The silk route.
In ancient times, the silk route linked numerous places around the world to establish trade relations and cultural alliances. It existed before the Christian era and reached its peak during the 15th century. Interestingly, the religious preachers and leaders who practised religions such as Buddhism, Christianity and Islam travelled through these routes. The silk route spanned across land and sea and was used for trading and exchanging crucial goods such as textiles, Chinese pottery, Indian spices, and precious metals. Several historians have identified these silk routes in modern times.
As people moved from one place to another, cultures and customs also reached new places. The traders, priests and invaders carried the crops to the new lands they travelled to. This way, food also reached the farthest places, nooks and corners of the world. For example, food items such as noodles are readily available in every country all over the world.
With improvements in the transportation system, people wanted to travel to different corners of the world and discover new places. People also looked for more potential buyers to sell their products. Before the nineteenth century, the Indian Ocean was an important sea route, and trade activities were carried on through this sea route in India.
After Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492, countries such as Spain and Portugal followed the same route to colonise the “new” lands. These conquerors began to pay attention to other North American countries like Mexico and South American territories like Peru.
The Portuguese colonists brought certain diseases to the North American region. They did not use guns or fight with swords to kill the natives; the contagious diseases they carried killed many people. Before the nineteenth century, China and India were relatively wealthy compared to European towns, which were not as developed.
From the advent of the nineteenth century, globalisation accelerated and spread to different parts of the world.
As people moved from one place to another, a better network of railways and harbours was required. To build them, thousands of workers were needed. As a result, almost 50 million people migrated from Europe to America and Australia in search of work and a better future.
By 1890, the world witnessed a change. For example, food in England came from far-off places like America, and people no longer practised local farming. On the other hand, these supplier nations constructed railways, roads, and harbours to aid in the efficient transportation of commodities to Europe. So, these areas also saw huge developments.
There were some repercussions of globalisation as well:
The term globalisation was coined by Theodore Levitt as per the information published in the New York Times.
Q.1 Explain the three types of movement or flows within international economic exchange.
The economists have identified three types of movement or ‘flows’ within international economic exchanges.
1.The first is the flow of trade i.e. goods specially wheat.
2. The second is the flow of labour i.e. migration of labour in search of employment.
3. The third is the movement of capital for short term investments over long distances. All three flows were closely interwoven and had a deep impact on their lives.
Q.2 Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries and what were its main objectives?
Group of 77 or G-77 was a loose coalition of developing countries, organised in the late 20 th century, to demand a New International Economic Order (NIEO). There were seventy-seven founding member countries of the organization, but the organization has since then expanded to a membership of one hundred and thirty member countries. The main objectives of the G-77 countries were as follows:
1. To establish a new system, whereby the developing countries get real control over their natural resources.
2. To obtain more assistance in their development
3. To establish fairer prices for raw-materials
4. To have better access for their manufactured goods in the market of the developed nations
Q.3 Explain the terms: 1. Tarrifs 2. Exchange Rates 3. Multinational Corporations
1. Tarrifs: They are taxes imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. Tariffs are levied at the point of entry, i.e., at the border or at the airport. 2. Exchange Rates: Exchange rates link national currencies for purposes of international trade. There are broadly two kinds of exchange rates: Fixed Exchange Rate and Floating Exchange Rate. 3. Multinational Corporations: MNCs are large companies that operate in several countries at the same time. The first MNCs were established in the 1920s.
Q.4 Who were Shikaripuri shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars?
Capital was required for g rowing food and other crops for the world market. In India, this capital was provided by Shikaripuri shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars to the peasants.
1.They were amongst the many groups of bankers and traders who financed export agriculture in Central and Southeast Asia,
2. They used either their own funds or those borrowed from European banks.
3.They had a sophisticated system to transfer money over large distances, and even developed indigenous forms of corporate organization.
Q.5 What do you mean by Globalisation?
Globalisation is an ongoing process which means:
1. Reduction of trade barriers, with a view to allow free flow of goods to and from the country. It practically removes all hindrances and restrictions on foreign trade.
2. Free flow of capital, in terms of investment, by ensuring conducive atmosphere and easy approval of proposals. It encourages foreign trade, private and institutional foreign investment.
3. Free flow of technology and free movement of labour and manpower.
Q.6 Mention about problems of the post-war economic recovery.
Problems of post-war economic recovery were:
1. Britain, the world’s leading economic power in the pre-war period in particular faced a prolonged crisis. After the war British found it difficult to recapture its earlier position of dominance in the Indian market, and to compete with Japan internationally.
2. The war had led to an economic boom, that is, to a large increase in demand, production, and employment.
3. Many agricultural economies were also in crisis. Before the war, Eastern Europe was a major wheat supplier and when this supply disrupted, wheat production expanded dramatically.
4. Once the war was over, production in Eastern Europe revived and created an increase in wheat production. Grain prices fell and the farmers fell deeper into debt.
Q.7 Explain the different kinds of exchange rates?
An exchange rate is the current market price for which one currency can be exchanged for another. There are broadly two kinds of exchange rates:
1. Fixed exchange rates: When exchange rates are fixed and governments intervene to prevent movements in them.
2.Floating or flexible exchange rates: These rates fluctuate depending on demand and supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments.
Q.8 What do you mean by the Silk Routes? What was their importance?
The Silk Routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. The name silk routes point to the importance of west bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified several silk routes overland and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian era and thrived almost till the 15th C. The Silk routes led to the social, cultural and economic growth.
1.Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several directions through intersecting points on the silk routes.
2.The Chinese pottery also travelled the same route, as did textiles & spices from India & south-east Asia. In return, precious metals-gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.
Q.9 Describe the coming of Rinderpest to Africa.
Rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and local economy.
1.Rinderpest, devastating cattle disease, arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in Eastern Africa.
2.Entering Africa in the east, rinderpest moved west ‘like wild fire”, reaching Africa’s Atlantic coast in 1892. It reached the Cape (Africa’s southernmost tip) five years later. Along the way rinderpest killed 90 percent of the cattle.
3.The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. Planters, mine owners and colonial governments now successfully monopolised what scarce cattle resources remained, to strengthen their power and to force Africans into the labour market.
4.Control over scarce resource of cattle enabled European colonizers to conquer and subdue Africa.
Q.10 What forced the British Government to abolish the Corn Laws?
The laws passed by the British Parliament in the 19th century to restrict and control the import of less expensive corn were known as ‘Corn Laws’. The British Parliament restricted the import of corn so that the interests of land owners, who dominated Parliament, might be protected. As a result of these Laws, prices of food items went up many times. The Corn Laws were strongly opposed by the industrialists and the urban dwellers as they were benefiting wealthy landowners at the expense of the ordinary consumer. They were also unhappy due to the high prices of food. So the British government was forced to abolish Corn Laws.
Q.11 What were the effects of the abolition of the ‘Corn Laws’?
The abolition of Corn Laws had many effects:
1.Food items could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.
2.British agriculture was unable to compete with foreign imports.
3.Vast areas of land were left uncultivated and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work.
4.Unemployed people flocked to the cities and migrated overseas.
Q.12 Explain briefly the impact of technology on food availability.
1. During the 19th century, several inventions like The railways, steamships, the telegraph, etc. were important inventions as without them we cannot imagine the transformed nineteenth-century world. 2. Colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements in transport. Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets. 3. Refrigerated ships, which entered the scene since the 1870s, enabled the transport of perishable foods, especially meat, over long distances. This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe, where the poor could now buy and consume meat, which was once an expensive item and beyond their reach.
