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Soldier suffers fatal bullet injury at military installation in Jammu, Army rules out terror angle

Jammu, Sep 2 (PTI) An army personnel suffered a fatal bullet injury at a military station here on Monday, a defence spokesman said, ruling out any terror angle after the firing sparked an alert and a massive house-to-house search in the area.

According to officials, Naik Kuldeep Singh of Punjab was on guard duty when he was hit by a bullet in the head at Sunjawan Military Station on the outskirts of Jammu and was evacuated to a hospital where he succumbed to injuries.

“Initial investigations by the Indian Army suggest that the incident in which a soldier lost his life in the morning is not a terror attack. The incident is being investigated,” a defence spokesman said.

Sources said that the preliminary probe indicated that the soldier committed suicide.

Earlier in the day, the spokesperson said a few rounds were fired at the military station at around 10.50 am, resulting in critical injuries to a soldier.

An operation had been launched and further details were being ascertained, he said.

A Special Operation Group of local police along with other teams rushed to the scene to join the army in a massive search operation as a terror attack was suspected.

However, nothing suspicious was found during the search operation which continued for hours together with all entry and exit points to the adjoining areas plugged.

Drones and sniffer dogs were also used during the thorough search of the area.

In February 2018, the terrorists attacked the Sunjawan military camp resulting in the killing of six soldiers, a civilian and three terrorists.

Talking to reporters at the site earlier on Monday, Superintendent of Police (South) Ajay Sharma said that two gunshots were heard at a post, resulting in injuries to a soldier.

“The probe is on (to ascertain the cause of the firing. Senior officers are on the spot,” he said. PTI TAS RT

This report is auto-generated from PTI news service. ThePrint holds no responsibility for its content.

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Wolf terror returns: 3-year-old killed, two others injured in UP's Bahraich

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Highly responsive to unfolding developments. Reports on crime, and terrorism in UP and also probes by National Investigation Agency (NIA), Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Enforcement Directorate (ED), Economic Offences Wing (EOW) Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) in Uttar Pradesh. Read More

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Soldier injured in 'terror attack' on army camp in Jammu

Tribune Video Desk

Soldier injured in 'terror attack' on army camp in Jammu #indianarmy #JammuKashmir #Kashmir #sunjwan #india #solider

Netflix India's Head Of Content Summoned Over 'IC 814' Web Series Row

A home ministry statement from 2000 said hijackers addressed each other as chief, doctor, burger, bhola and shankar.

IC 814 - The Kandahar Hijack, created by Anubhav Sinha and Trishant Srivastava, is streaming on Netflix

The content head of Netflix India has been summoned by the government amid the massive controversy surrounding 'IC 814 - The Kandahar Hijack', a webseries on the 1999 hijacking of an Indian Airlines flight by Pakistan-based terror outfit Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, sources have said.

The Union Information and Broadcasting Ministry's summons to Netflix India chief Monika Shergill comes after hundreds of social media users accused the makers of the web series of deliberately changing the names of the hijackers to "Bhola" and "Shankar". The web series, created by Anubhav Sinha and Trishant Srivastava, is inspired by the book 'Flight Into Fear: The Captain's Story' Devi Sharan, the captain of the flight, and journalist Srinjoy Chowdhury. It stars Naseeruddin Shah, Vijay Varma and Pankaj Kapur in key roles. 

The web series captured the hijacking of Indian Airlines flight 814 on December 24, 1999. The plane, with 191 fliers onboard, took off from Nepal's Kathmandu and was headed for Delhi. Soon after take-off, five hijackers, who were posing as passengers, took control of the plane. It later made several landings, at Amritsar, Lahore and Dubai, before being taken to Kandahar in Afghanistan.

The government, then led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, was forced to release three dreaded terrorists -- Masood Azhar, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh and Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar -- from Indian prisons to secure the release of the hostages. According to reports, Taliban authorities helped the hijackers and the released terrorists reach Pakistan.

A Union Home Ministry statement dated January 6, 2000, said the names of the hijackers were Ibrahim Athar, Shahid Akhtar Sayed, Sunny Ahmed Qazi, Mistri Zahoor Ibrahim and Shakir.

"To the passengers of the hijacked place these hijackers came to be known respectively as (1) Chief, (2) Doctor, (3) Burger, (4) Bhola and (5) Shankar, the names by which the hijackers invariably addressed one another," the Home Ministry statement says. 

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Multiple journalists who covered the week-long hijacking back in 1999 have put out social media posts amid the controversy, saying that passengers had told them that the hijackers used these names to address each other.

Earlier, BJP leader Amit Malviya was among those who slammed the makers of the webseries for using these names. "The hijackers of IC-814 were dreaded terrorists, who acquired aliases to hide their Muslim identities. Filmmaker Anubhav Sinha, legitimised their criminal intent, by furthering their non-Muslim names. Result? Decades later, people will think Hindus hijacked IC-814," he said in a post on X. "Left's agenda to whitewash the crimes of Pakistani terrorists, all Muslims, served. This is the power of cinema, which the Communists have been using aggressively, since the 70s. Perhaps even earlier," he added.

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Wolves' terror in UP's Bahraich: 6-year-old girl among two injured

A forest department official said that two wolves have been traced using drones, and they will be caught within one or two days..

