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Problem statement and hypothesis
A problem statement may need to be re-worked throughout the process .
The academic problem that you are investigating in your assignment can either take the form of a problem statement, i.e. a question that you want to answer, or it can be a hypothesis that you wish to reject or confirm. How you formulate the problem influences the task you are embarking on. Problem statements as well as hypotheses must be relevant to your area of study, and you must be able to carry out the investigation using the resources and methods available to you.
Note that a problem statement or a hypothesis often changes during the writing process. Sometimes you have to change the focus of the problem statement/hypothesis, and sometimes you only have to change a single word. The amount of changes required depends on your study programme and the assignment at hand. Therefore, you should always ask your teacher or supervisor for advice.
Problem statement
A problem statement usually consists of one question to be addressed in your assignment and to be answered in your conclusion. It can include 2-5 sub-questions. A problem statement can take different forms, but generally:
It uses accurate wording, for example technical terms
It relates specifically to your project, describing what you want to study (object) and how you want to study it (theories and methods)
It not only introduces a description of the problem (what is the problem?) but also encourages explanation, reflection and discussion of the problem (how and why does the problem exist?)
The problem statement as a guiding tool
The problem statement can be a useful tool to guide you through your work process. Whether you are collecting empirical data, searching for literature or reading, always keep your problem statement in mind. This will help you narrow down your searches and your reading, and help you focus on what is relevant in order to answer the question in your problem statement.
You should also be prepared to revise your problem statement as you go along. For example if you discover a more relevant or interesting question when you start working on the investigation. Always discuss with your teacher or supervisor if you want to make radical changes to your problem statement, and thereby to your assignment.
Working on your problem statement
The problem statement sets the framework for your assignment .
Your problem statement asks the question that will be answered in the conclusion. The actual assignment - between the problem statement and the conclusion - addresses your main question. There must be a clear link between the problem statement and the conclusion.
A problem statement must comply with certain specific requirements
Your problem statement has to meet a number of formal requirements, but there are other elements that you need to consider as well. For example: Is your language clear and unambiguous, and is your topic relevant and interesting?
Checklist for the problem statement
Checklist for the problem statement .
Use the points in the checklist below to assure the quality of your problem statement. Tick off each of the points that your problem statement complies with. Continue to work on your problem statement until it complies with most or all of the items on the list. This will help you make sure that your problem statement is satisfactory.
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The checklist has been prepared by the editorial team in collaboration with Susanne Højlund, associate professor at the School of Culture and Society - Department of Anthropology, Aarhus University.
A hypothesis is a theoretical, hypothetical explanation that can be tested. It usually takes the form of a causal relationship or a causal explanation. You can also consider the hypothesis as a preliminary response to a research question or a problem statement. A hypothesis can be expressed in different ways, but generally, the following applies:
The hypothesis is theoretical and builds on existing knowledge and general principles.
The hypothesis can be tested through a study or an experiment.
The hypothesis can either be confirmed or rejected.
Testing a hypothesis
Your hypothesis can include a prediction of the results of your study based on a logical explanation. Your study will then show whether your hypothesis and your prediction appear to be correct or not. In other words, a good hypothesis is a hypothesis that you can test through a study or an experiment.
A good hypothesis is theoretical and is based on existing knowledge, general principles and previous research within a similar academic problem area. It can also be a good idea to consider proposing several hypotheses.
In science, it is generally believed that a hypothesis can turn out to be wrong, but that it can never be conclusively proven to be true. Consequently, your study or experiment should be designed so that it attempts to reject or falsify your hypothesis. If you fail to reject the hypothesis, it is more likely to be "correct".
Inspiration from assignments by other students
Get a list of thesis titles from your field of study, and draw inspiration from other students’ problem statements.
: : : : Lesson3-2-1 |
is a . This prediction is . (Remember that we usually can't study everyone in our target population for practical reasons of time and cost, so we are faced with drawing a smaller sample for our study and then 'projecting' the sample results with some degree of confidence back to the target population at large.) . This is contrast to the two alternative & acceptable forms for the 'curiosity:' .
Go on to Assignment 1: Try Your Hand at Writing Hypotheses or Go back to Understanding Hypotheses E-mail M. Dereshiwsky at [email protected] Call M. Dereshiwsky at (520) 523-1892 Educational resources and simple solutions for your research journey ![]() What is a Research Hypothesis: How to Write it, Types, and Examples![]() Any research begins with a research question and a research hypothesis . A research question alone may not suffice to design the experiment(s) needed to answer it. A hypothesis is central to the scientific method. But what is a hypothesis ? A hypothesis is a testable statement that proposes a possible explanation to a phenomenon, and it may include a prediction. Next, you may ask what is a research hypothesis ? Simply put, a research hypothesis is a prediction or educated guess about the relationship between the variables that you want to investigate. It is important to be thorough when developing your research hypothesis. Shortcomings in the framing of a hypothesis can affect the study design and the results. A better understanding of the research hypothesis definition and characteristics of a good hypothesis will make it easier for you to develop your own hypothesis for your research. Let’s dive in to know more about the types of research hypothesis , how to write a research hypothesis , and some research hypothesis examples . Table of Contents What is a hypothesis ?A hypothesis is based on the existing body of knowledge in a study area. Framed before the data are collected, a hypothesis states the tentative relationship between independent and dependent variables, along with a prediction of the outcome. What is a research hypothesis ?Young researchers starting out their journey are usually brimming with questions like “ What is a hypothesis ?” “ What is a research hypothesis ?” “How can I write a good research hypothesis ?” A research hypothesis is a statement that proposes a possible explanation for an observable phenomenon or pattern. It guides the direction of a study and predicts the outcome of the investigation. A research hypothesis is testable, i.e., it can be supported or disproven through experimentation or observation. ![]() Characteristics of a good hypothesisHere are the characteristics of a good hypothesis :
How to create an effective research hypothesisA study begins with the formulation of a research question. A researcher then performs background research. This background information forms the basis for building a good research hypothesis . The researcher then performs experiments, collects, and analyzes the data, interprets the findings, and ultimately, determines if the findings support or negate the original hypothesis. Let’s look at each step for creating an effective, testable, and good research hypothesis :
Remember that creating a research hypothesis is an iterative process, i.e., you might have to revise it based on the data you collect. You may need to test and reject several hypotheses before answering the research problem. How to write a research hypothesisWhen you start writing a research hypothesis , you use an “if–then” statement format, which states the predicted relationship between two or more variables. Clearly identify the independent variables (the variables being changed) and the dependent variables (the variables being measured), as well as the population you are studying. Review and revise your hypothesis as needed. An example of a research hypothesis in this format is as follows: “ If [athletes] follow [cold water showers daily], then their [endurance] increases.” Population: athletes Independent variable: daily cold water showers Dependent variable: endurance You may have understood the characteristics of a good hypothesis . But note that a research hypothesis is not always confirmed; a researcher should be prepared to accept or reject the hypothesis based on the study findings. ![]() Research hypothesis checklistFollowing from above, here is a 10-point checklist for a good research hypothesis :
By following this research hypothesis checklist , you will be able to create a research hypothesis that is strong, well-constructed, and more likely to yield meaningful results. ![]() Types of research hypothesisDifferent types of research hypothesis are used in scientific research: 1. Null hypothesis:A null hypothesis states that there is no change in the dependent variable due to changes to the independent variable. This means that the results are due to chance and are not significant. A null hypothesis is denoted as H0 and is stated as the opposite of what the alternative hypothesis states. Example: “ The newly identified virus is not zoonotic .” 2. Alternative hypothesis:This states that there is a significant difference or relationship between the variables being studied. It is denoted as H1 or Ha and is usually accepted or rejected in favor of the null hypothesis. Example: “ The newly identified virus is zoonotic .” 3. Directional hypothesis :This specifies the direction of the relationship or difference between variables; therefore, it tends to use terms like increase, decrease, positive, negative, more, or less. Example: “ The inclusion of intervention X decreases infant mortality compared to the original treatment .” 4. Non-directional hypothesis:While it does not predict the exact direction or nature of the relationship between the two variables, a non-directional hypothesis states the existence of a relationship or difference between variables but not the direction, nature, or magnitude of the relationship. A non-directional hypothesis may be used when there is no underlying theory or when findings contradict previous research. Example, “ Cats and dogs differ in the amount of affection they express .” 5. Simple hypothesis :A simple hypothesis only predicts the relationship between one independent and another independent variable. Example: “ Applying sunscreen every day slows skin aging .” 6 . Complex hypothesis :A complex hypothesis states the relationship or difference between two or more independent and dependent variables. Example: “ Applying sunscreen every day slows skin aging, reduces sun burn, and reduces the chances of skin cancer .” (Here, the three dependent variables are slowing skin aging, reducing sun burn, and reducing the chances of skin cancer.) 