Q.13 Give two examples of global exchange which took place before 17 th Century. The examples should be beneficial as well as harmful.
From ancient times, travelers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfillment, or to escape persecution.
One beneficial example: All of these people who were pioneer of global exchange carried with them goods, ideas and inventions, moral values etc.
One harmful example: The travelers, traders, priests & pilgrims also carried with them germs and diseases which proved very harmful for local residents who died in thousands.
Q.14 Explain the effects of Great Depression on Indian economy.
The Great Depression had an immediate effect on the Indian economy. Peasants and farmers suffered more than the urban dwellers.
1.Between 1928 and 1934, India’s imports and export nearly halved.
2.As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged. Between 1928 and 1934, wheat prices in India fell by 50 per cent.
3.Jute producers of Bengal were hard hit by the depression. With the collapse in gunny export, the price of raw jute crashed more than 60 per cent.
All this led to an increase in peasants’ indebtedness.
Q.15 Briefly explain the term ‘Bretton Woods Institutions’.
The IMF and the World Bank are referred to as the Bretton Woods institutions, or sometimes as the Bretton Woods twins:
1.The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations in 1947.
2.Decision-making in these institutions is controlled by the Western industrial powers. The US has an effective right of veto over key IMF and World Bank decisions.
3.The post-war international economic system is also often described as the Bretton Woods system.
Q.16 What methods were used by the European employers to recruit and retain labour in Africa?
European employers used the following methods to recruit and retain labour in Africa:
1.Heavy taxes were imposed which could be paid only by working for wages on plantations and mines.
2.Mineworkers were also confined in compounds and not allowed to move about freely
3.Inheritance laws were changed so that peasants were displaced from land: only one member of a family was allowed to inherit land, as a result of which the others were pushed into the labour market.
Q.17 Name the main destinations of Indian indentured migrants.
Caribbean island, Mauritius and Fiji.
Q.18 Which city is called as the fabled city of gold?
El Dorado, is called as the fabled city of gold. In 17 th century many expeditions were set off in search of El Dorado.
Q.19 Which region was called Canal Colonies?
The semi-waste areas of Punjab, after being irrigated by new canals, began to be called Canal Colonies. They were created to grow more wheat and cotton for export.
Q.20 Mention the advantages of an Assembly line.
The advantages of the assembly line were as follows:
1.It allowed a faster and cheaper way of producing engineered goods.
It forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously,
at a pace dictated by the conveyor belt. This was a way of increasing the output per worker by speeding up the pace of work.
2.It also increased the output of the workers. No worker standing in front of a conveyor belt could afford to delay the motions, take a break, or even have a friendly word with a workmate.
3.It made mass production possible.
Q.21 Define an Assembly Line.
When different parts of a machine like cars are manufactured at different places but are assembled at one single place such as a system is called an assembly line.
Q.22 Mention the reason for the migration of Indian indentured labour to other countries.
Most Indian indentured workers came from the present-day regions of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, central India and the dry districts of Tamil Nadu. The reasons for their migration to other countries were:
1.Cottage industries declined in India and they got in debts.
2.Land rents rose and they failed to pay them.
3.Their lands were forcibly cleared for mines etc.
Q.23 Mention in brief about indentured labour.
Indentured labour is a form of labour widely used in plantations from the mid 19 th century. These labourers worked on contracts where their rights were not specified and the employers had all the power and could even jail them for non-fulfillment of contracts.
Q.24 Mention the positive changes brought by Colonisation. Answer
It stimulated new investments in foreign lands and improvements in transport such as faster railways, large ships etc. which transported raw materials & finish products quickly and cheaply.
Q.25 Why did Europeans flee to America in the 19th Century?
Poverty and hunger, crowded cities, deadly diseases and religious persecutions were very common in Europe till 19 th century. As a result thousands fled Europe for America.
Q.26 Which commodity was exported by India in the depression days? Answer
India became the exporter of precious metal, notably gold in the depression days.
Q.27 Bretton Woods system was based on what type of exchange rate?
Bretton Woods system was based on fixed exchange rates.
Q.28 Given below is a picture of merchants exchanging goods in the fifteenth century. This practice was prevalent due to the escalated travel by sailors and merchants. Answer the questions related to this.
a. Give two examples of food as long distance cultural contact in the pre-modern world. b. When were foods like potatoes, soya and tomatoes introduced in Europe?
a. Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange. Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled. Even ready foodstuff, in distant parts of the world, might share common origin. Noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. Some Arab traders took pasta to Sicily, an island now in Italy.
b. Many of our common foods; such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors, until about five centuries ago. They were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the continent we now know as the Americas, many of these foods were transported and sold in Europe. Hence, people there began to eat better.
Q.29 What do you understand by mass production? Explain with an example.
Mass production was an important feature of the U.S. economy in the 1920s. A well known example of this is the Ford car, which was developed by Henry Ford. He set up a car manufacturing unit in Denver where, with the help of a conveyor belt and the assembly line production, cars were manufactured in large numbers and in lesser time. Henry Ford’s T-Model car was the world’s first mass produced car.
Q.30 Discuss how Britain had a trade surplus with India in the nineteenth century?
1. In the nineteenth century, goods from Britain flooded the Indian market and simultaneously food grain and raw material export increased from India to Britain.
2. The value of British exports to India was much more than the value of British exports from India leading to a trade surplus.
3. Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries.
Q.31 Why is the First World War known as the world’s first modern industrial war?
1. The WWI was the world’s first modern industrial war as it involved the leading industrial nations of the world. These nations had the capacity to inflict great damage on other nations.
2. It saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft and chemical weaponry on a large scale.
3. Millions of soldiers around the world were recruited and they moved to frontlines on large ships and trains.
The war led to breaking up of economic ties between the largest of nations.
Q.32 What was the Great Depression of 1929? Answer
The Great Depression was a phenomenon that occurred in most parts of the World. Catastrophic declines in production, employment, incomes and trade were experienced, leading to a fall in world economy.
Q.33 What were the two crucial influences that shaped the post World War II reconstruction?
Two crucial influences that shaped the post war reconstruction were the emergence of U.S. as a dominant power in the Western World and the dominance of the Soviet Union, which had also emerged as a world power.
Q.34 What do you understand by the term ‘Exchange rate’?
The method of linking up national currencies for purposes of international trade is called exchange rate. There are broadly two kinds of exchange rates: fixed and floating.
Q.35 Given below is the picture of meat being loaded on a ship in 1878. Answer questions related to this picture.
a. What was the sales route of meat as a commodity?
b. What was the benefit of technology assisting in the transportation of meat to far off places?
a. Till the 1870s, animals were shipped live from America to Europe and then slaughtered when they arrived there. After the introduction of refrigerated ships, animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point – in America, Australia or New Zealand – and then transported to Europe as frozen meat.
b. Earlier animals were shipped live to Europe and slaughtered there. They took up a lot of place on ships and many died on the way. Many also died in voyage, fell ill, lost weight, or became unfit to eat. Meat was hence an expensive luxury beyond the reach of the European poor. With advancements in technology, ships became refrigerated and the slaughtered meat could be transported and sold in the markets of Europe. This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe. The poor in Europe could now consume a more varied diet.
