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Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance: A Meta-Analysis

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June J. Pilcher, Allen I. Huffcutt, Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance: A Meta-Analysis, Sleep , Volume 19, Issue 4, June 1996, Pages 318–326, https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/19.4.318

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To quantitatively describe the effects of sleep loss, we used meta-analysis, a technique relatively new to the sleep research field, to mathematically summarize data from 19 original research studies. Results of our analysis of 143 study coefficients and a total sample size of 1,932 suggest that overall sleep deprivation strongly impairs human functioning. Moreover, we found that mood is more affected by sleep deprivation than either cognitive or motor performance and that partial sleep deprivation has a more profound effect on functioning than either long-term or short-term sleep deprivation. In general, these results indicate that the effects of sleep deprivation may be underestimated in some narrative reviews, particularly those concerning the effects of partial sleep deprivation.

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• Published: 24 April 2024

A resting-state EEG dataset for sleep deprivation

• Chuqin Xiang 1   na1 ,
• Xinrui Fan 1   na1 ,
• Duo Bai 1 ,
• Ke Lv 2 &
• Xu Lei   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2271-1287 1  

Scientific Data volume  11 , Article number:  427 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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• Cognitive neuroscience
• Human behaviour

To investigate the impact of sleep deprivation (SD) on mood, alertness, and resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG), we present an eyes-open resting-state EEG dataset. The dataset comprises EEG recordings and cognitive data from 71 participants undergoing two testing sessions: one involving SD and the other normal sleep. In each session, participants engaged in eyes-open resting-state EEG. The Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) was employed for alertness measurement. Emotional and sleepiness were measured using Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS). Additionally, to examine the influence of individual sleep quality and traits on SD, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) were utilized. This dataset’s sharing may contribute to open EEG measurements in the field of SD.

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Background & summary.

In contemporary society, insufficient sleep is a prevalent phenomenon with significant implications for both physical and mental health. Research indicates that inadequate sleep duration may impair endothelial function, and disrupt the balance of the autonomic nervous system, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases 1 . Insufficient sleep also impacts cognitive functions, including alertness, mood, attention, and memory, as well as various complex cognitive processes such as mental flexibility, planning, and sequencing 2 . Sleep deprivation (SD), as an effective experimental method for studying the effects of insufficient sleep, can aid in a better understanding of the relationship between insufficient sleep and cognitive aspects.

Resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) is a sensitive brain activity recording for SD. Neurons in the human cortical layer typically process information through electrical signals, allowing their activity to be recorded via EEG 3 . Resting-state EEG captures brain activity in awake individuals without specific cognitive tasks, demonstrating high levels of reliability in terms of split-half and test-retest measures. SD induces significant changes in the frequency bands of resting-state EEG, particularly in the theta (4–7 Hz) and alpha (8–13 Hz) bands. The variability in individual responses to SD is evident in resting-state EEG, and individual sleep sensitivity may be associated with patterns of resting-state EEG changes. In summary, EEG with its high sampling rate is a valuable approach for studying SD.

Our laboratory has published numerous articles combining EEG with SD. For example, Zhang et al . conducted a study on the impact of SD on reactive aggression and observed individual variability in the effects of SD on reactive aggression. Their findings indicated that under non-sleep-deprived conditions, gamma power in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) could predict the propensity of individuals to exhibit increased reactive aggression after SD 4 . In addition, Duan et al . focused their research on the influence of SD on pain empathy. They revealed that manipulating SD led to a reduction in the subjective pain judgments of pain images, impairing the ability to share others’ experiences of pain without affecting the cognitive processing of empathy for pain 5 . Furthermore, Wang et al . investigated the connectivity of the brain’s default mode network under the impact of SD. Their study disclosed adverse effects on the dynamic characteristics of internal connections within the default mode network, particularly a weakened connection between the posterior cingulate cortex and the anterior medial prefrontal cortex, which was closely associated with emotional decline 6 .

The main effect of SD can be manifested through various indicators. The changes in alertness after SD can be assessed through the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) test 7 , 8 , 9 . Previous studies have shown that participants exhibit noticeable deficits in vigilant attention after just one day of complete SD 10 . Variations in individual characteristics contribute to differential effects of SD on relative attention, as validated in baseline PVT features 11 . SD leads to changes in PVT performance, reflecting response time indicative of errors of commission. Additionally, the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) and the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) serve as subjective indicators for measuring the degree of sleepiness induced by SD. Deterioration in PVT performance and subjective sleepiness may share similar cortical activation patterns, as evidenced by a positive correlation between fast reaction times (Fast RTs) and increased theta activity. This dataset records PVT, SSS and KSS scales in both SD and normal sleep (NS) conditions, serving as indicators of successful SD experimentation and supporting the study of alertness 12 .

There is substantial evidence indicating that SD has a widespread impact on emotional processes. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is employed to measure individuals’ emotional states at specific moments, showing influences on both positive and negative emotions. Specifically, it manifests as a reduction in positive affect and an increase in negative affect 13 . Research suggests that SD significantly increases depressive and anxiety symptoms while decreasing positive emotional levels in non-clinical adults and adolescents 14 . State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) has demonstrated significant results indicating increased anxiety after SD 15 . Concerning other emotions, tools such as the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) are utilized to assess aggressive behavior in individuals.

The dataset 16 shared in this paper comprises data on resting-state EEG under NS and SD conditions, along with behavioral data related to mood and sleepiness from 71 participants. It is distinctive and research-worthy, reflecting the overall impact of SD on all participants and highlighting individual differences. In addition to studying the immediate effects of SD on participants’ states (e.g., EEG collection and state scales such as KSS), we also employ questionnaires to record participants’ traits. This dataset’s sharing may contribute to open EEG measurements in the field of SD.

Overall design

Data collection was conducted from March 2019 to Oct 2021 in Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Southwest University. The overall procedure is presented in Fig.  1 . This dataset 16 encompasses all EEG data, and PVT data from two experimental sessions: session 1 is NS and session 2 is SD. The overall design is a within-subject design. The two sessions are ideally aligned within a fixed timeframe in the morning or in the afternoon for each subject. Specifically, the number of participants with a difference within the time of day between NS and SD of less than 1.5 hours was 58, accounting for 81.59% of the total. The NS and SD conditions are counterbalanced across participants to eliminate sequence effects. The duration of deprivation was considered with a requirement between 24 and 30 hours. There was a minimum of a 7-day and a maximum of a one-month interval between SD and NS conditions. During the experiment, data collection was conducted in separate rooms, with the room temperature maintained within the normal environmental range (~25 °C) and dim light condition (<50 Lux).

