presentation on endangered animals

Endangered Species

An endangered species is a type of organism that is threatened by extinction. Species become endangered for two main reasons: loss of habitat and loss of genetic variation.

Biology, Ecology, Geography, Conservation

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An endangered species is a type of organism that is threatened by extinction . Species become endangered for two main reasons: loss of habitat and loss of genetic variation . Loss of Habitat A loss of habitat can happen naturally. Nonavian dinosaurs , for instance, lost their habitat about 65 million years ago. The hot, dry climate of the Cretaceous period changed very quickly, most likely because of an asteroid striking Earth. The impact of the asteroid forced debris into the atmosphere , reducing the amount of heat and light that reached Earth’s surface. The dinosaurs were unable to adapt to this new, cooler habitat. Nonavian dinosaurs became endangered, then extinct . Human activity can also contribute to a loss of habitat. Development for housing, industry , and agriculture reduces the habitat of native organisms. This can happen in a number of different ways. Development can eliminate habitat and native species directly. In the Amazon rainforest of South America, developers have cleared hundreds of thousands of acres. To “clear” a piece of land is to remove all trees and vegetation from it. The Amazon rainforest is cleared for cattle ranches , logging , and ur ban use. Development can also endanger species indirectly. Some species, such as fig trees of the rainforest, may provide habitat for other species. As trees are destroyed, species that depend on that tree habitat may also become endangered. Tree crowns provide habitat in the canopy , or top layer, of a rainforest . Plants such as vines, fungi such as mushrooms, and insects such as butterflies live in the rainforest canopy. So do hundreds of species of tropical birds and mammals such as monkeys. As trees are cut down, this habitat is lost. Species have less room to live and reproduce . Loss of habitat may happen as development takes place in a species range . Many animals have a range of hundreds of square kilometers. The mountain lion ( Puma concolor ) of North America, for instance, has a range of up to 1,000 square kilometers (386 square miles). To successfully live and reproduce, a single mountain lion patrols this much territory. Urban areas , such as Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, grew rapidly during the 20th century. As these areas expanded into the wilderness, the mountain lion’s habitat became smaller. That means the habitat can support fewer mountain lions. Because enormous parts of the Sierra Nevada, Rocky, and Cascade mountain ranges remain undeveloped, however, mountain lions are not endangered. Loss of habitat can also lead to increased encounters between wild species and people. As development brings people deeper into a species range, they may have more exposure to wild species. Poisonous plants and fungi may grow closer to homes and schools. Wild animals are also spotted more frequently . These animals are simply patrolling their range, but interaction with people can be deadly. Polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ), mountain lions, and alligators are all predators brought into close contact with people as they lose their habitat to homes, farms , and businesses. As people kill these wild animals, through pesticides , accidents such as collisions with cars, or hunting, native species may become endangered.

Loss of Genetic Variation Genetic variation is the diversity found within a species. It’s why human beings may have blond, red, brown, or black hair. Genetic variation allows species to adapt to changes in the environment. Usually, the greater the population of a species, the greater its genetic variation. Inbreeding is reproduction with close family members. Groups of species that have a tendency to inbreed usually have little genetic variation, because no new genetic information is introduced to the group. Disease is much more common, and much more deadly, among inbred groups. Inbred species do not have the genetic variation to develop resistance to the disease. For this reason, fewer offspring of inbred groups survive to maturity. Loss of genetic variation can occur naturally. Cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus ) are a threatened species native to Africa and Asia. These big cats have very little genetic variation. Biologists say that during the last Ice Age , cheetahs went through a long period of inbreeding. As a result, there are very few genetic differences between cheetahs. They cannot adapt to changes in the environment as quickly as other animals, and fewer cheetahs survive to maturity. Cheetahs are also much more difficult to breed in captivity than other big cats, such as lions ( Panthera leo ). Human activity can also lead to a loss of genetic variation. Overhunting and overfishing have reduced the populations of many animals. Reduced population means there are fewer breeding pairs . A breeding pair is made up of two mature members of the species that are not closely related and can produce healthy offspring. With fewer breeding pairs, genetic variation shrinks. Monoculture , the agricultural method of growing a single crop , can also reduce genetic variation. Modern agribusiness relies on monocultures. Almost all potatoes cultivated , sold, and consumed, for instance, are from a single species, the Russet Burbank ( Solanum tuberosum ). Potatoes, native to the Andes Mountains of South America, have dozens of natural varieties. The genetic variation of wild potatoes allows them to adapt to climate change and disease. For Russet Burbanks, however, farmers must use fertilizers and pesticides to ensure healthy crops because the plant has almost no genetic variation. Plant breeders often go back to wild varieties to collect genes that will help cultivated plants resist pests and drought, and adapt to climate change. However, climate change is also threatening wild varieties. That means domesticated plants may lose an important source of traits that help them overcome new threats. The Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) keeps a “Red List of Threatened Species.” The Red List de fines the severity and specific causes of a species’ threat of extinction. The Red List has seven levels of conservation: least concern , near threatened , vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered , extinct in the wild , and extinct. Each category represents a different threat level. Species that are not threatened by extinction are placed within the first two categories—least concern and near-threatened. Those that are most threatened are placed within the next three categories, known as the threatened categories —vulnerable, endangered, and critically endangered. Those species that are extinct in some form are placed within the last two categories—extinct in the wild and extinct. Classifying a species as endangered has to do with its range and habitat, as well as its actual population. For this reason, a species can be of least concern in one area and endangered in another. The gray whale ( Eschrichtius robustus ), for instance, has a healthy population in the eastern Pacific Ocean, along the coast of North and South America. The population in the western Pacific, however, is critically endangered.

