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Operators constitute the basic building block of any programming language. Java too provides many types of operators which can be used according to the need to perform various calculations and functions, be it logical, arithmetic, relational, etc. They are classified based on the functionality they provide.

Types of Operators:

Arithmetic Operators
Unary Operators
Assignment Operator
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Ternary Operator
Bitwise Operators
Shift Operators

This article explains all that one needs to know regarding Assignment Operators.

Assignment Operators

These operators are used to assign values to a variable. The left side operand of the assignment operator is a variable, and the right side operand of the assignment operator is a value. The value on the right side must be of the same data type of the operand on the left side. Otherwise, the compiler will raise an error. This means that the assignment operators have right to left associativity, i.e., the value given on the right-hand side of the operator is assigned to the variable on the left. Therefore, the right-hand side value must be declared before using it or should be a constant. The general format of the assignment operator is,

Types of Assignment Operators in Java

The Assignment Operator is generally of two types. They are:

1. Simple Assignment Operator: The Simple Assignment Operator is used with the “=” sign where the left side consists of the operand and the right side consists of a value. The value of the right side must be of the same data type that has been defined on the left side.

2. Compound Assignment Operator: The Compound Operator is used where +,-,*, and / is used along with the = operator.

Let’s look at each of the assignment operators and how they operate:

1. (=) operator:

This is the most straightforward assignment operator, which is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. This is the basic definition of an assignment operator and how it functions.

Syntax:

Example:

2. (+=) operator:

This operator is a compound of ‘+’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by adding the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left.

Note: The compound assignment operator in Java performs implicit type casting. Let’s consider a scenario where x is an int variable with a value of 5. int x = 5; If you want to add the double value 4.5 to the integer variable x and print its value, there are two methods to achieve this: Method 1: x = x + 4.5 Method 2: x += 4.5 As per the previous example, you might think both of them are equal. But in reality, Method 1 will throw a runtime error stating the “i ncompatible types: possible lossy conversion from double to int “, Method 2 will run without any error and prints 9 as output.

Reason for the Above Calculation

Method 1 will result in a runtime error stating “incompatible types: possible lossy conversion from double to int.” The reason is that the addition of an int and a double results in a double value. Assigning this double value back to the int variable x requires an explicit type casting because it may result in a loss of precision. Without the explicit cast, the compiler throws an error. Method 2 will run without any error and print the value 9 as output. The compound assignment operator += performs an implicit type conversion, also known as an automatic narrowing primitive conversion from double to int . It is equivalent to x = (int) (x + 4.5) , where the result of the addition is explicitly cast to an int . The fractional part of the double value is truncated, and the resulting int value is assigned back to x . It is advisable to use Method 2 ( x += 4.5 ) to avoid runtime errors and to obtain the desired output.

Same automatic narrowing primitive conversion is applicable for other compound assignment operators as well, including -= , *= , /= , and %= .

3. (-=) operator:

This operator is a compound of ‘-‘ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by subtracting the variable’s value on the right from the current value of the variable on the left and then assigning the result to the operand on the left.

4. (*=) operator:

This operator is a compound of ‘*’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by multiplying the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left.

5. (/=) operator:

This operator is a compound of ‘/’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by dividing the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigning the quotient to the operand on the left.

6. (%=) operator:

This operator is a compound of ‘%’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by dividing the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigning the remainder to the operand on the left.

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Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

Try it Yourself »

Although the + operator is often used to add together two values, like in the example above, it can also be used to add together a variable and a value, or a variable and another variable:

Java divides the operators into the following groups:

Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Comparison operators
Logical operators
Bitwise operators

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical operations.

Java Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

In the example below, we use the assignment operator ( = ) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x :

The addition assignment operator ( += ) adds a value to a variable:

A list of all assignment operators:

Java Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make decisions.

The return value of a comparison is either true or false . These values are known as Boolean values , and you will learn more about them in the Booleans and If..Else chapter.

In the following example, we use the greater than operator ( > ) to find out if 5 is greater than 3:

Java Logical Operators

You can also test for true or false values with logical operators.

Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values:

Java Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to perform binary logic with the bits of an integer or long integer.

Note: The Bitwise examples above use 4-bit unsigned examples, but Java uses 32-bit signed integers and 64-bit signed long integers. Because of this, in Java, ~5 will not return 10. It will return -6. ~00000000000000000000000000000101 will return 11111111111111111111111111111010

In Java, 9 >> 1 will not return 12. It will return 4. 00000000000000000000000000001001 >> 1 will return 00000000000000000000000000000100

Test Yourself With Exercises

Multiply 10 with 5 , and print the result.

Start the Exercise

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Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. For example, + is an operator used for addition, while * is also an operator used for multiplication.

