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BPSC-109 POLITICAL PROCESSES AND INSTITUTIONS IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE in English Solved Assignment 2023-2024

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TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT Course code: BPSC-109 Assignment Code: BPSC-109/ASST/TMA/2023-24 Marks: 100

Assignment – I Answer the following in about 500 words each. Each question carries 20 marks. 1. Analyze the mechanisms and challenges to operationalising pluralism. 2. The functions of political parties are not limited to electoral politics. Discuss with suitable examples. Assignment – II Answer the following questions in about 250 words each. Each question carries 10 marks. 1. Describe the processes involved in political modernization. 2. Briefly describe the Single member plurality systems bringing out its advantages and limitations. 3. How has the struggle for citizenship contributed to the rise of liberal democratic state in Europe? Assignment – III Write a short note on the following in about 100 words each. Each short note carries 6 marks. 1. Relative autonomy thesis 2. Procedural and substantive democracy 3. Structuralism and democratisation 4. Participatory budgeting 5. Brazilian federalism.

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BPSC-109: IGNOU BAG Solved Assignment 2022-2023

• 1 Assignment – I
• 2 Answer the following in about 500 words each. Each question carries 20 marks
• 3 1. Briefly describe the modernization, dependency and statist theories that shaped studies on political development.
• 4 2. What is a political party?
• 5 Assignment – II
• 6 Answer the following questions in about 250 words each. Each question carries 10 marks.
• 7 1. Briefly describe Almond and Verba’s classification of political culture.
• 8 2. What are the reasons behind chequered democratic process in post-colonial countries?
• 9 3. Explain the dominant approaches to nation and nationalism.
• 10 Assignment – III
• 11 Write a short note on the following in about 100 words each. Each short note carries 6 marks.
• 12 1. Relative autonomy thesis
• 13 2. Decentralisation in Brazil
• 14 3. Federalism in Australia
• 15 4. Concept of popular sovereignty
• 16.1 How to Download BPSC-109 Solved Assignment?
• 16.2 Is the BPSC-109 Solved Assignment Free?
• 16.3 What is the last submission date for BPSC-109 Solved Assignment?

Assignment – I

Answer the following in about 500 words each. each question carries 20 marks, 1. briefly describe the modernization, dependency and statist theories that shaped studies on political development..

Ans: The study of political development has been shaped by three major theories: modernization theory, dependency theory, and statist theory. Each of these theories provides a different perspective on how political development occurs in different parts of the world.

Modernization theory posits that political development is closely linked to economic development, with economic modernization leading to political modernization. According to this theory, societies progress through a series of stages, starting with traditional societies characterized by low levels of economic and political development, and progressing through a series of stages that culminate in modern, democratic societies. Modernization theorists argue that as a society becomes more economically developed, it will also become more politically developed, with citizens demanding more rights and freedoms and governments responding to these demands by becoming more democratic. The theory has been criticized for its assumption that all societies will follow a linear path of development, and for neglecting the cultural and historical factors that shape political development.

Dependency theory, on the other hand, suggests that political development in many developing countries has been hindered by their economic relationships with more powerful countries. According to this theory, developing countries are trapped in a state of economic dependence on developed countries, which in turn hinders their political development. Dependency theorists argue that developed countries often use their economic power to maintain political control over developing countries, and that this prevents the development of democratic institutions and political freedoms. Dependency theory has been criticized for neglecting the role of internal political and economic factors in shaping political development, and for portraying developing countries as passive victims of external forces.

Statist theory, also known as state-centered theory, emphasizes the role of the state in promoting political development. According to this theory, a strong and capable state is necessary for political development to occur, as the state is responsible for creating and enforcing the rules and institutions that govern society. Statist theorists argue that the state must play an active role in promoting economic development, as well as in creating and enforcing a legal framework that protects individual rights and freedoms. The theory has been criticized for neglecting the role of civil society and for assuming that a strong state is always beneficial for political development.