The procedure of resting-state EEG study of sleep deprivation. NS: Normal Sleep, SD: Sleep Deprivation, PVT: Psychomotor Vigilance Task, PANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Scale, ATQ: Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, SAI: State Anxiety Inventory, SSS: Stanford Sleepiness Scale, KSS: Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, EQ: Empathy Quotient, BPAQ: Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Participants

A total of 71 participants were involved in our study. The average age of participants is 20 (1.44) years (range: 17–23). The cohort comprises 34 females and 37 males. All participants reported no history of mental illness, anxiety or depressive symptoms, recent cold symptoms, or sleep issues such as insomnia, sudden awakenings, or perceived difficulty in breathing. This study received approval from the Southwest University Ethics Committee (Ethics approval number: H20039), and all procedures were conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. Participants were provided with detailed explanations of the study’s purpose and procedures, and informed consent was obtained prior to the commencement of the experiment. We obtained consent from all participants for data publication, as well as informed consent from the guardians of underage participants for one participant with age 17.

Experimental design

The overall design of this experiment is a within-subject design, with NS and SD sessions randomly assigned to achieve counterbalancing across participants. During the EEG procedure, a 5-minute guided instruction for the resting-state with open eyes was employed, and a small group of participants (n = 38) also underwent an additional five minutes of closed-eye state testing. In terms of behavioral assessments, the experiment included three parts: the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), state scales package, and trait scales package. Prior to the PVT experiment, an instructor provided an explanation of the experiment, followed by participants completing practice trials and the formal experiment.

Testing procedure

Session 1: normal sleep (ns).

Participants arrived at the laboratory after experiencing normal sleep in their dormitories. Before conducting the NS experiment, participants undergo sleep quality monitoring using sleep diaries or actigraphs to ensure normal sleep prior to the experiment, thus avoiding potential impacts on the experimental results. Participants were assisted by the experimenter in hair washing and the application of electrode gel. Subsequently, participants engaged in PVT testing, along with assessments for state scales covering mood and sleepiness, including PANAS, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ), State Anxiety Inventory (SAI), SSS, KSS, and the Reduced version of Sleep Diary (Sleep Diary). Upon completion of the scales, EEG data collection was conducted. During the resting-state EEG recording, participants were instructed to fixate on a point for five minutes (eyes open), followed by another five minutes with eyes closed (partially). They were required to remain still, quiet, and relaxed, minimizing eye blinking. Each experimental phase utilized 61 Ag/AgCl active electrodes mounted in an elastic cap, arranged according to the extended 10–20 international electrode placement system (Brain Products GmbH, Steingrabenstr, Germany). FCz served as the online reference electrode. The sampling rate was 500 Hz, and electrode impedance was maintained below 5 kΩ after careful preparation. Finally, participants filled out some trait scales, including Empathy Quotient (EQ), BPAQ, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).

Session 2: Sleep deprivation (SD)

In this session, participants arrived at the laboratory at 21:00 on the evening before the experiment. To ensure that participants remained awake throughout the entire experiment, they were continuously monitored with two experimenters during SD period until the end of the experiment on the following day. They were also monitored by an actigraphy wrist-watch (wGT3X-BT). They were prohibited from consuming beverages or foods containing caffeine, tea, or alcohol. Additionally, lying down, sleeping, or engaging in strenuous physical activity was not allowed. After SD, there was no recovery sleep period, and participants immediately underwent the experiment. Then participants took part in the experiment with the same procedure as in NS condition. As NS and SD were counterbalanced between participants, the two sessions were ideally aligned within the same time of day for each subject.

Released behavioral tests

For each participant, in addition to EEG data, we collected a series of behavioral data. These behavioral data include general demographic information, such as gender and age, as well as state and trait scales. Table  1 summarizes the published information on behavioral variables.

Released EEG recordings

The final shared resting-state EEG data comprises 71 participants with eyes open and 38 participants with eyes closed 16 . The recording duration was standardized to 5 minutes. Notably, no preprocessing was applied to any of the uploaded data 16 .

Data Records

The dataset 16 ( https://doi.org/10.18112/openneuro.ds004902.v1.0.4 ) is named “A Resting-state EEG Dataset for Sleep Deprivation” and all files are in BIDS format15. The main folder of the dataset contains 71 subfolders, each corresponding to a participant, and four additional files. Each participant’s folder includes two subfolders for two sessions, i.e., NS and SD, encompassing EEG and PVT behavioral data recordings. The EEG consists of open-eye and partially closed-eye EEG data, electrodes, etc. (refer to Fig.  2 ). The four additional files are: (i) “data-description.json,” providing information on dataset description and registration details, including location and time; (ii) “participants.tsv,” containing participant information such as gender, age, and behavioral data from the mentioned questionnaires; (iii) “participants.json,” describing all columns presented in the “participants.tsv” file; and (iv) “README,” offering general information about the dataset, including contact details.

The structure of the dataset in BIDS format.

Technical Validation

To assess changes in participants’ alertness between NS and SD, two PVT sessions were conducted. Based on previous studies, we chose and computed three basic response time indicators (median response time (RT), standard deviation of RT, and number of lapses (RT > 500 ms) (see Fig.  3a–c ) 9 . The results indicated significant differences in standard deviation of RT (t(29) = −7.31, p <  0.001) and number of lapses (t(29) = −4.72, p <  0.001) between the two sessions. Median reaction time, however, showed no significant change (t(29) = 0.04, p =  0.97).

Distribution of PVT, PANAS_P, PANAS_N, ATQ, SAI, SSS, and KSS between two sessions. Median response time, standard deviation of RT and number of lapses are 3 indicators of PVT. *** p  < 0.001, * p  < 0.05. Abbreviations: PVT, psychomotor vigilance task; PANAS_P, positive affect of Positive and Negative Affect Scale; PANAS_N, negative affect of Positive and Negative Affect Scale; ATQ, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire; SAI, State anxiety inventory; SSS, Stanford Sleepiness Scale; KSS, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale; NS, normal sleep; SD, sleep deprivation.

State Scales

To assess changes in positive and negative emotions between NS and SD, the differences in PANAS scores were compared for participants between the two sessions. The results indicated a significant change in participants’ negative emotions (t(67) = −7.89, p <  0.001). However, there was no significant difference in positive emotions (t(67) = −1.32, p =  0.19).