Listen to Story

• 35 villages on high alert in Bahraich after eight people were killed by wolves
• Four wolves have been captured by forest department so far
• 2 wolves traces using drones, will be captured soon, says forest department official

Two more people, including a 6-year-old girl, were attacked by wolves in Uttar Pradesh's Bahraich in the wee hours of Sunday, even as officials from the forest department were patrolling in the area.

Over 35 villages in Bahraich are on high alert after a pack of wolves killed at least seven children and a woman in the past one-and-a-half months.

The forest department has managed to capture four wolves so far under 'Operation Bhediya', and is using elephant dung and urine to drive away the others. The department has also formed several teams to patrol the areas in the night.

Speaking to India Today TV, the man, Kunnulal, 55, said that he was attacked by the wolf at around 4 am on Sunday when he had gone to the toilet.

"I was sitting on the charpoy after returning from the toilet, when the wolf attacked me from behind. He caught my neck with his jaws. However, I tried to grab his jaw from behind and hit him, following which it loosened its grip," Kunnulal said.

"I then called for help and my brother and other people came to rescue me, after which it ran away," he added.

The 6-year-old girl's mother, Gudiya, said that the incident happened at around 1.30 am.

"The wolf entered the house and grabbed her by her neck. I was sleeping just next to her, but didn't realise that she had been attacked until she screamed. We then rushed to save her and the wolf ran away," she said.

Upon being asked whether they had closed the gate or not, she said, "We don't have a gate for the house. However, we were on full alert, but didn't realise when the wolf attacked her."

IMPACT OF TERRORISM IN INDIA

Jul 31, 2014

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IMPACT OF TERRORISM IN INDIA. TERRORISM : A PROXY WAR. OBJECTIVES: intimidate the state and the civil population; to demonstrate the inability of the State to protect its civilian population; generate pressure on the State from its population to settle with the terrorists; and

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Presentation Transcript

TERRORISM : A PROXY WAR OBJECTIVES: • intimidate the state and the civil population; • to demonstrate the inability of the State to protect its civilian population; • generate pressure on the State from its population to settle with the terrorists; and • create feelings of battle fatigue in the State as well as its population.

TERRORISM IN INDIA OLD OR ‘CLASSICAL’ TERRORISM: • REVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM • SEPERATIST MOVEMENTS • ETHNIC / RELIGIOUS TERRORISM

IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON HUMAN LIVES: Toll on the casualties suffered more than the casualties in the four conventional wars fought by India.

IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON THE POLITICAL SCENE • India has lost two leaders to terrorist attacks, in each case creating a leadership crisis • Undermining of democratic values and democratic institutions.

IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON THE ECONOMY: • Cost extracted by acts of terrorism on the Indian exchequer estimated to be more than Rs.45,000 crores • Increase in budget on agencies involved in fighting terrorism is 2600 per cent since 1980s • Compounded by the loss to property and impact on business environment

IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON THE SOCIAL FABRIC The assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984 by Sikh terrorists had terrible reprisal on the Sikh community The 1993 Mumbai blasts triggered communal onslaught on the Muslim population of the city

HAVE WE COPED? 19 years to bring the insurgency-cum-terrorism in Nagaland under control, 20 years to restore normalcy in Mizoram, 14 years to put an end to terrorism in Punjab.  J&K complicated

POST-MODERN TERRORISM

ARE WE READY? “Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that!” [The Queen] “It was much pleasanter at home, when one wasn’t always growing larger and smaller, and being ordered about by mice and rabbits.” [Alice] Excerpt from Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll

REVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM

SEPERATIST MOVEMENTS

RELIGIOUS TERRORISM

NATIONAL COUNTERTERRORISM STRATEGY AND STRUCTURES

PREVIEW • SOFT STATE • STRATEGY. DO WE HAVE ANY OR DO WE NEED ONE? • STRUCTURES • ISSUES

NATIONAL APPROACH OF TOLERANCE

MULTI DIMENSIONAL TERROR THREATS

PAN INDIA STRIKES POST 2003 Pre 26/11 26/11 Post 26/11

INDIA’S COUNTER TERRORISM APPROACH • INADEQUATE RESPONSE • SYSTEMIC FAILURE • LACK OF COHERENT STRATEGY • SOFT STATE

SYSTEMIC FAILURE • LACK OF POLITICAL CONSENSUS • MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES REPORTING TO DIFFERENT AUTHORITY @ • MULTIPLICITY OF POORLY TRAINED AND EQUIPPED FORCES & • AMORPHOUS MARITIME & COASTAL SECURITY • NON COLLABORATIVE ATTITUDE AND TURF BATTLE

SYSTEMIC FAILURE • AIR SPACE AND AVIATION SECURITY • CYBER SECURITY • NARCO TERRORISM • MEDIA ANARCHY • GLOBALISED TERROR NETWORKS • ANTI TERROR LAWS AND ENFORCEMENT

NATIONAL STRATEGY DO WE NEED ONE? NEXT TIME, DOUBLE THE NUMBER OF THREATS !