2. What is a political party?

Ans: A political party is an organized group of people who share common political goals and beliefs, and who seek to influence public policy and gain control of government through elections. Political parties are an essential component of democratic systems, as they provide a mechanism for citizens to participate in the political process and to express their preferences for government policies and leaders.

Political parties typically develop platforms that outline their policy positions and priorities, and they field candidates for elections at the local, state, and national levels. Through campaigns and electoral processes, political parties seek to mobilize support from voters and win elections, with the goal of implementing their policies and enacting their agenda once in power.

In addition to participating in electoral processes, political parties also engage in other activities such as lobbying, advocacy, and organizing social and political movements. They also serve as a mechanism for citizens to engage with and participate in the political process, providing opportunities for individuals to become politically active and to shape public policy.

Overall, political parties play a critical role in democratic societies, serving as a bridge between citizens and their governments, and providing a means for citizens to participate in the political process and influence the direction of their society.

Assignment – II

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each. each question carries 10 marks., 1. briefly describe almond and verba’s classification of political culture..

Ans: Almond and Verba’s classification of political culture proposes three types of political cultures: parochial, subject, and participant. A parochial political culture is characterized by a low level of awareness and interest in political matters, and a lack of expectations or demands from the political system. Individuals in such cultures tend to focus on their daily lives and are not actively engaged in the political process.

A subject political culture is characterized by a higher level of awareness and interest in politics, but still lacks the sense of efficacy to influence the political system. Individuals in such cultures may follow political developments and express their opinions, but they do not expect their opinions to make a significant difference.

A participant political culture is characterized by a high level of awareness and interest in politics, and a strong sense of efficacy. Individuals in such cultures are actively engaged in the political process, and they believe that their opinions and actions can make a difference. They may participate in political campaigns, vote regularly, and hold political leaders accountable for their actions.

Overall, Almond and Verba’s classification emphasizes the importance of political culture in shaping citizens’ attitudes towards politics and their level of engagement in the political process. It also suggests that political culture can vary across different societies, and that it is influenced by historical, cultural, and social factors.

2. What are the reasons behind chequered democratic process in post-colonial countries?

Ans: The post-colonial period has been marked by a chequered democratic process in many countries, characterized by a pattern of democratic transitions, authoritarianism, and political instability. There are several reasons behind this phenomenon, including:

• Weak institutions: Many post-colonial countries inherited weak institutions and governance structures that were ill-suited to the task of managing a democratic transition. This created a power vacuum that was often filled by authoritarian leaders who consolidated their power and suppressed political opposition.
• Ethnic and religious divisions: Post-colonial countries are often characterized by deep-seated ethnic and religious divisions that can lead to political fragmentation and instability. These divisions can be exacerbated by the competition for scarce resources, and by political leaders who use identity politics to mobilize their support base.
• Economic challenges: Many post-colonial countries face significant economic challenges, including poverty, inequality, and corruption. These challenges can undermine public trust in democratic institutions and create conditions that are conducive to authoritarianism.
• External interference: Post-colonial countries have often been subject to external interference from more powerful nations, including support for authoritarian leaders and covert operations to undermine democratic processes. This can lead to political instability and a lack of trust in democratic institutions.
• Incomplete decolonization: In some cases, post-colonial countries were not fully decolonized, and continued to face economic and political domination by their former colonial powers. This can create conditions that are not conducive to democratic development.

3. Explain the dominant approaches to nation and nationalism.

Ans: The concept of nation and nationalism has been a subject of scholarly debate for many years. There are several dominant approaches to understanding the nature of nation and nationalism, including:

• Primordialism: The primordialist approach views the nation as an ancient and natural phenomenon, rooted in a common ancestry, culture, or religion. This approach emphasizes the emotional and symbolic aspects of nationalism, and suggests that the nation is a deep-seated, pre-existing identity that is expressed through collective action.
• Modernism: The modernist approach views the nation as a modern construct that emerged with the rise of the modern state and industrialization. This approach emphasizes the role of political and economic factors in the development of nationalism, and suggests that the nation is a product of social and cultural processes.
• Ethnosymbolism: The ethnosymbolist approach views the nation as a product of the interplay between ethnic and symbolic factors. This approach emphasizes the importance of shared cultural symbols and myths in the formation of national identity, and suggests that the nation is a dynamic and changing entity that is continually redefined by its members.
• Constructivism: The constructivist approach views the nation as a social construction, created through the collective actions of individuals and groups. This approach emphasizes the role of discourse and power in the formation of national identity, and suggests that the nation is a contested and constantly changing entity that is shaped by political and social struggles.