To assess differences in participants’ depressive mood, the differences in ATQ scores were compared between the two sessions. The results showed no significant change in participants’ depressive mood (t(24) = −1.47, p  = 0.15).

To assess differences in participants’ anxiety levels, the differences in ATQ scores were compared between the two sessions. The results indicated a significant change in participants’ anxiety levels (t(30) = −2.35, p <  0.05).

To assess differences in participants’ sleepiness, the differences in SSS and KSS scores were compared between the two sessions. The results showed a significant change in participants’ sleepiness levels, with SSS at t(34) = −4.73, p <  0.001, and KSS at t(32) = −5.72, p <  0.001. Both KSS and SSS serve as subjective indicators of sleepiness.

Trait scales

Based on the scores from the PSQI (Global Score < 7), it can be concluded that the participant has good sleep habits and quality, and does not use any sleep aid medications. In addition, we also utilized the EQ and BPAQ scales to assess the participant’s empathy and aggression levels. In terms of empathy, the participant is generally at an average level (33–52) 17 . According to the BPAQ, the participant did not exhibit high aggression (<65) 18 . The descriptive statistics of trait scales are presented in Table  2 .

EEG power spectrum

Preprocessing of the eye-open EEG was completed with MATLAB R2021b (The MathWorks) and EEGLAB (version 2021, http://sccn.ucsd.edu/ ). The general processing pipeline was used. The first step involved bandpass filtering the raw EEG from 0.2 to 45 Hz. After that, a visual examination was carried out, and the 5-minute EEG data was segmentedto 75 epochs with 4 seconds. Epochs containing notable artifacts were eliminated, with an average artifact epoch range of 1.46 (2.02) across all participants. The mean number of bad electrodes was 2.39%, and we interpolated its signal with its surrounding electrodes. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) was employed to remove stereotyped muscle and ocular artifacts; more information is available in this article (Delorme and Makeig, 2004). The signal was finally re-referenced to the average.

For the preprocessed EEG dataset, we further computed the spectrum for Cz using the Welch method. The absolute power for each electrode was logarithmically transformed to calculate the power spectrum (1 dB = 10 × log(μV²)). The mean and standard deviation for all participants were calculated under the two sessions. Figure  4 illustrates the spectral activity of EEG in both conditions. It is evident that the absolute power during SD is generally higher than NS. The maximum power of EEG in both conditions is concentrated in the low-frequency range (around 0.2 to 13 Hz) with a peak around 10 Hz.

EEG power spectrum during normal sleep (pink) and sleep deprivation (green).

The topographical maps of theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz), and beta (13–30 Hz) for SD and NS are shown in Fig.  5 . In both sessions, the high-power areas of alpha and theta are predominantly distributed around the frontal and occipital lobes. In contrast, beta exhibits a low-energy state primarily in the parietal lobe for both conditions.

Topography of resting-state EEG in theta, alpha and beta for normal sleep (1 st row) and sleep deprivation (2 nd row) conditions.

Code availability

The code used for conducting spectral analysis, and generating topographic maps of the EEG data was uploaded to the OpenNeuro dataset along with other data 16 .

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Acknowledgements

This study is supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC2501500) and Space Medical Experiment Project of Manned Space Program (HYZHXM03006).

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These authors contributed equally: Chuqin Xiang, Xinrui Fan.

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Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China

Chuqin Xiang, Xinrui Fan, Duo Bai & Xu Lei

State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China

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Chuqin Xiang, Xinrui Fan and Xu Lei conceived and conducted this research, and drafted the manuscript. Duo Bai, Ke Lv and Xu Lei provided support for data processing. Correspondence to Xu Lei.

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Correspondence to Xu Lei .

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Xiang, C., Fan, X., Bai, D. et al. A resting-state EEG dataset for sleep deprivation. Sci Data 11 , 427 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03268-2

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Published : 24 April 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03268-2

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The Global Problem of Insufficient Sleep and Its Serious Public Health Implications

Vijay kumar chattu.

1 Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; [email protected]

Md. Dilshad Manzar

2 Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; [email protected]

Soosanna Kumary

Deepa burman.

3 School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; [email protected]

David Warren Spence

4 Independent Researcher, 652 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON M6K 2B4, Canada; mf.liamtsaf@ecnepswd

Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal

5 Somnogen Canada Inc., College Street, Toronto, ON M1H 1C5, Canada; moc.liamg@9102lamurepidnap

Good sleep is necessary for good physical and mental health and a good quality of life. Insufficient sleep is a pervasive and prominent problem in the modern 24-h society. A considerable body of evidence suggests that insufficient sleep causes hosts of adverse medical and mental dysfunctions. An extensive literature search was done in all the major databases for “insufficient sleep” and “public health implications” in this review. Globally, insufficient sleep is prevalent across various age groups, considered to be a public health epidemic that is often unrecognized, under-reported, and that has rather high economic costs. This paper addresses a brief overview on insufficient sleep, causes, and consequences, and how it adds to the existing burden of diseases. Insufficient sleep leads to the derailment of body systems, leading to increased incidences of cardiovascular morbidity, increased chances of diabetes mellitus, obesity, derailment of cognitive functions, vehicular accidents, and increased accidents at workplaces. The increased usage of smart phones and electronic devices is worsening the epidemic. Adolescents with insufficient sleep are likely to be overweight and may suffer from depressive symptoms. The paper concludes by emphasizing sleep quality assessments as an important early risk indicator, thereby reducing the incidence of a wide spectrum of morbidities.

1. Introduction

Insufficient sleep is associated with a range of negative health and social outcomes, including an adverse performance at school and in the labor market. Reduced sleep duration has been linked to 7 of the 15 leading causes of death in the U.S., including cardiovascular disease, malignant neoplasm, cerebrovascular disease, accidents, diabetes, septicemia, and hypertension [ 1 ]. The evidence suggests that the link between inadequate sleep and negative outcomes is more direct, whereas the link between excessive sleep and negative outcomes seems to be more indirect (i.e., excessive sleep is driven by underlying chronic health conditions and not vice versa). Hence, the impact of insufficient sleep appears to be the more salient issue in our society and, because of its broad-ranging effects, represents a major public health concern. In this review, we note some of the more serious consequences of insufficient sleep, and additionally consider how these might be best addressed by changes in individual behavior, actions by employers, and by public policy measures [ 2 ].