UN COUNTER TERRORISM STRATEGY • ADDRESSING THE CONDITIONS CONDUCIVE TO THE SPREAD OF TERRORISM • PREVENTING TERRORIST ACTS • DEVELOPING STATE CAPACITY TO COUNTER TERRORISM • DEFENDING HUMAN RIGHTS

UK COUNTER TERRORISM STRATEGY (CONTEST) THE AIM OF THE STRATEGY IS “ TO REDUCE THE RISK TO THE UK AND ITS INTERESTS OVERSEAS FROM INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM, SO THAT PEOPLE CAN GO ABOUT THEIR LIVES FREELY AND WITH CONFIDENCE”

STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK • PURSUE: TO STOP TERRORIST ATTACKS • PREVENT: TO STOP PEOPLE BECOMING TERRORISTS OR SUPPORTING VIOLENT EXTREMISM • PROTECT: TO STRENGTHEN OUR PROTECTION AGAINST TERRORIST ATTACK • PREPARE: WHERE AN ATTACK CANNOT BE STOPPED, TO MITIGATE ITS IMPACT

US DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY 2008 STRATEGIC PLAN • PROTECT OUR NATION FROM DANGEROUS PEOPLE • PROTECT OUR NATION FROM DANGEROUS GOODS • PROTECT CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE • STRENGTHEN OUR NATION'S PREPAREDNESS AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE CAPABILITIES • STRENGTHEN AND UNIFY DHS OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT

COMPONENTS OF US STRATEGY • COUNTER TERRORISM • BORDER SECURITY • PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE AND RECOVERY INCL FOR NATURAL DISASTER • IMMIGRATION. • CYBER SECURITY

SALIENT STRUCTURES • NCTC REPORTING TO PRESIDENT , DNI AND DHS • UNITING AND STRENGTHENING AMERICA PROVIDING APPROPRIATE TOOLS REQUIRED TO INTERCEPT AND OBSTRUCT TERRORISM ACT 2001/2005 (PATROIT ACT) • FOREIGN INT SVL ACT ( FISA 1978/2008) • JUSTICE DEPT CAN INVESTIGATE ALL CASES • MIL COMMISSIONS ACT AGAINST ALIENS • CYBER COMMAND

DEPT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

PROPOSED INDIAN COUNTER TERRORISM STRATEGY • Prevent ( EQUALITY; HEARTS AND MINDS; ROOT CAUSE; IDEA OF INDIA) • Disrupt (CAPABILITY TO ANTICIPATE AND RESPOND AT HOME AND ABROAD) • Secure ( TARGET HARDENING) • Citizen as Stake Holder (PPP) • Prepare ( FOR THE INEVITABLE) • Unity of Approach ( PLURALISM, DIVERSITY NOTWITHSTANDING)

COMPREHENSIVE COUNTER TERRORISM STRATEGY ( SMART POWER) • HARD POWER • PRO ACTIVE DEFENSE ( APPROPRIATE FORCE, STRUCTURES AND TOUGH DECISIONS) • SURGICAL DISCRIMINATORY STRIKE CAPABILITY • ABILITY TO WAGE WAR AND WIN IT • ESPIONAGE/COVERT OPS • SOFT POWER • PEOPLE (MULTI CULTURE, MULTI RELIGION, MULTI ETHENIC, MULTI LINGUAL, RULE OF LAW -A NEW MELTING POT) • INTERNATIONAL CLOUT AND COOPERATION • KNOWLEDGE, MEDIA AND ICE • TECHNOLOGY • WPNS AND ARMAMENT • SPACE, NUCLEAR AND CYBER

GOVERNMENT RESPONSE  • UAPA 2008 • NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (NIA). • NTRO • NATIONAL COUNTER-TERRORISM CENTRE (NCTC) • THE MULTI-AGENCY CENTRE (MAC) • NATIONAL INT GRID ( NATGRID). • CRIME & CRIMINAL TRACKING NETWK (CCTNS). • OPERATIONS DIVISION • STRENGHTEN COASTAL SECURITY • OTHER MEASURES

CRITIQUE OF NEW STRUCTURES • DE – POLITICISE TERRORISM. APPLICABILITY OF LAWS. • NCTC MAY NOT HAVE BEST OF TALENT. USA HAS EST IT UNDER AN ACT OF CONGRESS, Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) • COMBAT ARM. CRPF REMAINS THE WEAKEST LINK AND LARGEST FORCE. LEADERSHIP IS THE KEY. • CYBER SECURITY • CBRN CAPABILITY IS SUSPECT

RESTRUCTURING/POLICY ISSUES • MINISTER FOR INTERNAL SECURITY • ROLE OF NSA/ CS. REQUIREMENT OF DNI. CAN A DIPLOMAT DO JUSTICE TO IS OR TWO NSAs? • NIA AND CBI TO BE STAUTORY BODIES LIKE CEC AND CAG ETC. NEED FOR YOUNG TALENT AND NOT TO BE HEADED BY ‘DUE TO RETIRE (SR)’ OFFRS. • UNIFIED COMMAND IN STATES WITH MIL ADVISERS.

RESTRUCTURING/POLICY ISSUES • COASTAL COMMANDS • CYBER COMMAND • DEDICATED OFFR CADRE FOR CRPF: DELINK FROM IPS • IMP CL B CITIES TO HAVE INF UNITS EARMK , TRAINED & EQUIPPED FOR URBAN TERRORISM TO SP LOCAL POLICE.

CONCLUSION • BUILD CAPABILITY AND PREPARE FOR A LONG DRAWN CAMPAIGN FOR SUPERMACY SUN TZU’S ADVICE, “IN PEACE PREPARE FOR WAR. THE ART OF WAR IS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE. IT IS MATTER OF LIFE AND DEATH, A ROAD EITHER TO SAFETY OR TO RUIN. HENCE UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES CAN IT BE NEGLECTED.” • INTERNAL SECURITY IS A NATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY THAT CAN NOT BE WISHED AWAY, DELEGATED OR OUT SOURCED • ARUN SHOURIE ON MONEY WHEN HE SAID, “FOR GOD’S SAKE, DON’T KEEP RUNNING TO MUMMY.”

