India

2020, Civil Engineering and Architecture

There are three rating systems available to assess the sustainability of Group Housing in India provided by three agencies, namely the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA), and Eco Housing Assessment Criteria's. The parameters for all three rating systems have some differentials. The building rated under one rating system may not obtain a rating under another rating system. It means that designers' attention is restricted to the rating system's criteria and has lost the sustainable design process's true spirit. This paper aims to establish the Principles of Design that meet all the rating system's maximum criteria. The methodology followed for this paper includes a brief review of all rating systems and a comparative analysis of similarity and dissimilarity to understand the key focus areas of all three rating systems. The Principles of Design are applied to fulfill all the three-rating system requirements with each focus area. The applications of design principles in the project indicate that only a certain number of Principles of Design are applied to achieve the rating system in each project, and many Principles of Design are overlooked. This was due to the designer's approach to sustainable buildings as a product based on the rating system. The Principles of Design generated in this paper will be a ready source of guidance for India's sustainable housing design. The designer should initially approach sustainable design as a design process and, later on, achieve a sustainable design for a specific rating system.

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The sustainability is very wide area and all kind of sectors are trying to integrate sustainability in their respective field as per definition given in various forums. The architects or building designer have also tried to define sustainable for their field but architecture itself is not very well defined subject so it is really difficult to workout the design process or design principles in achieving sustainability. Recently attempt to quantify or measurement of sustainability through rating system has given a hope to architects or designers but these are also misleading because these rating system only define the evaluation criteria not the design criteria's. The design process or design principles are known to architects or designers but achieving sustainability in these design principle is new area and still to be explored. This paper will discuss briefly about important design process or principles such site planning, block design or unit design in housing by defining first sustainable principles of design with the help of rating system and will also showcase in achieving the design objective in proposed housing project of sector 53 housing.

Narender Singh

Design of a building is essential and it becomes crucial when we talk about affordable housing. For affordable housing, the optimum design is essential as it serves large families belonging to common and middle income group in a limited/ restricted space. India needs not only affordable housing, but also homes that are energy efficient and designed using sustainable techniques. The design of a housing project has two main components viz. structural and architectural, but sustainable design that make it affordable has three main components viz. structural, architectural and environmental. Therefore, the design components should be evolved with great care for developing safe, durable, cost effective and eco-friendly housing. The inadequate structural design may lead to destruction due to natural calamities like earthquakes, flood, cyclone, etc. and cause mass causalities and economical loss. Similarly, the improper architectural design may cause poor space utilization, deprived ventilation and day light due to improper orientation of the building. Further, a design without eco-friendly inputs deprives sustainability and ultimately defeats the vision of affordable housing. In this paper, efforts have been made to elaborate different aspects of design for developing safe, economical, least maintainable and environmental friendly housing in India.

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nisreen ardda

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The growth and development of our society has a large impact on our natural environment. The research, design stage, construction and operation of the buildings in which we live and work are responsible for the consumption of many of our natural resources. The rating systems set benchmarks for green initiatives for constructing and using buildings to make them sustainable and energy efficient buildings thus to reduce their negative impacts on environment. The most recommended green building evaluation criteria in India are Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) and Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA). This paper focus on the study of LEED, IGBC and GRIHA rating system and compare those rating systems with regards to their evaluation methods; scopes, performance criteria and energy rating measures. Through this study, an attempt is made to make clear understanding of LEED, IGBC and GRIHA rating system evaluation criteria that need to be considered during comparison. From this comparative study one can make a general checklist study which cover each and every aspect required for evaluation and certification for any building project.

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Belapur Housing by Charles Correa: A sense of home and community

Charles Correa was one of the few truly Indian architects , who incorporated international modernism in the Indian context without copying it. Being a native of India, he understood the nuanced relationship between culture, traditions, and architecture, better than any top-level international architect ever could.

A child of Goa, a pupil of Ahmedabad, and a mentor to Bombay, he eventually made the whole of India his workplace.

He has famously said that “Bombay is a great city but a terrible place.” Today, Mumbai is home to over 2 crore people. Shortage of space is and has been its biggest problem for years. Starting from little interventions like modifying pavement usage according to its activities to planning the entire city of New Bombay, Ar. Charles Correa has really contributed a great deal to the development of India’s financial capital. 

The main problem in Mumbai has always been too many people and not enough roofs to cover them with. Correa studied and provided apt and unconventional solutions to this problem. His work in low-cost housing is vast and exemplary.