7. Associative hypothesis:An associative hypothesis states that a change in one variable results in the change of the other variable. The associative hypothesis defines interdependency between variables. Example: “ There is a positive association between physical activity levels and overall health .” 8 . Causal hypothesis:A causal hypothesis proposes a cause-and-effect interaction between variables. Example: “ Long-term alcohol use causes liver damage .” Note that some of the types of research hypothesis mentioned above might overlap. The types of hypothesis chosen will depend on the research question and the objective of the study. ![]() Research hypothesis examplesHere are some good research hypothesis examples : “The use of a specific type of therapy will lead to a reduction in symptoms of depression in individuals with a history of major depressive disorder.” “Providing educational interventions on healthy eating habits will result in weight loss in overweight individuals.” “Plants that are exposed to certain types of music will grow taller than those that are not exposed to music.” “The use of the plant growth regulator X will lead to an increase in the number of flowers produced by plants.” Characteristics that make a research hypothesis weak are unclear variables, unoriginality, being too general or too vague, and being untestable. A weak hypothesis leads to weak research and improper methods. Some bad research hypothesis examples (and the reasons why they are “bad”) are as follows: “This study will show that treatment X is better than any other treatment . ” (This statement is not testable, too broad, and does not consider other treatments that may be effective.) “This study will prove that this type of therapy is effective for all mental disorders . ” (This statement is too broad and not testable as mental disorders are complex and different disorders may respond differently to different types of therapy.) “Plants can communicate with each other through telepathy . ” (This statement is not testable and lacks a scientific basis.) Importance of testable hypothesisIf a research hypothesis is not testable, the results will not prove or disprove anything meaningful. The conclusions will be vague at best. A testable hypothesis helps a researcher focus on the study outcome and understand the implication of the question and the different variables involved. A testable hypothesis helps a researcher make precise predictions based on prior research. To be considered testable, there must be a way to prove that the hypothesis is true or false; further, the results of the hypothesis must be reproducible. ![]() Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on research hypothesis1. What is the difference between research question and research hypothesis ? A research question defines the problem and helps outline the study objective(s). It is an open-ended statement that is exploratory or probing in nature. Therefore, it does not make predictions or assumptions. It helps a researcher identify what information to collect. A research hypothesis , however, is a specific, testable prediction about the relationship between variables. Accordingly, it guides the study design and data analysis approach. 2. When to reject null hypothesis ? A null hypothesis should be rejected when the evidence from a statistical test shows that it is unlikely to be true. This happens when the test statistic (e.g., p -value) is less than the defined significance level (e.g., 0.05). Rejecting the null hypothesis does not necessarily mean that the alternative hypothesis is true; it simply means that the evidence found is not compatible with the null hypothesis. 3. How can I be sure my hypothesis is testable? A testable hypothesis should be specific and measurable, and it should state a clear relationship between variables that can be tested with data. To ensure that your hypothesis is testable, consider the following:
4. How do I revise my research hypothesis if my data does not support it? If your data does not support your research hypothesis , you will need to revise it or develop a new one. You should examine your data carefully and identify any patterns or anomalies, re-examine your research question, and/or revisit your theory to look for any alternative explanations for your results. Based on your review of the data, literature, and theories, modify your research hypothesis to better align it with the results you obtained. Use your revised hypothesis to guide your research design and data collection. It is important to remain objective throughout the process. 5. I am performing exploratory research. Do I need to formulate a research hypothesis? As opposed to “confirmatory” research, where a researcher has some idea about the relationship between the variables under investigation, exploratory research (or hypothesis-generating research) looks into a completely new topic about which limited information is available. Therefore, the researcher will not have any prior hypotheses. In such cases, a researcher will need to develop a post-hoc hypothesis. A post-hoc research hypothesis is generated after these results are known. 6. How is a research hypothesis different from a research question? A research question is an inquiry about a specific topic or phenomenon, typically expressed as a question. It seeks to explore and understand a particular aspect of the research subject. In contrast, a research hypothesis is a specific statement or prediction that suggests an expected relationship between variables. It is formulated based on existing knowledge or theories and guides the research design and data analysis. 7. Can a research hypothesis change during the research process? Yes, research hypotheses can change during the research process. As researchers collect and analyze data, new insights and information may emerge that require modification or refinement of the initial hypotheses. This can be due to unexpected findings, limitations in the original hypotheses, or the need to explore additional dimensions of the research topic. Flexibility is crucial in research, allowing for adaptation and adjustment of hypotheses to align with the evolving understanding of the subject matter. 8. How many hypotheses should be included in a research study? The number of research hypotheses in a research study varies depending on the nature and scope of the research. It is not necessary to have multiple hypotheses in every study. Some studies may have only one primary hypothesis, while others may have several related hypotheses. The number of hypotheses should be determined based on the research objectives, research questions, and the complexity of the research topic. It is important to ensure that the hypotheses are focused, testable, and directly related to the research aims. 9. Can research hypotheses be used in qualitative research? Yes, research hypotheses can be used in qualitative research, although they are more commonly associated with quantitative research. In qualitative research, hypotheses may be formulated as tentative or exploratory statements that guide the investigation. Instead of testing hypotheses through statistical analysis, qualitative researchers may use the hypotheses to guide data collection and analysis, seeking to uncover patterns, themes, or relationships within the qualitative data. The emphasis in qualitative research is often on generating insights and understanding rather than confirming or rejecting specific research hypotheses through statistical testing. Editage All Access is a subscription-based platform that unifies the best AI tools and services designed to speed up, simplify, and streamline every step of a researcher’s journey. The Editage All Access Pack is a one-of-a-kind subscription that unlocks full access to an AI writing assistant, literature recommender, journal finder, scientific illustration tool, and exclusive discounts on professional publication services from Editage. Based on 22+ years of experience in academia, Editage All Access empowers researchers to put their best research forward and move closer to success. Explore our top AI Tools pack, AI Tools + Publication Services pack, or Build Your Own Plan. Find everything a researcher needs to succeed, all in one place – Get All Access now starting at just $14 a month ! Related Posts![]() Back to School – Lock-in All Access Pack for a Year at the Best Price![]() Journal Turnaround Time: Researcher.Life and Scholarly Intelligence Join Hands to Empower Researchers with Publication Time InsightsHave a language expert improve your writingRun a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
Methodology
How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & ExamplesPublished on May 6, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection . Example: HypothesisDaily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor’s visits. Table of contentsWhat is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses. A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question. A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data). Variables in hypothesesHypotheses propose a relationship between two or more types of variables .
If there are any control variables , extraneous variables , or confounding variables , be sure to jot those down as you go to minimize the chances that research bias will affect your results. In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect . Here's why students love Scribbr's proofreading servicesDiscover proofreading & editing Step 1. Ask a questionWriting a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project. Step 2. Do some preliminary researchYour initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find. At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to ensure that you’re embarking on a relevant topic . This can also help you identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalize more complex constructs. Step 3. Formulate your hypothesisNow you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence. 4. Refine your hypothesisYou need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:
5. Phrase your hypothesis in three waysTo identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable. In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables. If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them. 6. Write a null hypothesisIf your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis . The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .
If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Statistics
Research bias
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data). Null and alternative hypotheses are used in statistical hypothesis testing . The null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis states your research prediction of an effect or relationship. Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance. Cite this Scribbr articleIf you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator. McCombes, S. (2023, November 20). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 4, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/hypothesis/ Is this article helpful?Shona McCombesOther students also liked, construct validity | definition, types, & examples, what is a conceptual framework | tips & examples, operationalization | a guide with examples, pros & cons, "i thought ai proofreading was useless but..". I've been using Scribbr for years now and I know it's a service that won't disappoint. It does a good job spotting mistakes”
How to write the Statement of a ProblemBy charlesworth author services.