COASTAL SECURITY

Mitigation Efforts taken by Government of India Post 26/11 • Assigning responsibility for coastal security and maritime security. • Designation of Coastal Command. • Strengthening of marine police stations. • Sanctioning of additional assets and manpower for the Coast Guard. • Creation of Sagar Prahari Bal for the Navy. • Automatic Identification System (AIS) for fishing vessels • Chain of coastal radars. • Joint Operations Centre (JOC).

Responsibilities for Various Maritime Stakeholders • IN –Overall Maritime Security including Coastal Security & Offshore Security. • CG – Coastal Security in Territorial Waters including areas to be patrolled by Marine police. • Director General Coast Guard – Cdr Coastal Command. • FOC-in-C – C-in-C Coastal Defence.

High Seas - Navy EEZ (200 NM) Security – Coast Guard No specific responsibility assigned to the IN Offshore Security – Navy/CG Responsibilities of Various Agencies Prior 26/11 Territorial Waters (12 NM) Marine Police

Overall Maritime Security - Navy Offshore Security - Navy Coastal Security – Territorial Waters Responsibilities of Various Agencies Post 26/11 Coast Guard

Limitations of New Security Apparatus • Overlapping Responsibilities. • Responsibilities without transfer of authority. • Coastal Command a misnomer. Responsible for only co-ordination. No command & control function. • Replication of responsibility dilutes the accountability. • Distinction between coastal security & coastal defence.

Limitations of New Security Apparatus (Contd) • Undue focus on shallow waters. • Does not leverage expanse of sea. • Coast Guard structured for EEZ Charter. • IN back to brown water navy!

Limitations of New Security Apparatus (Contd) • Unregulated nature of Indian fishing. • Absence of legal regulatory mechanism. • Fishing Community – a political vote bank. • Compulsions of fisheries being state subject.

Co-ordination • Numerous maritime agencies like major & minor ports, customs, fisheries, DG Shipping, ONGC, IB and Marine Police under various ministries. • Each agency has specific charter but bearing on security. • Co-ordination between centre & state agencies.

Recommendations • Clear demarcation of responsiblity, accountability & jurisdiction for various agencies.

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One of the most read articles of 2020 is from the 2017 GTI, in which Lt General VK Ahluwalia writes about the drivers of terrorism in India.

One of the most read articles of 2020 is from the 2017 Global Terrorism Index where Lt General VK Ahluwalia writes about the drivers of terrorism in India.

A Spotlight on Terrorism in India

Easy access to sophisticated weapons and disruptive advances in technology, especially the cyber world masks the identity of the terrorists, facilitates real time secure communications and the flow of funds and provides access to an infinite resource of DIY kits on issues ranging from making bombs to executing beheadings.

These elements have collectively made terrorism the most preferred means of waging war. Despite the grave threat, the international community is far from reaching a consensus on how to fight this menace collectively.

So deep are the fissures that even adopting a common definition of terrorism and violent extremism has met stiff resistance.

The history of terrorism in India

India’s tryst with terrorism and violent extremism can be traced back partly to the religion based partition in 1947, which ripped the sub-continent into two nations: India and Pakistan.

The sub-continent remained witness to the most horrifying ethnic riots in modern history, which were marked by extreme violence and acts of terrorism.

Following the partition, after a brief period of neutrality, the then Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), Hari Singh formally acceded to India; however, this act of accession has not, and continues not to be recognised by Pakistan which lays claims to the Muslim majority region.

This territorial dispute lies at the core of the long standing conflict between the two nations with both nations each vehemently rejecting the other’s claims.

Further, India views Pakistan as perpetuating the on-going cross border conflict and for sponsoring militant activity in a bid to destabilise the state of J&K and other parts of the country.

In addition, considering the number of ongoing insurgencies in India, terrorism and violent extremism is also a manifestation of:

• politico-religious violence
• ethnic-sub regional nationalism
• socio-economic conditions
• politics of identity

The relationship between terrorism and insurgency

What were the causes that led to the genesis of terrorism and its drivers in India? While seeking answers to this question, we will also dwell upon the terrorist initiated incidents and terrorists groups operating in India.

We will explore the complementary relationship between terrorism and insurgency, analyse various forms in which terrorism morphs and finally, establish the contours of successful counterterrorism strategies.

The primary causes of terrorism and insurgency in India are based on political, religious, ethnic, ideological, identity driven, linguistic or socio-economic grievances.

Terrorism in India, can be broadly categorised in three distinct parts:

• Cross border terrorism in J&K.
• Terrorism in the hinterland.
• Extreme violence and terrorism as an integral part of the ongoing insurgencies.

India’s richly diverse society provides a fertile ground for terrorism to thrive in many areas:

• politics of communalism and criminalisation
• fanatic religious movements and irresponsible statements by political and religious leaders
• human rights excesses
• marginalised minority communities
• high levels of youth unemployment
• poor governance
• prolonged delays in criminal justice

Quite often, incidents relating to a particular religious or ethnic group act as a catalyst. They also act as an initiator to indoctrinate/ radicalise youth (and not necessarily only the poor and marginalised) to indulge in extreme forms of violence and terrorism.