Q.36 Given below is the picture of nineteenth century Indian indentured labourers in the cocoa plantations in Trinidad.
a. What were the main destinations of Indian indentured migrants in the early nineteenth century? b. Why was this indenture described as the ‘New Form of Slavery’?
a. The main destinations of Indian indentured migrants were the Caribbean islands (mainly Trinidad, Guyana and Surinam), Mauritius and Fiji. Tamil migrants went to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and Malaya. Indentured workers were also recruited for tea plantations in Assam.
b. Indentured migrants were recruited by agents who were paid a small fee. They were provided with false information of final destinations, mode of travel and working and living conditions. Often, migrants were not even told that they were to embark on a long sea voyage. Sometimes, agents even forcibly abducted less willing migrants. On arrival, conditions were difficult from what they had imagined. Living and working conditions were difficult with few legal rights.
Cbse class 10 social science history revision notes, chapter 1 - the rise of nationalism in europe.
Chapter 4 - the age of industrialisation, chapter 5 - print culture and the modern world, faqs (frequently asked questions), 1. what is the corn law.
The Corn Law was introduced in Britain in 1804. According to this law, the landowners who dominated the Parliament protected their income and monetary profits by imposing a duty on imported corn.
The premodern world was the time before the establishment of the Christian Empire till the 15th century. During this period, various communities interacted with each other, and people migrated from one place to another. Also, Christopher Columbus discovered America and the printing press was invented
The G-77 or 77 developing countries demanded a New International Economic Order (NIEO) in order to fully control their country’s resources, raw materials, and other produced commodities sold on the market.
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Ncert solutions for class 10 history chapter 3 – cbse free pdf download.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World discuss the creation of the world, which had a long history of trade, migration, people in search of work, the movement of capital, etc. Globalisation is an economic system with the free movement of goods, technology, ideas and people across the globe. To understand the complex topics related to globalisation, silk routes, the role of technology, etc., NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 3 will help students with the right approach.
The NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History help students to have a deeper understanding of concepts covered in the chapter. Students can clear their doubts by referring to these NCERT Solutions provided below written in simple language. Refer to these NCERT Solutions and learn to write high-scoring answers in the CBSE exams.
The NCERT Solutions for Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World are given below. Students should also check NCERT Solutions for Class 10 for other subjects.
1. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place in the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.
Solution: The following are examples of cross-cultural exchanges from Asia and the Americas:
a. The Silk Route (Asia): The Silk Route is a good example of cross-cultural trade and connectivity between distant parts of the world. The name ‘Silk Route’ points to the importance of Westbound Chinese silk cargoes along this route.
Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand. Early Christian missionaries almost certainly travelled this route to Asia, as did early Muslim preachers a few centuries later.
b. Food from the Americas: The food that is part of our staple diet today, like potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes etc., were not known to our ancestors until the accidental discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus.
These food items only made it to Europe and the rest of the world after the monumental discovery of the new continent.
2. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.
Solutions: The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas. The reason was that the native Americans were not immune to the diseases that the European settlers brought with them. The Europeans were, to a certain extent, immune to the effects of diseases like smallpox due to centuries of exposure. However, the native Americans had no such defence against this disease, as they were isolated from diseases native to the old world.
At times, settlers deliberately practised biological warfare on the natives by giving items laced with smallpox germs as ‘gifts of friendship’. The disease was far more effective in wiping out entire tribes and communities without having to resort to firearms.
3. Write a note to explain the effect of the following:
The impact of MNC’s decision to relocate production to Asian Countries was as follows:
a. It provided a cheap source of labour for MNCs.
b. It stimulated world trade and increased capital inflow in Asian countries.
c. The local population had a greater choice of goods and services along with prospects of greater employment opportunities for them.
4. Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.
5. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?
Solution: In order to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world, the post-war international economic system was established. To execute the same, the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference was held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA. The Bretton Woods Conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses and shortages in its member nations. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (popularly known as the World Bank) was set up for financial post-war reconstruction, and it started its financial operations in 1947.
Under the agreement, currencies were pegged to the price of gold, and the US dollar was seen as a reserve currency linked to the price of gold. Decision-making authority was given to the Western industrial powers. The US was given the right to veto over key IMF and World Bank decisions. The Bretton Woods System was based on fixed exchange rates. The Bretton Woods System opened an era of unique growth of trade and income for the Western industrial nations and Japan.
6. Imagine that you are indentured Indian labour in the Caribbean. Drawing from the details in the chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings
Solution: Dear Ma and Pa,
My work as an indentured labourer in Jamaica is far from a walk in the park. Through this letter, I want to tell you about my life here.
When the contractor hired me, he was quite economical with the truth about the living and working conditions. To say nothing of the kind of work and place of work.
We have very few rights, with the contractor living up to the behaviour standards expected of them in the Caribbean – extremely harsh. He treats us like animals since we are a minority and thus easy targets for his wrath. Accidents are common in the sugar plantations in Jamaica. One time, I saw a worker burnt alive when the liquid sugar we were boiling accidentally spilt on him. Since he cannot work with his third-degree burns, the contractor saw it fit to throw him out without any due wages paid. We don’t have any rights to speak or to express our dissatisfaction about the working conditions. And if we do, we will face the overseer’s whips.
Whenever I do not attend my work, I am liable to be in jail. There is a lot of work at the plantations with a heavy workload and less time to finish it all.
In case of unsatisfactory work, my wages are cut. If there is hell on earth, it certainly is this. I know my writing will cause you anguish but rest assured, there is talk of new laws underway to protect labourers like us. Thus, this situation will pass soon.
7. Explain the three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians , and write a short account of it.
Solution: The three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange are trade flows, human capital flows and capital flows or investments. These can be explained as the trade in agricultural products, migration of labour, and financial loans to and from other nations.
India was a hub of trade in the pre-modern world, and it exported textiles and spices in return for gold and silver from Europe.
Fine cotton was produced in India and was exported to Europe. With industrialisation, British cotton manufacturing began to expand, and industrialists pressurised the government to restrict cotton imports and protect local industries. As a result of the tariffs that were imposed on cloth imports, the inflow of fine Indian Cotton began to decline.
In the field of labour, indentured labour was provided for mines, plantations and factories abroad, in huge numbers, in the nineteenth century. This was an instrument of colonial domination by the British. Indentured labourers were hired under contacts who promised return travel to India after they had worked five years on their employer’s plantation. The living conditions were harsh, and the labourers had little protection from the law or from it as they had few rights.
Britain took generous loans from the USA to finance the World War. Since India was an English colony, the impact of these loan debts was felt in India too. Food and other crops for the world market required capital. Large plantations could borrow it from banks and markets.
8. Explain the causes of the Great Depression.
Solution: The Great Depression was a result of many factors. Some of them are
9. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?
Solution: After the Second World War, many parts of the world were still under European colonial rule, and it took over two decades for the colonies in Asia and Africa to become free independent nations. When they became free, they faced many other problems, such as poverty, lack of resources, etc. Economies and societies were handicapped for being under colonial rule for long periods.
As colonies, many of the less developed regions of the world had been part of Western empires. The policy of the Bretton Woods twins tilted more in favour of the developed nations of the Western world. Now, ironically, as newly independent countries facing urgent pressures to lift their populations out of poverty, they came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers.
Therefore, these colonies organised themselves as a group – the Group of 77 (or G-77) – to demand a new international economic order (NIEO). By the NIEO, they meant a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access to their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.
The NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Studies History – India and the Contemporary World – II Chapter 3 talks about the following topics:
1.1 Silk Routes Link the World
1.2 Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato
1.3 Conquest, Disease and Trade
2.1 A World Economy Takes Shape
2.2 Role of Technology
2.3 Late Nineteenth-century Colonialism
2.4 Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague
2.4 Indentured Labour Migration from India
2.5 Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad
2.6 Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System
3.1 Wartime Transformations
3.2 Post-war Recovery
3.3 Rise of Mass Production and Consumption
3.4 The Great Depression
3.5 India and the Great Depression
4.1 Post-war Settlement and Bretton Woods Institution
4.2 The Early Post-war Years
4.3 Decolonisation and independence
4.4 End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of Globalisation
‘India and the Contemporary World – II’ is an important book for Class 10 Social Sciences subject. Apart from this chapter, the full set of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science is given in the linked article. Also, access the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 for other subjects to ace the Class 10 CBSE examinations.
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The world today is globalized. All the countries have become so interdependent that no nation today can survive in isolation. The world was not always connected this way. When people began to migrate in search of work or an even better lifestyle, it marked the beginning of the process of globalization. The greatest gift of globalization to mankind is that it has made it easy for us to connect even if we stay in two different countries.
The internet has now helped us all to connect. The internet has connected the world in this millennium. However, have you ever wondered how life was many years ago? All through history, people have been interlinked for various reasons.
Before the beginning of the nineteenth century, travellers, traders, scholars had travelled across different continents for gaining knowledge, for collecting religious text, or for various other reasons. The three things that will help us to understand the making of a global world in the pre-Modern era is:
Food Travels
The Silk Route was a historic trade route that stretched from Asia to the Mediterranean traversing China, India, Persia, Arabia, Greece, and Italy. The route was called the silk route due to a large amount of silk trading that used to take place from the second century B.C. until the 14th century A.D.The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. These routes were used to trade various types of goods ranging from Chinese pottery, silk, silver etc. Not only did the silk route provide a link between countries for importing and exporting goods but it also became important for the export of art, literature, and philosophies.
Food is another way to understand how a worldwide world existed in pre-modern times since traders or travellers introduced a new food to the place they visited. Indians, five centuries ago, were not aware of potatoes, maize, groundnut, etc. All these food items were only introduced to Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas.
Another interesting story is about noodles or Spaghetti. According to many historians, noodles travelled from China to Europe and became spaghetti. However, this points to the very fact that there was an extended cultural contact within the pre-modern world.
European traders in the sixteenth century found a sea-route to Asia and an ocean-route to America. Countries like Peru and Mexico, in South America, were full of mines with precious metals like silver which helped Europe finance its trade. Portuguese and Spaniards colonized South America by the mid-sixteenth century.
What was unique in their conquest was that they did not use conventional military weapons; rather they used Biological warfare. Hunger and poverty in the 18th century were so common in the whole of Europe. Diseases like smallpox were widespread too.
The Americans never had strong immunity so when they would go for battles they would carry the germs of such diseases and thus fall sick and also transmit these germs to other Americans.
Until the Mid-eighteenth century, the world's two richest countries were China and India. Asia was the center of trade and commerce for the entire world. However, China slowly reduced its international contacts and retreated into isolation. Also, America was a rising power. This led to a shift in trade and Europe became the center of world trade.
In the nineteenth century, three sorts of flow existed within international economic exchanges. They were:
Labour flow
Capital flow
Towards the end of the eighteenth century, Britain's population began to rise and so was the demand for food grains. This led to an overall increase in the price of food grains. Corn laws that restricted the import of corn into Britain had been abolished due to tremendous pressure from the industrialists and the local people. This encouraged cheaper import of food items, much cheaper than the cost of production within Britain. This led to vast areas of land being left uncultivated and those who were engaged in agriculture, now moved to cities for employment opportunities. Britain at the same time experienced rapid Industrial growth which led to higher income for locals as well as higher consumption of food. Countries like Australia, America, Russia, and Eastern Europe began to grow food items to export them to Britain. However, there was no connectivity to export these goods. Eventually, Britain started to provide capital to these countries and the people from Europe began to migrate to America due to the requirement of high Labour. Products other than food items also began to be produced because of the rising demands in the British Markets.
New and Modern Technology was required to transport edible and perishable products from one country to another. There was a need for a faster medium of transportation and also new advancements for the delivery of fresh goods. Technology ensured that the trains were faster, wagons were lighter and ships were larger to accommodate the increasing demands.
Another problem that was being faced was the shipment of meat from America and Australia to Europe. The meat was considered a luxury in Britain. However, live animals were difficult to transport as they took up a lot of space and many also fell ill. The invention of ships with cold storage stepped in to solve this problem. Meat could easily be transported now.
A Lot of Colonialism was taking place towards the end of the 19th century. European countries like Britain, France, Portugal were colonizing countries in Africa and Asia for increasing their trade. These countries would provide them with cheap raw material which then would be exported to their native countries and finally, the finished products would have been sold at high prices in these colonized countries.
Thousands of Indian Labourers migrated to work in Mines, Plantations, and other construction projects. When the cotton industry declined it became difficult for the labourers to meet their expenses. Thus they migrated in search of better living conditions and work. But that was not the case. They were asked to sign a 5-year contract on the completion of which they could return to India and the living conditions were also not what they were told. While some of them escaped into the jungles, a few stayed back and adapted to the new culture leading to a fusion of cultures.
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Due to the Industrial Revolution, Britain now began to produce cotton which they used to earlier export from India. This led to a decline in the demand for Indian cotton. There has been constant importing and exporting of various goods between India and Britain. But the export of Indian goods to Britain remained extremely low as compared to the British export to India. Thus Britain had a ‘trade surplus’ with India.
Indentured labour means a bonded labourer who had to work on a contract basis for free for his employer for a certain period because of any unpaid loan or for transportation cost to a job location.
Q. Write a Short Note on the Silk Route.
Answer: The Silk Route was a historic trade route that stretched from Asia to the Mediterranean traversing China, India, Persia, Arabia, Greece, and Italy. The route was called the silk route due to a large amount of silk trading used to take place from the second century B.C. until the 14th century A.D.The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world.
Q. What was Rinderpest?
Ans. Rinderpest was a cattle plague that had hit Africa in the late 1880s. Rinderpest was a deadly plague that killed over 90% of the cattle within five years.
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NCERT Solutions Class 10 for Social Science History Chapter 4 The Making of a Global World : In this post, we will share with you all the detailed NCERT Solutions of Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4 The Making of a Global World . This will contain both in-text and back-exercise questions for Science and Social Science, and all exercise questions for Mathematics. For all school and board level examinations, doing all the NCERT Questions is a must.
NCERT Questions and Answers not only help you get hold of concepts firmly and enhance your understanding, but also form the base of all types of questions asked in exams. Questions asked in exam are more or less the same type as mentioned in NCERT. Moreover, sometimes the questions in NCERT are directly asked in exams, as it is, without any changes.
Hence, it’s very important to understand NCERT Questions and Answers.
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Question 1: Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place in the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.
Answer 1: (a) Asia: The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade before the 17th century. The historians have identified several silk routes, overland and by sea, linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. .These routes were used for trades in Chinese pottery, textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia. In return, precious metals – gold and silver – came from Europe to Asia.’ Secondly, Christian missionaries and later Muslim preachers travelled through these routes. It may be mentioned here that in ancient times, Buddhism too spread in several directions through intersecting points on the silk routes.