The first step in research is to outline the research problem – this might be an area of concern, a gap in the existing knowledge or a deviation in something that has been previously established, which warrants further investigation. Importance of the problem statementThe statement of a problem defines and describes the research hypothesis or question(s), along with the broad method that will be used to solve the problem . The statement of the problem serves as the basis for the introductory section of your project proposal. A well-formulated statement of the problem sets the stage for the rest of your study , including how you will address the problem and any anticipated outcomes or answers. Once you have very clearly laid out the core issue, problem or question that you’re investigating, you’ll have a much sharper focus for conducting and writing up the rest of your study. A clear and straightforward statement will also inform and impress your reader in grasping the issues that your proposed project will address. Defining the ‘problem’The research question should be compelling and must have an underlying basis. While formulating the problem statement, as a keen researcher, you should consider the current state of the topic in question, along with any other observations or educated guesses. As you are defining the ‘problem’ that you are addressing in your research, consider the following questions:
Clarifying and refining the problem statementIn the initial stages of writing, the problem statement might be a bit rough around the edges. A final and more refined form will emerge as you reflect more deeply over the topic and delve into the literature. The current status of the topic , including what is known and what is not , will help you refine your original problem statement to a clearer and more specific one. Wrapping it upTo conclude the section, briefly summarise the problem and emphasise the need to fix it. All potential advantages and anticipated outcomes and implications should be mentioned here. Contextualising the problem in a broad sense will also strengthen your case. Sample problem statementIn a detailed project proposal, the statement of the problem could be nearly a page long, over several paragraphs . In a report or paper, the problem is typically expressed in a few sentences in the Introduction . Here is an example based on a fictional study. Early and targeted warning of dengue outbreaks is critical for vector control. Current studies have primarily focused on the role of weather conditions in dengue forecasting. Environmental and microenvironmental suitability for mosquito breeding has been sorely neglected as a crucial factor, particularly in the urban setting. The surge in dengue and other mosquito-borne infections in India metropolitan cities in 2020–2021 highlights the urgent need to identify conducive features to better track and predict outbreaks. This study proposes a framework for implementing intra-urban dengue forecasting by… Through this investigation, we aim to develop a set of early predictors for improved surveillance of dengue in large urban swathes in Indian metropolitan cities. Dos and don’ts of writing a problem statement
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![]() How to Write an Effective Problem Statement for Your Research Paper
Table of Contents The problem statement usually appears at the beginning of an article, making it one of the first things readers encounter. An excellent problem statement not only explains the relevance and importance of the research but also helps readers quickly determine if the article aligns with their interests by clearly defining the topic. Therefore, the problem statement plays a unique role in the widespread dissemination of the paper and enhancing the researcher’s academic influence. In this article, we will focus on writing ideas, structure, and practical examples of the problem statement, helping researchers easily write an excellent problem statement. Basic Writing Strategies for the Problem StatementThe problem statement aims to highlight the pressing issue the research intends to address. It should be concise and to the point. Researchers can follow a two-step approach: first, think about the content of the problem statement, and then organize the writing framework. Before writing, clarify the following points¹ :
After addressing these two questions, you can organize the content according to the following structure:
Three Important Parts of the Problem StatementThe content and length of the problem statement can vary depending on the type of research. Although there’s no fixed format, it’s helpful to include these three key parts: Research Background:Explain clearly what problem your research focuses on. Describe how things would be better if this problem didn’t exist. Also, talk about what other researchers have tried to do about this problem and what still needs to be figured out. Research Significance:Clarify the impact of the problem on the research field and society, and analyze the cause of the problem. Explain who will benefit from solving the problem, thus demonstrating the relevance of the research and its contribution to the existing research system.² To illustrate the relevance, consider aspects such as the geographical location or process where the problem occurs, the time period during which it exists, and the severity of the problem. Solution:Describe the research objective and the expected solution or results. Understanding the Writing Method Through ExamplesTo further explore the writing method of the problem statement, let’s look at the following case. Research Topic: The benefits of vitamin D supplementation on the immune system. Problem Statement:
Points to Note: When crafting your problem statement, focus on essential details and avoid unnecessary information. Additionally, absolute terms such as “must” should be avoided. ( The examples in this article are used only to illustrate writing points, and the academic views contained therein are not for reference. ) By mastering these techniques and methods, you can enhance the clarity and impact of their problem statements. This not only makes the articles more engaging for reviewers and readers but also increases the likelihood of broader dissemination. For efficient and professional assistance, consider reaching out to Elsevier Language Services. Our team of expert editors, who are native English speakers across various disciplines, can help refine every aspect of your article, including the problem statement. Our goal is to ensure your research achieves efficient publication and has wide-reaching impact, supporting your academic journey in the long term. Type in wordcount for Plus Total: USD EUR JPY Follow this link if your manuscript is longer than 9,000 words. Upload References:
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Secondary LogoJournal logo. Colleague's E-mail is Invalid Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Save my selection Problem Statement, Conceptual Framework, and Research QuestionMcGaghie, William C.; Bordage, Georges; Shea, Judy A. * * Lloyd Lewis, PhD, emeritus professor of the Medical College of Georgia, participated in early meetings of the Task Force and contributed to the earliest draft of this section. REVIEW CRITERIA
ISSUES AND EXAMPLES RELATED TO THE CRITERIAIntroduction. A scholarly manuscript starts with an Introduction that tells a story. The Introduction orients the reader to the topic of the report, moving from broad concepts to more specific ideas. 1 The Introduction should convince the reader, and all the more the reviewer, that the author has thought the topic through and has developed a tight, “researchable” problem. The Introduction should move logically from the known to the unknown. The actual components of an Introduction (including its length, complexity, and organization) will vary with the type of study being reported, the traditions of the research community or discipline in which it is based, and the style and tradition of the journal receiving the manuscript. It is helpful for the reviewer to evaluate the Introduction by thinking about its overall purpose and its individual components: problem statement, conceptual framework, and research question. Two related articles, “Reference to the Literature” and “Relevance,” follow the present article. Problem StatementThe Introduction to a research manuscript articulates a problem statement . This essential element conveys the issues and context that gave rise to the study. Two examples of problem statements are: “With the national trend toward more patient care in outpatient settings, the numbers of patients on inpatient wards have declined in many hospitals, contributing to the inadequacy of inpatient wards as the primary setting for teaching students,” 2 and “The process of professional socialization, regardless of the philosophical approach of the educational program, can be stressful … few studies have explored the unique stressors associated with PBL in professional education.” 3 These statements help readers anticipate the goals of each study. In the case of the second example, the Introduction ended with the following statement: “The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify stressors perceived by physiotherapy students during their initial unit of study in a problem-based program.” In laying out the issues and context, the Introduction should not contain broad generalizations or sweeping claims that will not be backed up in the paper's literature review. (See the next article.) Conceptual FrameworkMost research reports cast the problem statement within the context of a conceptual or theoretical framework. 4 A description of this framework contributes to a research report in at least two ways because it (1) identifies research variables, and (2) clarifies relationships among the variables. Linked to the problem statement, the conceptual framework “sets the stage” for presentation of the specific research question that drives the investigation being reported. For example, the conceptual framework and research question would be different for a formative evaluation study than for a summative study, even though their variables might be similar. Scholars argue that a conceptual or theoretical framework always underlies a research study, even if the framework is not articulated. 5 This may seem incongruous, because many research problems originate from practical educational or clinical activities. Questions often arise such as “I wonder why such an event did not [or did] happen?” For example, why didn't the residents' test-interpretation skills improve after they were given feedback? There are also occasions when a study is undertaken simply to report or describe an event, e.g., pass rates for women versus men on high-stakes examinations such as the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1. Nevertheless, it is usually possible to construct at least a brief theoretical rationale for the study. The rationale in the USMLE example may be, for instance, about gender equity and bias and why these are important issues. Frameworks are usually more elaborate and detailed when the topics that are being studied have long scholarly histories (e.g., cognition, psychometrics) where active researchers traditionally embed their empirical work in well-established theories. Research QuestionA more precise and detailed expression of the problem statement cast as a specific research question is usually stated at the end of the Introduction. To illustrate, a recent research report states, “The research addressed three questions. First, do students” pulmonary physiology concept structures change from random patterns before instruction to coherent, interpretable structures after a focused block of instruction? Second, can an MDS [multidimensional scaling] solution account for a meaningful proportion of variance in medical and veterinary students' concept structures? Third, do individual differences in the ways in which medical and veterinary students intellectually organize the pulmonary physiology concepts as captured by MDS correlate with course examination achievement? 6 In experimental research, the logic revealed in the Introduction might result in explicitly stated hypotheses that would include specification of dependent and independent variables. 7 By contrast, much of the research in medical education is not experimental. In such cases it is more typical to state general research questions. For example, “In this [book] section, the meaning of medical competence in the worlds of practicing clinicians is considered through the lens of an ethnographic story. The story is about the evolution of relationships among obstetrical providers and transformations in obstetrical practice in one rural town in California, which I will call ‘Coast Community,’ over the course of a decade.” 8 For some journals, the main study variables (e.g., medical competence) will be defined in the Introduction. Other journals will place this in the Methods section. Whether specific hypotheses or more general research questions are stated, the reviewer (reader) should be able to anticipate what will be revealed in the Methods. The purpose of the Introduction is to construct a logical “story” that will educate the reader about the study that follows. The order of the components may vary, with the problem statement sometimes coming after the conceptual framework, while in other reports the problem statement may appear in the first paragraph to orient the reader about what to expect. However, in all cases the Introduction will engage, educate, and encourage the reader to finish the manuscript. Section Description Review Criteria for Research Manuscripts Joint Task Force of Academic Medicine and the GEA-RIME Committee