Least Concern Least concern is the lowest level of conservation . A species of least concern is one that has a widespread and abundant population. Human beings are a species of least concern, along with most domestic animals , such as dogs ( Canis familiaris ) and cats ( Felis catus ). Many wild animals, such as pigeons and houseflies ( Musca domestica ), are also classified as least concern. Near Threatened A near threatened species is one that is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. Many species of violets , native to tropical jungles in South America and Africa, are near threatened, for instance. They have healthy populations, but their rainforest habitat is disappearing at a fast pace. People are cutting down huge areas of rainforest for development and timber . Many violet species are likely to become threatened. Vulnerable Species The definitions of the three threatened categories (vulnerable, endangered, and critically endangered) are based on five criteria: population reduction rate , geographic range, population size, population restrictions , and probability of extinction . Threatened categories have different thresholds for these criteria. As the population and range of the species decreases, the species becomes more threatened. 1) Population reduction rate A species is classified as vulnerable if its population has declined between 30 and 50 percent. This decline is measured over 10 years or three generations of the species, whichever is longer. A generation is the period of time between the birth of an animal and the time it is able to reproduce. Mice are able to reproduce when they are about one month old. Mouse populations are mostly tracked over 10-year periods. An elephant's generation lasts about 15 years. So, elephant populations are measured over 45-year periods. A species is vulnerable if its population has declined at least 50 percent and the cause of the decline is known. Habitat loss is the leading known cause of population decline. A species is also classified as vulnerable if its population has declined at least 30 percent and the cause of the decline is not known. A new, unknown virus , for example, could kill hundreds or even thousands of individuals before being identified. 2) Geographic range A species is vulnerable if its “ extent of occurrence ” is estimated to be less than 20,000 square kilometers (7,722 square miles). An extent of occurrence is the smallest area that could contain all sites of a species’ population. If all members of a species could survive in a single area, the size of that area is the species’ extent of occurrence. A species is also classified as vulnerable if its “ area of occupancy ” is estimated to be less than 2,000 square kilometers (772 square miles). An area of occupancy is where a specific population of that species resides. This area is often a breeding or nesting site in a species range. 3) Population size Species with fewer than 10,000 mature individuals are vulnerable. The species is also vulnerable if that population declines by at least 10 percent within 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer. 4) Population restrictions Population restriction is a combination of population and area of occupancy. A species is vulnerable if it is restricted to less than 1,000 mature individuals or an area of occupancy of less than 20 square kilometers (8 square miles). 5) Probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10 percent within 100 years. Biologists, anthropologists, meteorologists , and other scientists have developed complex ways to determine a species’ probability of extinction. These formulas calculate the chances a species can survive, without human protection, in the wild. Vulnerable Species: Ethiopian Banana Frog The Ethiopian banana frog ( Afrixalus enseticola ) is a small frog native to high- altitude areas of southern Ethiopia. It is a vulnerable species because its area of occupancy is less than 2,000 square kilometers (772 square miles). The extent and quality of its forest habitat are in decline. Threats to this habitat include forest clearance, mostly for housing and agriculture. Vulnerable Species: Snaggletooth Shark The snaggletooth shark ( Hemipristis elongatus ) is found in the tropical, coastal waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Its area of occupancy is enormous, from Southeast Africa to the Philippines, and from China to Australia. However, the snaggletooth shark is a vulnerable species because of a severe population reduction rate. Its population has fallen more than 10 percent over 10 years. The number of these sharks is declining due to fisheries, especially in the Java Sea and Gulf of Thailand. The snaggletooth shark’s flesh, fins, and liver are considered high-quality foods. They are sold in commercial fish markets, as well as restaurants. Vulnerable Species: Galapagos Kelp Galapagos kelp ( Eisenia galapagensis ) is a type of seaweed only found near the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Galapagos kelp is classified as vulnerable because its population has declined more than 10 percent over 10 years. Climate change is the leading cause of decline among Galapagos kelp. El Niño, the natural weather pattern that brings unusually warm water to the Galapagos, is the leading agent of climate change in this area. Galapagos kelp is a cold-water species and does not adapt quickly to changes in water temperature.

Endangered Species 1) Population reduction rate A species is classified as endangered when its population has declined between 50 and 70 percent. This decline is measured over 10 years or three generations of the species, whichever is longer. A species is classified as endangered when its population has declined at least 70 percent and the cause of the decline is known. A species is also classified as endangered when its population has declined at least 50 percent and the cause of the decline is not known. 2) Geographic range An endangered species’ extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 square kilometers (1,930 square miles). An endangered species’ area of occupancy is less than 500 square kilometers (193 square miles). 3) Population size A species is classified as endangered when there are fewer than 2,500 mature individuals. When a species population declines by at least 20 percent within five years or two generations, it is also classified as endangered. 4) Population restrictions A species is classified as endangered when its population is restricted to less than 250 mature individuals. When a species’ population is this low, its area of occupancy is not considered. 5) Probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20 percent within 20 years or five generations, whichever is longer.

Endangered Species: Scimitar -horned Oryx The scimitar-horned oryx ( Oryx dammah ) is a species of antelope with long horns. Its range extends across northern Africa. Previously, the scimitar-horned oryx was listed as extinct in the wild because the last confirmed sighting of one was in 1988. However, the first group of scimitar-horned oryx was released back into the wild in Chad, in August 2016, and the population is growing. Overhunting and habitat loss, including competition with domestic livestock , are the main reasons for the decline of the oryx’s wild population. Captive herds are now kept in protected areas of Tunisia, Senegal, and Morocco. Scimitar-horned oryxes are also found in many zoos . Critically Endangered Species 1) Population reduction rate A critically endangered species’ population has declined between 80 and 90 percent. This decline is measured over 10 years or three generations of the species, whichever is longer. A species is classified as critically endangered when its population has declined at least 90 percent and the cause of the decline is known. A species is also classified as endangered when its population has declined at least 80 percent and the cause of the decline is not known. 2) Geographic range A critically endangered species’ extent of occurrence is less than 100 square kilometers (39 square miles). A critically endangered species’ area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 10 square kilometers (4 square miles). 3) Population size A species is classified as critically endangered when there are fewer than 250 mature individuals. A species is also classified as critically endangered when the number of mature individuals declines by at least 25 percent within three years or one generation, whichever is longer. 4) Population restrictions A species is classified as critically endangered when its population is restricted to less than 50 mature individuals. When a species’ population is this low, its area of occupancy is not considered. 5) Probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50 percent within 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer. Critically Endangered Species: Bolivian Chinchilla Rat The Bolivian chinchilla rat ( Abrocoma boliviensis ) is a rodent found in a small section of the Santa Cruz region of Bolivia. It is critically endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 100 square kilometers (39 square miles). The major threat to this species is loss of its cloud forest habitat. People are clearing forests to create cattle pastures .

Critically Endangered Species: Transcaucasian Racerunner The Transcaucasian racerunner ( Eremias pleskei ) is a lizard found on the Armenian Plateau , located in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, and Turkey. The Transcaucasian racerunner is a critically endangered species because of a huge population decline, estimated at more than 80 percent during the past 10 years. Threats to this species include the salination , or increased saltiness, of soil . Fertilizers used for agricultural development seep into the soil, increasing its saltiness. Racerunners live in and among the rocks and soil, and cannot adapt to the increased salt in their food and shelter. The racerunner is also losing habitat as people create trash dumps on their area of occupancy. Critically Endangered Species: White Ferula Mushroom The white ferula mushroom ( Pleurotus nebrodensis ) is a critically endangered species of fungus. The mushroom is critically endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 100 square kilometers (39 square miles). It is only found in the northern part of the Italian island of Sicily, in the Mediterranean Sea. The leading threats to white ferula mushrooms are loss of habitat and overharvesting. White ferula mushrooms are a gourmet food item. Farmers and amateur mushroom hunters harvest the fungus for food and profit. The mushrooms can be sold for up to $100 per kilogram (2.2 pounds). Extinct in the Wild A species is extinct in the wild when it only survives in cultivation (plants), in captivity (animals), or as a population well outside its established range. A species may be listed as extinct in the wild only after years of surveys have failed to record an individual in its native or expected habitat.