According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3), insufficient sleep is defined as a curtailed sleep pattern that has persisted for at least three months for most days of the week, along with complaints of sleepiness during the day. Further, a resolution of sleepiness complaints is shown to follow an extension of total sleep time. Frequently occurring episodes of insufficient sleep are associated with the experience of unfavorable mental and physical well-being [ 3 ]. Sleep insufficiency is sometimes confused with insomnia, but the opportunity to sleep differs in the two disorders (with insomnia sufferers typically being unable to sleep despite having opportunities to do so).

2. Materials and Methods

An extensive literature search was done, and relevant articles were identified through online searches of electronic databases (i.e., the PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, and Global Health databases). Relevant keywords relating to “insufficient sleep”, in combination with (and/or) public health impact were searched, around 3626 articles were screened for duplication and relevance to fit the inclusion criteria, and finally 111 articles with full texts were included in this review, as shown in the flow chart below ( Figure 1 ). Articles on cardiometabolic disorders, mental health, accidents and trauma, sleep apnoea, obesity, adolescents, meta-analysis, randomized control trials, longitudinal studies, and cross-sectional studies were included (that reflected the public health impacts of insufficient sleep). Additional publications were identified from references cited in the original articles. The major findings were classified into different categories and are presented in the tables, figures, and narrative description below.

Flow chart of literature search.

2.1. Epidemiology

A recent study of the prevalence of sleep disorders investigated over 20,000 patients in the Netherlands who were aged 12 years old or older. The study found an alarming prevalence rate of 27.3%, with 21.2% of the males and 33.2% of the females reporting that they had some type of sleep disorder [ 4 ]. A national quasirandom sample study of sleep disorders in 12 provinces of the Netherlands showed a prevalence of 23.5% [ 5 ], while a similar nationally representative sample of individuals in the age group of 18–70 years also showed high prevalence rates. Polling based on a validated questionnaire of ICSD revealed that, among the total sample, 32% complained of experiencing general sleep disturbances while 43.2% said they suffered from insufficient sleep [ 6 ]. Other surveys by Hublin et al. [ 7 ] and Ursin et al. [ 8 ] found the prevalence rates for disturbed sleep to be, respectively, 20.4% and 20%. Discrepancies in the prevalence rates found by the various surveys were possibly due to the separate questionnaires that were used, differences in sampling techniques, or other possible methodological differences. Nevertheless, the findings were in concordance in showing that poor-quality sleep is a problem for a major segment of the samples that were surveyed.

Although the need for sleep among adolescents has been determined to be about 9.25 h per day [ 9 ], there are still many adolescents who obtain less sleep than they actually need [ 10 ], thus creating a chronic sleep debt. A study conducted in Norway among 1285 high school students (aged 16–19 years) showed an estimated 10.4% prevalence of behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome (i.e., the condition was due to individual choices regarding bedtimes rather than being the consequence of a medical condition) [ 11 ]. Among a sample of 2738 soldiers who were surveyed about their sleep behavior and perceived feelings of sleepiness, the average reported sleep duration was found to be 5.8 ± 1.2 h, with 1959 soldiers, or 72% of the sample, reporting that they slept less than 6 h [ 12 ].

Sleep needs vary among individuals based on age, and even response to sleep restriction changes with age. According to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) state-based survey in 2014, only 65% of adults reported a healthy duration of sleep. In a recent survey, an estimated 83.6 million adults in the United States were reportedly sleeping <7 h in 24 h [ 13 ]. The prevalence of continuous insufficient sleep among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) has not been formally surveyed, but anecdotal reports suggest that the figure is high in these minority groups. It has been suggested that the rates of mental disturbance that are also known to be elevated in these groups may possibly be, in part, attributable to insufficient sleep, and thus that public health and education efforts to address these problems should be undertaken [ 14 ].

Magee et al. [ 15 ], for instance, explored the determinants of sleep duration among a cohort of Australian adults aged 18 to 64 years. Using multivariate statistical analysis, the study found that short sleep durations were associated with longer working hours, lower education levels, being single rather than married, being a current cigarette smoker, or with showing high levels of alcohol consumption, obesity, or depression or anxiety, as shown in Figure 2 below. Krueger and Friedman [ 16 ] found that factors such as low levels of education and cardiovascular disease were associated with both short and long sleep (e.g., more than nine hours). Short sleep was associated with being in an older age group, being a frequent smoker or consumer of alcohol, being overweight or obese, as well as with having young children. A study from Finland by Kronholm et al. [ 17 ] reported that gender, as well as marital status, occupation, and physical activity, were major drivers of short sleep duration. According to the study, men were more likely to be short sleepers than women. A study of the effects of workplace-related factors found that job stress factors such as quantitative workload and interpersonal conflict led to short sleep duration among male Japanese manufacturing workers [ 18 ]. Psychosocial factors such as tension or anxiety and depressive symptoms have also been associated with reduced sleep. In addition, organizational factors related to discrimination, work-life balance, high work demands, and job insecurity were associated with an increased prevalence of sleep problems [ 19 , 20 ].

Insufficient sleep and its impact on the pathophysiology of the human body.

Lack of sleep has been shown to increase the risk of premature mortality. In a recent review of various surveys, it was concluded that individuals who slept for less than six hours each night had a tenfold greater risk of premature mortality than those who obtained seven to nine hours of sleep [ 21 ]. Given the potential antagonistic impacts of inadequate mull or consideration over well-being, prosperity, and profitability, the outcomes of lack of sleep have expensive financial results. Insufficient sleep is a global problem that is becoming increasingly common in today’s society. Compared to a few decades ago, significant changes in sleep culture have been observed worldwide. This global trend has produced massive social and economic shifts, and additionally has had marked public health consequences, and foremost among these is the significant reduction in total sleeping hours that have occurred in both adults and children [ 22 ].

2.2. All-Cause Mortality

Epidemiological evidence suggests that sleep duration and poor sleep are associated with premature mortality, as well as with an extensive variety of adverse health outcomes [ 23 ]. The Sleep Heart Study was done to determine the association between insufficient sleep conditions, including insomnia or poor-quality sleep and objectively measured short duration sleep, and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in the general population. The study found that there was a 29% higher risk of CVD in study subjects who had insomnia or poor sleep with short sleep when compared to a reference group, thus supporting the conclusion that poor sleep with objectively measured short sleep was associated with a higher risk of CVD development [ 24 ].