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![]() Home » Problem Statement – Writing Guide, Examples and Types Problem Statement – Writing Guide, Examples and TypesTable of Contents ![]() Problem StatementDefinition: Problem statement is a clear, concise, and well-defined statement that outlines the issue or challenge that needs to be addressed. It is a crucial element in any project or research as it provides a clear understanding of the problem, its context, and its potential impact. Types of Problem StatementsThere are various types of problem statements, and the type of problem statement used depends on the context and purpose of the project or research. Some common types of problem statements are: Business Problem StatementBusiness Problem Statement identifies a problem or challenge within an organization that needs to be solved. It typically includes the impact of the problem on the organization and its stakeholders, such as customers, employees, or shareholders. Research Problem StatementResearch Problem Statement outlines the research question or problem that the study aims to address. It describes the research objectives, the significance of the research, and the potential impact of the research findings. Design Problem StatementDesign Problem Statement defines the problem or challenge that a design project aims to solve. It includes the user’s needs, the design constraints, and the desired outcomes of the design project. Social Problem StatementSocial Problem Statement describes a problem or challenge in society that needs to be addressed. It typically includes the social, economic, or political impact of the problem and its effect on individuals or communities. Technical Problem StatementTechnical Problem Statement defines a problem or challenge related to technology or engineering. It includes the technical requirements, constraints, and potential solutions to the problem. Components of Problem StatementThe components of a problem statement may vary depending on the context and purpose of the project or research, but some common components include:
How to write Problem StatementHere are some general steps to follow when writing a problem statement:
Applications of Problem StatementHere are some of the applications of problem statements:
Examples of Problem StatementsExamples of Problem Statements are as follows:
Environmental Science
Engineering
Social Work
Purpose of Problem StatementThe purpose of a problem statement is to clearly and concisely describe a specific problem or issue that needs to be addressed. It serves as a clear and succinct explanation of the problem, its context, and its importance, providing the necessary information to understand why the problem is worth solving. A well-crafted problem statement also helps to define the scope of the problem, which in turn helps to guide the research or problem-solving process. In essence, a problem statement sets the stage for identifying potential solutions and determining the best approach to solve the problem. Characteristics of Problem StatementThe characteristics of a good problem statement include:
Advantages of Problem StatementAdvantages of Problem Statement are as follows:
Limitations of Problem StatementWhile problem statements have many advantages, they also have some limitations, such as:
![]() About the authorMuhammad HassanResearcher, Academic Writer, Web developer You may also like![]() Research Findings – Types Examples and Writing...![]() Scope of the Research – Writing Guide and...![]() Ethical Considerations – Types, Examples and...![]() Research Methods – Types, Examples and Guide![]() Thesis – Structure, Example and Writing Guide![]() Research Design – Types, Methods and Examples
![]() How to Write a Statement of a Problem in Research with StepsPublished by Grace Graffin at August 11th, 2021 , Revised On October 3, 2023 Research is a systematic investigation to find new techniques, products or processes to solve problems. Apart from being systematic, research is empirical in nature: it’s based on observations and measurement of those observations. It’s what comes before the development. Impacts and policies that are born in society are borne out of the research. The most important step to perform any research is to identify a problem that needs to be solved. Therefore, it is necessary to define a research problem before starting the actual research process. Once a research problem has been identified, the next step is to write a problem statement. Philosopher Kaoru Ishikawa said: “You will have a problem half-solved by defining it correctly on the first day.” This quote perfectly reflects the importance of a problem statement in research. Before writing a problem statement, it is essential to pinpoint a specific problem, the difficulties you can expect to face as you try to solve it and the research gaps you aim to fill with your research. The last part—how your research aims to fill a gap in the existing literature—will act as a springboard to the solution(s) that policy makers, for instance, might eventually take to solve that problem. Filling a gap, therefore, is very important towards solving an existing problem. What is a Problem Statement?A problem statement is a clear and concise description of an issue or challenge that needs to be addressed. It typically outlines the existing gap between the current state (what currently is) and the desired state (what should be). Crafting a well-defined problem statement is critical for problem-solving, research, or project planning, as it serves as a guidepost and sets the direction for the subsequent steps. Research Problem and Research Method – A Cyclical ProcessThe type of research strategy used in research determines whether you will be analysing theoretical problems to add value to existing knowledge, discussing practical issues to become an agent of change for an organisation or industry or looking at both aspects in relation to any given problem. However, the kind of problem you aim to tackle with your research, to begin with, will also help you narrow down which research design , method or strategy to opt for. This is therefore a cyclical process. Your research aim guides your research design can help you focus on a specific kind of research gap/problem. However, generally, your research will focus on one or the other. Here is all you need to know about how to write a statement of the problem in research, also called problem statement by some research writers . Why do you Need a Statement of the Problem, to Begin with?You need a statement of the problem to transform a generalised problem into a well-defined, brief, targeted statement to perform research in the decision-making process. The problem statement helps the researcher to identify the purpose of the ongoing research. The problem statement in the dissertation is the pillar of the introduction chapter through which the reader can understand the research questions and scope of the project. If you do not define the problem statement properly, the results might become unmanageable. Writing Problem Statement for a Business or OrganisationIn the business world, problem statements provide the basis for the enhancement and refinement of projects. Without identifying and understanding the problem, it will be hard to find and effectively implement solutions. A stand-alone document that solely provides an in-depth and detailed problem statement is usually the answer for organisations and businesses when it becomes imperative to find the solution to a problem. Writing Problem Statement for Academic Research![]() Hire an Expert WriterProposal and dissertation orders completed by our expert writers are
Problem Statement – How to Write itAsk yourself the following questions before writing the problem statement:
‘What’ always defines the defect of the problem at hand and explains why it matters? ‘Where’ defines the geological location of the problem. ‘When’ defines the history and the pattern of the problem, the goal of the stated problem and the scope of research. ‘How much’ defines the trend of the problem as to how many objects are facing the same defect and to what extent. The last part, ‘I know this because…’, will help the researcher identify the standard(s) that he must meet. Step 1: Understanding the ProblemThe problem statement should provide a clear and concise background to the research problem you are investigating. Before starting your research , review the literature about the specific problem and find a gap to fill with your own research. Practical Research Problem Statement If you are doing experimental research , you can identify problems by talking to people working in a relevant field, studying research reports, and reviewing previous research. Here are some examples of practical research problems:
The problem statement should focus on the details related to the problem, such as:
Example of Practical Research Problem StatementThe production of a company is low for the months of July and August every year. Initial research has been conducted by the company, which revealed poor production in July and August is due to the unavailability of local raw material. The company has made some effective attempts at engaging the local suppliers to ensure an uninterrupted supply of the raw material, but these efforts are yet to have any significant impact on the production levels. Theoretical Research Problem Statement According to USC Libraries, “A theoretical framework consists of concepts and, together with their definitions and reference to relevant scholarly literature, existing theory that is used for your particular study…theoretical framework must demonstrate an understanding of theories and concepts…relevant to the topic of your research paper and that relate to the broader areas of knowledge being considered.” The theoretical research indirectly contributes to the change by identifying the problem, expanding knowledge and improving understanding. The researcher can find a specific problem by brainstorming the topic and reviewing already published theories and research. When writing a problem statement based on a theoretical research problem , it is important to recognise the historical, geographical, social and scientific background. Here are the elements of the theoretical problem statement framework that you should consider:
Example of Theoretical Research Problem StatementThe production of a company is low for July and August every year. Initial research has been conducted by the company, which revealed poor production in July and August is due to the unavailability of local raw material. The company has made some effective attempts to engage the local suppliers to ensure an uninterrupted raw material supply. Still, these efforts are yet to have any significant impact on the production levels. Looking for Dissertation Help?Researchprospect to the rescue then. We have expert writers on our team who are skilled at helping students with dissertations across a variety of STEM disciplines. Guaranteeing 100% satisfaction! ![]() Step 2 – Show why it’s Important and RelevantBy discussing the importance of the problem under investigation, you are demonstrating the relevance of your research. However, this does not mean that you will end up discovering something unimaginable or extraordinary. The objective here is to clearly state how and why your research problem is relevant in your chosen area of study and why it requires further research. As indicated previously, practical research deals with a problem affecting society, social group, firm or organisation on a broader scale. To elaborate on why it is important to solve this problem and why your research is significant, you could consider the following questions:
Low production in July and August negatively affects the company’s marketing capital, thereby becoming an area of deep concern for the directors and stakeholders. The marketing budget cut in July and August is hindering its ability to promote its products uninterruptedly. Addressing this problem will have practical benefits for the company and help establish the reasons for disruption in raw material supply. The relevance of all theoretical issues may not be too obvious, even though most theoretical problems do have practical implications. Here are some questions for you to ponder to establish the importance of your research problem:
The new forms of employment such as freelance, contract-based work and zero-hour work arrangements are recognised as either a manipulative last option or a flexible active choice. It is necessary to conduct comprehensive qualitative research to uncover why fresh graduates take up these types of employment in the gig economy. There is a need to advance more vigorous concepts relating to instability and flexibility in modern forms of employment from employees’ perspectives, which will also help shape future policies. Also see: How to Write the Abstract for Dissertation Step 3 – Declaring the ProblemBefore you jump on to state your research’s problem statements, it’s important to devote a sentence or two to let your readers know the precise, narrowed-down research problem you will be discussing about. For language clarity purposes, here are some strong opening statements to achieve this step:
Step 4 – Establishing Aim and ObjectivesThe last step in writing a problem statement is to provide a framework for solving the problem. This will help you, the researcher, stay focused on your research aims and not stray; it will also help you readers keep in mind the reason as to why you conducted this study, to begin with. A good problem statement does not provide the exact solution to any problem. Rather, it focuses more on how to effectively understand or tackle a problem by establishing the possible causes. The aim of a research study is its end goal or overall purpose. Following are some examples of how you can craft your research aim statements:
On the other hand, objectives are the smaller steps that a researcher must take to address the aim of the research. Once you have laid out the research problem your research will deal with, it’s important to next mention the how behind that. Objectives are mostly imperative statements, often beginning with transitive verbs like ‘to analyse,’ ‘to investigate,’ etc. Some more examples are:
Practical Research Aim and ObjectivesThis project aims to identify the causes of disturbed supply of raw material in the region, which resulted in low production for the company in July and August. This will be achieved by conducting interviews and surveys with the suppliers to understand why the supply is unpredictable in those two months and what can be done to ensure orderliness. Practical experiments will also be conducted to observe the effectiveness of proposed solutions. Theoretical Research Aim and ObjectivesThis study aims to understand and unearth the experiences of fresh graduates in the modern economy. The sample population will participate in this study through qualitative research methods, which are expected to provide a deeper insight into the perceptions and motives of these fresh graduates working as freelancers and contract-based employees. The data collected from this exercise and the existing literature on the topic will be analysed in statistical analysis software. TIP: Search the common themes of the problem statement in your field of research before writing a problem statement. Also see: Argumentative Essay Writing Service Problem Statement versus Significance of the StudyEven though both may sound similar, the statement of the problem and the significance of your study are going to be different. The latter does develop upon and from the former, though. The problem statement tells your readers what’s wrong, whereas the significance of the study will tell them how your research contributed to that problem. You can’t have a significance of a study without mentioning the problem statement first. Furthermore, signifying your study implies mentioning 4 key points related to it:
Problem statement in research is the description of an existing issue that needs to be addressed. The problem statement is a focal point of any research and a bridge between the literature review and the research methodology . Problem statement often has three elements; the problem itself, the method of solving the problem, and the purpose. There are five aspects of every problem: What, Where, When, to what extent, and what defects you know about the topic. Here is an example of a problem statement in a research proposal for your better understanding. If you wish to know more about how to start your research process, then you might want to take a look at the “ Starting the Research Process ” section on our website, which has several articles relating to a research problem , problem statement, research aim and objectives, and research proposal . ResearchProspect is a UK-registered business that offers academic support and assistance to students across the globe. Our writers can help you with individual chapters of your dissertation or the full dissertation writing service , no matter how urgent or complex your requirements might be. Frequently Asked QuestionsIs it necessary to write a problem statement. Yes, the most important step to perform any research is to identify a problem that needs to be solved. Therefore, it is necessary to define a research problem before starting the actual research process . How is a problem statement different from a problem statement written for an organisation?In the business world, problem statements provide the basis for the enhancement and refinement of projects. Whereas, in academic research, A problem statement helps researchers understand and realise organised the significance of a research problem . What is a practical research problem?Doing experimental research can identify problems by talking to people working in a relevant field, studying research reports, and reviewing previous research. What is a theoretical research problem?A theoretical research problem is when the researcher finds a specific problem by brainstorming and reviewing already published theories and research. You May Also LikeWhen writing your dissertation, an abstract serves as a deal maker or breaker. It can either motivate your readers to continue reading or discourage them. Dissertation Methodology is the crux of dissertation project. In this article, we will provide tips for you to write an amazing dissertation methodology. Make sure to develop a conceptual framework before conducting research. Here is all you need to know about what is a conceptual framework is in a dissertation? USEFUL LINKS LEARNING RESOURCES ![]() COMPANY DETAILS ![]()
How to Write a Statement of the Problem for Your Research ProposalDefining your research problem is essential when conducting an experiment. In this article, you will learn how to write a statement of the problem for your research proposal. Learn about the characteristics of a good statement of the problem and examples of research questions. Updated on May 17, 2022 ![]() You are a great researcher. You are full of ideas and questions as to where to go next with your work. You would not be in this position if you were not good at coming up with interesting questions within your area. One problem, though, is knowing where to spend your time, energy, and money. Which ideas, questions, and problems are worthwhile? You need to be able to define a good research problem. A research problem addresses an existing gap in knowledge in your field and leads to further investigations by you and other researchers. Inspiring others with your research problem will lead to citations, enhancing your and your institution's impact. In order to write a clear and useful problem statement, you need to describe a question and its consequences. One key way to assess the ‘usefulness' of your research ideas is to learn how to express them as clear problems. In this article, we will talk about how to write a statement of the problem for your next research proposal. This is important not just for assessing the ‘usefulness' of research ideas, but also for formulating a grant application or proposal. We'll talk about how to explain your research ideas to others in the form of a problem statement in your proposal. What is a statement of the problem in research?All research projects should start with a clear problem statement. A problem statement is a formulation of an issue which is usually a ‘gap' within your area. A research gap is an unanswered question, an issue, controversy, or untested hypothesis that has not yet been addressed. The trick with research problems is working out whether they are actually worth investing the time, energy, and money to figure out. This comes with experience, or you could just read on! Since a clear problem statement is going to form the basis of your next research project, the question is: How can I write one? How is this done? The first step is to become familiar with the basic elements of a problem statement in effective research. Characteristics of a problem statementA research problem statement has two key attributes:
Developing a ‘good' research problem statement, therefore, involves systematic planning and setting time-based, realistic objectives. Your problem has to be achievable. You'll also need to apply feasible research methods based on an approach that best suits the research question. Your methods have to make sense. They must be usable. In other words, you must be able to acquire statistically sufficient and relevant data that is reproducible. Finally, the problem you define means you'll need to train team members in this particular research area and methods. Writing a statement of the problemStating a research problem is done by defining it within the general area of your research. This depends on your previous work and experience. It may be an area you want to move into or a topic related to what you have already worked on as a researcher. Examples could include a question in astrophysics within physics, robotics within engineering, nutrition within medicine, or marine biology within ocean and Earth science. Once you've determined your overall area (and you'll know this already of course), it's time to drill down, decide, and define a research problem within that field. First , your statement should identify a problem that needs to be addressed within your selected sub-area. This will almost certainly require literature work, but the idea may arise from:
Second , your problem statement should be a “good research problem.” This will require further investigation and reading as you consider “what has been done?” and “what needs to be done?” Third , search for more information, perhaps by:
This process may well change or modify how your research problem is stated or formulated. Once your research problem has been identified, research questions within the problem need to be specified. How long should your statement of the problem be?Not too long. One page is more than enough for a clear and effective problem statement. Research questions within your problemThe first stage of writing your research problem statement involves formulating your questions in a meaningful way. In the context of important questions, we are looking for things that many readers across different disciplines find to be interesting. But at the same time, set your question within your field. Thus, once a research problem has been established, several questions can be written down. These questions should specify exactly what needs to be determined to address the problem. These questions should also be specific enough that they can be answered using appropriate available research methods - or methods that could be made available to the research group (e.g. by buying or borrowing equipment). These questions should require complex in-depth investigation, analysis, and argument. They should not be simple enough that they can be answered easily with well-established facts or yes/no answers. All research questions should be focused, specific, appropriately complex, and relevant to the overall aims of the project. Examples of questions and next steps
Once the problem and questions have been identified, the resources required to carry out the research will need to be assessed. This will involve:
Final thoughtsDefining and writing a clear statement of a problem as the basis of a project is the first - and most important - step in any research. The tips and ideas in this article will help you clearly identify the purpose of the research you are developing. A clear research problem statement will likely form the skeleton of the Introduction of your final article. If you are able to clearly direct your reader (the most important person in the publishing process) to an important and interesting question, they will likely stay engaged, and use and cite your article in the future. ![]() The AJE Team See our "Privacy Policy"
![]() The Craft of Writing a Strong Hypothesis![]() Table of ContentsWriting a hypothesis is one of the essential elements of a scientific research paper. It needs to be to the point, clearly communicating what your research is trying to accomplish. A blurry, drawn-out, or complexly-structured hypothesis can confuse your readers. Or worse, the editor and peer reviewers. A captivating hypothesis is not too intricate. This blog will take you through the process so that, by the end of it, you have a better idea of how to convey your research paper's intent in just one sentence. What is a Hypothesis?The first step in your scientific endeavor, a hypothesis, is a strong, concise statement that forms the basis of your research. It is not the same as a thesis statement , which is a brief summary of your research paper . The sole purpose of a hypothesis is to predict your paper's findings, data, and conclusion. It comes from a place of curiosity and intuition . When you write a hypothesis, you're essentially making an educated guess based on scientific prejudices and evidence, which is further proven or disproven through the scientific method. The reason for undertaking research is to observe a specific phenomenon. A hypothesis, therefore, lays out what the said phenomenon is. And it does so through two variables, an independent and dependent variable. The independent variable is the cause behind the observation, while the dependent variable is the effect of the cause. A good example of this is “mixing red and blue forms purple.” In this hypothesis, mixing red and blue is the independent variable as you're combining the two colors at your own will. The formation of purple is the dependent variable as, in this case, it is conditional to the independent variable. Different Types of Hypotheses![]() Types of hypotheses Some would stand by the notion that there are only two types of hypotheses: a Null hypothesis and an Alternative hypothesis. While that may have some truth to it, it would be better to fully distinguish the most common forms as these terms come up so often, which might leave you out of context. Apart from Null and Alternative, there are Complex, Simple, Directional, Non-Directional, Statistical, and Associative and casual hypotheses. They don't necessarily have to be exclusive, as one hypothesis can tick many boxes, but knowing the distinctions between them will make it easier for you to construct your own. 1. Null hypothesisA null hypothesis proposes no relationship between two variables. Denoted by H 0 , it is a negative statement like “Attending physiotherapy sessions does not affect athletes' on-field performance.” Here, the author claims physiotherapy sessions have no effect on on-field performances. Even if there is, it's only a coincidence. 2. Alternative hypothesisConsidered to be the opposite of a null hypothesis, an alternative hypothesis is donated as H1 or Ha. It explicitly states that the dependent variable affects the independent variable. A good alternative hypothesis example is “Attending physiotherapy sessions improves athletes' on-field performance.” or “Water evaporates at 100 °C. ” The alternative hypothesis further branches into directional and non-directional.