Operators in Java can be classified into 5 types:

Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Unary Operators
Bitwise Operators

1. Java Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and data. For example,

Here, the + operator is used to add two variables a and b . Similarly, there are various other arithmetic operators in Java.

Example 1: Arithmetic Operators

In the above example, we have used + , - , and * operators to compute addition, subtraction, and multiplication operations.

/ Division Operator

Note the operation, a / b in our program. The / operator is the division operator.

If we use the division operator with two integers, then the resulting quotient will also be an integer. And, if one of the operands is a floating-point number, we will get the result will also be in floating-point.

% Modulo Operator

The modulo operator % computes the remainder. When a = 7 is divided by b = 4 , the remainder is 3 .

Note : The % operator is mainly used with integers.

2. Java Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used in Java to assign values to variables. For example,

Here, = is the assignment operator. It assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left. That is, 5 is assigned to the variable age .

Let's see some more assignment operators available in Java.

Example 2: Assignment Operators

3. java relational operators.

Relational operators are used to check the relationship between two operands. For example,

Here, < operator is the relational operator. It checks if a is less than b or not.

It returns either true or false .

Example 3: Relational Operators

Note : Relational operators are used in decision making and loops.

4. Java Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is true or false . They are used in decision making.

Example 4: Logical Operators

Working of Program

(5 > 3) && (8 > 5) returns true because both (5 > 3) and (8 > 5) are true .
(5 > 3) && (8 < 5) returns false because the expression (8 < 5) is false .
(5 < 3) || (8 > 5) returns true because the expression (8 > 5) is true .
(5 > 3) || (8 < 5) returns true because the expression (5 > 3) is true .
(5 < 3) || (8 < 5) returns false because both (5 < 3) and (8 < 5) are false .
!(5 == 3) returns true because 5 == 3 is false .
!(5 > 3) returns false because 5 > 3 is true .

5. Java Unary Operators

Unary operators are used with only one operand. For example, ++ is a unary operator that increases the value of a variable by 1 . That is, ++5 will return 6 .

Different types of unary operators are:

Increment and Decrement Operators

Java also provides increment and decrement operators: ++ and -- respectively. ++ increases the value of the operand by 1 , while -- decrease it by 1 . For example,

Here, the value of num gets increased to 6 from its initial value of 5 .

Example 5: Increment and Decrement Operators

In the above program, we have used the ++ and -- operator as prefixes (++a, --b) . We can also use these operators as postfix (a++, b++) .

There is a slight difference when these operators are used as prefix versus when they are used as a postfix.

To learn more about these operators, visit increment and decrement operators .

6. Java Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators in Java are used to perform operations on individual bits. For example,

Here, ~ is a bitwise operator. It inverts the value of each bit ( 0 to 1 and 1 to 0 ).

The various bitwise operators present in Java are:

These operators are not generally used in Java. To learn more, visit Java Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators .

Other operators

Besides these operators, there are other additional operators in Java.

The instanceof operator checks whether an object is an instanceof a particular class. For example,

Here, str is an instance of the String class. Hence, the instanceof operator returns true . To learn more, visit Java instanceof .

The ternary operator (conditional operator) is shorthand for the if-then-else statement. For example,

Here's how it works.

If the Expression is true , expression1 is assigned to the variable .
If the Expression is false , expression2 is assigned to the variable .

Let's see an example of a ternary operator.

In the above example, we have used the ternary operator to check if the year is a leap year or not. To learn more, visit the Java ternary operator .

Now that you know about Java operators, it's time to know about the order in which operators are evaluated. To learn more, visit Java Operator Precedence .

Introduction
Java Arithmetic Operators
Java Assignment Operators
Java Relational Operators
Java Logical Operators
Java Unary Operators
Java Bitwise Operators

Sorry about that.

Assignment Operators in Java

As the name conveys, assignment operators are used to assign values to a variable using the following syntax:

The left side operand of the assignment operator must be a variable, whereas the right side operand of the assignment operator may be a literal value or another variable. Moreover, the value or variable on the right side must be of the same data type of the operand on the left side. Otherwise, the compiler will raise an error. Assignment operators have a right to left associativity in that the value given on the right-hand side of the operator is assigned to the variable on the left. Therefore, the right-hand side variable must be declared before assignment.

You can learn more about variables in our programming tutorial: Working with Java Variables .

Types of Assignment Operators in Java

Java assignment operators are classified into two types: simple and compound .

The Simple assignment operator is the equals ( = ) sign, which is the most straightforward of the bunch. It simply assigns the value or variable on the right to the variable on the left.

Compound operators are comprised of both an arithmetic, bitwise, or shift operator in addition to the equals ( = ) sign.