Considering the fact that intensity of violence due to religious terrorism has always been very severe, strict law should be framed expeditiously against those delivering ‘hate speeches’ that incite a religious/ ethnic community’s passions.

India also remains highly vulnerable to terrorism by foreign terrorists, due to porous borders with all its neighbours and a long coast line. Resultantly, the terrorists and the insurgents continue to receive material support and funds from many sources.

India has experienced almost all forms of terrorist attacks:

• hijacking and blowing up of aircrafts
• sabotaging railway tracks
• kidnapping hostages for meeting political demands
• suicide attacks
• the assassination of two of its Prime Ministers
• attacks on places of worship, transportation systems, security forces and financial hubs
• communal riots followed by extreme violence
• attacks both by religious and non-religious terrorist groups.

The modus operandi of terrorism has remained dynamic to achieve its goals and objectives.

This is an edited extract from an essay that appeared in the Global Terrorism Index 2017.

Lt General VK Ahluwalia

Expert contributor.

Lt General VK Ahluwalia, Indian Army’s Central Command

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The Hole in India’s Definition of Terrorism

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Hindutva violence is not included in India’s official conception of terrorism, but rather enjoys the blessing of the state. 

In this Feb. 27, 2020, file photo, an Indian Muslim boy stands inside a mosque burnt in communal violence in New Delhi, India.

“Nor must we countenance that political convenience determines responses to terrorism, extremism and violence” – these were the words spoken by India’s External Affairs Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar during his address to the 78th U.N. General Assembly. The address came after allegations made by the Canadian government over the involvement of the Indian government in the killing of a Canadian citizen involved in the Khalistan movement, an ethno-religious movement whose aim is to establish a Sikh nation. 

The purpose of this article is not to comment on the geopolitical relations between Canada and India, but to closely examine how the Indian government classifies terrorism domestically.

While officials like Jaishankar declare on the international stage that political convenience cannot determine responses to terrorism, back home in India violent acts against minorities are increasing. The Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED), a disaggregated data collection, analysis, and crisis mapping project, showed that from January 2016 to October 2022, South Asia recorded almost 16,270 cases of anti-civilian violence, of which, 62.4 percent of cases happened in India . A closer look at the data shows that it is specifically violence perpetrated by Hindutva militant organizations that has consistently been on the rise.  

Thus, it is imperative we understand how the Indian state defines terrorism and extremism and what the current Indian government is doing in order to keep a track of this increasing violence.

The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, the law that is in effect in India to combat terrorism, defines a terrorist act as “any act with intent to threaten or likely to threaten the unity, integrity, security, [economic security,] or sovereignty of India or with intent to strike terror or likely to strike terror in the people or any section of the people in India or in any foreign country.” The means of such an act could take different forms: the use of explosive substances, causing death or injury, or the destruction of property. 

Going by this definition, the Hindutva organizations that have been given free reign in India must be classified as terrorist organizations. Their lynching of suspected beef eaters and targeting of Muslim communities with violence certainly are intended to “strike terror” into non-Hindus and thus “threaten the unity” of India’s social fabric.

Yet these Hindutva organizations, which are ideologically aligned with the r ight-wing extremist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) Hindu nationalist movement and the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, are beneficiaries of state patronage, which allows them to operate and spread terror across the minorities of the nation.

The list of organizations designated as terrorist organizations as per the India’s Ministry of Home Affairs does not include a single organization that aligns with the Hindutva ideology. Going by the definition of a terrorist act as per the UAPA, many of the Hindu nationalist organizations must be included in the list due to the amount of terror and damage they perpetuate. 

An analysis of the National Crime Records Bureau of 2021 brings to light even more disturbing facts. Chapter 10B of the National Crime Records Bureau displays data on the crimes carried out by extremists, insurgents, and terrorists. Data on incidents of violence carried out by left-wing extremists and insurgents in India’s Northeast has been captured with much enthusiasm. When it comes to the data on terrorists, the category has been divided into “Jihadi Terrorists” and “Other Terrorists,” with the majority of incidents of violence being focused on the region of Jammu and Kashmir and a few being shown in Punjab, Kerala, Nagaland, Jharkhand, and Haryana.

The lack of data representation on violence perpetrated by Hindutva terrorist organizations displays how the government in power furthers its nation-building agenda by allowing these organizations to further the social divide in the country through the use of violence and religion. The BJP government has said on record in the Rajya Sabha that no separate data is maintained by the National Crime Records Bureau on the people killed or injured by Hindutva vigilante groups. This shows the intrinsic bias the government has toward spreaders of saffron terrorism: Far from seeing these acts as terrorism, they are not seen as crimes at all. We see representatives of the BJP endorse those responsible for acts of terrorism against minorities by garlanding them, giving the acts of violence perpetrated by them legitimacy and sending the message across to other vigilantes that this form of terrorism is desirable.

The manner in which the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act is used is what is most shocking and disturbing. The law has become an effective tool that is utilized by the government to crush any forms of dissent in the country. On October 4 , the act was weaponized and used against Prabir Purkayastha, founder and editor-in-chief of the NewsClick media portal, and Amit Chakraborty, the human resources head. 

Under the regime of the present government, we see the UAPA is being utilized to put activists, lawyers, and journalists who speak against the state behind bars. Those charged under the law are designated as terrorists without any incriminating evidence and with attaining bail being next to impossible. Official data from the Union Home Ministry in the Rajya Sabha brought to light that 97.5 percent of people arrested under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act between 2016 and 2020 have been imprisoned for multiple years while waiting for trial.