3. Simple hypothesisA simple hypothesis is a statement made to reflect the relation between exactly two variables. One independent and one dependent. Consider the example, “Smoking is a prominent cause of lung cancer." The dependent variable, lung cancer, is dependent on the independent variable, smoking. 4. Complex hypothesisIn contrast to a simple hypothesis, a complex hypothesis implies the relationship between multiple independent and dependent variables. For instance, “Individuals who eat more fruits tend to have higher immunity, lesser cholesterol, and high metabolism.” The independent variable is eating more fruits, while the dependent variables are higher immunity, lesser cholesterol, and high metabolism. 5. Associative and casual hypothesisAssociative and casual hypotheses don't exhibit how many variables there will be. They define the relationship between the variables. In an associative hypothesis, changing any one variable, dependent or independent, affects others. In a casual hypothesis, the independent variable directly affects the dependent. 6. Empirical hypothesisAlso referred to as the working hypothesis, an empirical hypothesis claims a theory's validation via experiments and observation. This way, the statement appears justifiable and different from a wild guess. Say, the hypothesis is “Women who take iron tablets face a lesser risk of anemia than those who take vitamin B12.” This is an example of an empirical hypothesis where the researcher the statement after assessing a group of women who take iron tablets and charting the findings. 7. Statistical hypothesisThe point of a statistical hypothesis is to test an already existing hypothesis by studying a population sample. Hypothesis like “44% of the Indian population belong in the age group of 22-27.” leverage evidence to prove or disprove a particular statement. Characteristics of a Good HypothesisWriting a hypothesis is essential as it can make or break your research for you. That includes your chances of getting published in a journal. So when you're designing one, keep an eye out for these pointers:
Separating a Hypothesis from a PredictionOutside of academia, hypothesis and prediction are often used interchangeably. In research writing, this is not only confusing but also incorrect. And although a hypothesis and prediction are guesses at their core, there are many differences between them. A hypothesis is an educated guess or even a testable prediction validated through research. It aims to analyze the gathered evidence and facts to define a relationship between variables and put forth a logical explanation behind the nature of events. Predictions are assumptions or expected outcomes made without any backing evidence. They are more fictionally inclined regardless of where they originate from. For this reason, a hypothesis holds much more weight than a prediction. It sticks to the scientific method rather than pure guesswork. "Planets revolve around the Sun." is an example of a hypothesis as it is previous knowledge and observed trends. Additionally, we can test it through the scientific method. Whereas "COVID-19 will be eradicated by 2030." is a prediction. Even though it results from past trends, we can't prove or disprove it. So, the only way this gets validated is to wait and watch if COVID-19 cases end by 2030. Finally, How to Write a Hypothesis![]() Quick tips on writing a hypothesis 1. Be clear about your research questionA hypothesis should instantly address the research question or the problem statement. To do so, you need to ask a question. Understand the constraints of your undertaken research topic and then formulate a simple and topic-centric problem. Only after that can you develop a hypothesis and further test for evidence. 2. Carry out a recceOnce you have your research's foundation laid out, it would be best to conduct preliminary research. Go through previous theories, academic papers, data, and experiments before you start curating your research hypothesis. It will give you an idea of your hypothesis's viability or originality. Making use of references from relevant research papers helps draft a good research hypothesis. SciSpace Discover offers a repository of over 270 million research papers to browse through and gain a deeper understanding of related studies on a particular topic. Additionally, you can use SciSpace Copilot , your AI research assistant, for reading any lengthy research paper and getting a more summarized context of it. A hypothesis can be formed after evaluating many such summarized research papers. Copilot also offers explanations for theories and equations, explains paper in simplified version, allows you to highlight any text in the paper or clip math equations and tables and provides a deeper, clear understanding of what is being said. This can improve the hypothesis by helping you identify potential research gaps. 3. Create a 3-dimensional hypothesisVariables are an essential part of any reasonable hypothesis. So, identify your independent and dependent variable(s) and form a correlation between them. The ideal way to do this is to write the hypothetical assumption in the ‘if-then' form. If you use this form, make sure that you state the predefined relationship between the variables. In another way, you can choose to present your hypothesis as a comparison between two variables. Here, you must specify the difference you expect to observe in the results. 4. Write the first draftNow that everything is in place, it's time to write your hypothesis. For starters, create the first draft. In this version, write what you expect to find from your research. Clearly separate your independent and dependent variables and the link between them. Don't fixate on syntax at this stage. The goal is to ensure your hypothesis addresses the issue. 5. Proof your hypothesisAfter preparing the first draft of your hypothesis, you need to inspect it thoroughly. It should tick all the boxes, like being concise, straightforward, relevant, and accurate. Your final hypothesis has to be well-structured as well. Research projects are an exciting and crucial part of being a scholar. And once you have your research question, you need a great hypothesis to begin conducting research. Thus, knowing how to write a hypothesis is very important. Now that you have a firmer grasp on what a good hypothesis constitutes, the different kinds there are, and what process to follow, you will find it much easier to write your hypothesis, which ultimately helps your research. Now it's easier than ever to streamline your research workflow with SciSpace Discover . Its integrated, comprehensive end-to-end platform for research allows scholars to easily discover, write and publish their research and fosters collaboration. It includes everything you need, including a repository of over 270 million research papers across disciplines, SEO-optimized summaries and public profiles to show your expertise and experience. If you found these tips on writing a research hypothesis useful, head over to our blog on Statistical Hypothesis Testing to learn about the top researchers, papers, and institutions in this domain. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)1. what is the definition of hypothesis. According to the Oxford dictionary, a hypothesis is defined as “An idea or explanation of something that is based on a few known facts, but that has not yet been proved to be true or correct”. 2. What is an example of hypothesis?The hypothesis is a statement that proposes a relationship between two or more variables. An example: "If we increase the number of new users who join our platform by 25%, then we will see an increase in revenue." 3. What is an example of null hypothesis?A null hypothesis is a statement that there is no relationship between two variables. The null hypothesis is written as H0. The null hypothesis states that there is no effect. For example, if you're studying whether or not a particular type of exercise increases strength, your null hypothesis will be "there is no difference in strength between people who exercise and people who don't." 4. What are the types of research?• Fundamental research • Applied research • Qualitative research • Quantitative research • Mixed research • Exploratory research • Longitudinal research • Cross-sectional research • Field research • Laboratory research • Fixed research • Flexible research • Action research • Policy research • Classification research • Comparative research • Causal research • Inductive research • Deductive research 5. How to write a hypothesis?• Your hypothesis should be able to predict the relationship and outcome. • Avoid wordiness by keeping it simple and brief. • Your hypothesis should contain observable and testable outcomes. • Your hypothesis should be relevant to the research question. 6. What are the 2 types of hypothesis?• Null hypotheses are used to test the claim that "there is no difference between two groups of data". • Alternative hypotheses test the claim that "there is a difference between two data groups". 7. Difference between research question and research hypothesis?A research question is a broad, open-ended question you will try to answer through your research. A hypothesis is a statement based on prior research or theory that you expect to be true due to your study. Example - Research question: What are the factors that influence the adoption of the new technology? Research hypothesis: There is a positive relationship between age, education and income level with the adoption of the new technology. 8. What is plural for hypothesis?The plural of hypothesis is hypotheses. Here's an example of how it would be used in a statement, "Numerous well-considered hypotheses are presented in this part, and they are supported by tables and figures that are well-illustrated." 9. What is the red queen hypothesis?The red queen hypothesis in evolutionary biology states that species must constantly evolve to avoid extinction because if they don't, they will be outcompeted by other species that are evolving. Leigh Van Valen first proposed it in 1973; since then, it has been tested and substantiated many times. 