Equals Operator (=) Java Example

First, let’s learn to use the one-and-only simple assignment operator – the Equals ( = ) operator – with the help of a Java program. It includes two assignments: a literal value to num1 and the num1 variable to num2 , after which both are printed to the console to show that the values have been assigned to the numbers:

The += Operator Java Example

A compound of the + and = operators, the += adds the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right before assigning the result to the operand on the left. Here is some sample code to demonstrate how to use the += operator in Java:

The -= Operator Java Example

Made up of the – and = operators, the -= first subtracts the variable’s value on the right from the current value of the variable on the left before assigning the result to the operand on the left. We can see it at work below in the following code example showing how to decrement in Java using the -= operator:

The *= Operator Java Example

This Java operator is comprised of the * and = operators. It operates by multiplying the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left. Here’s a program that shows the *= operator in action:

The /= Operator Java Example

A combination of the / and = operators, the /= Operator divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigns the quotient to the operand on the left. Here is some example code showing how to use the /= operator in Java:

%= Operator Java Example

The %= operator includes both the % and = operators. As seen in the program below, it divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigns the remainder to the operand on the left:

Compound Bitwise and Shift Operators in Java

The Bitwise and Shift Operators that we just recently covered can also be utilized in compound form as seen in the list below:

&= – Compound bitwise Assignment operator.
^= – Compound bitwise ^ assignment operator.
>>= – Compound right shift assignment operator.
>>>= – Compound right shift filled 0 assignment operator.
<<= – Compound left shift assignment operator.

The following program demonstrates the working of all the Compound Bitwise and Shift Operators :

Final Thoughts on Java Assignment Operators

This programming tutorial presented an overview of Java’s simple and compound assignment Operators. An essential building block to any programming language, developers would be unable to store any data in their programs without them. Though not quite as indispensable as the equals operator, compound operators are great time savers, allowing you to perform arithmetic and bitwise operations and assignment in a single line of code.

Read more Java programming tutorials and guides to software development .

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Paul Clapham wrote: You mentioned assignments, which is true, but be careful, it's not only = which causes an assignment. Using a value as a method parameter also assigns that value to something,

Anil Philip wrote: The increment operators . . . have identical effects . . . Is my understanding correct?

Stephan van Hulst wrote: [tt] whenever you use them as part of a larger expression.

Anil Philip wrote: . . . Isn't it a special case of an assignment to a temporary variable in the expression?

. . . don't know how this thread ended up in the JDBC forum . . .

Campbell Ritchie wrote: No. That is part of the definition of the ++ and -- operators. It's all in the JLS.

Anil Philip wrote: . . . is equivalent to . . .

Anil Philip wrote: from Stefan's example [...] is really [...] an assignment to a temporary

Anil Philip wrote: Perhaps they should be referred to as assignment operators !

Anil Philip wrote: . . . Perhaps they should be referred to as assignment operators !

Mike Simmons wrote: Here's some sample code to study, with no assignment statements. Can you explain the results?

i 1 i++ * i++ 2 i 3 j 1 j++ * ++j 3 j 3 k 1 ++k * ++k 6 k 3

This morning, I wrote: . . . I haven't got the time now to find the page number (sorry).

Mike Simmons wrote: . . . Can you explain the results?

Stephan van Hulst wrote: i++ and ++i are expressions. . . . .

Mike Simmons wrote: For Anil: so do you agree there is a difference between pre and post operators, outside of any assignment?

Anil Philip wrote: For the same kind of operator, there is no difference between pre and post operations - outside of an assignment.

Paul Clapham wrote: Anil Philip wrote: For the same kind of operator, there is no difference between pre and post operations - outside of an assignment.

Anil Philip wrote: I meant that ++i; and i++; result in the same value.

Paul Clapham wrote: but you made a statement about the values of those expressions. Not the same.

Anil Philip wrote: Paul Clapham wrote: but you made a statement about the values of those expressions. Not the same.

Raphaelle Senger wrote: The primary difference between these operators is not just in assignments, but in how they behave in expressions and how the value is used:

Anil Philip wrote: I did not say expressions, I said operators.

Anil Philip wrote: Raphaelle Senger wrote: The primary difference between these operators is not just in assignments, but in how they behave in expressions and how the value is used:

Mike Simmons wrote: So Anil, between System.out.println(i++ * i++); and System.out.println(++i * ++i); Is there any difference in the result? Are there any assignments in those statements?

Anil Philip wrote: Mike Simmons wrote: For Anil: so do you agree there is a difference between pre and post operators, outside of any assignment?

Mike Simmons wrote: Why thank you? He's right, of course. But you're telling us that there is no difference, and he's telling you there's a difference. Did you suddenly understand? Are you changing your answer?

Anil Philip wrote: Mike Simmons wrote: So Anil, between System.out.println(i++ * i++); and System.out.println(++i * ++i); Is there any difference in the result? Are there any assignments in those statements?

Anil Philip wrote: . . . There could be a temporary variable(s) . . .