Extinct in the Wild: Monut Kaala Cyanea The Mount Kaala cyanea ( Cyanea superba ) is a large, flowering tree native to the island of Oahu, in the U.S. state of Hawai‘i. The Mount Kaala cyanea has large, broad leaves and fleshy fruit. The tree is extinct in the wild largely because of invasive species. Non-native plants crowded the cyanea out of its habitat, and non-native animals such as pigs, rats, and slugs ate its fruit more quickly than it could reproduce. Mount Kaala cyanea trees survive in tropical nurseries and botanical gardens . Many botanists and conservationists look forward to establishing a new population in the wild. Extinct A species is extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last remaining individual of that species has died. Extinct: Cuban Macaw The Cuban macaw ( Ara tricolor ) was a tropical parrot native to Cuba and a small Cuban island, Isla de la Juventud. Hunting and collecting the birds for pets led to the bird’s extinction. The last specimen of the Cuban macaw was collected in 1864. Extinct: Ridley’s Stick Insect Ridley’s stick insect ( Pseudobactricia ridleyi ) was native to the tropical jungle of the island of Singapore. This insect, whose long, segmented body resembled a tree limb, is only known through a single specimen, collected more than 100 years ago. During the 20th century, Singapore experienced rapid development. Almost the entire jungle was cleared, depriving the insect of its habitat.

Endangered Species and People When a species is classified as endangered, governments and international organizations can work to protect it. Laws may limit hunting and destruction of the species’ habitat. Individuals and organizations that break these laws may face huge fines. Because of such actions, many species have recovered from their endangered status. The brown pelican ( Pelecanus occidentalis ) was taken off the endangered species list in 2009, for instance. This seabird is native to the coasts of North America and South America, as well as the islands of the Caribbean Sea. It is the state bird of the U.S. state of Louisiana. In 1970, the number of brown pelicans in the wild was estimated at 10,000. The bird was classified as vulnerable. During the 1970s and 1980s, governments and conservation groups worked to help the brown pelican recover. Young chicks were reared in hatching sites, then released into the wild. Human access to nesting sites was severely restricted. The pesticide DDT , which damaged the eggs of the brown pelican, was banned. During the 1980s, the number of brown pelicans soared. In 1988, the IUCN “delisted” the brown pelican. The bird, whose population is now in the hundreds of thousands, is now in the category of least concern.

Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty to sustain and protect the diversity of life on Earth. This includes conservation, sustainability, and sharing the benefits of genetic research and resources. The Convention on Biological Diversity has adopted the IUCN Red List of endangered species in order to monitor and research species' population and habitats. Three nations have not ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity: Andorra, the Holy See (Vatican), and the United States.

Lonesome George Lonesome George was the only living member of the Pinta Island tortoise ( Chelonoidis abingdoni ) known to exist. The Pinta Island tortoise was only found on Pinta, one of the Galapagos Islands. The Charles Darwin Research Station, a scientific facility in the Galapagos, offered a $10,000 reward to any zoo or individual for locating a single Pinta Island tortoise female. On June 25, 2012, Lonesome George died, leaving one more extinct species in the world.

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What is The IUCN Red List?

Established in 1964, The International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

The IUCN Red List is a critical indicator of the health of the world’s biodiversity. Far more than a list of species and their status, it is a powerful tool to inform and catalyze action for biodiversity conservation and policy change, critical to protecting the natural resources we need to survive. It provides information about range, population size, habitat and ecology, use and/or trade, threats, and conservation actions that will help inform necessary conservation decisions.

The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria

The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction. It divides species into nine categories: Not Evaluated , Data Deficient , Least Concern , Near Threatened , Vulnerable , Endangered , Critically Endangered , Extinct in the Wild and Extinct .

Data Deficient (DD)

A taxon is Data Deficient (DD) when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking.

Species categorized as Data Deficient (DD)

Least Concern (LC)

A taxon is Least Concern (LC) when it has been evaluated against the Red List criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered , Endangered , Vulnerable or Near Threatened .

Near Threatened (NT)

A taxon is Near Threatened (NT) when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered , Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.

Species categorized as Near Threatened (NT)

Vulnerable (VU)

A taxon is Vulnerable (VU) when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable, and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

Species categorized as Vulnerable (VU)

Endangered (EN)

A taxon is Endangered (EN) when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered, and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

Species categorized as Endangered (EN)

Critically Endangered (CR)

A taxon is Critically Endangered (CR) when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered, and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

Species categorized as Critically Endangered (CR)

Extinct in the Wild (EW)

A taxon is Extinct in the Wild (EW) when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.

Species categorized as Extinct in the Wild (EW)

Extinct (EX)

A taxon is Extinct (EX) when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.

Species categorized as Extinct (EX)

Not Evaluated (NE)

A taxon is Not Evaluated (NE) when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.

Not Evaluated (NE) species are not published on the IUCN Red List

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Human beings and endangered species

• IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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What is an endangered species?

An endangered species is any species that is at risk of extinction because of a rapid decrease in its population or a loss of its critical habitat.

What role does human activity play in causing species to become endangered?

Roughly 99 percent of threatened and endangered species are at risk because of human activities. The principal threats are habitat loss and degradation, the spread of invasive species, the growing influence of global warming, chemical pollution, unsustainable hunting, and disease.

Among the organizations connected with assessing which organisms are endangered species are the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), and the Red List of Threatened Species, created by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

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endangered species , any species that is at risk of extinction because of a sudden rapid decrease in its population or a loss of its critical habitat . Biodiverse regions that require protection on the grounds that they host a significant number of endangered species are called hot spots .

(Read E.O. Wilson’s Britannica essay on mass extinction.)

Previously, any species of plant or animal that was threatened with extinction could be called an endangered species. The need for separate definitions of “endangered” and “ threatened ” species resulted in the development of various categorization systems, each containing definitions and criteria by which a species can be classified according to its risk of extinction. As a rule, a range of criteria must be analyzed before a species can be placed in one category or another.

Often such categorization systems are linked directly to national legislation, such as the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) or the Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA). In addition, regional agreements, such as the European Union’s Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC), and international conservation agreements, such as the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), are connected to species- assessment systems. One of the most-recognized independent international systems of species assessment is the Red List of Threatened Species , created by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Roughly 99 percent of threatened species are at risk because of human activities alone. By the early 21st century it could be said that human beings ( Homo sapiens ) are the greatest threat to biodiversity and are the major drivers of biodiversity loss . The principal threats to species in the wild are:

• Habitat loss and habitat degradation
• The spread of introduced species (that is, non-native species that negatively affect the ecosystems they become part of)
• The growing influence of global warming and chemical pollution
• Unsustainable hunting

Although some of these hazards occur naturally, most are caused by human beings and their economic and cultural activities. The most pervasive of these threats is habitat loss and degradation—that is, the large-scale conversion of land in previously undisturbed areas driven by the growing demand for commercial agriculture , logging , and infrastructure development. Because the rates of loss are highest in some of the most biologically diverse regions on Earth , a perpetual battle is waged to manage destructive activities there while limiting the impact that such restrictions may have on the well-being of local communities . The relative importance of each threat differs within and among taxa . So far, incidental mortality from ecological disturbance , temporary or limited human disturbance, and persecution have caused limited reductions in the total number of species; however, these phenomena can be serious for some susceptible groups. In addition, global warming has emerged as a widespread threat, and much research is being conducted to identify its potential effects on specific species, populations , and ecosystems .