One of these projects is the incremental Belapur Housing. Belapur is located in Thane district, then just on the fringes of Navi Mumbai. It is a node in Nerul, some two kilometres from the centre of New Bombay. 

The site area of 5.4 hectares was developed to house 500 people (about 100 families) per hectare. Work on the project began in 1983, taking three years to complete, with the first residents moving in by 1986.

The project has a single principle at its roots: an individual plot for each dwelling to allow for future expansion as and when necessary.

The scheme was designed to cater to a variety of income groups: lower, middle, and upper. Though the range of income groups is wide (a ratio of 1:5) the plot sizes vary less, from 45 sqm to 75 sqm. Initially, Ar. Correa wanted the same plot size for all, but that had to be modified due to affordability and rules of lending agencies.

Each house has its own plot and shares no common wall with its neighbour, allowing for it to have its own small open space. This is beneficial in two ways: a sense of individuality even in a dense community and for expansion as and how seen fit by the owners. This was commended as a feature of good contemporary planning.

The overall development is low-rise high density, in-keeping with most of Correa’s other low-cost housing projects. There are five types of dwellings designed according to plot size, the smallest being just a single room with a toilet, and the most elaborate a two-storeyed tenement. The houses have no common walls, but the toilets of two neighbouring dwellings do, for ease of plumbing services.

Here, too, Charles Correa ingeniously uses his trademark hierarchical open spaces to create a sense of home and community. The smallest open space is the individual yard of each house. Seven dwellings are grouped around an intimate courtyard of about 8m x 8m. 

Three such clusters come together around a larger space of about 12 m x 12 m. Three of these clusters combine around the largest community space of 21m x 21 m. The community spaces open out to a seasonal stream ( nullah ) flowing through the centre of the site which also carries the stormwater during rains.

All the units are arranged such that one house can abut the boundaries of two others. No windows are placed on those sides to maintain the privacy of the residents. All the units are built in load-bearing masonry, plastered and painted. The structure was kept simple so that the houses can be constructed even by local unskilled labourers, giving them employment.

The overall feel of the settlement is that of a quaint village, with small close-set white-washed houses topped with Mangalore tiles. The front yards are paved with Shahabad, the most popular stones used in angans .

The brilliance of Correa’s planning, especially for housing, is always that it is easy to understand but very difficult to come up with. Belapur housing makes a statement which combines the principles that Correa believed to be most important in housing: incrementality, open-to-sky spaces, equity and a strong sense of community. 

The movement within the development is entirely pedestrian, with parking spaces allotted on the fringes. The open spaces flow from small court to large community space with ease.

THE PROJECT TODAY

However, the Belapur of today is very different from what it was in the 80s. it is now a prominent business district. The trend of high-rise housing schemes has caught up with it. Considering this scenario, the low-rise dense settlement might seem like it is taking up way too much space and sheltering not nearly enough people. 

There is hardly any space for car parking in an age where even low-income families have at least two two-wheelers. Being an incremental housing scheme, it is expected that the owners would make changes as needed. However, the requirements increased drastically which led to many houses being remodelled or rebuilt. 

The residents themselves did not want the ‘village’ feel. If we see Belapur housing today, it seems to be teetering on the wrong edge of sophisticated low-cost housing and shabby haphazard growth.

Does this mean that the scheme is obsolete in the current context? No, because Charles Correa carefully analyzed the requirements of the then suburb and came up with the most effective solution for that time. And while Correa could not control how his concept would be changed by users several years later, the overall feel of the space is still intact — a result of great planning. 

In today’s age of ‘compact’ and ‘space-saving homes’, there are ample open and green spaces right in the middle of a bustling city. The community spirit still prevails in the residents of Belapur incremental housing, despite today’s apartment culture promoting people to be locked inside their own little boxes. And that is the success of Ar. Correa.

No one could have visualised the growth spurt that hit Mumbai in the past four decades. The city continues to grow and change. No one can really predict how a city is going to be just a decade later. The best the architects and the users, the citizens at large, can do is adapt, and try to make their great city also a great place.

• Khan Hasan-ud-din, (1987), Charles Correa: Architect in India, Mimar Book, Singapore, Concept Media Ltd.
• https://www.slideshare.net/snehacoutinho/charles-correas-incremental-mass-housing-project-artist-village-belapur

Priyanka is a student of architecture, with an immense interest in art. A voracious reader, she can be found immersed in a book at any time. She looks to nature for inspiration, in designing, painting and writing. Exploring and experiencing the world through words is her passion.