2.3. Sleep Duration Recommendations by Age

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and the Sleep Research Society (SRS) have recommended that adults aged 18 to 60 years should sleep seven or more hours per night on a regular basis for ideal sleep health. Additionally, the National Sleep Foundation (NSF) consensus report has stated that seven to nine hours is recommended for adults aged 18 to 64 years, while seven to eight hours is suggested for those 65 years of age and older [ 25 ].

2.4. Pathophysiology

There are specific biomarkers that are released throughout insufficient sleep. Experimental studies with human subjects have demonstrated that proinflammatory markers undergo changes following laboratory-induced sleep loss. Markers that have been found to be dysregulated in acute sleep deficiency include IL-6 [ 26 ], IL1 receptor antagonist [ 27 ], and salivary amylase. However, there are biomarkers needed for the prediction of sleepiness and other consequences of sleep deprivation. Another study used NMR measures of metabolism to determine how the pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses changed due to prolonged sleep restriction. The investigation found that, compared to normal, sleep-restricted subjects showed decreases in levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), whereas there were no significant changes in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. In a comparison group of subjects who reported that they suffered from subjective sleep insufficiency, HDL levels were decreased, but LDL levels did not differ from those of the restricted group [ 28 ]. In an analysis of data from 1024 adults surveyed in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study, it was found that short sleep durations were associated with lower leptin and higher ghrelin levels [ 29 ].

2.5. Contributing Factors

Studies have observed that sleep duration and daytime sleepiness varies by gender and marital status. The presence of children in a family often contributes to insufficient rest or sleep among the adults with whom they live [ 14 ]. Insufficient sleep is typically a long-standing condition, often linked to biological or circadian disruption factors. Reviews of studies of possible causal factors have additionally suggested that genetic influences may account for possibly as much as one-third of cases of insufficient sleep [ 7 ]. Insufficient sleep duration is associated with an elevated intake of soda via excessive consumption of salt or carbonated beverages, and less frequent vegetable consumption [ 30 ]. Various types of stress also contribute. Housing insecurity and food uncertainty are psychological stressors associated with insufficient sleep [ 31 ]. Social and behavioral predictors of health exclusively add to the explosion of insufficient sleep [ 32 ]. Active smoking, smokeless tobacco, and secondhand smoke exposure have been additionally associated with insufficient sleep [ 33 ]. An increasing number of studies have shown that insufficient sleep and behavioral or emotional problems have reciprocal and mutually facilitating effects. It is known, for instance, that mood disorders are frequently associated with severe sleep problems and that the problems that are linked to inadequate sleep, such as reduced impulse control, reductions in attention span, and memory impairments, may further exacerbate a pre-existing mood disorder [ 34 ].

3. Results: Manifestations of Insufficient Sleep

3.1. cognitive effects.

Insufficient sleep can contribute to aberrant behavior. Subjects who are chronically sleep-restricted may exhibit increased risk-taking behavior, or subjectively may show deficiencies in reasoning that result from seeking premature conclusions without considering all aspects of a problem. This type of impulsivity may manifest also as increased but unnoticed risk-seeking [ 35 ]. Insufficient sleep that occurs in children in the preschool and early school years is associated with poorer mother- and teacher-reported neurobehavioral processes, which particularly manifest in mid-childhood [ 36 ].

3.2. Mood and Judgment

Chronic sleep restriction among adolescents may increase suicidal risk [ 37 ]. Sleep loss can have adverse effects on the control of mood and behavior. Irritability, moodiness, and poor frustration tolerance are the most frequently described symptoms in subjects who are suffering from sleep restriction [ 34 ]. One study investigated the behavioral and psychological consequences of chronic sleep deprivation in different age or social groups. Among all groups, sleep restriction had generally adverse effects, but some subgroup differences were noted. Adolescents complained of tiredness upon awakening (46%), nervousness, and general weakness; university students reported experiencing excessive drowsiness (50%), tension, and nervousness; and working adults suffered mostly from negative moods, such as tension (49%), nervousness, and irritability [ 38 ].

3.3. Sleepiness and Microsleep

Daytime sleepiness is the most direct result of sleep loss reported by adolescents and manifests most significantly as difficulty in getting up in the morning. Sleepiness is also connected to a strong tendency toward brief mental lapses (or microsleep episodes), occurrences that significantly increase the risk of motor vehicle and other accidents [ 34 ]. A study based on the monitoring of microsleep episodes was carried out to investigate the consequences of sleep restriction (SR) on the maintenance of wakefulness and diurnal sleepiness. The investigators found that during sleep restriction, daytime microsleeping correlated with the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) but not with the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT). The study also concluded that the frequency of microsleeping is an objective marker of diurnal sleep pressure [ 39 ].

3.4. Effects on Respiratory Physiology

There is growing interest in the impact of sleep and its disorders on the regulation of inflammatory processes and tissue morbidities, particularly in the context of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is commonly seen in conjunction with insufficient sleep [ 40 ].

The condition of narcolepsy-cataplexy is characterized by disrupted nocturnal sleep as one of its most noticeable features, which in turn contributes to excessive daytime sleepiness in affected patients. Another feature of the condition is the lack of adequate non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which is related to nonconsolidated nocturnal sleep in narcolepsy-cataplexy, which also occurs in this patient group [ 41 ].

3.5. Wakefulness and Vigilance

Chronic insufficient sleep duration equivalent to an average of 5.6 h of sleep during a 24-h period has been found to double neurobehavioral reaction time performance and to increase lapses of attention fivefold. Impairments in neurobehavioral performance were worsened during the circadian night and did not recover during the circadian day, thus indicating that the deleterious effect from the homeostatic buildup of chronic sleep restriction (CSR) is expressed even during the circadian promotion of daytime arousal [ 42 ].

3.6. Tiredness and Fatigue

There is evidence that sleep loss can impair active cognitive processes such as planning, coping, and problem-solving. In sleep-impaired individuals, these deficits may particularly manifest in behaviors that require creative solutions to problems that are either complex or are lacking in sufficient information. The energy that is required to analyze unfamiliar environmental challenges or to sustain an extended chain of logical thought is especially reduced in sleep-deprived subjects. This internal state cognitive impairment may thus affect their ability to initiate behaviors related to long-term or abstract goals, and, as a result, may decrease their motivation to work toward those goals [ 34 ].