Such is the present state of affairs. Laws that must be utilized to prevent acts of terrorism from taking place are used to stifle dissent. Meanwhile, the ruling government is endorsing the terror that is unleashed by Hindutva organizations and refusing to take action or even maintain data on the incidents of violence. This leaves the responsibility of upholding the truth to fall on brave citizens and journalists who still brave the might of the state to stand for truth and democracy, the ideal on which this nation was built.

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Narco-terrorism: What is it and how is India tackling the menace?

The customs department on june 30 seized more than 530 kg of suspected heroin worth rs 2700 crore which was being smuggled from pakistan, at the integrated check post in attari..

Key Highlights

• Drug trafficking has provided funding for insurgency and those who use terrorist violence in various regions throughout the world
• Rajnath Singh said last year that India faces a serious challenge because of drug trafficking due to its proximity to major opium-growing areas of the region
• In order to contain the problem of narco-terrorism, the national and state agencies work in coordination with agencies of neighbouring countries

The National Investigation Agency (NIA) on September 12 submitted before a special court that the 532 kg of heroin recovered from the Attari border must be treated as a case of narco-terrorism. The Customs Department had on June 30 seized 532 kg of suspected heroin worth Rs 2,700 crore being smuggled from Pakistan, at the integrated check post (ICP) in Attari.

According to reports , the court has sent the four accused - Jasbir Singh, Alok Gupta, Sandeep Kaur and Nirbhail Singh – to judicial custody till October 10. The government in August handed over the case and the custody of the accused to the NIA. 

What is narco-terrorism?

When proceeds of the illegal drug are used to fund terrorist activities, it is called narco-terrorism. Drug trafficking has provided funding for insurgency and those who use terrorist violence in various regions throughout the world. In some cases, drugs have even been the currency used in the commission of terrorist attacks, as was the case in the 2004 Madrid bombings.

Narcotics trafficking remains one of the most common and most lucrative forms of criminality on which terrorists rely in order to finance their organisations and activities. Due to high pecuniary value and the low volume to value ratio of smuggling and trafficking illicit narcotics (cocaine, ecstasy, heroin, hashish, marijuana, methamphetamine, opiates, etc.) and the chemical precursors required to manufacture some of these drugs, this criminal activity is an attractive one for terrorists, insurgents and transnational criminals.  

Addressing the South Asia Sub-Regional Drug Focal Point Meeting and Drug Demand Reduction expert group consultation in July 2018, the then home minister Rajnath Singh said India faces a serious challenge because of drug trafficking due to its proximity to major opium-growing areas of the region and the agencies concerned are dealing with it effectively.

"Involvement of various terrorist groups and syndicates in drug trafficking leads to a threat to the national security and sovereignty of states by the way of narco-terrorism," Rajnath said.

He also said the global community is facing serious consequences of drug abuse and it undermines the socio-economic and political stability and sustainable development.

Steps taken by India to tackle narco-terrorism

In order to contain the problem of narco-terrorism, the national and state agencies work in coordination with agencies of neighbouring countries. India has entered into various arrangements like bilateral agreements, Memorandum of Understandings, Joint Working Groups on Counter-Terrorism and Judicial Cooperation with the countries in the South Asian region.

Besides, there is a nodal drug law enforcement and intelligence agency called, Narcotics Control Bureau, to fight drug trafficking on an all-India level. It works in close co-operation with other national and state agencies.

Intelligence inputs are also shared with the neighbouring countries on a real-time basis, in cases where any institutional mechanism exists.

Apart from all this, there is Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. Under this Act, a person found in possession of the banned substances may face imprisonment up to a maximum of 20 years and a maximum fine of Rs 2 lakhs. The punishment depends on the quantity of the banned substance that is involved. 

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Country Reports on Terrorism 2021: India

Overview:  In 2021, terrorism affected the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), the northeastern states, and parts of central India.  Terrorist groups active in India include Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, Jaish-e-Mohammed, Hizbul Mujahideen, ISIS, al-Qa’ida, Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen, and Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh.  Terrorist tactics showed a shift toward attacks on civilians and greater reliance on IEDs, including an explosives attack using drones on an air force base.  The Indian government made significant efforts to detect, disrupt, and degrade operations of terrorist organizations.  In October, the United States and India held the 18th meeting of the Counterterrorism Joint Working Group, and in November India hosted the second Quad counterterrorism tabletop exercise along with Australia and Japan.

2021 Terrorist Incidents:  During the year, there were 153 terrorist attacks in J&K, causing 274 deaths that included 45 security personnel, 36 civilians, and 193 terrorists.  Other notable attacks included an attack on November 1 in Manipur, in which the People’s Liberation Army of Manipur and Naga People’s Front killed seven persons in an ambush, including an Indian Army officer and with his wife and minor son.

Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security:  There were no changes in terrorism-related legislation in 2021.  India expanded the number of state-level Multi-Agency Centers to strengthen sharing of intelligence among state and federal agencies.

India implements UNSCR 2396 by using watchlists, implementing biographic and biometric screening at ports of entry, and prioritizing information sharing.  Pursuant to a bilateral arrangement, the U.S. and Indian governments have committed to collaborating on improving border security and information-sharing capabilities.  The U.S. government is still pending a decision from the Government of India on an offer to collaborate on watchlisting assistance.