Assignment – III

Write a short note on the following in about 100 words each. each short note carries 6 marks., 1. relative autonomy thesis.

Ans: The relative autonomy thesis is a Marxist perspective that emphasizes the relative independence of the state from the dominant economic class. This perspective suggests that the state has a degree of autonomy to act in its own interests, even if those interests conflict with those of the dominant class. The state is seen as a site of political struggle, where different social groups compete for power and influence. According to this perspective, the state can act as a mediator between different classes, or as a means of resolving conflicts within a particular class. However, the state is ultimately shaped by the interests of the dominant class, and its actions are constrained by the overall structure of the capitalist system.

2. Decentralisation in Brazil

Ans: Decentralization in Brazil refers to the process of transferring political, administrative, and fiscal powers from the federal government to state and local governments. Brazil has a federal system of government, which means that power is shared between the federal government, 26 states, and more than 5,000 municipalities.

The process of decentralization began in Brazil in the 1980s, following the end of a military dictatorship, and was enshrined in the 1988 Constitution. Since then, Brazil has made significant strides in devolving power to state and local governments, and in promoting citizen participation in decision-making.

Decentralization in Brazil has been achieved through a range of mechanisms, including the transfer of financial resources to state and local governments, the creation of new political institutions, and the establishment of participatory budgeting and other forms of citizen participation. The federal government has played an important role in supporting decentralization by providing technical assistance, training, and other forms of support to state and local governments.

The benefits of decentralization in Brazil have included greater efficiency and effectiveness in the delivery of public services, greater responsiveness to local needs, and greater citizen engagement in decision-making. However, there are also challenges associated with decentralization, including the need to build capacity at the state and local level, and the risk of perpetuating regional inequalities.

3. Federalism in Australia

Ans: Federalism in Australia refers to the system of government in which power is shared between the federal government and six state and two territory governments. The Australian Constitution, which was enacted in 1901, outlines the powers and responsibilities of the federal government and the state governments.

Under the Australian federal system, the federal government has exclusive powers over a range of areas, including defence, foreign affairs, and immigration. The state and territory governments, on the other hand, have powers over areas such as education, health, and transport.

The Australian federal system is unique in that the state governments retain a significant degree of autonomy and power, compared to other federal systems such as that of the United States. The state governments are responsible for their own budgets, and have their own parliaments, which are responsible for passing laws in areas of state responsibility.

The federal government plays an important role in supporting the state governments through the provision of financial assistance and the establishment of national policies and standards. The federal government also has the power to override state laws in certain circumstances, and can use this power to ensure consistency and coherence in national policies.

The benefits of federalism in Australia include the ability to tailor policies and programs to local needs, and the promotion of regional diversity and autonomy. However, federalism can also be complex and can result in duplication or inconsistency in policy and program delivery.

4. Concept of popular sovereignty

Ans: The concept of popular sovereignty is the principle that the authority of the government is derived from the people. In a democratic system of government, popular sovereignty means that the people are the ultimate source of power and have the right to participate in the decisions that affect their lives.

The concept of popular sovereignty has its roots in the social contract theory of government, which holds that individuals voluntarily give up some of their rights and freedoms in exchange for protection and security provided by the government. According to this theory, the government is accountable to the people and derives its legitimacy from their consent.

In practice, the concept of popular sovereignty is embodied in a range of democratic institutions and processes, such as free and fair elections, referendums, and other forms of citizen participation in decision-making. These mechanisms are designed to ensure that the government is responsive to the needs and preferences of the people, and that it reflects the will of the majority.