3.7. Effects on Mental Health

Chronic sleep loss and associated sleepiness and daytime impairments in adolescence are a genuine impediment to the achievement of academic success, health (for example depression, increased obesity risk), and safety (such as driving accidents) [ 43 ]. Emotional excitement and pain can cause difficulties with either sleep initiation or sleep maintenance. Behavioral issues and family conflict can contribute to even later bedtimes and to sleep schedules that are particularly at variance with daily schedules [ 34 ]. Further, a number of studies have shown that inadequate sleep increases the likelihood of daytime accidents and critical mistakes in the workplace.

3.8. Increased Incidence of Cardiovascular Morbidity

Insufficient sleep is associated with cardiovascular disease, and has been studied in numerous racial and ethnic groups. Similarly, the association between insufficient sleep and diabetes mellitus has been demonstrated to occur in a number of racial and ethnic minorities, with the exception of non-Hispanic blacks [ 44 ]. Insufficient sleep is also associated with cardiometabolic risk and neurocognitive impairment. Determinants of insufficient sleep include many social and environmental factors. Surveys have shown that the incidence of inadequate sleep is not consistent across all areas of the United States. Respondents in a few areas, and particularly in Appalachia, have reported excessively high levels of inadequate rest [ 45 ]. Insufficient sleep has also been shown to be linked to an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction [ 46 ]. It has been reported by Curtis [ 47 ] that more than one-half of racial differences in cardiometabolic risk can actually be explained by sleep patterns, and, more specifically, that, compared to Caucasian American adults, the reduced total sleep time and lower sleep efficiency of African-Americans is largely attributable to lifestyle or personal choice factors rather than racial or genetic influences. The study found that, compared to Caucasian Americans, African Americans obtained less sleep (341 vs. 381 min) and had lower sleep efficiency (72.3 vs. 82.2%) ( P- value < 0.001). Further, 41% and 58% of the racial difference in cardiometabolic risk was explained by sleep time and sleep efficiency, respectively.

3.9. Effects on the Immune System

Sleep loss can adversely affect components of the immune system critical to host resistance to infectious illness. Furthermore, short sleep duration and sleep disturbances prospectively predict increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infection after an experimental viral challenge [ 48 ]. Additional findings are listed in Table 1 .

Sleep deprivation, which has been recognized as a “public health epidemic” linked to a range of medical and mental health issues.

3.10. Obesity and Metabolism

Sleep plays a pivotal role in energy metabolism. Both sufficient sleep and high-quality diets are vital for the prevention of obesity [ 49 ]. Various studies have shown linkages between insufficient sleep and obesity. Increased food intake during insufficient sleep is a physiological adaptation to provide the energy needed to sustain additional wakefulness, yet when food is easily accessible, intake often exceeds that which is required [ 50 ]. There is reliable evidence supporting the conclusion that sleep restriction increases food intake, and further that this association is due to increased production of the appetitive hormone ghrelin [ 29 , 51 ]. As a consequence, insufficient sleep is associated with increases in body mass index (BMI). Sleep loss can alter energy intake and expenditure. The amount of human sleep contributes to the maintenance of fat-free body mass at times of decreased energy intake. Lack of sufficient sleep may compromise dietary interventions for weight loss and related metabolic risk reduction [ 52 ]. Chronic sleep restriction is a potential risk factor for the maintenance of metabolic health. There is an association between insufficient sleep and an increased incidence of obesity and related morbidities. Thus, overweight and obese individuals attempting to reduce their caloric intake and maintain increased physical activity should obtain adequate sleep and, if needed, seek effective treatment for any coexisting sleep disorders [ 53 ].

3.11. Increased Risk for Diabetes Mellitus

Insufficient sleep, or more precisely the suppression of slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, has been associated with insulin resistance [ 54 ]. There is a high prevalence of insufficient sleep in young patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 (type 1 diabetes) and their relatives [ 55 ]. Inadequate sleep is also associated with an increased risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Lower scores on a scale of self-rated health (SRH), which are also linked to insufficient sleep, have been shown to indicate an elevated risk of CVD and death [ 56 ].

3.12. Migraine

The prevalence of insufficient sleep is significantly higher in patients with migraines when compared to those in nonmigraine headache or nonheadache groups [ 57 ]. The Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes (CaMEO) Study, which assessed the relationship between sleep disturbances, including sleep apnea, and episodic or chronic migraines, concluded that the conditions were associated, and that the risk was enhanced in the elderly and in those with a higher BMI [ 58 ].

3.13. Clinical Burnout

In one study, it was found that insufficient sleep, preoccupation with thoughts of work during leisure time, and high work demands were risk factors for consequent clinical burnout [ 59 ]. It has also been found that sleep problems tend to precede symptoms of low back pain (LBP) and burnout in working individuals. It has therefore been suggested that health promotion initiatives should emphasize assessments of sleep quality as an important early risk indicator, and, further, that interventions should focus on promoting a better quality of sleep, in an attempt to reduce the incidence of LBP and burnout [ 60 ].

3.14. Increased Risk of Cancers

Insufficient sleep, including short sleep duration and sleep disruption, might be related to an increased risk of cancerous tumor formation [ 61 ]. Sleep disturbance increases the risk of breast cancer. It has been suggested that melatonin is involved in the relationship between sleep and breast cancer, in as much as exogenously applied melatonin provides an antiproliferative effect on breast cancer cells [ 62 ].

3.15. Sleep-Wake Disturbances in Shift Workers

Self-reported bruxism may indicate sleep problems and associated fatigue in daytime waking hours in nonpatient populations. It may be more prevalent among people who do shift work schedules or who work in jobs with irregular hours [ 63 ]. Laboratory studies have indicated that cardiometabolic stress and cognitive impairments are increased by shift work, as well as by insufficient sleep. A recent study by Kervezee [ 64 ] found that four days of simulated night shifts was associated with a loss in temporal coordination between internal circadian rhythmicity and the external environment, which in turn produced broader associated adverse health effects, which are commonly seen in night shift workers. A recent review [ 65 ] based on 38 meta-analyses and 24 systematic reviews summarized the linkages between shift work and adverse consequences, such as insufficient sleep, cardiovascular diseases, and accidents. The meta-analysis showed that shift work was closely linked to cardiometabolic diseases and accidents and that these associations tended to mimic those seen in persons with insufficient sleep. All these impairments because of insufficient sleep are described in Table 1 below.