Conflicts between human activities and conservation are at the root of many of these phenomena. Such controversies are often highly politicized and widely publicized in the global press and through social media . For example, habitat loss and species loss have resulted from the unregulated exploitation of coltan (the rare ore for tantalum used in consumer electronics products such as mobile phones and computers ) in Kahuzi-Beiga National Park , one of the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s premier forest parks. The park is also home to much of the population of the threatened Eastern Lowland gorilla ( Gorilla beringei graueri ). Mining has increased gorilla mortality by reducing the animal’s food resources and leading many people displaced by the mining to kill gorillas for their meat . In addition, the mountain gorilla ( G. beringei beringei ), a close relative of the Eastern Lowland gorilla, is also at risk of extinction . However, authorities cite poaching , disease, and crossfire between warring political groups in the vicinity of Virunga National Park as the primary sources of its population decline.

Another example of a widely publicized wildlife controversy involves the relatively recent declines in amphibian populations. Known to be important global indicators of environmental health , amphibians have experienced some of the most serious population declines to date of all groups that have been assessed globally through the IUCN Red List process ( see below ). Amphibians (a group that includes salamanders , frogs , toads , and caecilians [wormlike amphibians]), being particularly sensitive to environmental changes, are severely threatened by habitat destruction, pollution, the spread of a disease called amphibian chytridiomycosis , and climate change .

Beyond these notable examples, many of the world’s birds are also at risk. The populations of some bird species (such as some albatrosses , petrels , and penguins ) are declining because of longline fishing, whereas those of others (such as certain cranes , rails , parrots , pheasants , and pigeons ) have become victims of habitat destruction. On many Pacific islands , the accidental introduction of the brown tree snake ( Boiga irregularis ) has wreaked havoc on many bird populations .

Many fishes and other forms of aquatic and marine life are also threatened. Among them are long-lived species that have life history strategies requiring many years to reach sexual maturity. As a result, they are particularly susceptible to exploitation. The meat and fins of many sharks , rays , chimaeras , and whales fetch high prices in many parts of the world, which has resulted in the unsustainable harvest of several of those species.

Moreover, freshwater habitats worldwide are progressively threatened by pollution from industry, agriculture, and human settlements. Additional threats to freshwater ecosystems include introduced invasive species (such as the sea lamprey [ Petromyzon marinus ] in the Great Lakes ), the canalization of rivers (such as in the streams that empty into the Everglades in Florida), and the overharvesting of freshwater species (as in the case of the extinct Yunnan box turtle [ Cuora yunnanensis ] in China). While an estimated 45,000 described species rely on freshwater habitats, it is important to note that humans are also seriously affected by the degradation of freshwater species and ecosystems.

Against this backdrop of threats related to urban expansion and food production, the unsustainable harvest of animal and plant products for traditional medicine and the pet trade is a growing concern in many parts of the world. These activities have implications for local ecosystems and habitats by exacerbating population declines through overharvesting. In addition, they have cross-border repercussions in terms of trade and illegal trafficking.

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10 of the world's most endangered animals

Currently, more than 41,000 species have been assessed to be under threat of extinction according to the IUCN.

As our modern society gets more resource-intensive, natural spaces are shrinking and wildlife numbers are declining. Our 2022 Living Planet Report shows global wildlife populations have plummeted by 69% on average since 1970. While there have been amazing and inspirational wildlife successes and stories in the past, many animals are still endangered mostly due to unsustainable human-led activities. Currently, on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list, more than 41,000 species have been assessed to be under threat of extinction . And below we’ve listed 10 of the world’s most endangered animals in the wild:

1. Javan Rhinos

Once found throughout south-east Asia, Javan rhinos have suffered a staggering decline in their numbers due to hunting and habitat loss. The lone wild population of Javan rhinos is one of the rarest of the rhino species—around 75 individuals—which can only be found on the island of Java, Indonesia. 

The Ujung Kulon National Park, a World Heritage Site, is the last remaining refuge of Javan rhinos. But the area also suffers from the invading Arenga palm, leaving the rhinos with less food to eat and less habitat to roam. Besides, the small Javan rhino population is also extremely vulnerable to extinction due to natural catastrophes, disease, poaching and potential inbreeding.

2. Amur Leopard

The Amur leopard is one of the rarest big cats in the world, with only around 100 individuals left in the wild. Although their wild population seems to be stable and increasing, these leopard subspecies are still critically endangered since 1996. And there is a good reason that: Amur leopards can only be found in a relatively small region of the far east of Russia and north-eastern China at present. 

The remaining Amur leopards face multiple threats to their survival, including habitat loss and fragmentation, prey scarcity and transportation infrastructure such as roads. However, there is hope for this rare big cat. Around 75% of their home range lies in protected areas in Russia and China, and they are also moving into suitable habitats outside of these protected areas.

3. Sunda Island Tiger

The Sunda Island tiger, or the Sumatran tiger, is the smallest tiger subspecies in the world, weighing up to 140kg. For reference, the tigers that live in the Amur region are the biggest of all the big cats where males can weigh up to twice as much as Sunda Island tigers. They are also very rare -  there are estimated to be around 600 in the wild, and are only found on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. 

Since the 1980s, the human population of south-east Asia has nearly doubled from 357 million to around 668 million in 2020. And this has had an impact on tiger numbers, which have been shrinking along with their habitats.

As human settlements expand in the region, Sunda Island tigers are increasingly likely to encounter people, which could lead to a further rise in human-tiger conflict. Tiger poaching and illegal trading of tiger parts and products are also of serious concern to their survival.

4. Mountain Gorillas

The Mountain gorilla is a subspecies of the eastern gorilla, which lives in two isolated populations in the high-altitude forests up in the volcanic, mountainous regions of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda, and in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park of Uganda. 

The Virunga Landscape has a history of political instability along with high levels of poverty in the region. This poses a substantial threat to mountain gorilla numbers as people have moved into areas closer to these great apes for food, shelter and space—over 500,000 people live near mountain gorilla habitat at present.  Despite this, mountain gorillas are making a promising recovery with conservation efforts and interventions from local and international partners and the WWF through the International Gorilla Conservation Programme.

At present, mountain gorillas are currently listed as endangered species, with just over 1,000 individuals in the wild. However, multiple threats remain that can hinder recovery progress for this species.

5. Tapanuli Orangutan

The Tapanuli orangutan is the newly described species of orangutan, listed as a distinct species in 2017. Only a single, isolated population of Tapanuli orangutans exist in the wild, which is restricted to the tropical forests of the Batang Toru ecosystem on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. 

Today, these tree-dwelling primates are critically endangered with fewer than 800 individuals in the wild, making them the most endangered great ape species in the world. The loss of habitat is one of the main threats to its survival as tropical forests are being replaced by agriculture, mining, and hydroelectric and geothermal development. Between 1985 and 2007, over 40% of the forests in the province of North Sumatra, where the Tapanali orangutan is found, were lost.

6. Yangtze Finless Porpoise

The Yangtze Finless Porpoise is the odd one out of its family as it is the only living freshwater porpoise found in the world. This aquatic mammal currently resides in the Yangtze River in China and is listed as a critically endangered species. 

While the Yangtze river plays a crucial role in healthy ecosystem functioning, years of environmental degradation, overfishing and water pollution in the region are having detrimental impacts on many animal species who call it their home.

Once upon a time, Yangtze river dolphins used to live alongside finless porpoises, but there haven't been any freshwater dolphin sightings for the past two decades. Sadly, this could be yet another stark reminder of what soon may follow for many endangered species, including the Yangtze finless porpoise.