Campbell Ritchie wrote: Anil Philip wrote: . . . There could be a temporary variable(s) . . .

Anil Philip wrote: . . . when the compiler translates it into assembler . . .

The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available. See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases. See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.

Summary of Operators

The following quick reference summarizes the operators supported by the Java programming language.

Simple Assignment Operator

Arithmetic operators, unary operators, equality and relational operators, conditional operators, type comparison operator, bitwise and bit shift operators.

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❯ Java Tutorial

Java Bitwise AND Assignment (&=) Operator

Java bitwise and assignment.

In Java, Bitwise AND Assignment Operator is used to compute the Bitwise AND operation of left and right operands, and assign the result back to left operand. In this tutorial, we will learn how to use Bitwise AND Assignment operator in Java, with examples.

The syntax to compute bitwise AND a value of 2 and value in variable x , and assign the result back to x using Bitwise AND Assignment Operator is

In the following example, we take a variable x with an initial value of 9 , add bitwise AND it with value of 2 , and assign the result to x , using Bitwise AND Assignment Operator.

In this Java Tutorial , we learned about Bitwise AND Assignment Operator in Java, with examples.

Java Tutorial

Control statements, java object class, java inheritance, java polymorphism, java abstraction, java encapsulation, java oops misc.

Using Compound Assignment Operator in a Java Program

CompoundAssignmentOperator.java

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On the red sand next to a river, several wolves of different variants are hanging out. Two of the wolves are wearing armor. An armadillo is rolled up in the foreground and another armadillo is standing to the right with its baby. In the background, a jungle can be seen.

Minecraft Java Edition 1.20.5

The Armored Paws Drop Now Out for Java

Do you smell that? Ah yes, it's the magical, tell-tale scent of release day Tuesday - and what a release day it is!

Today we are shipping Minecraft: Java Edition 1.20.5, also known as the Armored Paws drop! Travel to the Savanna and Badlands biomes and say hello to the endearing Armadillos. Find and befriend eight new Wolf variants and equip your canine companions with dyable armor made from Armadillo Scutes and go adventuring together!

On the technical side, the Armored Paws drop is also introducing a change to how Java Edition spawn chunks work, the details of which we covered in the changelog for Snapshot 24w03a earlier this year. The tl;dr version of this change is that we're making the spawn chunk radius a configurable game rule and decreasing the default value by 98%. This should translate to a noticeable performance boost for most players!

So what are you waiting for? Stock up on food and water and start reading through the complete 1.20.5 changelog below. It's a looong one.

Happy scute brushing!

New Features

Added Armadillo and Armadillo Scutes
Added Wolf Armor
Added Wolf variants
The Armadillo is a new passive mob
Armadillos drop Armadillo Scutes periodically, and when brushed
Armadillos spawn in Savannas and Badlands
Armadillos are tempted by Spider Eyes
Feeding two adult Armadillos Spider Eyes makes them breed
Feeding a baby Armadillo a Spider Eye makes it grow up quicker
A player sprinting, riding a mount, or riding a vehicle
Undead mobs
A mob or a player it has recently been attacked by
Fleeing, in water, in the air, or when on a Lead
It does not walk, cannot eat, and will not be tempted by food
Its shell will protect it, reducing damage taken, even allowing it to fully resist weak attacks
If no threats are detected for 4 seconds, it will unroll
Spiders and Cave Spiders will run away from Armadillos that are not in a rolled up state

Armadillo Scutes

Armadillo Scutes are dropped by Armadillos periodically or when an Armadillo is brushed
Armadillo Scutes can be used to craft Wolf Armor
Dispensers can be used to brush Armadillo Scutes off Armadillos
Wolf Armor can be crafted with Armadillo Scutes and can be dyed in a similar fashion to Leather Armor
The Wolf Armor will protect the Wolf from most damage sources until the armor loses all durability and breaks
Wolf Armor shows signs of breakage as durability goes down
Using Armadillo Scutes on the Wolf Armor while it is equipped on the Wolf will repair it
Using Shears on a Wolf that is wearing armor will drop the armor
Wolf Armor can only be equipped on a tame adult Wolf
Only the Wolf's owner can equip, repair, and shear Wolf Armor
Dispensers cannot equip nor remove Wolf Armor

Wolf Variants

New Wolf variants have been added. The variant is determined by the biome they spawn in. Wolves spawn in packs, with a default pack size of 4.