(b) Americas: After the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus, many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chilies came from America’s original inhabitants i.e., the American Indians. From the sixteenth century, America’s vast lands, abundant crops and minerals transformed trade and lives everywhere. Precious metals like silver from mines in Peru and Mexico enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia. Legends spread in seventeenth-century Europe about South America’s fabled wealth. Many expeditions set off in search of El Dorado, the fabled city of gold. Thus there were global exchanges before the seventeenth century.
Question 2: Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.
Answer 2: The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonization of the Americas. The reason was that the native Americans were not immune to the diseases that the European settlers brought with them. The Europeans were to a certain extent immune to the effects of diseases like smallpox due to centuries of exposure, but the native Americans had no such defence against this disease, as they were isolated from diseases native to the old world.
At times, settlers deliberately practised biological warfare on the natives by giving items laced with smallpox germs as ‘gifts of friendship’. The disease was far more effective in wiping out entire tribes and communities without having to resort to firearms.
Question 3: Write a note and explain the effects of the following : (a) The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws. (b) The coming of rinderpest to Africa. (c) The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the World War. (d) The Great Depression on the Indian economy. (e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.
Answer 3: (a).The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws was due to pressure from the landed groups, who were unhappy with the high price of food and the cheap inflow of agricultural products from Australia and America. As a result, many English farmers left their profession and migrated to towns and cities. Some went overseas. This indirectly led to global agriculture and rapid urbanization, a prerequisite of industrial growth. (b).Rinderpest (a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague) arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. It had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy. It started in East Africa and soon spread to the other parts of the continent. Within five years, it reached the Cape of Good Hope (Africa’s Southernmost tip) by which it had killed 90 % of the cattle population in that part of Africa. It spread through infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa. Using this situation to their advantage, colonizing nations conquered and subdued Africa by monopolizing scarce cattle resources to force Africans into the labour market. The Africans were forced to work for a wage due to the loss of their livelihood due to the effect of Rinderpest. (c).The First World War was the first modern industrial war. It saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons etc. on a massive scale. To fight such a war millions of soldiers had to be recruited from around the world and moved to the frontlines on large ships and trains. The scale of death and destruction was unlike any other conflict in the modern era. Most of the killed and maimed were men of working age; the deaths and injuries of these men drastically reduced the able-bodied workforce in Europe. Within fewer members within the family, household incomes declined after the war. Thus women stepped in to do the jobs that were earlier done by men. It increased the role of women led to a demand for equal status in society. It made the feminist movement even stronger. (d).In the nineteenth century, colonial India had become an exporter of agricultural goods and importer of manufactures. The impact of the Great Depression in India was felt, especially in the agricultural sector. It was evident that the Indian economy was closely becoming integrated into the global economy. India was a British colony and exported agricultural goods and imported manufactured goods. As international prices crashed so did the prices in India. The wheat prices in India fell by 50 % between 1928 and 1934. (e).Wages were relatively low in Asian countries like China. Thus, they became lucrative destinations for investment by foreign MNCs competing to dominate world markets. The relocation of industry to low-wage countries stimulated world trade and capital flow. Impact of MNC’s decision to relocate production in Asian Countries was as follows: a. It provided a cheap source of labour for MNCs
b. It stimulated world trade and increased capital inflow in the Asian Countries
c. The local population now had a greater choice of goods and services along with prospects of greater employment opportunities for them.
Question 4: Give two examples from history to show the impact of Science and Technology on food availability.
Answer 4: (i) Availability of cheap food in different markets: Improvements in transport; faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from the far-away farms to the final markets.
(ii) Impact on meat: Till the 1870s, meat from America was shipped to Europe in the form of live animals which were then slaughtered in Europe. But live animals took up a lot of ship space. But the invention of refrigerated ships made it possible to transport meat from one region to another. Now animals were slaughtered in America, Australia or New Zealand, and then transported to Europe as frozen meat. The invention of the refrigerated ship had the following advantages :
1.This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe. 2.The poor in Europe could now consume a more varied diet. 3.To the earlier, monotony of bread and potatoes many, not all, could add meat, butter and eggs. 4.Better living conditions promoted social peace within the country, and support for imperialism abroad
Question 5: What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?
Answer 5: The main aim of the post-war international economic system was to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world. The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire in the USA agreed upon its framework. The Bretton Woods Conference established the following institutions :
1.International Monetary Fund: Its aim was to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations. 2.The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or World Bank was set “Up to finance post-war reconstruction. 3.The above institutions are known as The Bretton Woods institutions or Bretton Woods twins. The post-war international economic system is also often described as the Bretton Woods system. It was based on fixed exchange rates. National currencies were pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The dollar itself was anchored to gold at a fixed price of $ 35 per ounce of gold. 4.The decision-making in these institutions is controlled by the western industrial powers. The US has an effective right of veto over key IMF and World Bank decisions.
Question 6: Imagine that you are an indentured Indian labour in the Carribean. Drawing from the details in the chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings
Answer 6: Dear Ma and Pa, My work as an indentured labourer Jamaica is far from a walk in the park. Through this letter, I want to tell you about my life here. When the contractor hired me, he was quite economical with the truth about the living and working conditions. To say nothing of the kind of work and place of work. We have very few rights, with the contractor living up to the behaviour standards expected of them in the Carribean -extremely harsh. He treats us like animals since we are a minority and thus easy targets for his wrath. Accidents are common in the sugar plantations in Jamaica. One time I saw a worker burnt alive when the liquid sugar we were boiling accidentally spilt on him. Since he cannot work with his third-degree burns, the contractor saw it fit to throw him out without any due wages paid. We don’t have any rights to speak or to express our dissatisfaction about the working conditions. And if we do, we will face the overseer’s whips. Whenever I do not attend my work, I am liable to be to jail. There is a lot of work at the plantations with a heavy workload and less time to finish it all.
In case of unsatisfactory work, my wages are cut. If there is hell on earth, it certainly is this. I know my writing will cause you anguish but rest assured there is the talk of new laws underway to protect labourers like us. Thus, this situation will pass soon.
Question 7: Explain the three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, write a short account of it.
Answer 7: The three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange are trade flows, human capital flows and capital flows or investments. These can be explained as—the trade in agricultural products, migration of labour, and financial loans to and from other nations.
1.The flow of trade (trade in goods, e.g. cloth or wheat): India was a hub of trade in the pre-modern world, and it exported textiles and spices in return for gold and silver from Europe.
Fine cotton was produced in India and was exported to Europe. With industrialization, British cotton manufacture began to expand, and industrialists pressurized the government to restrict cotton imports and protect local industries. As a result of the tariffs that were imposed on cloth imports, the inflow of fine Indian Cotton began to decline.
2.The flow of labour (the migration of people in search of employment): In the field of labour, indentured labour was provided for mines, plantations and factories abroad, in huge numbers, in the nineteenth century. This was an instrument of colonial domination by the British. Indentured labourers were hired under contacts which promised return travel to India after they had worked five years on their employer’s plantation. The living conditions were harsh, and the labourers had little protection of the law or from it as they had little rights.
3.The movement of capital (investments) : Lastly, Britain took generous loans from the USA to finance the World War. Since India was an English colony, the impact of these loan debts was felt in India too. Food and other crops for the world market required capital. Large plantations could borrow it from banks and markets.