10. Who is known as the father of null hypothesis?The father of the null hypothesis is Sir Ronald Fisher. He published a paper in 1925 that introduced the concept of null hypothesis testing, and he was also the first to use the term itself. 11. When to reject null hypothesis?You need to find a significant difference between your two populations to reject the null hypothesis. You can determine that by running statistical tests such as an independent sample t-test or a dependent sample t-test. You should reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than 0.05. ![]() You might also like![]() Consensus GPT vs. SciSpace GPT: Choose the Best GPT for ResearchLiterature Review and Theoretical Framework: Understanding the Differences![]() Types of Essays in Academic Writing - Quick Guide (2024)![]() June 11, 2020 | How to's Problem Statement vs Hypothesis: which is more important for experimentation?by Sadie Neve When it comes to experimentation and conversion rate optimisation (CRO), we often see people relying too heavily on their instincts, abandoning logic and data in favour of their gut feelings. But really, nothing in experimentation is certain until tested. This realisation automatically makes you question everything you want to change about your website. This means experimentation should be approached like a scientific experiment that follows three core steps; identify a problem, form a hypothesis, and test that hypothesis. But when it comes to experimentation, should you value the problem statement over the hypothesis? Or vice versa? Which is more important: the problem statement or hypothesis?At CreativeCX, we actually place equal importance on the problem statement and the hypothesis. This ensures that we consider both the customer problem that needs to be solved, as well as the business objectives. All too often, we see companies either neglect the problem statement and hypothesis entirely or favour one over the other. But weakness in either of these elements can seriously hinder the success of your experimentation programme. So how can you structure both statements in such a way that you get the most out of your experiment? The problem statementFirst of all, what is the problem statement? A problem statement is a concise description of an issue that needs to be addressed or improved upon. In the case of digital products and services, this should be related to a problem that the customer has. In any experiment, the problem statement should always come first. Without a problem, you have no real reason to conduct the experiment or understanding on what to conduct an experiment on. The problem statement guides the strategic direction of your experiment while ensuring that you are always focusing on the customer. How do we identify customer problems?The data and research that you undertake will help you identify customer problems, either for your current customers or for your target audience. Identifying the pain points of your customer’s online behaviour should ideally come from multiple sources of data and research. This enables you to triangulate insights so that you can build a more complete picture of the problem, whilst also gaining an understanding of the magnitude of the issue. When starting your research process, you’ll probably find yourself having more questions than answers at the beginning. That’s fine; in fact, it’s normal at this early stage of the experiment. Rather than letting this put you off, it is better to dig deeper, ask more questions and achieve a greater understanding of the customer problem before trying to find a solution. A greater understanding of the problem and how it’s affecting your customers will lead to better solutions and a higher win rate with your experiments. With this in mind, it is wise to collaborate with other teams within your business – preferably members of your CX and UX departments – who may be able to share relevant customer insights that they have discovered through their own research. Once you have sufficient data, it is likely you will start to identify problem themes, which will help you understand the wider issues your customers are facing. This is where we start to create a clear problem statement. How do you craft a clear problem statement?A clear problem statement should help you identify what the problem is and the data that backs up your claim. At CreativeCX, we organise each problem statement as follows: We believe [state the problem identified] because [state the supporting data]. Let’s demonstrate with an example. We work with an e-commerce company that sells women’s loungewear. Through our research, we discovered the following two pieces of data: Usability testing showed users were moving back and forth between the product details page and the basket page to edit their selected size. Website data showed only 2% of customers engage with the “size guide” text link on the product details page. Based on this analysis, we have inferred a problem: users are struggling to understand which size they should choose. Through this, we are able to make the following problem statement: We believe that users are struggling to understand which size they should choose because our data shows that users are editing their selected size multiple times on the basket and product details page and only 2% of customers engage with the sizing guide. Can you see how much better this statement is compared to the following: We think we have an issue with users understanding which size would fit them best. Here are our top three questions we suggest you keep in mind when writing a problem statement: Is my problem statement focused on my customers? Is my problem statement clear and precise? What data do I have to back up this problem? As you can see in the examples above, our first example answers all three questions while the second statement falls short on questions two and three. Whilst your problem statement identifies the problem you hope to solve, the hypothesis helps you decide on how you will try to solve it. The hypothesis statementThe hypothesis: you’ve probably come across this word years ago in a science class, and its meaning remains the same even in this context. Essentially, the hypothesis statement is a prediction for what you think will happen if you take a certain type of action to resolve a problem. The hypothesis usually identifies what is going to be changed and the action’s potential outcome, as well as why you think the change will have that particular result. Creating a hypothesis is a key part of any quality experiment and shouldn’t be rushed. Rushing over this critical step could mean that you miss out on key actions or insights further down the line. Similar to the problem statement, the hypothesis should be precisely constructed. Having a vague hypothesis may actually be a sign that your problem statement isn’t as clear as you originally thought. An unclear problem statement or hypothesis could, in turn, result in your proposed solutions not having the desired or expected results. How do you write a clear hypothesis?There are many ways to write a strong hypothesis. At CreativeCX, we structure ours using the following formula: By [state experiment change], we believe [user behaviour change], solving [state problem]. We expect to see [expected results]. Now, some may say this will create a hypothesis that is too lengthy. However, this structure clearly incorporates three key elements of an experiment: the problem we are trying to solve, the specific execution, and the expected result. More importantly, it strikes a balance between focusing on the business goals you want to achieve and optimising your customers’ online experience. Let’s go back to our previous example. There might be multiple solutions to solving this sizing problem, all of which would require a different hypothesis. However, our problem statement has allowed us to identify that we need to increase user awareness of the sizing guide on the product page. We have identified this as a top priority, so our hypothesis would be as follows: By increasing link prominence for the sizing guide, we believe more customers will interact with the link, solving sizing uncertainty. We expect to see an increase in customers engaging with the size guide, as well as an increase in customers progressing from the basket to checkout. Again, whilst this is lengthy, it is also precise. It clearly defines the experiment’s aim with both the business and its customers in mind. Compare this to the following: Making the sizing guide link larger will improve our profits. Here are our top three questions to bear in mind when you’re writing a hypothesis: Is my hypothesis a statement or a testable question? Is it clear and precise? Is my hypothesis human-friendly and keeping the customer in mind? As you can see, whilst our first example considered all three questions, the second is relatively vague and doesn’t relate to the customer at all. What do I do once I have written a problem statement and hypothesis?With your concise problem statement and hypothesis, you should have a great foundation for your experiment. The next step looks at designing your experiment, not in terms of actual visual designs, but what solutions you will be testing in a hope to validate your hypothesis and gain as much learnings on your customers as possible. Look out for our future blog around how best to design your experiments and be creative with your potential variations. If you have any questions about topics that have been covered in this blog or you’d like help with your experimentation or CRO programme, please don’t hesitate to reach out to us. Interested in working with Creative CX?![]()
How to Write a Great HypothesisHypothesis Definition, Format, Examples, and Tips Verywell / Alex Dos Diaz
Hypothesis FormatFalsifiability of a hypothesis.
Hypothesis TypesHypotheses examples.