To protect this species, China has upgraded finless porpoises to ‘first level protected species’ in 2021—the highest level of protection available in the country. In 2018, their numbers were still around 1,000 individuals and stabilising in the wild.

7. Black Rhinos

Between 1960 and 1995, black rhino populations suffered dramatic losses in their numbers due to large-scale poaching. Around 2% survived the severe onslaught of the past. As rhino conservation took hold, their numbers have more than doubled across Africa since the 1990s. But, black rhinos are still listed as critically endangered by the IUCN, with around 5,630 individuals in the wild. 

Three subspecies of black rhino now survive, with the western black rhino declared extinct in 2011. Today, 95% of black rhinos are found in just four countries: Kenya, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The biggest threat to the remaining population is still poaching for their horn—in the last 10 years, almost 10,000 African rhinos have been killed to supply the illegal rhino horn trade.

8. African Forest Elephant

Deep in the dense, humid forests of West and Central Africa, you can find the elusive forest elephant, one of the two members of the African elephant species. The actual number of wild African forest elephants remains uncertain due to their shy nature, but we do know that they are critically endangered species and have declined by an estimated 86% over 31 years.

The main reason behind the decline is due to poaching, which is frequent, widespread and intensive, especially in Central Africa. As well as elephant poaching, habitat loss and land-use change for agriculture and other land uses have resulted in fragmented habitats and increasing human-elephant conflict leading to losses on both sides.

Today, African forest elephants occupy around 25% of their historic range, scattered among 20 different African nations, mostly in Gabon and the Republic of Congo.

9. Sumatran Orangutan

The Sumatran orangutan is found exclusively on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. They are listed as critically endangered by the IUCN at present, with less than 14,000 individuals in the wild.

Sumatran orangutans face similar threats  to their Bornean and Tapanuli counterparts. From logging, agricultural plantations, and expanding infrastructure development to the illicit pet trade.

Orangutans need vast tracts of connecting forest to live in but between 1985 and 2007 these great apes lost 60% of their forest habitat. Today the majority of these orangutans are found in the northernmost tip of Sumatra in the Leuser Ecosystem, a landscape that includes tropical lowland rainforests and steamy peatland swamps.

10. Hawksbill Turtles

The Hawksbill turtle is one of the seven species of marine turtles and is found in nearshore tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, the Indian, and the Pacific Ocean. Their numbers are believed to be between 20,000 and 23,000 nesting turtles, although it is difficult to assess their true population numbers since marine turtles are the true ocean wanderers. 

In the last 30 years, the worldwide populations of hawksbill turtles have reduced by at least 80% as a consequence of accidental capture in fishing gears, nesting habitat degradation, coral reef damage and the illegal trade of hawksbill shells and products.

Other human-led threats such as plastic pollution, climate change and rising sea levels could further contribute to the decline of this species in the future. At present, Hawksbill turtles are listed as critically endangered.

We are addressing our planet's biggest threats by understanding, promoting, and protecting wild habitats and our unique wildlife. With your help, tiger populations are recovering in Thailand, rhino numbers are increasing in Nepal, and world leaders have pledged to halt and reverse deforestation by 2030. You can help us make a difference too, by supporting our work to create a better future where people and nature can thrive. 

Help us help nature

As humans continue to shape the planet, the natural world is declining. But it doesn't have to be this way. With your help, forests can be replanted, oceans can be restored, nature can be preserved, and wildlife can be protected. 

If you would like to support our work, adopt an animal today and help make a difference where it really matters.

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Endangered Animals.

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Make use of this Effective Endangered Species PPT Template Presentation for all your animal-related presentations. This pre-built template saves your time and eases your work in presentation-making. This is a professionally well-designed template. This is a user-friendly template. 

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This Effective Endangered Species PPT Template Presentation is one of the best animals and birds templates from SlideEgg. An endangered species is an animal or plant that's considered at risk of extinction. A species can be listed as endangered at the state, federal, and international levels. The endangered species list is managed under the Endangered Species Act on the federal level.

This template has a subtle cream background. There is a high-quality clipart diagram of many animals. It is placed in the rightmost region of this template. The node is placed at the top of this template

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Endangered Animal PowerPoint Project

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Guided resource for students to create their own PowerPoint on an endangered animal, and why we should save it, including:

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Endangered Species

Jul 16, 2014

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Endangered Species. By Ani Hsu Obrock, Nancy Canevari, and Vivian Zhuang. Vocabulary. Endangered Species: Animals or species that are soon to die out. Once they become extinct, they will never be seen on Earth again. . Let's take a look at some species that are endangered.

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Endangered Species By Ani Hsu Obrock, Nancy Canevari, and Vivian Zhuang

Vocabulary • Endangered Species: Animals or species that are soon to die out. Once they become extinct, they will never be seen on Earth again.

Let's take a look at some species that are endangered...

What makes a species endangered? The major causes are: • Habitat loss (#1 cause) -Deforestation • Pollution • Competition from other species • Disease • Predation • Unregulated or illegal killing- Hunting http://library.thinkquest.org/5736/causes.htm

In our presentation, we will cover these 3 causes: • Habitat Loss- Deforestation • Unregulated or illegal killing • Pollution/ Climate Change

Habitat Loss- Deforestation Focusing on Red Pandas, which is an endangered species.

Red Pandas They are becoming endangered primarily due to deforestation and destruction of their habitats. • Red pandas are a sub-breed of the more well-known giant panda. They're much smaller, however, and have red fur with white and black markings. These habitats are becoming destroyed because trees and bamboo are being cut down, eliminating the pandas' habitats and destroying their food sources. Red pandas live in China, Nepal and Myanmar, as well as other mountain forests.

How Are We Causing This? Why Is This Happening? • Humans are cutting down trees for their wood. • They are clearing forests to build structures in place of the wildlands. • Bamboo and other plants are very popular for decoration and many other uses; the pandas resources are being depleted.

If This Continues... • Red pandas are on the road to extinction and without • aid, they will probably get there. • The snow leopards and martens that prey on them will have no food to eat; they will grow endangered and could eventually die out. The bamboo and other plants that they eat will take over the ecosystem with no organisms to eat them. • The jungles will become overpopulated with plants and underpopulated with predatory species. The entire ecosystem would very likely be thrown out of whack, and this could lead to other ecosystems that rely on it to follow.

What Can We Do? • Reduce your use of paper products. This is so simple but so effective- by using reusable dishes, napkins and towels instead of paper ones, tons of paper is saved. • Use recycled paper products or ones from sustainable manufacturers, to ensure that your products were not made by the destruction of forests. • Be careful when printing. Print double-sided when possible and try to use recycled paper. • Register for online billing for credit card payments, mortgages statements, cell phone bills, etc. • Recycle, recycle, recycle!

Impact on Biogeochemical Cycles • The deforestation that hurts red pandas will also lead to the water cycle being interrupted; groundwater will not be passed through roots and back into the air. The same is true for carbon; without trees to turn it into oxygen, it cannot be passed through the cycle. • Both the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles will be harmed- animals take in these two elements through food and release them into the soil. Without animals such as red pandas and those that eat them, phosphorus and nitrogen will not be passed through to the air.