India collaborates with the United States on implementing UNSCR 2309 and is implementing dual screen X-raying for cargo screening at airport locations.

Significant law enforcement actions included the following:

• A National Intelligence Agency (NIA) Special Court sentenced three Lashkar-e-Tayyiba/Harkat-ul-Jihad-e-Islami terrorists to prison sentences of 10 years for weapons smuggling.
• Eight Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh terrorists were convicted for attacks with explosives in Bodh Gaya in 2012.
• Through September, the NIA had investigated 37 cases related to ISIS and arrested 168 people.

India responds promptly to U.S. requests for information related to terrorism investigations and makes efforts to mitigate threats in response to U.S. information.  Collaborative efforts to disrupt terrorist travel continue, and alerts are issued to U.S. authorities for possible threats in the United States and against U.S. interests.

Indian law enforcement, including border security forces, face budgetary, staffing, and equipment constraints.  Capacity to patrol and secure extensive maritime and land borders is improving but not adequate, given India’s extensive coastline.

The Government of India does not use the category of Racial and Ethnically Motivated Violent Extremism and opposes labeling terrorism based on “the motivation behind such acts.”

Countering the Financing of Terrorism:  India is a member of FATF, the Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering, and the Eurasian Group.  India’s Financial Intelligence Unit-India is part of the Egmont Group. There were no changes in terrorism-related legislation in 2021.  NIA investigated nine cases of possible terror funding.

Countering Violent Extremism:  India did not adopt any new strategies or programs for countering terrorist radicalization and recruitment.  The Ministry of Home Affairs is the lead agency for CVE.  There is no national CVE policy or national CVE coordinator.  State governments have the lead on CVE and deradicalization strategies.

Media reports and security experts claim donations from private groups in western countries and the Middle East earmarked for religious institutions, social organizations, and schools in India contribute to radicalization to violence.

In J&K, the Indian Army runs schools, training courses, recruitment drives, medical camps, and emergency services to prevent “radicalization.”  Only five of the 28 Indian states have formulated a CVE strategy.  CVE efforts are uneven and vary based on local interests and contexts.  CVE programs target demographics and cohorts at the highest risk of vulnerability for terrorist recruitment.

  India does not have a policy to repatriate FTFs or their families and has declined to repatriate four Indian citizen spouses of Indian ISIS fighters from Afghanistan.  Rehabilitation and reintegration programs for Indians who have joined terrorist or violent extremist organizations on its territory take place at the state or local level.

The Ministry of Home Affairs is in the process of preparing an action plan on strategic messaging to counter radicalization, but it has not been released.  At least one Delhi-based think-tank runs a program that promotes alternative narratives to counter online radicalization to violence.

Several federal agencies and state police forces monitor online platforms for extremist content and messaging.  The NIA arrested two persons in August for disseminating content from the ISIS-affiliated online magazine Voice of Hind.   Mumbai is a member of the Strong Cities Network.

International and Regional Cooperation:  In 2021, India began its two-year term as a nonpermanent member of the United Nations Security Council, where it chairs the Counterterrorism Committee, the 1988 (Taliban) Sanctions Committee, and the Libya Sanctions Committee.  India has leadership roles in the following regional and international fora, where it has promoted multilateral CT cooperation:

• The Global Counterterrorism Forum
• The Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum
• Council of Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (known as RATS SCO)
• UN Office on Drugs and Crime
• The Group of Twenty

India shares counterterrorism information with Bangladesh, Maldives, and Sri Lanka.  India’s defense relationships with Canada, France, and Russia, the United Kingdom extend to counterterrorism issues.  India’s military exercises with most countries, especially with neighbors such as Nepal, incorporate CT elements.  In November, as part of the Quad with the U.S., Australia, and Japan, India hosted a Counterterrorism Tabletop Exercise that addressed international CT responses.

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Anti-Terror Laws In India, Evolution, Application, Issues and Concerns

India faces a complex counter-terrorism landscape, necessitating a robust legal framework to combat threats while upholding fundamental rights. Know all about Evolution of Anti-Terror Laws In India.

Table of Contents

Context: The Jammu and Kashmir High Court’s judgement on journalist Fahad Shah’s case raises critical questions about the application of India’s UAPA in matters concerning personal freedom and legal rights.

Evolution of Anti-Terror Laws In India

• The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) of 1967 and the National Security Act of 1980 currently serve as India’s primary legal frameworks for countering terrorism.
• The UAPA, initially established in 1967, underwent significant amendments in 2004, adding a new chapter specifically for tackling terrorist activities.
• Before the 2004 amendment of the UAPA, the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) of 1987 and the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA) of 2002 were the main legislations targeting terrorism in India.

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Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) of 1987

• The 1987 Terrorist & Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, (TADA), was enacted to specifically address terrorist activities in India and imposed more stringent measures than the UAPA.
• Upon its introduction, TADA faced legal challenges regarding its validity and was brought before India’s highest court.
• In the landmark 1994 case Kartar Singh v. the State of Punjab (3 SCC 569), the Supreme Court of India upheld its constitutionality, assuming that the significant powers granted by the Act would be exercised responsibly and for public welfare.
• Despite this, there were numerous instances of misapplication and misuse of these powers by law enforcement, leading to unintended consequences.
• This misuse ultimately led to the repeal of TADA in 1995.