4. Discussion

The general public often devalues the seriousness of insufficient sleep and may have a more general attitude that, in the larger scheme of life’s difficulties, “not getting enough sleep” occupies a fairly low rung on the stepladder of personal health concerns. As a consequence, sleep insufficiency often goes unreported by patients in medical interviews. Some senior specialists skillfully and intentionally deal with the issue of their patients’ sleeping habits, but, as the evidence of the studies reviewed here show, the significance of sleep to health status deserves particular and earnest attention.

To ensure that they obtain sufficient sleep, patients should set predictable wake-up times, refrain from using electronic devices prior to their normal sleep time, and obtain adequate physical exercise [ 21 ]. Employers need to be made aware of the significance of rest for overall health and the responsibility of businesses to provide a work environment and conditions that will not interfere with an employee’s right to adequate sleep. Business management needs to plan for and create brighter workspaces. Business managers should also strive to discourage conflict in the workplace and discourage the use of electronic devices. Further, school officials should consider establishing later school start times to avoid interference with students’ critical need for sleep, which exists during the adolescent years [ 21 ].

Policymakers should encourage educational efforts to raise awareness about the importance of sleep, and especially emphasize the contribution that employers can make to ensuring that work assignments do not adversely interfere with sleep schedules. It has been found that adolescents who do not obtain sufficient sleep are likely to be overweight due to lack of engagement in daily physical activity, may suffer from depressive symptoms, may engage in risky behaviors (drinking, smoking tobacco, and using illicit drugs), and may perform inadequately in school [ 106 ].

5. Conclusions

Insufficient sleep and its health consequences may go unrecognized by clinicians inasmuch as many medical school curriculums do not emphasize the importance of sleep to overall health. The causes of common patient complaints of daytime weakness, tiredness, sluggishness, languid driving, and intellectual troubles may often be misattributed to life stresses such as family or social problems rather than to the more basic cause of inadequate rest. There is a clear need for medical professionals to ensure that their patients are made aware of common contributors to sleep disruption such as jet lag or shift work. However, more fundamentally, patient attitudes about the adverse effects of inadequate sleep for health need to be addressed.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, V.K.C. and S.R.P.-P.; methodology, V.K.C., S.R.P.-P., M.D.M. and S.K.; formal analysis, V.K.C. and S.R.P.-P.; resources, D.B. and D.W.S.; data curation, D.W.S.; writing—original draft preparation, S.R.P.-P.; writing—review and editing, V.K.C., M.D.M., S.K. and D.B.; supervision, S.R.P.-P. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION IN THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF MOUNT CARMEL SCHOOL OF MARIA AURORA (MCSMA) INC.

RESEARCH ABSTRACT RESEARCH TITLE: THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION IN THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN MOUNT CARMEL SCHOOL OF MARIA AURORA (MCSMA) INC. RESEARCHERS: Godfrey S. Nacino Andrea Maree V. Serafines RESEARCH ADVISER: Mr. John Ian C. Barrientos, LPT SCHOOL: Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora (MCSMA) Inc. STRAND: Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM) This study was conducted to determine the Negative Effects of Sleep Deprivation in the Academic Performance of Senior High School Students in Mount Carmel School Of Maria Aurora (MCSMA) Inc. The study used the descriptive method or quantitative research. Random sampling was used in determining the randomly selected respondents from senior high school with the total of 151 respondents. Questionnaires were used in gathering all the data. The data gathered from the survey were tallied, analyzed and interpreted through the use of frequency, percentage, weighted mean and verbal interpretations. Summary of Findings The following are brief summary of findings of this study based on the sequence of the specific problems given in the statement of the problem. Profile of the Respondents The respondents are randomly selected by the researchers according to their strands and not equally divided to each grade level. The total of the respondents constituted with a frequency of 81 or 54% grade 11 and the rest is from grade 12 with a frequency of 70 or 46%; but the majority of it are Females with a frequency of 96 or 64% and the remaining respondents are Male with a frequency of 55 or 36%. The Effects of Sleep Deprivation among Students An individual student having sleep deprivation may have different symptoms like dizziness, being not focus in their own business, slow alertness and any other things that can degrade the ability of the student to think better and to do well especially to their academic performance. 78% of the respondents say that they are sleeping at night and 80% of them say that school works is one of the main problem in having inadequate sleep. Being sleep deprived can cause the person short tempered and 79% of the total respondents say that they having this kind of situation when they are having inadequate sleep. Conclusions Based on the previous study the researchers knew that sleep deprivation is related with some health issues. Students having sleep deprivation have their adjustments in their daily life some of them can do their performance successfully, while the majority of the students who sleep deprived has the difficulty when it comes to learning. Senior High School students of Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora (MCSMA) Inc. The most prone in this case of having sleep deprivation, according to the data collected by the researchers the commonly issue that can cause a student to be sleep deprived is the school works. Recommendations -Students should have enough sleep for them to have better performance in school. -Students should be educated and be recognize the chronic sleep deprivation may contribute to development of long term diseases like diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. -Based on the survey, school works aims to be the highest total of points. Teachers should also do their part by minimizing the requirements. They should not give any activities, written outputs etc. when weekends. -Educators should implement some nap time at least 2 hours a week. -Parents should also learn the disadvantages of having sleep deprivation of their children. -Family agendas can be accomplished on every weekends (Friday night Saturday night), not weekdays. Background of the Study According to Wikipedia, sleep is a natural recurring state of mind and body characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhabited sensory activity, inhabitation of nearly all voluntary muscles, and reduced interactions of surroundings. During sleep, most of the body's systems are in an anabolic state, helping to restore the immune, nervous, skeletal and muscular systems. Sleep deprivation defined as engaging in less than 8 hours of sleep, it is a general term to describe a state caused by inadequate quantity or quality of sleep, including voluntary or involuntary sleeplessness. Sleep is as important to the human body as food and water, but many of us do not get enough sleep. Insufficient sleep, inadequate quality of sleep or disruptions to the sleep-wake cycle has consequences for how function in the daytime, causing sleepiness, dizziness and fatigue. Sleep deprivation is common amongst senior high school students whom live in a culture that promotes reduced sleep, to the burden of academic woks and social pursuits. The reason for poor sleep hygiene include alcohol, caffeine intake, stimulants, technology and most of all the use of social media platforms, which prevent students achieving sufficient sleep time and quality. Research shows that poor sleep has immediate negative effects on someone’s hormones, exercise performance, and brain function. Sleep deprivation also, of course, affects judgment and mental acuity, among other cognitive tasks. However, every person is different. One person may be able to function on less sleep, while another person may need a full 8 hours. “any prolonged sleep deprivation will affect your mood, energy level and ability to focus, concentrate and learn, which directly affects your academic performance,” Dr. Philip Alapat. From the quotation above, the researchers realizes that inadequate quantity or quality of sleep has that big impact to their academic performances. Teenagers (14-17 years old) and young adult (18 -25 years old) should get 8-9 hours of sleep at night to disregard insufficient sleep. Truth is most students commonly the Senior High School generally get much less. The researchers conducted this study to determine the effects of sleep deprivation in the academic performance of Senior High School students.