Unregulated or Illegal Killing- Hunting

Main Idea Hunting (mainly illegal) Can cause species to become endangered Can lead to species becoming extinct

Amur Leopard

Rare leopard subspecies that only lives in the remote and snowy northern forests of eastern Russian’s Primorye region (long fur helps them endure the hard cold). They used to live in Korea and northern China, but are now extinct in those areas. Amur leopard is also known as the Far East leopard, the Manchurian leopard or the Korean leopard, and they can live up to 10-15 years, and in captivity, up to 20. Similar to other leopards, the Amur leopard can run at speeds of up to 37 miles per hour, leap more than 19 feet horizontally and up to 10 feet vertically, and carries and hides unfinished kills so that they are not taken by other predators. They are critically endangered, and there are only about 30 of them left. They are skillful hunters that feed on deer, hares, and small rodents.

The Problem- Poaching • The Amur Leopard is largely poached for its beautiful, spotted, fur. • Since agriculture and villages surround the forests where the leopards live, hunting is more frequent and the leopards are more accessible. • People in the southeast of Primoryeare forced to rely on local forest products, because of the poor economy (which encourages poaching). • In general: People kill animals for their fur, oil, body parts, and many other things in order to fatten their wallet. These things then, are turned into fur coat, cosmetics, perfume, oil for lamps, and traditional medicines.

Poaching occurs mostly in Africa • Wildcats- People poach for their nice fur to sell, since Africa is mostly in poverty and people need the money. • Elephants- People kill an elephant for their ivory tusks and teeth, that are worth a lot of money. • Rhinos- People kill rhinos for their tusks and teeth, as well, which are also worth a lot of money. As for the Amur Leopard, most of the hunting is done in the Primorye region of southeastern Russia. As previously discussed, they used to be common in China and Korea too, but are now extinct in those parts, due to poaching an other reasons.

Outcomes? If not stopped or prevented.. • More animals will become close to extinct. Environmental Impacts? • The food chain will be disturbed because there will be more prey than predators. A definciency in predators disrupts the balance that is essential to matter cycles.

Ways you can help :) • Educate so that people are more aware of the situation • Fundraise so that larger organizations can work to save the Amur Leopard's habitat • Tell your very own local politicians to reject budject proposals that would cut funding for endangered species

Carbon Cycle • if the bones are left to rot, they will make fossil fuels • poaching CAN lead to the increase or decrease (amount) of carbon in the atmosphere • then plants take in the carbon and allow us to get oxygen and glucose after the process of photosynthesis • the amount of O2 and C6H12O6 depends IN PART on the amount of poaching that is done

Water Cycle • less animals alive COULD lead to less animals drinking the water in the ecosystem • less competition • living animals circulate the amount of nutrients that are being returned back to the ecosystem, and if many die, than there will be an imbalance

A little break!

Climate Change/ Pollution

Ringed Seals • Recently, three subgroups of Ringed Seals-Arctic, Okhotsk, and Baltic, were placed on the endangered species list due to climate change • The Ringed Seals are the first species to be placed on the list since the polar bear due to climate change threats • Ringed Seals are one of the most common seals in the Arctic, and live in the Northern Hemisphere’s circumpolar oceans • Ringed Seals gather on the sea ice to breed, molt, and rest • On the sea ice, they build snow caves where they give birth, raise their pups, and go to for protection

The Problem • Due to climate change, the snow caves the Ringed Seals built are collapsing and the amount of sea ice is decreasing, leaving the pups vulnerable to cold temperatures and predators • The reason Ringed Seals are placed on the endangered species list is because of climate change • If the Earth’s climate continues to warm, all of the sea ice will melt, and the death of the seals will increase. Eventually, the ringed seal will become extinct and the animals that prey on the Ringed Seals (arctic foxes, birds, walruses, polar bears, and other animals) will also decrease, causing problems within the ecosystem

Climate Change • Climate change is any significant change in climate over a period of time, such as temperature, wind patterns, and precipitation • Climate change affects the entire world, but is more evident in places such as the ice caps and oceans • Humans are mostly responsible for climate change. By burning fossil fuels to produce energy, large amounts of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gasses and released into the atmosphere

Greenhouse Gases • These gases can be released in multiples of ways, such as by burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas and oil), trees and wood products, remains of animals, and also as a product of some chemical reactions (ex, cement production) • When greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane are released, they trap energy in the atmosphere causing it to warm. Even though this process is necessary to support life, a buildup of these gases will cause changes in the Earth’s climate and will damage ecosystems and human health

How we can Stop Climate Change • Switch off the lights when not in use/ change light bulbs to compact fluorescents or LEDs • Recycle paper, plastic, etc. • Instead of driving, walk to your destination if it's within walking distance • Compost food and yard waste to reduce the amount of garbage sent to landfills • Spread the word and get others to help reduce climate change

Websites Used For Content • "What CAUSES Endangered Species?" Weblog post. ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 29 May 2013. <http://library.thinkquest.org/5736/causes.htm>. • The Wildlife Conservation Society, comp. ThinkQuest. Rep. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 30 May 2013. <http://library.thinkquest.org/19689/data/esframe.html>. • Darlington, Meredith. MNN - Mother Nature Network. Digital image. MNN - Mother Nature Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2013. <http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/stories/infographic-top-20-countries-with-most-endangered-species>. • "Red Panda." National Geographic. National Geographic, n.d. Web. 28 May 2013. <http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/red-panda/>. • "Basics." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 30 May 2013. <http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/basics/> • Gannon, Megan. "Ice Seals Get Endangered Species Protection." LiveScience.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 May 2013. <http://www.livescience.com/25802-ice-seals-get-endangered-species-protection.html>. • Fiset, Nathalie. "8 Basic Ways of Preventing Deforestation." Web log post. EzineArticles. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://ezinearticles.com/?8-Basic-Ways-of-Preventing-Deforestation&id=508793>. • "Basics." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 02 June 2013. • Berwyn, Bob. "Citing Shrinking Sea Ice, Feds List Several Arctic Seal Species As Threatened And Endangered." ThinkProgress RSS. Center for American Progress Action Fund, n.d. Web. 02 June 2013. • Gannon, Megan. "Ice Seals Get Endangered Species Protection." LiveScience.com. N.p., 26 Dec. 2012. Web. 02 June 2013. • "Amur Leopard | Species | WWF." WWF - Endangered Species Conservation | World Wildlife Fund. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 June 2013. <http://worldwildlife.org/species/amur-leopard>. • "AMUR LEOPARD." Top 10 Endangered Species & Wild Animal Facts — All About Wildlife. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 June 2013. <http://www.allaboutwildlife.com/amur-leopard>. • "Conservation Biology: WHY CONSERVE THE AMUR LEOPARD?." Conservation Biology. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 June 2013. <http://bcb706.blogspot.com/2007/03/why-conserve-amur-leopard.html>. • "carbon cycle." Edurite.com : Online Shopping: Buy Cds Online: CBSE , ICSE , State board. edurite, n.d. Web. 3 June 2013. <http://www.edurite.com/kbase/deciduous-forest-water-cycle#close_iframe>. • "Fossil Fuels - Carbon Cycle." Elmhurst College: Elmhurst, Illinois. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 June 2013. <http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/onlcours