The concept of popular sovereignty is a key element of modern democratic theory and has played a crucial role in the development of democratic institutions and practices around the world. However, it can also be a contested concept, with different interpretations and understandings of the role of the people in the political process. For example, some argue that direct democracy is the best way to ensure popular sovereignty, while others suggest that representative democracy is a more effective way to translate the will of the people into government action.

5. Procedural and substantive democracy

Ans: Procedural and substantive democracy are two different concepts used to evaluate the quality of democratic governance.

Procedural democracy refers to the formal procedures and institutions that are necessary for a democratic system to function. These may include free and fair elections, an independent judiciary, protection of civil liberties and political rights, and a free and independent press. Procedural democracy focuses on the processes and procedures that ensure that political power is exercised in a fair and transparent manner, with accountability to the public. This means that procedural democracy is concerned with the ways in which decisions are made, rather than the content of those decisions.

Substantive democracy, on the other hand, is concerned with the outcomes of the democratic process. It focuses on the policies and laws that are enacted by democratic governments, and evaluates these based on their impact on citizens and society as a whole. Substantive democracy is concerned with the content of democratic decisions, rather than the processes by which those decisions are made.

While both procedural and substantive democracy are important for evaluating the quality of democratic governance, they are not always aligned. For example, a country may hold free and fair elections and have an independent judiciary, but still fail to protect the rights and interests of certain minority groups. Similarly, a government may pass laws that are popular with the majority of citizens, but that undermine the rights or interests of certain groups in society. In such cases, there may be a tension between procedural and substantive democracy, and it may be necessary to find ways to balance the two in order to ensure that democratic governance is effective and legitimate.

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BPSC 109 Solved Assignment – Political Processes and Institutions in Comparative Perspective

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BPSC 109 Solved Assignment 2023-24

There are three sections in this assignment. You have to answer all questions in each Section.

Assignment – I

Answer the following in about 500 words each. Each question carries 20 marks. 

1. Analyze the mechanisms and challenges to operationalising pluralism.

2. The functions of political parties are not limited to electoral politics. Discuss with suitable examples.

Assignment – II

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each. Each question carries 10 marks.

1. Describe the processes involved in political modernization.

2. Briefly describe the Single member plurality systems bringing out its advantages and limitations.

3. How has the struggle for citizenship contributed to the rise of liberal democratic state in Europe?

Assignment – III

Write a short note on the following in about 100 words each. Each short note carries 6 marks.

1. Relative autonomy thesis

2. Procedural and substantive democracy

3. Structuralism and democratisation

4. Participatory budgeting

5. Brazilian federalism.

Are you a student studying Political Science and looking for comprehensive and well-structured study material to excel in your course? Look no further! Introducing the BPSC 109 Solved Assignment – Political Processes and Institutions in Comparative Perspective, a valuable resource designed to help you understand the complexities of political processes and institutions in different countries.

Key Features:

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• In-Depth Analysis: Each question is analyzed thoroughly, offering you an in-depth understanding of the political processes and institutions in different countries. Gain valuable insights into the dynamics of comparative politics.
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Whether you are preparing for an exam or seeking to expand your knowledge of political processes and institutions in comparative perspective, this solved assignment is your ultimate guide. Order now and take your understanding of Political Science to the next level!

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IGNOU BPSC-109 - Political Processes and Institutions in Comparative Perspective

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IGNOU BPSC-109 Code Details

• University IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University)
• Title Political Processes and Institutions in Comparative Perspective
• Language(s)
• Code BPSC-109
• Subject Political Science
• Degree(s) BA (Honours) , BAPSH
• Course Core Courses (CC)

IGNOU BPSC-109 English Topics Covered

Block 1 - approaches to studying comparative politics.