Question 8: Explain the causes of the Great Depression
Answer 8: The Great Depression was a result of many factors:
1.Agriculture overproduction was a major problem. As a result, agricultural prices fell. As prices fell, so did agricultural incomes. This increased the volume of goods in the market. The situation got worsened in the market. Prices fell down further. Farm produce began to rot due to the lack of buyers. 2.Prosperity in the USA during the 1920s created a cycle of higher employment and incomes. It led to a rise in consumption and demands. More investment and more employment created tendencies of speculations which led to the Great Depression of 1929 up to the mid-1930s. The stock market crashed in 1929. It created panic among investors and depositors who stopped investing and depositing. As a result, it created a cycle of depreciation. 3.The withdrawal of US loans affected the rest of the world in many different ways. In Europe, it led to the failure of the major banks and the collapse of major currencies such as the British pound sterling. Some of the banks closed down when people withdrew all their assets, leaving them unable to invest. Some banks called back loans taken from them at the same dollar rate, in spite of the falling value of the dollar.
Question 9: Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?
Answer 9: After the Second World War, many parts of the world were still under European colonial rule, and it took over two decades for the colonies in Asia and Africa to become free independent nations. When they became free, they faced many other problems such as poverty, lack of resources, etc. Economies and societies were handicapped for being under colonial rule for long periods. As colonies, many of the less developed regions of the world had been part of Western empires. The policy of the Bretton Woods twins tilted more in favour of the developed nations of the Western world. Now, ironically, as newly independent countries facing urgent pressures to lift their populations out of poverty, they came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers. Therefore these colonies organised themselves as a group – the Group of 77 (or G-77) – to demand a new international economic order (NIEO). By the NIEO they meant a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.
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The Making of a Global World Important Questions asked in Class 10 History previous years’ CBSE Board Exams given here with topic wise classifications would help a lot in preparing for class 10 CBSE Board exams. Some questions have been provided with more than one answer version.
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Q. analyse any two factors that were responsible for the great depression in america during 1929. [cbse sqp, 2022-23].
Ans. (As per CBSE Marking Scheme)
i. Agricultural overproduction remained a problem and it was made worse by falling agricultural prices.
ii. As prices slumped and agricultural incomes declined, farmers tried to expand production and bring a larger volume of produce to the market but it pushed down prices.
iii. In the mid-1920s, many countries financed their investments through loans from the US, it was extremely easy to raise loans in the US when the going was good.
iv. But in the first half of 1928 countries that depended crucially on US loans faced an acute crisis.
v. The withdrawal of US loans affected the rest of the world in different ways In Europe it led to the failure of small major banks and the collapse of currencies such as the British pound sterling.
vi. Any other relevant point (Page – 94)
A. Intergovernmental policies for the expansion of trade B. Governmental invite to the mother countries for expansion C. Technology, investments and improvement in transport D. Capitalists of these regions wanted trade with colonial powers
Ans. C- Technology, investments and improvement in transport (Page – 83)
Note: Answers are based on CBSE marking Schemes. These answers can be elaborated upon to fit the word limit requirement as per the exam paper.
Q. explain any five characteristics of the silk routes..
(i) The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world.
(ii) They were spread over land and sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia and linking with Europe and Africa.
(iii) They existed since before the Christian era and thrived almost till the 15th century.
(iv) Indian and Chinese pottery, textiles and spices travelled to Europe.
(v) In return, precious metals, gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.
(vi) Buddhism, Christian missionaries, and Muslim preachers also travelled through this route to Asia.
Answer:
(i) Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.
(ii) It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti.
(iii) Arabs traders took pasta to Sicily, an island now in Italy in the 5th century.
(iv) Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnut, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes and so on were not known to our ancestors.
Ans. Global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americans:
(i) America was not conquered and colonised by Europeans with the help of superior firepower alone.
(ii) Germs, such as those of smallpox were helpful to a great extent.
(iii) Americans had no immunity against them as a result of long isolation. Once introduced, the germs spread deep into the continent decimating whole communities and paving way for conquest.
Q. state three reasons why europeans fled to america in the 19th century. [term-i, 2013, 11] .
Ans. Europeans fled to America in the 19th century because:
(i) Until the 19th century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe.
(ii) Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread.
(iii) Religious conflicts were common and religious dissenters were persecuted.
(iv) Scrapping of Corn Laws, led to the inability of British agriculture to compete with imports.
(v) Thousands of people were left unemployed due to agricultural land lying uncultivated. So, people migrated in thousands, crossed oceans to find employment and a better future
(vi) In America, plantations were growing cotton and sugar for the European market. These plantations were worked on by slaves.
Ans. A few examples are as follows:
(i) Many common foods, e.g., potatoes, soya, tomatoes, maize, etc., were introduced to Europe from America. These crops made a difference between life and death. The poor began to eat better and live longer in England with the introduction of potatoes.
(ii) Religious dissenters from Europe fled due to the fear of persecution in Europe and migrated to America.
(iii) Slave trade was started. European traders captured slaves in Africa and took them to America where they worked on plantations. Europe became the centre of world trade.
(iv) Precious metals, e.g., silver from mines located in present-day Peru and Mexico also enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade.
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There were two main events that highlighted the Twentieth century as one of struggle and chaos. The first defining event was the first world war, and then immediately after came the great depression of 1929. Both these events have shaped our modern history. Let us take a detailed look.
Changes during the world war.
The First World War was fought between 1914 and 1918, primarily in Europe. During this period, many economic and political changes occurred around the global world. The first modern industrial war, World War I, saw a large-scale use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons, etc. – industrial arms. The war was fought between the following two blocs:
(Source: Wikipedia)
This war left around 9 million dead and 20 million injured. Most of these dead and/or injured were able-bodied men of the working age-group. Post-war, the number of working members in most households reduced, leading to a sharp decline in income .
A restructure of industries followed to accommodate an increased demand for war-related goods. Also, women began stepping out and taking up jobs that only men did earlier. The war needed a steady source of capital as well. The major powers battling against each other created newer ties. For e.g. Britain started borrowing capital from the US and soon the US became an international creditor.
Britain had a tough time recovering from the First World War for many reasons:
Mass production helped the US recover from the post-war economic crisis. Henry Ford, a leading car manufacturer, was the pioneer of mass production . He observed the assembly line used in slaughterhouses in Chicago. The slaughtered animals were picked apart as they came down a conveyor belt. Eventually, he devised a cheaper and faster way of producing vehicles using the conveyor belt method.
In this method, the speed of the conveyor belt determined the speed of production. Workers could not take untimed breaks or indulge in friendly chats. The stress of the pace of work led to mass resignations. Ford then doubled the daily wage and banned trade unions from his organization. Now he could ask his workers to work harder and since he paid them double the wages. Soon, this method was copied by other companies across the US and Europe.
The increased wages also led to a subsequent increase in the purchase of durable consumer goods, like cars, refrigerators, washing machines, radios, gramophone players, etc. A system of ‘hire-purchase’ or installment-purchase as is known today, helped people acquire these goods sooner. These purchases were also fuelled by the housing boom in the US, which was also financed by loans.
This cycle of higher employment and incomes, rising consumer demand, more investment, and even more employment and incomes, contributed to the economic boom of the US. Soon the US became the largest international lender.
In 1929, the global world experienced sharp declines in employment, production, trade, and incomes. While all industries were impacted, the agricultural sector was the most affected. The post-war global world economy was already crumbling and these factors pushed it towards an economic depression:
The depression adversely affected the US too. Banks started reducing domestic lending, called back loans, harvests remained un-sold and businesses collapsed. The people who could not repay their loans had to forfeit their cars/ homes. Subsequently, people started migrating to places where they could find employment. The US banking system collapsed and many banks went bankrupt.