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study. It is a preliminary answer to your question that helps guide the research process. Consider a study designed to examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and test performance. The hypothesis might be: "This study is designed to assess the hypothesis that sleep-deprived people will perform worse on a test than individuals who are not sleep-deprived." At a GlanceA hypothesis is crucial to scientific research because it offers a clear direction for what the researchers are looking to find. This allows them to design experiments to test their predictions and add to our scientific knowledge about the world. This article explores how a hypothesis is used in psychology research, how to write a good hypothesis, and the different types of hypotheses you might use. The Hypothesis in the Scientific MethodIn the scientific method , whether it involves research in psychology, biology, or some other area, a hypothesis represents what the researchers think will happen in an experiment. The scientific method involves the following steps:
The hypothesis is a prediction, but it involves more than a guess. Most of the time, the hypothesis begins with a question which is then explored through background research. At this point, researchers then begin to develop a testable hypothesis. Unless you are creating an exploratory study, your hypothesis should always explain what you expect to happen. In a study exploring the effects of a particular drug, the hypothesis might be that researchers expect the drug to have some type of effect on the symptoms of a specific illness. In psychology, the hypothesis might focus on how a certain aspect of the environment might influence a particular behavior. Remember, a hypothesis does not have to be correct. While the hypothesis predicts what the researchers expect to see, the goal of the research is to determine whether this guess is right or wrong. When conducting an experiment, researchers might explore numerous factors to determine which ones might contribute to the ultimate outcome. In many cases, researchers may find that the results of an experiment do not support the original hypothesis. When writing up these results, the researchers might suggest other options that should be explored in future studies. In many cases, researchers might draw a hypothesis from a specific theory or build on previous research. For example, prior research has shown that stress can impact the immune system. So a researcher might hypothesize: "People with high-stress levels will be more likely to contract a common cold after being exposed to the virus than people who have low-stress levels." In other instances, researchers might look at commonly held beliefs or folk wisdom. "Birds of a feather flock together" is one example of folk adage that a psychologist might try to investigate. The researcher might pose a specific hypothesis that "People tend to select romantic partners who are similar to them in interests and educational level." Elements of a Good HypothesisSo how do you write a good hypothesis? When trying to come up with a hypothesis for your research or experiments, ask yourself the following questions:
Before you come up with a specific hypothesis, spend some time doing background research. Once you have completed a literature review, start thinking about potential questions you still have. Pay attention to the discussion section in the journal articles you read . Many authors will suggest questions that still need to be explored. How to Formulate a Good HypothesisTo form a hypothesis, you should take these steps:
In the scientific method , falsifiability is an important part of any valid hypothesis. In order to test a claim scientifically, it must be possible that the claim could be proven false. Students sometimes confuse the idea of falsifiability with the idea that it means that something is false, which is not the case. What falsifiability means is that if something was false, then it is possible to demonstrate that it is false. One of the hallmarks of pseudoscience is that it makes claims that cannot be refuted or proven false. The Importance of Operational DefinitionsA variable is a factor or element that can be changed and manipulated in ways that are observable and measurable. However, the researcher must also define how the variable will be manipulated and measured in the study. Operational definitions are specific definitions for all relevant factors in a study. This process helps make vague or ambiguous concepts detailed and measurable. For example, a researcher might operationally define the variable " test anxiety " as the results of a self-report measure of anxiety experienced during an exam. A "study habits" variable might be defined by the amount of studying that actually occurs as measured by time. These precise descriptions are important because many things can be measured in various ways. Clearly defining these variables and how they are measured helps ensure that other researchers can replicate your results. ReplicabilityOne of the basic principles of any type of scientific research is that the results must be replicable. Replication means repeating an experiment in the same way to produce the same results. By clearly detailing the specifics of how the variables were measured and manipulated, other researchers can better understand the results and repeat the study if needed. Some variables are more difficult than others to define. For example, how would you operationally define a variable such as aggression ? For obvious ethical reasons, researchers cannot create a situation in which a person behaves aggressively toward others. To measure this variable, the researcher must devise a measurement that assesses aggressive behavior without harming others. The researcher might utilize a simulated task to measure aggressiveness in this situation. Hypothesis Checklist
The hypothesis you use will depend on what you are investigating and hoping to find. Some of the main types of hypotheses that you might use include:
A hypothesis often follows a basic format of "If {this happens} then {this will happen}." One way to structure your hypothesis is to describe what will happen to the dependent variable if you change the independent variable . The basic format might be: "If {these changes are made to a certain independent variable}, then we will observe {a change in a specific dependent variable}." A few examples of simple hypotheses:
Examples of a complex hypothesis include:
Examples of a null hypothesis include:
Examples of an alternative hypothesis:
Collecting Data on Your HypothesisOnce a researcher has formed a testable hypothesis, the next step is to select a research design and start collecting data. The research method depends largely on exactly what they are studying. There are two basic types of research methods: descriptive research and experimental research. Descriptive Research MethodsDescriptive research such as case studies , naturalistic observations , and surveys are often used when conducting an experiment is difficult or impossible. These methods are best used to describe different aspects of a behavior or psychological phenomenon. Once a researcher has collected data using descriptive methods, a correlational study can examine how the variables are related. This research method might be used to investigate a hypothesis that is difficult to test experimentally. Experimental Research MethodsExperimental methods are used to demonstrate causal relationships between variables. In an experiment, the researcher systematically manipulates a variable of interest (known as the independent variable) and measures the effect on another variable (known as the dependent variable). Unlike correlational studies, which can only be used to determine if there is a relationship between two variables, experimental methods can be used to determine the actual nature of the relationship—whether changes in one variable actually cause another to change. The hypothesis is a critical part of any scientific exploration. It represents what researchers expect to find in a study or experiment. In situations where the hypothesis is unsupported by the research, the research still has value. Such research helps us better understand how different aspects of the natural world relate to one another. It also helps us develop new hypotheses that can then be tested in the future. Thompson WH, Skau S. On the scope of scientific hypotheses . R Soc Open Sci . 2023;10(8):230607. doi:10.1098/rsos.230607 Taran S, Adhikari NKJ, Fan E. Falsifiability in medicine: what clinicians can learn from Karl Popper [published correction appears in Intensive Care Med. 2021 Jun 17;:]. Intensive Care Med . 2021;47(9):1054-1056. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06432-z Eyler AA. Research Methods for Public Health . 1st ed. Springer Publishing Company; 2020. doi:10.1891/9780826182067.0004 Nosek BA, Errington TM. What is replication ? PLoS Biol . 2020;18(3):e3000691. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691 Aggarwal R, Ranganathan P. Study designs: Part 2 - Descriptive studies . Perspect Clin Res . 2019;10(1):34-36. doi:10.4103/picr.PICR_154_18 Nevid J. Psychology: Concepts and Applications. Wadworth, 2013. By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book." ![]() |
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Learn how to write a problem statement for your research project. A problem statement explains the issue you want to address and why it matters. Find out the key components and examples of a problem statement.
A hypothesis is a theoretical, hypothetical explanation that can be tested. It usually takes the form of a causal relationship or a causal explanation. You can also consider the hypothesis as a preliminary response to a research question or a problem statement. A hypothesis can be expressed in different ways, but generally, the following applies:
The research question or problem statement is in "open-ended" form, while the hypothesis states a definite outcome or set of outcomes that we might predict! This goes along with the definitions of the two!
Research begins with a research question and a research hypothesis. But what are the characteristics of a good hypothesis? In this article, we dive into the types of research hypothesis, explain how to write a research hypothesis, offer research hypothesis examples and answer top FAQs on research hypothesis. Read more!
A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses.
The statement of a problem defines and describes the research hypothesis or question (s), along with the broad method that will be used to solve the problem. The statement of the problem serves as the basis for the introductory section of your project proposal.
The problem statement aims to highlight the pressing issue the research intends to address. It should be concise and to the point. Researchers can follow a two-step approach: first, think about the content of the problem statement, and then organize the writing framework. Before writing, clarify the following points¹:
Statement of the Problem in research is pivotal. Learn how to craft it effectively, avoid common mistakes, and enhance your academic study's impact.
The introduction builds a logical case and context for the problem statement. The problem statement is clear and well articulated. The conceptual (theoretical) framework is explicit and justified. The research question (research hypothesis where applicable) is clear, concise, and complete. The variables being investigated are clearly identified ...
Problem statement is a clear, concise, and well-defined statement that outlines the issue or challenge that needs to be addressed.
This quote perfectly reflects the importance of a problem statement in research. Before writing a problem statement, it is essential to pinpoint a specific problem, the difficulties you can expect to face as you try to solve it and the research gaps you aim to fill with your research.
Importance of... The purpose of a problem statement is to: Introduce the reader to the importance of the topic being studied. The reader is oriented to the significance of the study. Anchors the research questions, hypotheses, or assumptions to follow. It offers a concise statement about the purpose of your paper. Place the topic into a particular context that defines the parameters of what is ...
What is a statement of the problem in research? All research projects should start with a clear problem statement. A problem statement is a formulation of an issue which is usually a 'gap' within your area. A research gap is an unanswered question, an issue, controversy, or untested hypothesis that has not yet been addressed.
Learn more about writing a problem statement and hypothesis!Link to Lesson on the Scientific Method: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQuxB7wOBNE&t=37sReferen...
Use this guide to learn how to write a hypothesis and read successful and unsuccessful examples of a testable hypotheses.
A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim that outlines the problem addressed by a study. A good research problem should address an existing gap in knowledge in the field and lead to further research. To write a persuasive problem statement, you need to describe (a) the ideal, (b), the reality, and (c) the consequences.
What is a Hypothesis? The first step in your scientific endeavor, a hypothesis, is a strong, concise statement that forms the basis of your research. It is not the same as a thesis statement, which is a brief summary of your research paper. The sole purpose of a hypothesis is to predict your paper's findings, data, and conclusion.
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND This chapter includes the introduction, theoretical framework, statement of the problem, hypothesis,
One, they direct investigation. The relations expressed in the hypotheses tell the investigator, in effect, what to do. Two, problems and hypotheses, because they are ordinarily generalized relational statements, enable the researcher to deduce specific empirical manifestations implied by the problems and hypotheses ….
Which is more important: the problem statement or hypothesis? At CreativeCX, we actually place equal importance on the problem statement and the hypothesis. This ensures that we consider both the customer problem that needs to be solved, as well as the business objectives. All too often, we see companies either neglect the problem statement and ...
Discuss how to identify and formulate a problem and know the ways in which problem is manifested; Define and describe hypothesis and its characteristics; Explain formulation of hypothesis; Enumerate the possible dificulties in formulating hypothesis; Explain types of hypotheses; Discuss descriptive research; Explain one tailed; two tailed tests ...
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Explore examples and learn how to format your research hypothesis.
Statement of the problem and hypothesis - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. 1) The document discusses the different types of research questions that can be formulated in a study, including descriptive, exploratory, evaluative, predictive, explanatory, and control questions. 2) Key criteria for evaluating good research questions ...