Pale Wolf - The Wolf we're all familiar with. This variant spawns in the Taiga biome
Woods Wolf - A variant that spawns in the Forest biome. This will be the dominant Wolf variant that you will be able to find in the Overworld, since the Forest biome is very common
Ashen Wolf - A variant that spawns in the Snowy Taiga biome
Black Wolf - A variant that spawns in the Old Growth Pine Taiga biome, in smaller packs of 2-4
Chestnut Wolf - A variant that spawns in the Old Growth Spruce Taiga biome, in smaller packs of 2-4
Rusty Wolf - A variant that spawns in a new location for Wolves - the Sparse Jungle biome, in smaller packs of 2-4
Spotted Wolf - A variant that spawns in a new location for Wolves - the Savanna Plateau biome, in larger packs of 4-8
Striped Wolf - A variant that spawns in a new location for Wolves - the Wooded Badlands biome, in larger packs of 4-8
Snowy Wolf - A variant that spawns in the Grove biome. This lone Wolf is a rare type, as it always walks alone

When summoned in other ways (e.g. using the Spawn Egg or using the summon command), the variant selection follows the natural spawning biome rules with the following extensions:

Rusty Wolf: will be selected in all Jungle-like biomes, including Jungle and Bamboo Jungle Biomes
Spotted Wolf: will be selected in all Savanna-like biomes, including Savanna and Windswept Savanna Biomes
Striped Wolf: will be selected in all Badlands-like biomes, including Badlands and Eroded Badlands Biomes

Advancements

Isn't It Scute? - Get Armadillo Scutes from an Armadillo using a Brush
Shear Brilliance - Remove Wolf Armor from a Wolf using Shears
Good as New - Repair a damaged Wolf Armor using Armadillo Scutes
The Whole Pack - Tame one of each Wolf variant

A family of Armadillos walking on the Red Sand of the Badlands amidst Dead Bushes with a green Jungle in the background.

A family of Armadillos walking on the Red Sand of the Badlands. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

A rolled-up Armadillo is peeking to check if a Zombie is gone, but the Zombie is still close. It happens in Savanna during twilight.

A rolled-up Armadillo is peeking to check if a Zombie is gone. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

Ari is fighting two Skeletons and a Creeper in a partially lit cave with their Tamed Wolves who are wearing colorful Wolf Armor sets.

Ari is fighting together with their Tamed Wolves who are wearing colorful Wolf Armor sets. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

Efe is trying to tame a striped Wolf on a Savanna Plateau. In the background a river is flowing through a Badlands Canyon.

Efe is trying to tame a striped Wolf on a Savanna Plateau. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

Ari is jumping over a ravine in a Savanna on a brown Horse with white spots. A big pack Tamed Wolves of different variants is following them.

Ari is jumping over a ravine with a big pack Tamed Wolves of different variants is following them. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

Steve is experimenting with different potion effects in a Savanna Village hut. Potion effect particles of different colors are visible around them.

Steve is experimenting with different potion effects with particles of different colors are visible around them. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

An updated Minecraft options screen with a new transparent background. The game world is blurred but visible behind the menu elements. A grey sheep is looking at the player.

The updated Minecraft options screen with a new transparent background. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

The UI has been updated with a fresher look
Decreased the default size of the spawn chunks and made the value configurable
Updated the health and damage dealt by Tamed Wolves
Adjusted spawning conditions for Wolves, allowing them to spawn on Coarse Dirt and Podzol blocks
Adjusted the texture of the Wolf Collar layer to be more consistent with the new Wolf Armor
Adjusted passive mobs spawning in Grove biome to only include Rabbits, Foxes and Wolves
Minor tweaks to existing Blocks, Items and Entities
Added option to use Japanese variants of CJK characters
Added support for Viossa language
When entities leave or enter The End, the area they arrive in will now stay loaded for 15 seconds, matching the behavior of Nether Portals
Improvements to the Game's Performance
Improved handling of errors during saving and loading

The UI has been updated to sport a fresher look and to be more consistent when it comes to the layout of different UI elements, all while retaining the essence and feel of the old screens.

The dirt background can be restored by using the built-in Programmer Art Resource Pack
Outside the game, the main menu panorama is displayed behind all screens
In the game, the world will be visible behind all screens
The strength of the blur can be configured in Video Settings and Accessibility Settings
In-game screens such as containers and books are not affected by these changes
Screen elements such as titles and buttons are positioned more consistently across different screens
The World Backups screen and the Players screen in the Realms menu have been updated
Lists now have clearer borders at the top and bottom
Button tooltips will no longer appear when hovering outside the containing element
After defeating the Ender Dragon and entering the End Portal, the End Poem and credits are now displayed with a background based on the animated End Portal effect
The animated Nether Portal texture is displayed when changing dimension to or from The Nether
The animated End Portal effect is displayed when changing dimension to or from The End

Spawn Chunk Changes

This was done to reduce loading times, as well as memory and CPU usage
We opted to not fully remove spawn chunks to allow players who currently utilize this functionality to continue to do so
Possible values are 0 to 32, where 0 completely disables the spawn chunks and 10 is equivalent to the functionality before this change
Default value is 2, equivalent to 3x3 entity ticking chunks
Note that setting this to a high value might require allocating more memory for the game in the Launcher