In the global world, a crisis in one country affected all the other countries. Pre-depression, India exported agricultural products and imported manufactured goods. During the depression, the imports and exports took a huge hit. The wheat prices fell by around 50%.
It hit our agricultural sector the hardest. The jute farmers suffered as prices dropped by around 60%. Overall, the farmers and peasants faced increasing loans, reducing savings, and mortgaged lands. Subsequently, they started selling gold, jewelry and other precious metals to meet their expenses. Soon India became and exporter of gold which helped the global world in recovering from this depression. However, the farmers and peasants were still suffering.
On the other hand, people living in urban areas were much better off. With fixed sources of income and prices going down, they could afford more for a lesser amount of money.
Around two decades after the end of the First World War, the Second World War broke out. Fought between the Axis powers of Nazi Germany, Japan, and Italy and the Allies Britain, France, Soviet Union and the US, it went on for around six years.
Source: Wikipedia
Around 60 million people or 3% of the world’s population died. This war caused more civilian deaths than soldiers. Economic and Social disruption was immense. The US and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers post this war.
The economist and world leaders learned two strong lessons from this war:
In July 1944, at the United Nation’s Monetary and Financial Conference was held in Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA. This conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank).
These two institutions started operations in 1947 with decision making powers resting with the western industrial powers and the US having an effective right of veto. In the Bretton Woods system, all national currencies were pegged to the dollar at a fixed rate of exchange. However, the dollar was at a fixed price of $35 per ounce of gold.
The Bretton Woods system helped the global world recover from the economic crisis of the war and brought trade to the Western countries and Japan. The technology was spreading and developing countries were trying to catch up with the other advanced countries. This period saw huge imports of industrial plant and equipment based on modern technology.
The Post-war period also saw a lot of colonies in Asia and Africa emerge as independent countries. However, they were poverty-stricken due to long periods of colonial rule. Once Britain and Japan rebuilt their economies, the IMF and World Bank shifted their focus to these former colonies. International agencies stepped in to help these countries lift their populations out of poverty.
However, these agencies were controlled by former colonial powers and they still had a stake in the vital resources of the former colonies. Also, large corporations of powerful countries like the US managed to secure rights to exploit the natural resources of the developing countries at cheap prices.
Soon the developing countries realized that they were not benefitting from the exponential growth of the western economies. Hence, they created a group – G-77 and demanded a New International Economic Order (NIEO). They demanded for a system wherein they could control their natural resources and have better access to the markets in developed countries for their manufactured goods.
Post 1960s, the US dollar failed to maintain its value in relation to gold and ceased to be the world’s principal currency. The fixed exchange rate system got abolished and a new floating exchange rate system was introduced.
Earlier, countries would borrow funds from international institutions. However, post-1970s, they were forced to borrow from Western commercial banks. This led to a debt crisis in Africa and Latin America. Unemployment was also very high between the 1970s and early 1990s. This was because companies had started moving their production operations to the low-wage Asian countries.
Since the revolution in 1949, China was cut-off from the post-war world economy. However, with new economic policies, China was soon back in the fold. Due to the low wages in China, it soon became a preferred destination for MNC investments.
Q1. The First World War was fought between which two groups?
Ans. The First World War was fought between:
Q2. What were the two major reasons behind the Great Depression of 1929?
Ans. Overproduction of agricultural products and withdrawal of international loans by the US were the two major reasons behind the Great Depression of 1929.
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2 responses to “the making of a global world: till the nineteenth century”.
Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in ___________ and the modern city worldwide has developed only over the last 200___________.Fill in the blank
Poverty and hunger were common in Europe until the.. nineteen century because there were no..enough. work .or any trade because.mamy countries are suferring from diseases and being isolated.
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The nineteenth century (1815 – 1914).
There took place three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. These are as follows:
Examples: India used to export spices, tea, Rice and many other agricultural products to the rest of the world. During the nineteenth and the twentieth century’s, India emerged as a larger exporter of raw materials and importer of manufactured goods.
Examples; European capital, specially British capital, moved in a big way to India for investment in railways, industries, etc.
All these flows represented that a world economy was gradually emerging. In a world-economy, different economies get integrated and come to depend upon each other for varied needs.
(i) Pattern of food production and consumption in industrial Europe changed. Traditionally, countries liked to be self-sufficient in food. But in nineteenth-century Britain, self-sufficiency in food meant lower living standards and social conflict.
(ii) Population growth from the late eighteenth century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain, pushing up food grain prices. Under pressure from landed groups, the government restricted the import of corn, the laws allowing the government to do this were commonly known as "Corn Laws". Unhappy with high food prices, industrialists and urban dwellers forced the abolition of the Corn Laws. After the Corn Laws were scrapped, import of food was cheaper than producing it in the country itself. It resulted in farmers leaving their land uncultivated, thousands of men and women thrown out of work flocked to the cities or migrated overseas.
(iii) From the mid nineteenth century, faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes, and therefore more food imports. Around the world-in Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand.
(iv) Transportation has to be improved, people had to settle on the lands to bring them under cultivation. This meant building homes and settlements. All these activities in turn required capital and labour. Capital flowed from financial centers such as London.
(v) In mid-nineteenth century nearly 50 million people emigrated from Europe to America and Australia. All over the world some 150 million are estimated to have left their homes, crossed oceans and vast distances over land in search of a better future.
By 1890, a global agricultural economy had taken shape. Food no longer came from a nearby village or town, but from thousands of miles away. Was grown by a peasant working on a large farm, was transported by railway and ships from southern Europe, Asia Africa and the Caribbean. The British Indian government in Punjab built a network of irrigation canals to transform semi-desert wastes into fertile agricultural lands that could grow wheat and cotton for export. The Canal Colonies, as the areas irrigated by the new canals were called, were settled by peasants from other parts of Punjab. So rapidly did regional specialization in the production of commodities (cotton and rubber) develop that between 1820 and 1914 world trade is estimated to have multiplied 25 to 40 times. Nearly 60 percent of this trade comprised `primary products'- such as wheat and cotton, and minerals such as coal.
The railways, steamships, the telegraph were important inventions without which we cannot imagine the transformed nineteenth-century world. Take the example of mobile phone and internet in modern world and try to imagine a world without these two important tools of communication. Refrigeration provided an effective and cheaper way to ensure availability of meat products to Europe.
Trade flourished and markets expanded in the late nineteenth century. But this was not only a period of expanding trade and increased prosperity. It is important to realise that there was a darker side to this process. In many parts of the world, the expansion of trade and a closer relationship with the world economy also meant a loss of freedoms and livelihoods. Late nineteenth- century European conquests produced many painful economic, social and ecological changes through which the colonised societies were brought into the world economy.
Map of colonial Africa at the end of the nineteenth century
Africa had abundant land and a relatively small population. For centuries, land and livestock sustained African livelihoods and people rarely worked for a wage. In the late nineteenth century, Europeans were attracted to Africa due to these vast resources of land and minerals, hoping to establish plantations and mines to produce crops and minerals for export to Europe. But there was unexpected problems- a shortage of labour willing to work for wages. To recruit and retain labour, heavy taxes were imposed which could be paid only by working for wages on plantations and mines. Inheritance laws were changed so that peasants were displaced from land: only one member of a family was allowed to inherit land, as a result of which the others were pushed into the labour market.
Rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa. Entering Africa in the east, rinderpest moved west `like forest fire', reaching Africa's Atlantic coast in 1892. It reached the Cape (Africa's southernmost tip) five years later. Along the way rinderpest killed 90 percent of the cattle. The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. Control over scarce resource of cattle enabled European colonizers to conquer and subdue Africa.
In the nineteenth century, hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to work on plantations, in mines, and in road and railway construction projects around the world. In India, indentured labourers were hired under contracts which promised return travel to India after they had worked five years on their employer’s plantation. Most Indian indentured workers came from the present-day regions of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, central India and the dry districts of Tamil Nadu. In the mid-nineteenth century these regions experienced many changes – cottage industries declined, land rents rose, lands were cleared for mines and plantations. All this affected the lives of the poor: they failed to pay their rents, became deeply indebted and were forced to migrate in search of work.
The main destinations of Indian indentured migrants were the Caribbean islands (mainly Trinidad, Guyana and Surinam), Mauritius and Fiji. Closer home, Tamil migrants went to Ceylon and Malaya. Indentured workers were also recruited for tea plantations in Assam.
Recruitment was done by agents engaged by employers and paid a small commission. Many migrants agreed to take up work hoping to escape poverty or oppression in their home villages. Agents also tempted the prospective migrants by providing false information about final destinations, modes of travel, the nature of the work, and living and working conditions. Often migrants were not even told that they were to embark on a long sea voyage. Sometimes agents even forcibly abducted less willing migrants.
Nineteenth-century indenture has been described as a ‘new system of slavery’. On arrival at the plantations, labourers found conditions to be different from what they had imagined. Living and working conditions were harsh, and there were few legal rights. But workers discovered their own ways of surviving. Many of them escaped into the wilds, though if caught they faced severe punishment. Others developed new forms of individual and collective self expression, blending different cultural forms, old and new. In Trinidad the annual Muharram procession was transformed into a riotous carnival called ‘Hosay’ (for Imam Hussain) in which workers of all races and religions joined. Similarly, the protest religion of Rastafarianism (made famous by the Jamaican reggae star Bob Marley) is also said to reflect social and cultural links with Indian migrants to the Caribbean. ‘Chutney music’, popular in Trinidad and Guyana, is another creative contemporary expression of the post-indenture experience.
These forms of cultural fusion are part of the making of the global world, where things from different places get mixed, lose their original characteristics and become something entirely new.
Most indentured workers stayed on after their contracts ended, or returned to their new homes after a short spell in India. Consequently, there are large communities of people of Indian descent in these countries.
From the 1900s India’s nationalist leaders began opposing the system of indentured labour migration as abusive and cruel. It was abolished in 1921. Yet for a number of decades afterwards, descendants of Indian indentured workers, often thought of as ‘coolies’, remained an uneasy minority in the Caribbean islands.
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History Chapter 3 - The Making of a Global World explains how globalisation has its effect on the world as well as the Indian economy. These CBSE Class 10 History notes for Chapter 3 help students to get a brief overview of all the concepts. By referring to these notes, students can recall all the essential topics from the chapter and can ...
The world which we term as a 'global village' is the outcome of a long history. Through this, we came across different phases which resulted in interconnectedness of the entire world. So, this chapter will take you to the journey of globalization. We will study how the economic, political and cultural closeness took place over time.
The 19th Century (1815-1914) (i) The world changed profoundly in the 19th century as economic, political, social, cultural and technological factors, interacted in complex ways to transform societies and reshape external relations. (ii) Economists of the 19th century identify three types of movements or 'flows' within international economic ...
Notes and Study Materials. Concepts of The The making of a Global World. The The making of a Global World Master File. The The making of a Global World NCERT Text Book Chapter. The The making of a Global World Ncert Solution. Past Many Years Question Papers Solution The The making of a Global World. The The making of a Global World Note 1.
The Making of a Global world part 4 - Class 10 History chapter 3 part 4. Top. Once again the world was turned towards death and destruction. This time at least 60 million people or about 3 percent of the world's 1939 population are believed to have been killed, directly or indirectly as a result of the war.
"The Making of a Global World" examines the historical processes that led to the integration of the global economy, showcasing how various regions and people around the world have become increasingly interconnected. The chapter starts with the pre-modern world's trade routes, including the Silk Road and the trans-Atlantic trade, setting ...
Class 10 History Chapter 3 NCERT Solutions PDF Download. Write in Brief. Question 1: Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas. Answer: Examples of the different types of global exchanges which took place before the ...
The Pre-modern World. 'Globalisation' is often referred to as an economic system that has emerged since the last 50 years or so. The making of the global world has a long history of trade, migration of people in search of work, the movement of capital, etc. The silk routes linked together vast regions of Asia, Asia with Europe and northern ...
Welcome to your go-to resource for Class 10 History Chapter 3, " The Making of a Global World ," within the realm of Social Science. Our Class 10 Notes are thoughtfully curated, aligning seamlessly with the CBSE 2024-25 latest syllabus. All deleted topics from the latest syllabus have been excluded, so you can be confident that you are getting ...
1 The Pre-modern World. When we talk of 'globalisation' we often refer to an economic system that has emerged since the last 50 years or so. But as you will see in this chapter, the making of the global world has a long history - of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else.
Class 10 Chapter 3 History Notes will give students information about the movement of people across the world and how it paved the way for globalisation. The CBSE revision notes of Class 10 History Chapter 3 provided by Extramarks have been created by experts according to the CBSE syllabus. These notes are reliable, informative and precise ...
The chapter introduces students to the making of a global world with evolution of trade from ancient times using the silk road to the industrial revolution. We learn about how colonialism was used to further the interests of imperial nations for the benefit of trade. We highlight important events such as migration of indentured labour, slave trade, great depression and the formation of modern ...
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 3 - CBSE Free PDF Download. NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World discuss the creation of the world, which had a long history of trade, migration, people in search of work, the movement of capital, etc. Globalisation is an economic system with the free movement of goods, technology, ideas and people across the ...
NCERT Solutions of Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World will help you in knowing how world became interconnected, silk routes, the nineteenth century, corn laws, role of technology, rinderpest, indentured labour migration, the great depression, Bretton Woods and many others. You can revise the chapter easily by taking help from Chapter 3 The Making of Global World NCERT Solutions.
The Pre-Modern World. Before the beginning of the nineteenth century, travellers, traders, scholars had travelled across different continents for gaining knowledge, for collecting religious text, or for various other reasons. The three things that will help us to understand the making of a global world in the pre-Modern era is: Silk Route.
This document contains instructions for a history assignment focusing on the making of a global world in the 19th century. It lists 12 questions, with the first 6 being short answer and the last 6 being long answer. The questions cover a range of topics such as types of global flows in the 19th century, how food traveled between countries, weapons used in conquests, post-war agricultural ...
Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4 - The Making of a Global World [twy_show_add_bookmark] Exercise Questions: Question 1: Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place in the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas. Answer 1:
The silk routes got their name due to the Chinese silk cargoes along these routes which were actively functional before the Christian era and up to the 15th century. Chinese pottery, Indian spices The Making of a Global World 83 and precious metals like gold and silver from Europe travelled through these silk routes.
The Making of a Global World. There were two main events that highlighted the Twentieth century as one of struggle and chaos. The first defining event was the first world war, and then immediately after came the great depression of 1929. Both these events have shaped our modern history.
Question of Class 10-The Nineteenth Century (1815 - 1914) : India used to export spices, tea, Rice and many other agricultural products to the rest of the world. During the nineteenth and the twentieth century's, India emerged as a larger exporter of raw materials and importer of manufactured go.
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