• Unit 1 - Political Culture
• Unit 2 - Political Modernisation
• Unit 3 - Political Development

Block 2 - Representation and Political Participation

• Unit 1 - Functioning of the Political Parties
• Unit 2 - Party Systems
• Unit 3 - Pressure Groups
• Unit 4 - Electoral Systems and Electoral Processes

Block 3 - State in Comparative Perspective

• Unit 1 - Evolution of State in Western Europe
• Unit 2 - Post-colonial State
• Unit 3 - Pluralism, Nation and State

Block 4 - Democratisation

• Unit 1 - Process of Democratisation in Post-colonial Countries
• Unit 2 - Democratisation in Post-authoritarian and Post-communist Countries

Block 5 - Federalism and Decentralisation

• Unit 1 - Decentralisation-Brazil, India and Britain
• Unit 2 - Federalism-Canada, Australia and India

IGNOU BPSC-109 Hindi Topics Covered

Block 1 - तुलनात्मक राजनीति के अध्ययन के दृष्टिकोण.

• Unit 1 - राजनीतिक संस्कृति
• Unit 2 - राजनीतिक आधुनिकता
• Unit 3 - राजनीतिक विकास

Block 2 - प्रतिनिधित्व और राजनीतिक भागीदारी

• Unit 1 - राजनीतिक दलों की कार्यप्रणाली
• Unit 2 - दल प्रणाली
• Unit 3 - दबाव समूह
• Unit 4 - निर्वाचन प्रणाली और निर्वाचन प्रक्रियाएँ

Block 3 - तुलनात्मक परिप्रेक्ष्य में राज्य

• Unit 1 - पश्चिमी यूरोप में राज्य का विकास
• Unit 2 - औपनिवेशिक राज्य
• Unit 3 - बहुलवाद, राष्ट्र और राज्य

Block 4 - लोकतंत्रीकरण

• Unit 1 - औपनिवेशिक देशों में लोकतंत्रीकरण की प्रक्रिया
• Unit 2 - उत्तर-सत्तावादी और उत्तर-साम्यवादी देशों में लोकतंत्रीकरण

Block 5 - संघवाद और विकेंद्रीकरण

• Unit 1 - विकेंद्रीकरणः ब्राजील, भारत और ब्रिटेन
• Unit 2 - संघवादः कनाडा, ऑस्ट्रेलिया और भारत

IGNOU BPSC-109 (July 2023 - January 2024) Assignment Questions

Ignou bpsc-109 (july 2022 - january 2023) assignment questions, bpsc-109 previous years question papers, related codes.

• BPAC-108 भारत में लोक नीति और प्रशासन - Public Policy and Administration in India
• BPSC-105 तुलनात्मक सरकार और राजनीति का परिचय - Introduction to Comparative Government and Politics
• BPSC-107 अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंध के दृष्टिकोण और विश्व इतिहास - Perspectives on International Relations and World History
• BPSC-110 वैश्विक राजनीति - Global Politics
• BPSC-111 पारम्परिक राजनीतिक दर्शन - Classical Political Philosophy
• BPSC-112 भारतीय राजनीतिक चिंतन- I - Indian Political Thought-I
• BPSC-114 भारतीय राजनीतिक चिंतन-II - Indian Political Thought-II
• BPSE-141 गाँधी और समसामयिक विश्व - Gandhi and the Contemporary World
• BPSE-142 वैश्विक जगत में भारतीय विदेश नीति - India’s Foreign Policy in a Changing World
• BPSE-143 भारत में राज्य की राजनीति - State Politics in India
• BPSE-144 दक्षिण एशिया का परिचय - Introduction to South Asia
• BPSE-145 पूर्वोत्तर भारत में लोकतंत्र और विकास - Democracy and Development in Northeast India
• BPSE-146 संघर्ष समाधान और शांति निर्माण - Conflict Resolution and Peace Building

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1. In Althusserian Marxist theory, the relative independence of the ‘superstructure’ of society (including ideology and culture) from the economic (or techno-economic) ‘base’ (in contrast to the stance in classical Marxism that the latter determines the former—a stance similar to that of technological determinism). Indeed, Althusser referred also to ‘the reciprocal action of the superstructure on the base’, a stance reflected in cultural materialism. He insisted that the economic ‘base’ is determinant only in the ‘last instance’. See also base and superstructure.