Tamed Wolves Health and Damage

Tamed Wolves now have 40 health points (20 hearts) instead of 20 health points (10 hearts)
In most cases, this change will make no difference given the health boost, but they can now withstand more damage from players and arrows
Feeding a Wolf now heals twice as many health points

Minor Tweaks to Blocks, Items and Entities

Renamed scutes that drop from Turtles to Turtle Scutes
Added unique sounds for Cobwebs
Enchantments on Items are now always listed in the same order in tooltips, regardless of how they were added to those items
Adjusted flying behaviour for Bees and Parrot to keep them from overshooting their position when flying up and down
Llamas and Shulkers are no longer able to destroy Armor Stands
All active visible status effect particles are now rendered separately
Ctrl+Picking a renamed block (such as a Chest) in Creative Mode will now give a renamed item
Ctrl+Picking a block no longer lists "(+NBT)" in the item tooltip

Accessibility

The default focus is now always set when entering or exiting any menu while navigating using tab or arrow keys
Added a new accessibility option to control the strength of the background blur when a menu is open

Japanese Font Variants

A new option has been added to select Japanese variants for some CJK characters
Replacement glyphs come from the Japanese version of the Unifont font
The new option is included in a new "Font Settings" menu, accessible from the "Language" menu
The default value of this option is based on the system locale language setting
The "Force Unicode" button has been moved to "Font Settings"

Performance Improvements

Improved Hopper performance
Beehives and Bee Nests are exempt from this
This does not affect Minecarts with Hoppers
Reduced time needed to generate Explorer Maps to Buried Treasures

Saving and Loading Improvements

In Singleplayer, when errors occur during loading or saving of chunks, a warning will be shown in a toast
Additionally, a warning toast will be shown periodically while in game

In the Crafting interface, a "Stiiiiiick" has been crafted with 3 Sticks in the grid using a custom data pack. The item tooltip shows the text "Like a stick, but stickier".

In the Crafting interface, a "Stiiiiiick" has been crafted with 3 Sticks in the grid using a custom data pack. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

A player is eating a Stick by using an attached food component.

A player is eating a customized Stick by using an attached food component. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

A tiny Camel is looking at a very large Bee that flies towards the camera. In the background a giant Chicken is falling right above a regularly-sized Sheep.

Various mobs have been resized making use of the scale attribute. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

A tiny Kai, roughly 2 pixels tall, is standing next to a Birch Button and staring up towards a normal (but relatively giant) Milk Bucket item.

A tiny Kai, scaled down with the scale attribute. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

A very large Sunny is walking up 3-block-tall steps in a Cherry Grove biome, making use of the step height and scale attributes. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

Technical Changes

The Data Pack version is now 41
The Resource Pack version is now 32
The game now requires Java 21
The game now requires a 64-bit Operating System
The included Java distribution is now the Microsoft build of OpenJDK 21.0.3
Added transfer and cookie packets for custom servers
Added an option to use a faster region file compression algorithm on dedicated servers
Added a reserved region file compression id for third-party servers to use for custom compression implementations
Changes to optimizing worlds
Improved server TPS debug chart
Allowed server operators to view dedicated server TPS debug chart
Added JFR (Java Flight Recorder) events for individual chunk reads ( minecraft.ChunkRegionRead ) and writes ( minecraft.ChunkRegionWrite )

Network Protocol

Reduced amount of data sent by the server during login by reusing parts of the vanilla data pack
Client chat state is now preserved by default when entering configuration phase
To ease the transition period, modded servers can opt out by setting the appropriate field in the handshake/game_profile packet
This option will be removed in the next release
Commands that do not accept any signed arguments will use the unsigned packet, and will not pass any 'last seen' chat updates

Transfer Packets

Custom servers can now request that clients connect to another server with a new packet
When a client is transferred, it will connect to the target server with a new transfer intent (id 3)
By default, servers will not accept incoming transfers and will disconnect the client
This can be changed by setting the accepts-transfers property to true in the server.properties file
Resource packs are maintained across transfers
In the case of a transfer, custom servers can skip authenticating again with a new flag in the clientbound hello packet

Cookie Packets

Each cookie may be up to 5 KiB in size
Cookies may be requested during login, configuration and play phases — but only stored during the configuration and play phases
This allows servers to pass along information such as authentication or custom game data to the new server

Region File Compression Algorithm

deflate , the default option. Uses the old algorithm
lz4 uses LZ4 algorithm, which requires less CPU time to compress and decompress but uses more disk space
This consumes significantly more space and requires significant time to read and write, even though CPU is used less
Might make sense together with filesystem level compression
New or updated chunks will use the newly configured algorithm, but the old ones will stay in the previous format

Reserved Compression Id for Third-party Servers

Compression id 127 can now be used for custom implementations of region file compression
When used, the version id must be followed by a namespaced string representing the custom algorithm used

World Optimizing Changes

Optimizing singleplayer worlds and running a dedicated server with the forceUpgrade option now also upgrades contentsof entities and poi directories of the world
It will trigger world optimization similar to forceUpgrade , but will also rewrite all the chunks independentlyof whether they have been upgraded
This will create fresh and defragmented region files
Using this parameter after changing the region-file-compression server property will recompress all region filesin the new format

A screenshot of the updated ticks-per-second graph.