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Norman Foster and his High-tech Architecture

Diebedo francis kere- first african to win pritzker architecture prize, thomas heatherwick – fascinating architect, oscar niemeyer- hero of the modern architecture, chichu art museum: portrayal of japanese brutalism, biomimicry architecture: eastgate centre – harare, zimbabwe, vastu direction for home, top 10 fabulous wooden structures in the world, 10 upcoming futuristic projects in the world: a glimpse into architecture…, architecture of indian cities: top 10 cities for architects., are the skins of larger buildings prefabricated, what is 3d printing technology how it is used in architecture, the best designing software that every architect must use, best laptop for architecture students in 2021, 5 representations of technology in the world of architecture, unveiling the essence of architecture: a comprehensive exploration, architecture juries – 10 things to remember before them, top 20 architecture colleges in the world, top 20 architecture colleges in india, top 20 architecture colleges in canada, aranya low-cost housing by bv doshi.

Aranya Low-Cost Housing, each core house comprises a plinth and service spaces (bath and kitchen). In the project, the architect utilized the core housing concept to create affordable housing for low-income families in the region. As a result, the inclusion of core housing, user participation took place. The architect prepared different housing options concerning single houses and diversified incremental growth scenarios and flexible layouts. Even two samples belonging to the same housing option could be varied and customized differently by users. However, in Aranya Low-Cost Housing, user participation helped to accomplish greater typological variety.

Aranya Low-cost Housing Case study

• Project name : Aranya Housing Project
• Description : Incremental Housing Project, Low-income housing
• Design : Vaastu-Shilpa Foundation
• Building status : in use
• Location : Indore, India

Location and Planning of Aranya Low-cost Housing

There is a stadium at the center, and in the northwest, west, and southwest of it, there are urban services. Also in the western part of the whole complex, single houses accounted for the significant residential type. Therefore single houses formed three neighborhoods accompanied by three zigzag-shaped open-air gathering zones. Also, those building programs include flats, single houses, green areas, hospitals, schools, and other types of urban services in the remaining directions. Aranya Low-Cost Housing was not composing of housing units only as it included various urban services; hence it comes under an urban-scale neighborhood project.

Images of elevations from before habitation indicate single houses’ half-house identity as the dynamic path of up-to-down moving voids is visible. From facades, not only the half house identity but also vernacular and traditional architectural ornaments and forms are also observable (e.g., tower-like typology on the north elevation, the concave bridge-like formation and the pentagram-shaped void between those tower-like structures, perforations on handrails and high parts of those tower-like formations). As a result, there were multiple forms and different core house options, 53 concluding that the Aaranya case is out of a rigidly repeating typology in preoccupation and post-habitation stages.

By utilizing core housing in Aaranya’s case, users are giving a chance to develop, design, and construct their own homes and decrease building costs. “Brick loadbearing walls” and “cement concrete floors,” which were “conventional and locally 54 available building materials and construction techniques,” were implementing in Aranya Low-Cost Housing to obtain a cheaper housing alternative. However, an estimate says that approximately 51,000 families were homeless or living in illegal settlements.

Also, Read Kanchanjunga Apartments by Charles Correa: A climate-based

Planning Concept of Aranya Low-cost Housing

Moreover some conceptual basis for planning aranya are:.

• Vitality – development to support socio-economic aspirations of the community.
• Imageability – built-form to impart identity and inculcate a sense of belonging amongst the inhabitants.
• Equity – to create an equitable balanced community with a satisfactory level of environmental qualities and opportunities for all.
• Efficiency – to realize development that optimizes natural, material, and human resources to the user group’s advantage.
• Flexibility – to evolve a framework that absorbs the progressive change and growth as a part of the natural development process.
• Feasibility – to ensure development within the given legal, fiscal, and organizational milieu

Design of Aranya Low-cost Housing

Aaranya Township is designed as a services project spread out in six sectors that congregate on a central spine, i.e., the Central Business District. Moreover, one of the critical elements of Doshi’s design was a hierarchy of open spaces that include small courtyards to be sharing by three to four families, larger green spaces for each sector. And also a central playing field to aid the entire development. Also, open spaces and pedestrian pathways interconnect the clusters to the central spine. Each user has an array of choices available, from one-room shelters to supplementary spacious houses. The emphasis is making on family and neighborhood while encouraging adaptation and personalization according to their needs and resources. 