2. In the context of semiotics, the Saussurean model of the sign assumes the relative autonomy of language in relation to reality (it does not directly feature a real-world referent); there is no essential bond between words and things. In a semiotic system with double articulation (as in verbal language) the levels of the signifier and of the signified are relatively autonomous. The signifier and the signified in a sign are autonomous to the extent that their relationship is arbitrary (commentators also speak of relative arbitrariness or ‘relative conventionality’).

From:   relative autonomy   in  A Dictionary of Media and Communication »

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Answer the following questions in about 100 words

Q1. Relative autonomy thesis

Q2. Procedural and substantive democracy

Q3. Structuralism and democratisation

Q4. Participatory budgeting

Q5. Brazilian federalism.

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Ralph Miliband

State Power and Class Interests

W ork done in the last fifteen years or so by people writing within a broad Marxist perspective on the subject of the state in capitalist society now fills a great many bookshelves; and however critical one may be of one or other article, book or trend, it is undoubtedly very useful that this work should be available. There is, however, a very large gap in the literature, in so far as very little of it is specifically concerned with the question of the autonomy of the state. footnote 1 How great a degree of autonomy does the state have in capitalist society? What purpose is its autonomy intended to serve? And what purposes does it actually serve? These and many other such questions are clearly of the greatest theoretical and practical importance, given the scope and actual or potential impact of state action upon the society over which the state presides, and often beyond. Yet, the issue has remained poorly explored and ‘theorized’ in the Marxist perspective. footnote 2 The present article is intended as a modest contribution to the work that needs to be done on it. footnote 3

In the first volume of Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution , Hal Draper very usefully sets out what Marx and Engels said on the subject of the autonomy of the state, and shows how large a place it occupied in their political thinking and writings. footnote 4 It was also this that I was trying to suggest in an article on ‘Marx and the State’ published in 1965, where I noted, in a formulation which I do not find very satisfactory, that there was a ‘secondary’ view of the state in Marx (the first one being of the state as the ‘instrument’ of a ruling class so designated by virtue of its ownership or control—or both—of the main means of economic activity). This ‘secondary’ view was of the state ‘as independent from and superior to all social classes, as being the dominant force in society rather than the instrument of a dominant class’, with Bonapartism as ‘the extreme manifestation of the state’s independent role’ in Marx’s own lifetime. footnote 5 On the other hand, I also noted then that, for Marx, the Bonapartist state, ‘however independent it may have been politically from any given class, remains, and cannot in a class society but remain, the protector of an economically and socially dominant class’. footnote 6 Some years later, in the course of a review of Political Power and Social Classes by the late and greatly-missed Nicos Poulantzas, I reformulated the point by suggesting that a distinction had to be made between the state autonomously acting on behalf of the ruling class, and its acting at the behest of that class, the latter notion being, I said, ‘a vulgar deformation of the thought of Marx and Engels’. footnote 7 What I was rejecting there was the crude view of the state as a mere ‘instrument’ of the ruling class obediently acting at its dictation.

However, it is undoubtedly to Poulantzas that belongs the credit for the most thorough exploration of the concept of the autonomy of the state; and it was he who coined the formulation which has remained the basis for most subsequent discussion of the subject, namely the ‘relative autonomy of the state’. In essence, the view that this formulation encapsulated was that the state might indeed have a substantial degree of autonomy, but that, nevertheless, it remained for all practical purposes the state of the ruling class.