Improved The Server TPS Debug Chart

As before, it is accessible by pressing F3 + 2
This is equivalent to the value displayed in the old chart
The light brown section displays time spent running scheduled tasks
The purple section displays time spent executing all other code during the tick
The top light green (or yellow or red depending on lag) section displays time spent idling, waiting for next tick
The min , avg , max aggregate values are based on the sum of the first 3 sections
Server operators can now view the TPS debug chart while connected to their dedicated server
Client chat state (on-screen messages and chat input history) is now preserved by client when entering and exiting configuration phase
Message signature chain handling remains unchanged - going into configuration phase starts a new session
If the client has a message delay configured, any pending messages will be delivered immediately before leaving the world
The server can clear chat state by sending a reset_chat packet in configuration phase

Data Pack Versions 27 through 41

The Data Pack version used by the game is now 41. These are the changes compared to version 26, used in 1.20.4.

Renamed scute item to turtle_scute
Changed Item Stack data format, introducing Item Stack Components
Added many new Attributes
Added new loot functions
Added new advancement predicates
Added new tags
Recipe results can now specify component data
Added data-driven registries for Banner Patterns and Wolf Variants
Particle representation in commands and area effect clouds has been changed

Item Data Format

We have made some large changes to how Item Stack-specific properties are stored and represented in this release, replacing the current NBT 'tag' with structured 'components'.

This change has been made in order to:

This should avoid any 'silent' breakages in commands specifying custom item data for any potential future format changes
Continue to evolve the game to enable the creation of dynamic content
Improve performance in cases where the game needs to frequently look up some property of an item (e.g. Armor Trims rendering every frame)
We understand that this is a significant breaking change for many datapacks and custom maps which will require significant effort to upgrade

We do however believe that this builds critical foundations for future extensibility. We have taken care to ship these changes all at once, with the hope that this avoids future incremental changes requiring many small updates to packs.

The current NBT 'tag' has existed for quite some time, and we are aware that a lot of clever techniques have been developed with this for commands and data packs. Over the course of the snapshot series, we have hugely appreciated your feedback on these changes, allowing us to avoid (often undocumented) functionality being lost without suitable alternatives.

This data is parsed and validated when the item is loaded
This should improve performance in certain scenarios (e.g. Armor Trim rendering) when item data was frequently compared or requested and parsed
Custom data can still be stored in the minecraft:custom_data component
Item types (e.g. minecraft:stick ) hold a set of default components on an item that individual item stacks can override
The format of serialized items and items in data packs has been updated for consistency and to support components
Item syntax in commands has been updated to support components
When advanced tooltips are enabled (F3+H), the number of components will be displayed instead of number of tags
Default component values for items are now listed in items.json generated in reports directory
Block definitions are now added to blocks.json report (note: those definitions are not used yet and present only for informational purposes)

Migrated Item Stack Components

These are item stack components that replace existing functionality that was formerly specified in item NBT.All commands and data definitions will need to be upgraded to use these formats. Items in-world will however be automatically upgraded.

minecraft:custom_data

Can be used for custom data storage on an item
When upgrading a world, any non-game data in the item tag will be moved into here
e.g. custom_data={some:'data'}
Can be modified with the set_custom_data and copy_custom_data loot functions

minecraft:damage

The amount of durability removed from an item
If removed, the item will not be damageable
Replaces Damage tag
e.g. damage=12
For damageable items (with the max_damage component), has an implicit default value of: 0
Can be modified with the set_damage loot function

minecraft:repair_cost

The additional experience cost required to modify an item in an Anvil
Replaces RepairCost tag
e.g. repair_cost=12
If not set, has an implicit default value of: 0

minecraft:unbreakable

If set, the item will not lose any durability when used
Replaces Unbreakable boolean tag
If true , an 'Unbreakable' line will be included in the tooltip
Replaces 3rd bit of HideFlags tag
e.g. unbreakable={} , unbreakable={show_in_tooltip:false}