Websites Used For Pictures • http://naturecritical.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/recycle_logo_copy.gif • http://www.gbchawaii.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/GreenSealCertifiedLogo.jpg • http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/01440/26TVPD_bamboo_cut__1440188f.jpg • http://news.worldwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/red_panda.jpg • http://onebigphoto.com/uploads/2012/04/red-panda-sleeping.jpg • http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yRO5SQHm5-s/TlVX0pIquzI/AAAAAAAAJdE/01AducCGqmg/s1600/Red%2BPanda.jpg • http://www.mtviggy.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/redpanda.jpg • http://applehelpwriter.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/snow-leopard.jpg • http://www.bionomicfuel.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/ways-of-reducing-pollution-1.jpg • http://www.3200stories.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/green_recycle.jpg • http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-94sl4HsOn_U/UWJ8qlESMfI/AAAAAAAAAPM/sOIYhaX2QWM/s320/Greenpeace_symbols_recycle_sign_05.jpg • http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/styles/article_hero/public/turn_off_lights_19916160.jpg?itok=wfZ7Guue • http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/544800main_globe-CarbonCycle-hi.jpg • http://www.caretoclick.com/img/wildlife/facts.png • http://www.altaconservation.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/6/files/home-page-best/mark-hughes-amur-leopard-15.jpg • http://www.cuteheaven.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/amur-leopard-cub.jpg • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/1328101972_Arrow-Down.png • http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3n7sqgC_Lok/Ta5wyrHjrrI/AAAAAAAAAMM/CNIT_x_E8g8/s400/idea_lightbulb_cartoon2.jpeg • http://www.elkspringsresort.com/images/military-discount-on-cabins.jpg • http://tiedebasaari.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/amur-leopard-photo-credit-www-personal-psu-edu.jpg • http://thumbnails.visually.netdna-cdn.com/amur-leopard-35-left-in-the-wild_5029158fb6185.jpg • http://www.greenvillezoo.com/images/Adopt/AmurLeopard.png • http://www.traffic.org/storage/thumbnails/1467551-2827078-thumbnail.jpg?__SQUARESPACE_CACHEVERSION=1239124237514 • http://serendipity4molly.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/amur-leopard-104.jpg • http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/19/ringed-bearded-seals-endangered-species_n_2909248.html • http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/outreach/carbon_toolkit/basics.html • http://www.nwf.org/wildlife/threats-to-wildlife/global-warming/effects-on-wildlife-and-habitat/ringed-seals.aspx • http://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?Division=PRD&ParentMenuId=229&id=13794 • www.washington.edu • www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca • http://cmsdata.iucn.org/img/original/ringed_seal_in_may_2007__kit_m__kovacschristian_lydersen.jpg • http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/106/cache/ringed-seal-newborn_10672_600x450.jpg • http://www.toehold.in/phototours/images/gallery/svalbard/ringed-seal.jpg • http://gulfofmexicooilspillblog.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/wildlife_seal_sum2007.jpg • http://sites.duke.edu/biology217_01_s2011_mkg14/files/2011/04/rtr1kqtc.jpg • http://eo.ucar.edu/kids/green/images/carboncycle_sm.jpg • http://www.h2ou.com/h2images/NitrogenCycle-lgr-F.jpg • http://www.enchantedlearning.com/wgifs/Watercycle.GIF • http://www.enviroliteracy.org/images/page-spec//phoscycle2.gif • http://www.lvenergy.com/wp-content/themes/lowervalleyenergy/images/ad-online-billing.jpg • http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m7j4z7p42q1qzc18no1_500.jpg • http://freshgold.in/big/nap%20(1).jpg

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Proposed Rule

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Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing Determinations for Ten Species of Giant Clams Under the Endangered Species Act; Public Hearings

A Proposed Rule by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on 08/20/2024

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• Document Details Published Content - Document Details Agencies Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Agency/Docket Numbers Docket No. 240626-0177 RTID 0648-XF174 CFR 50 CFR 223 50 CFR 224 Document Citation 89 FR 67400 Document Number 2024-18637 Document Type Proposed Rule Pages 67400-67402 (3 pages) Publication Date 08/20/2024 Published Content - Document Details
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• Document Dates Published Content - Document Dates Comments Close 10/23/2024 Effective Date 07/25/2024 Dates Text Please see Public Hearings and Listening Sessions in the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section for date information. Comments on the proposed rule ( 89 FR 60498 , July 25, 2024) must be received by October 23, 2024. Comments received after this date may not be accepted. Published Content - Document Dates

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Department of Commerce

National oceanic and atmospheric administration.

• 50 CFR Parts 223 and 224
• [Docket No. 240626-0177; RTID 0648-XF174]

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Commerce.

Notification of public hearings and listening sessions.

We, NMFS, will hold seven public hearings and three listening sessions related to our proposed rule to list five species of giant clams as endangered and five species of giant clams as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).

Please see Public Hearings and Listening Sessions in the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section for date information. Comments on the proposed rule ( 89 FR 60498 , July 25, 2024) must be received by October 23, 2024. Comments received after this date may not be accepted.

The addresses for the venues of the in-person hearings and listening sessions, and instructions for joining the virtual hearing are provided below.

• Tutuila Public Hearing #1 and Listening Session: Rex H. Lee Auditorium, Utulei, Eastern District, American Samoa 96799.
• Tutuila Public Hearing #2: Tradewinds Hotel, Tafuna, Western District, American Samoa 96799.
• Tinian Public Hearing: Tinian Elementary School, 8th Avenue, San Jose, Tinian, CNMI 96952.
• Rota Public Hearing: Department of Commerce, Songsong Village, Rota, CNMI 96951.
• Guam Public Hearing and Listening Session: Pacific Islands Club Guam, Pale San Vitores Rd., Tumon, Guam 96913.
• Saipan Public Hearing and Listening Session: Crowne Plaza Resort, Coral Tree Ave., Garapan, Saipan, CNMI 96950.
• Virtual Hearing: This hearing will be conducted as a Webex meeting. You may join the Webex meeting using a web browser, the Webex desktop app (app installation required), a mobile app on a phone (app installation required), ( print page 67401) or audio-only using just a phone call, as specified below.

○ Join the webinar via this link: https://noaanmfs-meets.webex.com/​noaanmfs-meets/​j.php?​MTID=​m62351f6b3e964c7a1b91f6e8bc59a208 .

○ Webinar number: 2820 450 2543 Webinar password: rV5ttXEcT77 (78588932 when dialing from a phone or video system).

○ Join by phone: +1-415-527-5035 Access code: 282 045 02543.

You may submit comments verbally or in writing at the public hearings, or in writing by any of the following methods:

• Electronic Submissions: Submit all electronic comments via the Federal e- Rulemaking Portal. Go to https://www.regulations.gov and enter NOAA-NMFS-2017-0029 in the Search box. Click the “Comment” icon, complete the required fields, and enter or attach your comments.
• Mail: John Rippe, Office of Protected Resources, NMFS, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910.

Instructions: You must submit comments by one of the previously described methods to ensure that we receive, document, and consider them. Comments sent by any other method, to any other address or individual, or received after the end of the comment period on October 23, 2024, may not be considered. All comments received are a part of the public record and will generally be posted to https://www.regulations.gov without change. All Personal Identifying Information (for example, name, address, etc. ) voluntarily submitted by the commenter may be publicly accessible. Do not submit confidential business information or otherwise sensitive or protected information.