the nature of the constraints and pressures which cause the state to serve the needs of capital—notably whether these constraints and pressures were ‘structural’ and impersonal, or produced by a ruling class armed with an arsenal of formidable weapons and resources. But beyond the differences that were expressed in these discussions, there was also a fundamental measure of agreement that the state was decisively constrained by forces external to it , and that the constraints originated in the national and international capitalist context in which it operated. The state might be constrained by the imperative requirement of capital for its reproduction and accumulation; or by the pressure from lobbies and organizations and agencies at the service of capital or one or other of its ‘fractions’; or by the combined impact of these and international forces such as other capitalist states or the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund. But these at any rate were the kind of factors which had to be taken into account to explain the actions of the state. As has occasionally been noted in this connection, this Marxist view of the state as impelled by forces external to it shares its ‘problematic’ with the liberal or ‘democratic pluralist’ view of the state, notwithstanding the other profound differences between them: whereas the Marxist view attributes the main constraints upon the state to capital or capitalists or both, the ‘democractic pluralist’ one attributes them to the various pressures exercised upon a basically democratic state by a plurality of competing groups, interests and parties in society. In both perspectives, the state does not originate action but responds to external forces: it may appear to be the ‘historical subject’, but is in fact the object of processes and forces at work in society.

It is this whole perspective which has come under challenge in recent years, not only from the right, which has long insisted on the primacy of the state, but from people strongly influenced by Marxism. Two notable examples of this challenge are Ellen Kay Trimberger’s Revolution from Above: Military Bureaucrats and Development in Japan, Turkey, Egypt and Peru , footnote 8 and more explicitly Theda Skocpol’s much-acclaimed States and Social Revolution , footnote 9 which is, however, not concerned with the contemporary state but with the state in relation to the French, Russian and Chinese Revolutions. footnote 10

In the Marxist tradition, Skocpol writes, ‘whatever the variations of its historical forms, the state as such is seen as a feature of all class-divided modes of production; and, invariably, the one necessary and inescapable function of the state—by definition—is to contain class conflict and to undertake other policies in support of the dominance of the surplus-appropriating and property-owning class.’ This, she argues, fails to treat the state ‘as an autonomous structure—a structure with a logic and interests of its own not necessarily equivalent to, or fused with, the interests of the dominant class in society or the full set of member groups in the polity.’ footnote 11

This seems to me to be a valid criticism: the Marxist tradition does tend to under-emphasize or simply to ignore the fact that the state does have interests of its own or, to put it rather more appropriately, that the people who run it believe it has and do themselves have interests of their own. The failure to make due allowance for this naturally inhibits or prevents the exploration of the ways in which class interests and state interests are related and reconciled.

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Relative Autonomy Continuum

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• First Online: 12 July 2017
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• Kennon M. Sheldon 3 &
• Tamara O. Gordeeva 4  

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Amount of felt self-determination ; Degree of internalization ; Perceived locus of causality

A theoretical sequence which orders many different types of motivation into a single continuum.

Introduction

The “relative autonomy continuum” (RAC) is a foundational concept within self-determination theory (SDT), in particular within SDT’s “organismic integration” mini-theory (Deci and Ryan 1990 ). SDT postulates that all motivated behaviors can be located on an internalization continuum ranging from very little felt autonomy at one extreme to very much felt autonomy at the other extreme. According to the theory, autonomy is first and foremost a characteristic of experience. When people feel autonomous, they feel they are standing fully behind their own actions, with a corresponding “internal perceived locus of causality” for their own behavior. In contrast, when people feel nonautonomous, they feel controlled, forced, and pressured in their behavior, with an “external...

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Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation . New York: Plenum.

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Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1990). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. D. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation , Perspectives on motivation (Vol. 38, pp. 237–288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

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Ryan, R. M., & Connell, J. P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57 , 749–761.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55 , 68–78.

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Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2017). Self-Determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness . Guilford Publications. New York: The Guilford Press.

Sheldon, K. M., Osin, E. N., Gordeeva, T. O., Suchkov, D., & Sychev, O. (2017). Evaluating the dimensionality of Self-determination theory’s relative autonomy continuum. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin .

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University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

Kennon M. Sheldon

Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

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Correspondence to Kennon M. Sheldon .

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Sheldon, K.M., Gordeeva, T.O. (2017). Relative Autonomy Continuum. In: Zeigler-Hill, V., Shackelford, T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_844-1

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_844-1

Received : 29 June 2017

Accepted : 01 July 2017

Published : 12 July 2017

Publisher Name : Springer, Cham

Print ISBN : 978-3-319-28099-8

Online ISBN : 978-3-319-28099-8

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