Prevention Of Terrorists Act (POTA), 2002

• India faced several terrorist attacks in the early 2000s, including the 1993 Mumbai bombings and the 2001 Parliament attack, which fueled concerns about national security.
• This led to the enactment of the Prevention of Terrorism Act in 2002 (POTA, 2002).
• The Act faced legal challenges similar to those against TADA, particularly in the case of PUCL v. Union of India, but the Court upheld it for the same reasons.
• However, post-enactment, there were widespread reports of the Act’s severe misuse. Allegations surfaced that POTA was contributing to increased corruption within India’s police and judicial systems.
• Civil liberties and human rights organisations actively opposed the Act, and it became a significant issue in the 2004 elections.
• The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government, upon election, followed through on its campaign promise to repeal POTA. In 2004, after the UPA assumed power, POTA was repealed, and its key provisions were incorporated into the UAPA.

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967

• Definition: The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, of 1967, is an Indian law aimed at identifying, prohibiting, and legally addressing individuals, organisations, and activities involved in unlawful or terrorist actions that endanger India’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, and security.
• Committed, participated in, prepared for, promoted, or are otherwise involved in terrorism.
• To impose all-India bans on associations that are declared “unlawful”.
• Indian nationals and foreign nationals can be charged under the Act, and
• Offenders can be held accountable in the same manner even if the crime was committed on foreign land outside India.

Powers Granted Under the UAPA Act

Under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) in India, the government has a range of significant powers to address unlawful activities and terrorism, including:

• Banning Organizations : Authority to ban organizations involved in unlawful activities or terrorism, leading to the prohibition of their activities and asset seizure.
• Designation of Individuals as Terrorists: The power to designate individuals as terrorists if they are found to be involved in unlawful activities or supporting terrorism, subjecting them to severe penalties.
• Detention of Suspects: Provision for the detention of suspects for up to 180 days without formal charges under specific conditions, aiding terrorism-related investigations.
• Strict Bail Provisions: Imposition of strict bail provisions, making it challenging for accused individuals to obtain bail, often shifting the burden of proof to the accused.
• Surveillance and Searches : Authority to conduct extensive surveillance and searches to gather evidence related to unlawful activities and terrorism.
• Freezing of Assets: The ability to freeze assets of individuals or organizations involved in unlawful activities or terrorism, restricting their access to funds.
• Interception of Communications: Power to intercept and monitor communications, including phone calls and electronic messages, to gather evidence and intelligence related to unlawful activities and terrorism.
• Control Over Publications: Authority to control or prohibit publications, documents, and online content that promote or support unlawful activities and terrorism

Significance of UAPA Law in Contemporary India

• Banning organisations and designating individuals as terrorists
• Preventing terrorists from circumventing the law
• Addressing lone-wolf attacks and individuals not affiliated with established organisations.
• Empowering officers in the rank of Inspector to investigate cases
• Requiring investigations to be completed within 90 days
• Allowing the seizure of property connected with terrorism without approval from the Director General of Police when investigations are conducted by NIA officers

Amendments In UAPA Act, 1967

2004 : Criminalized indirect support for a terrorist organization, including raising funds for a terrorist act or being a member of a terrorist organization.

2008 :  Broadened the definition of “funds” to encompass a wider range of financial activities related to the financing of terrorism offences.

2012 : Expanded the definition of a “terrorist act” to include offences that pose a threat to the country’s economic security.

2019 :  Empowered the government to designate individuals as terrorists, not just organizations.

• Changed the approval authority for the seizure of property connected with terrorism; now, the approval of the Director General of the National Investigation Agency (NIA) is required instead of the Director General of Police.
• Empowered NIA officers of the rank of Inspector or above to investigate cases.
• Included the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005) in the Schedule under the Act.
• Fundamental Rights Infringement : The UAPA Act, by allowing detention for up to 180 days without a formal charge sheet, infringes upon fundamental rights, including those enshrined in Articles 14, 19(1)(a), and 21.
• Contrary to the Presumption of Innocence : The Act contradicts the principle of “innocent until proven guilty,” a fundamental tenet of justice, by not upholding this right.
• Excessive Discretionary Authority : The lack of objective criteria for classifying individuals as terrorists gives the government significant unchecked authority, risking misuse of power.
• Ambiguity and Unclear Definitions : Vague definitions of terms like “terrorism” and a broad interpretation of ‘unlawful activity’ lead to confusion and differing interpretations, impacting the law’s effectiveness and fairness.
• Concerns in the Appeals Process : The establishment of a government-appointed three-member review committee, which may include serving bureaucrats, raises concerns about the independence and fairness of the appeals process.
• Low Conviction Rates : A low conviction rate, with less than 3% of cases registered under the UAPA Act resulting in convictions between 2016 and 2020 (as per a PUCL report), highlights significant challenges in effectively prosecuting cases under the Act.

Way Forward

• Review and Reform : Consider a comprehensive review of the UAPA Act to address concerns related to fundamental rights and discretionary authority. This could involve amending the law to establish clearer definitions, stricter oversight mechanisms, and provisions that protect individual rights.
• Presumption of Innocence : Uphold the fundamental principle of “innocent until proven guilty” by amending the UAPA Act to ensure that individuals have the opportunity to present their case before arrest and receive a fair trial within a reasonable time.
• Judicial Review : Encourage active judicial review of cases under the UAPA Act to ensure that legal proceedings adhere to the principles of justice and fairness.

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