NMFS will accept anonymous comments (enter “N/A” in the required fields if you wish to remain anonymous).

John Rippe, NMFS Office of Protected Resources, at [email protected] or 301-427-8467.

On July 25, 2024, NOAA Fisheries announced a proposed rule ( 89 FR 60498 ) to list five species of giant clams ( Hippopus porcellanus, Tridacna derasa, T. gigas, T. mbalavuana, and T. squamosina ) as endangered and one species of giant clam ( H. hippopus ) as threatened under the ESA due to their extinction risk, as assessed under section 4(a)(1) of the ESA. We also proposed to list four additional species of giant clams ( T. crocea, T. maxima, T. noae, and T. squamosa ) as threatened under the ESA. They are proposed to be listed due to the similarity of appearance of products derived from these species ( e.g., meat, worked shell products, and pearls) to those derived from the six aforementioned species.

In that notification, we proposed to extend all of the ESA section 9 prohibitions to H. hippopus. We also proposed to issue a protective regulation under section 4(d) of the ESA to prohibit the import and export of derivative parts and products of T. crocea, T. maxima, T. noae, and T. squamosa into and from the United States and its Territories.

The proposed rule and other materials prepared in support of this action are available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/​action/​proposed-rule-10-species-giant-clams-under-endangered-species-act . We are accepting public comments on the proposed rule through a 90-day public comment period, which ends on October 23, 2024 (see ADDRESSES for instructions on how to submit a public comment). All comments submitted prior to this date will be considered before finalizing the listing determination.

Public hearings on the proposed listing determination for 10 species of giant clams will be held on the following dates in the evening hours of the affected jurisdictions (American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), and Guam). Times are given in Eastern Daylight Time (EDT), Chamorro Standard Time (ChST) and Samoa Standard Time (SST). Addresses for the venues of the in-person hearings and instructions for joining the virtual hearing are provided under ADDRESSES above.

• American Samoa, Tutuila #1: A public hearing is scheduled for Wednesday, September 4, 2024, at the Rex H. Lee Auditorium. Doors will open at 5:30 p.m. SST, the informational meeting will begin at 6 p.m. SST, and the public hearing will begin at 7 p.m. SST.
• American Samoa, Tutuila #2: A public hearing is scheduled for Thursday, September 5, 2024, at the Tradewinds Hotel. Doors will open at 5:30 p.m. SST, the informational meeting will begin at 6 p.m. SST, and the public hearing will begin at 7 p.m. SST.
• CNMI, Tinian: A public hearing is scheduled for Tuesday, September 10, 2024, at Tinian Elementary School. Doors will open at 5:30 p.m. ChST, the informational meeting will begin at 6 p.m. ChST, and the public hearing will begin at 7 p.m. ChST.
• CNMI, Rota: A public hearing is scheduled for Thursday, September 12, 2024, at the Department of Commerce, Rota. Doors will open at 5:30 p.m. ChST, the informational meeting will begin at 6 p.m. ChST, and the public hearing will begin at 7 p.m. ChST.
• Guam: A public hearing is scheduled for Tuesday, September 17, 2024, at Pacific Islands Club Guam. Doors will open at 5:30 p.m. ChST, the informational meeting will begin at 6 p.m. ChST, and the public hearing will begin at 7 p.m. ChST.
• CNMI, Saipan: A public hearing is scheduled for Thursday, September 19, 2024, at Crowne Plaza Resort. Doors will open at 5:30 p.m. ChST, the informational meeting will begin at 6 p.m. ChST, and the public hearing will begin at 7 p.m. ChST.
• One virtual hearing is scheduled for the following time and date:

○ Eastern Daylight Time Zone: the informational meeting will begin on Wednesday, October 2, 2024, at 7 p.m. EDT, and the public hearing will begin at 8 p.m. EDT.

○ Samoa Standard Time Zone: the informational meeting will begin on Wednesday, October 2, 2024, at 12 p.m. SST, and the public hearing will begin at 1 p.m. SST.

○ Chamorro Standard Time Zone: the informational meeting will begin on Thursday, October 3, 2024, at 9 a.m. ChST, and the public hearing will begin at 10 a.m. ChST.

Six public hearings will be conducted in-person and one hearing will be conducted online as a Webex meeting, as specified in ADDRESSES above. The hearings will begin with a brief presentation by NMFS that provides an overview of the proposed ESA listing determination for 10 species of giant clams. After the presentation but before public comments, there will be a question and answer session during which members of the public may ask NMFS staff clarifying questions about the proposed rule. Following the question and answer session, members of the public will have the opportunity to provide oral comments on the record regarding the proposed listing determination. Members of the public will also have the opportunity to submit written comments at the hearings. Written comments may also be submitted at any time during the relevant public comment period as described above (see DATES and ADDRESSES ). All oral comments will be recorded (audio), transcribed, and ( print page 67402) added to the public comment record for this proposed rule.

In advance of the first public hearing in American Samoa and the public hearings on Guam and Saipan, CNMI, we will hold three listening sessions to bring together resource managers, policymakers, and members of the public to share information about the potential impact of the proposed listing determination in the U.S. Pacific Island Territories from the perspectives of the local community. The listening sessions will be held on the following dates and times. Times are given in Chamorro Standard Time (ChST) and Samoa Standard Time (SST). Addresses for the venues of the listening sessions are provided under ADDRESSES above.

• American Samoa, Tutuila: A public listening session is scheduled for Wednesday, September 4, 2024, at the Rex H. Lee Auditorium. Doors will open at 12:30 p.m. SST.
• Guam: A public listening session is scheduled for Tuesday, September 17, 2024, at Pacific Islands Club Guam. Doors will open at 12:30 p.m. ChST.
• CNMI, Saipan: A public listening session is scheduled for Thursday, September 19, 2024, at Crowne Plaza Resort. Doors will open at 12:30 p.m. ChST.

The listening sessions are intended to provide a forum for members of the local community to share information about the potential impact in the U.S. Pacific Island Territories of the proposed ESA listing determination and the additional potential regulatory measures identified in our proposal. Listing decisions must be made solely on the basis of the best available scientific and commercial information regarding a species' status. 50 CFR 424.11(b) . We cannot consider public comments on economic or other impacts as part of the listing determinations. However, NMFS is offering separate listening sessions to obtain relevant information about giant clams to assist with analyses under other authorities and to provide more background to local communities regarding the listing process and the ESA generally. Following a brief presentation by NMFS that provides an overview of the proposed ESA listing determination for 10 species of giant clams, participants will have an opportunity to ask clarifying questions, voice concerns about the proposed rule, or share additional information regarding giant clams, which NMFS staff will address to the extent practicable. All discussions that occur during the listening session will be manually recorded in summary notes and will be addressed in the final rule preamble.

Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.

Dated: August 14, 2024.

Samuel D. Rauch, III,

Deputy Assistant Administrator for Regulatory Programs, National Marine Fisheries Service.

[ FR Doc. 2024-18637 Filed 8-19-24; 8:45 am]

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