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RESEARCH ABSTRACT RESEARCH TITLE: THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION IN THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN MOUNT CARMEL SCHOOL OF MARIA AURORA (MCSMA) INC. RESEARCHERS: Godfrey S. Nacino Andrea Maree V. Serafines RESEARCH ADVISER: Mr. John Ian C. Barrientos, LPT SCHOOL: Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora (MCSMA) Inc. STRAND: Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM) This study was conducted to determine the Negative Effects of Sleep Deprivation in the Academic Performance of Senior High School Students in Mount Carmel School Of Maria Aurora (MCSMA) Inc.The study used the descriptive method or quantitative research. Random sampling was used in determining the randomly selected respondents from senior high school with the total of 151 respondents. Questionnaires were used in gathering all the data. The data gathered from the survey were tallied, analyzed and interpreted through the use of frequency, percentage, weighted mean and verbal interpretations. Summary of Findings The following are brief summary of findings of this study based on the sequence of the specific problems given in the statement of the problem. Profile of the Respondents The respondents are randomly selected by the researchers according to their strands and not equally divided to each grade level. The total of the respondents constituted with a frequency of 81 or 54% grade 11 and the rest is from grade 12 with a frequency of 70 or 46%; but the majority of it are Females with a frequency of 96 or 64% and the remaining respondents are Male with a frequency of 55 or 36%. The Effects of Sleep Deprivation among StudentsAn individual student having sleep deprivation may have different symptoms like dizziness, being not focus in their own business, slow alertness and any other things that can degrade the ability of the student to think better and to do well especially to their academic performance. 78% of the respondents say that they are sleeping at night and 80% of them say that school works is one of the main problem in having inadequate sleep. Being sleep deprived can cause the person short tempered and 79% of the total respondents say that they having this kind of situation when they are having inadequate sleep. Conclusions Based on the previous study the researchers knew that sleep deprivation is related with some health issues. Students having sleep deprivation have their adjustments in their daily life some of them can do their performance successfully, while the majority of the students who sleep deprived has the difficulty when it comes to learning. Senior High School students of Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora (MCSMA) Inc. The most prone in this case of having sleep deprivation, according to the data collected by the researchers the commonly issue that can cause a student to be sleep deprived is the school works. Recommendations -Students should have enough sleep for them to have better performance in school. -Students should be educated and be recognize the chronic sleep deprivation may contribute to development of long term diseases like diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. -Based on the survey, school works aims to be the highest total of points. Teachers should also do their part by minimizing the requirements. They should not give any activities, written outputs etc. when weekends. -Educators should implement some nap time at least 2 hours a week -Parents should also learn the disadvantages of having sleep deprivation of their children. -Family agendas can be accomplished on every weekends (Friday night Saturday night), not weekdays.

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Galam, Von Angelo Z. and Sindac, Larraine V. in Senior High School STEM Department (2019) of Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora, Inc. (MCSMA) Quantitative Research entitled A Study on the Implementation of Having Internet for the Requirements of the Senior High Students of Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora (MCSMA), Inc. This quantitative research paper was conducted to know the effect and the impact of having an internet, as a source of information, in Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora, Inc.; to know if it would help the senior high school students do their requirements easily such as their research papers. The aim of this research is to ease the school works of these students. The result of this research will also help fulfill the lack of information in the library. In this way, the requirements of students are easier to conduct; the information needed is easier and faster to find inside the campus. Data were gathered through the random distribution of questionnaires to the Senior High Student of Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora, Inc. (MCSMA) and were statistically analyzed through the use of Likert Scale. The results were gathered and were concluded that the internet is a tool that can ease the school works of the Senior High Student and was also a solution to fulfill the lack of information in the library.

Ellaine Obar

Obar, Ellaine Therese D. and Lucas, Mark John D. in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) strand of Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora, Inc. Quantitative research entitled ‘The Positive Effect of Contemporary Teaching Methods in the Academic Performances of Senior High School Students in Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora, Inc.’ This quantitative research study was conducted to determine if the Senior High School students of Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora, Inc affect their academic performances in applying contemporary teaching methods. It involved the Grade 11 ad 12 students because they have lot of experiences towards the traditional teaching methods to modern teaching methods. The study focuses mainly on the problem encountered by every student about teaching methods. The data were gathered through questionnaire and surveying random students of Senior High School Department In the end of the result of the study is positive wherein contemporary teaching methods help the students in their academic performances. Keywords: contemporary, traditional,modern, teaching methods, experiences, academic performances

Justine Laroya , Kimberly Lazo

ABSTRACT Laroya, Justine Carl L., Dangco, Maria Isabelle D., and Kimberly Lazo in Senior High School, STEM Department (2019) of Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora (MCSMA) Inc. Quantitative Research on the “The Effect of having not enough space to the Athletes of Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora Inc. Sports is a widespread activity in the whole planet. There are plenty of events and games, and there`s also lot of human who involved with these games and wanted to be involved no matter what the situation is. Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora Inc. is a school known for many positive things. One such thing is that the school promotes good quality of training through the right persons who supports the athletes. However, the space of the school isn`t enough for all the athletes. The study aimed to determine the Effects of having not enough space to the Athletes of Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora Inc. Specifically, it sought to answer the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of name, sports that they use to play and if there is a significant effect of having not enough space to train for them. The descriptive method of research was used in this study. A descriptive method of research is a fact findings study with adequate and accurate interpretation of findings. It describes with emphasis that actually exist such as current conditions, situations or any phenomena. There were 50 selected respondents of this study. Studies find that having not enough space and physical facilities affects the performances of the athletes. Because the lack of space lessened their time to train and minimizes their limitation about giving their best. The study also finds that having not enough space affects the confidence of the athletes.

Lian Flores

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