The lower-income Groups were given numerous options that including a site and plinth, a service core, and one room, contingent on how much they can afford. Owners were free to use any material for the construction and decoration of the house. Brick, stone, and cement were locally available. Bright Colors in the facades, railings, grills, and cornices commonly seeing in the old houses of Indore are using in some of the houses. Interior streets and squares in the Economically Weaker Section are stone-paving, decreasing their cost and maintenance. Peripheral roads are asphalt paving for heavy traffic.

Indore’s Climate was effectively taken into account, and a conducive living environment was achieving in Aaranya. Most of the plots are small in and size, and the houses are clustered in low-rise blocks. The more extended side facade is oriented in the north-south axis to reduce the solar radiation on the building. Especially during summers. The two openings on the north and south permit the natural light and cross ventilation—the adjacent buildings sufficiently shade courtyards within houses, cul-de-sacs, public squares, and small activity areas.

About the Streets

The formal street network induces vehicular traffic outward to the perimeter road. In contrast, pedestrian traffic on informal pathways and open space networks flow in the opposite direction achieving clear and safe segregation of slow- and fast-moving traffic. Also, non-rectilinear alignment of streets with varying widths bends, and widening is providing to accommodate a range of spontaneous human activities. The hierarchy of commercial activities coincides with the street hierarchy. Standard commercial outlets are along major arterial roads, while informal shopping areas occur along narrow streets and open spaces throughout the settlement.

At Aranya, they built only a small sample of 80 model homes in 1989, loadbearing brick on a concrete plinth with walls plastered and painted, to initiate the development. The architect drew only a set of ingredients to be appropriated, giving residents the language and space to ‘upgrade their life.’ Growth is planned but informal, confined by the masterplan’s hierarchy of built form and open spaces, and held together by a lattice of infrastructural lines. The building and strengthening of ties between social activities. And also physical structures translate into specific architectural elements: the underlying plinth onto added steps and ledges, shared landings, tiny balconies, and open terraces. Here the idea is that every space gets using; staircases are not just for going up and down but also an interaction spot. Public life is allowing to seep into, encompass and infuse living spaces.

References:

http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12625434/index.pdf https://www.architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=401 https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/revisit-aranya-low-cost-housing-indore-balkrishna-doshi https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-166248

Also Read: LIC Housing, Ahmedabad by BV Doshi

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What one group's experiments designing affordable housing in rural America show

AYESHA RASCOE, HOST:

The United States has a housing crisis. Now, you've probably heard that before, often in the context of cities. But the thing is rural communities also don't have nearly enough affordable homes. Auburn University has spent the last 30 years trying to solve the rural housing crisis through architecture. The Gulf States Newsroom's Stephan Bisaha takes us to Alabama's Black Belt.

STEPHAN BISAHA, BYLINE: The Black Belt is this stretch of Southern land named for its rich, black soil. It's also where Reggie Walker grew up.

REGGIE WALKER: I have a lot of memories of sneaking out the house, going down the woods, (laughter) and getting in a lot of trouble.

BISAHA: Care to share that kind of trouble?

WALKER: No, no, no, no, no. I got to keep that secret (laughter).

BISAHA: Specifically, he grew up in Alabama's Hale County. It's a rural spot with about 15,000 people. It's also a place where a quarter of residents live below the federal poverty line.

WALKER: The biggest thing about rural area and housing is first of all, because of the poverty here in Alabama, most houses are passed down generation to generation to generation. But unfortunately, because people don't have a lot of income, the houses actually become dilapidated with people still living inside of them.

BISAHA: That's basically what happened to Walker. By the time he inherited his old childhood home, it was falling apart.

WALKER: It was so dilapidated that I could actually take my hands and tear it down.

BISAHA: This is, like, loose board just, like, hanging that you're just pulling off the walls.

WALKER: Bingo.

BISAHA: That's where Auburn University's Rural Studio stepped in. It's an architecture school trying to answer this important question. How do you make rural homes that are affordable and that will last? They do that by building homes for free for people like Walker. And in exchange, the students get to test out their designs.

WALKER: Well, I told them the only thing I needed was a roof over my head and a place to sleep and a place take me a bath. And this is what they gave me, which is absolutely wonderful.

BISAHA: Walker got that bedroom and bathroom. And he got a roof, too, but that's where the students went experimental.

RUSTY SMITH: None of the other parts of the house touch that roof.

BISAHA: Rusty Smith is the associate director at the Rural Studio. And yeah, Walker's roof does not touch the rest of the house. Imagine the roof kind of like a carport. The actual rooms are parked underneath with their own roofs, but that main roof, meant to take the brunt of those tough Alabama storms - that's not touching any other part of the house. It is a strange way to build a home, but it's meant to solve one of the biggest challenges with rural housing. While city homeowners might move to a bigger home when their family grows, rural homeowners are more likely to stay put and add onto the house they have, says Smith.

ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, RURAL STUDIO, AUBURN UNIVERSITY: Because there is no real inventory to go buy another piece of property.

BISAHA: Constant renovations often mean cutting into and damaging the roof. And that's the idea behind the detached roof. The house can be expanded, changed, added onto.

ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, RURAL STUDIO, AUBURN UNIVERSITY: Over and over and over and over and over again without ever compromising the kind of big roof structure that protects the whole thing.

BISAHA: The school has tried other experiments over the last 30 years, like building homes with local trees. And they've learned lessons, like how building affordable homes is not the same as building cheap.

ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, RURAL STUDIO, AUBURN UNIVERSITY: Maybe even sometimes getting folks in a house that actually costs more to build is actually what's the most affordable.

BISAHA: Because a more energy-efficient home might raise the monthly mortgage, but if it lowers utility costs by even more, well, that's a win. The Rural Studio recently started expanding beyond the Black Belt. Last year, the studio worked with partners like Habitat for Humanity in a half dozen states by offering their rural housing designs meant to last. For NPR news, I'm Stephan Bisaha in Hale County, Ala.

(SOUNDBITE OF RHIANNON GIDDENS' "MOUNTAIN BANJO") Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.

NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.

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Case Study: Enhancing portfolio performance with long-term options

Koen Hoorelbeke

Options Strategist

Summary:  This case study explores how using long-term options instead of direct stock purchases can enhance investment efficiency. It features a fictitious investor, Sarah, who utilizes a two-year call option on Apple Inc. to control more shares with less capital. This approach offers reduced capital outlay, enhanced potential returns, and flexibility in managing investments, demonstrating a strategic advantage for traditional investors.

Introduction :

Investing in stocks through traditional buy-and-hold strategies is a proven path to wealth accumulation. However, savvy investors are continually exploring more efficient methods to maximize their returns and manage risks. Long-term options offer a strategic advantage by providing the potential for high returns with less capital compared to direct stock purchases. In this case study, we will explore how long-term options can be utilized to optimize investment returns through the experience of a fictitious investor, Sarah, who is looking to refine her investment strategy.

Background:

Meet Sarah , a seasoned buy-and-hold investor with a diversified portfolio. Her strategy traditionally involves purchasing blue-chip stocks and holding them for long periods, relying on their stable dividends and steady appreciation. However, Sarah is eager to optimize her investment strategy to enhance her returns and manage her capital more efficiently.

Sarah wants to maintain exposure to her favorite stock, Apple Inc., which she believes has strong long-term growth potential. However, she is also keen on preserving capital for other investment opportunities that might arise. Buying additional Apple shares outright would require a significant capital outlay.

Solution: Using long-term options:

Instead of purchasing additional shares of Apple directly, Sarah decides to invest in long-term options. She chooses a call option with a strike price close to the current market price but expiring in two years. This option gives her control over a much larger amount of stock than she could afford to buy outright.

Financial comparison:

• Cost: Apple is trading at $150 per share.
• Sarah considers buying 100 shares, requiring a capital outlay of $15,000.
• Cost: A two-year call option with a $150 strike price costs $3 per share (option premium).
• Sarah buys 10 contracts (each contract representing 100 shares), controlling 1,000 shares.
• Total cost: $3,000 (10 contracts x 100 shares x $3 premium).
• Sarah spends only $3,000 to control 1,000 shares, compared to $15,000 to own 100 shares outright, freeing up $12,000 for other investments.
• If Apple stock rises to $200 over the next two years, the value of her options would significantly increase. Her options could potentially be worth $50 per share (the difference between the market price and the strike price), equating to a total of $50,000 (1,000 shares x $50), minus the initial $3,000 premium paid.
• If Apple's stock price falls, Sarah's maximum risk is the $3,000 premium paid, compared to a potentially larger loss had she purchased the stock outright.
• Sarah retains the flexibility to exercise her options to acquire the shares if beneficial or to sell the options as they appreciate in value. She can also let them expire if the stock underperforms, minimizing her losses.

Conclusion:

By integrating long-term options into her buy-and-hold strategy, Sarah efficiently leverages her capital, enhances her potential returns, and retains flexibility in her investment approach. This case study exemplifies how long-term options can be a powerful tool for traditional investors looking to maximize their financial strategies without compromising their long-term investment goals.

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