minecraft:enchantments

Stores a list of enchantments and their levels on an item
Replaces Enchantments tag
levels : object of enchantment (id string) to level (integer [0; 255])
If false , no enchantments will be shown in the item tooltip
Replaces 1st bit of HideFlags tag
e.g. enchantments={levels:{'minecraft:protection':2},show_in_tooltip:false}
e.g. enchantments={sharpness:1}
If not set, has an implicit default value of: {levels:{}}
Can be modified with the set_enchantments , enchant_randomly , and enchant_with_levels loot functions

minecraft:stored_enchantments

Stores list of enchantments and their levels for an Enchanted Book
Unlike minecraft:enchantments , the effects provided by enchantments do not apply from this component
Replaces StoredEnchantments tag on Enchanted Books
show_in_tooltip value replaces 6th bit of HideFlags tag
On Enchanted Books, has an implicit default value of: {levels:{}}

minecraft:custom_name

Custom name override for an item (as set by renaming with an Anvil)
Replaces display.Name tag
e.g. custom_name='{"text": "This item is renamed!", "color": "red"}'
Can be modified with the set_name loot function

minecraft:lore

Additional lines to include in an item's tooltip
Replaces display.Lore tag
e.g. lore=['{"text": "The cake is a lie!"}']
If not set, has an implicit default value of: []
Can be modified with the set_lore loot function

minecraft:can_break

Controls which blocks a player in Adventure mode can break with this item
These were previously stored as flat strings, but now use the more flexible block predicate format already used in loot tables and advancements
blocks : block, list of blocks, or hash-prefixed block tag
nbt : block entity NBT to match
state : map of state property key to values to match
Replaces 4th bit of HideFlags tag
e.g. can_break={predicates:[{blocks:'minecraft:furnace',state:{facing:'north'}]}
e.g. can_break={blocks:'minecraft:stone'}

minecraft:can_place_on

Controls which blocks a player in Adventure mode can place on with this item
Replaces CanPlaceOn tag
Same as can_break.predicates
Replaces 5th bit of HideFlags tag
e.g. can_place_on={predicates:[{blocks:'minecraft:furnace',state:{facing:'north'}]}
e.g. can_place_on={blocks:'minecraft:stone'}

minecraft:dyed_color

Represents a color applied to a dyeable item (in the #minecraft:dyeable item tag)
Replaces display.color tag
rgb : integer, RGB value
Replaces 7th bit of HideFlags tag
e.g. dyed_color={rgb:16711680}
e.g. dyed_color=16711680

minecraft:attribute_modifiers

Holds attribute modifiers applied to any item
Replaces AttributeModifiers tag
Replaces AttributeName
any (default)
hand : either in main or offhand (new)
armor : any armor slot (new)
Modifiers will only apply when the item is equipped in the specified slot
Replaces Slot
Only one modifier can exist with the same id
Replaces UUID
Replaces Name
Replaces Amount
add_value (was 0 ): Adds amount to the attribute
add_multiplied_base (was 1 ): Adds amount * base value to the attribute
add_multiplied_total (was 2 ): Adds amount * total value (from all previous modifiers) to the attribute
Replaces Operation with integer ids
Replaces 2nd bit of HideFlags tag
e.g. attribute_modifiers={modifiers:[{type:'minecraft:generic.scale',uuid:[1,2,3,4],name:'Big!',amount:1.0,operation:'add_multiplied_base'}]}
e.g. attribute_modifiers=[{type:'generic.scale',uuid:[1,2,3,4],name:'Big!',amount:1.0,operation:'add_multiplied_base'}]
If not set, has an implicit default value based on the item type's default attributes (e.g. attack damage for weapons)
Can be modified with the set_attributes loot function

minecraft:charged_projectiles

Holds all projectiles that have been loaded into a Crossbow
If not present, the Crossbow is not charged
Replaces Charged and ChargedProjectiles tags
Cannot store empty/air items
e.g. charged_projectiles=[{id:'minecraft:arrow'}]
No longer restricted to 3 entries
Can be modified with the modify_contents and set_contents loot functions

minecraft:intangible_projectile

Marks that a projectile item would be intangible when fired (i.e. can only be picked up by a creative mode player)
Only set when items are inside a Crossbow's charged_projectiles component
e.g. intangible_projectile={}

minecraft:bundle_contents

Holds all items stored inside of a Bundle
If removed, items cannot be added to the Bundle
Replaces Items tag
e.g. bundle_contents=[{id:'minecraft:poisonous_potato'}]
On Bundles, has an implicit default value of: []

minecraft:map_color

Represents the tint of the decorations on the Filled Map item
Replaces display.MapColor tag
e.g. map_color=16711680
On Filled Maps, has an implicit default value of: 4603950

minecraft:map_decorations

Holds a list of markers to be placed on a Filled Map (used for Explorer Maps)
Replaces Decorations tag
player (was 0 )
frame (was 1 )
red_marker (was 2 )
blue_marker (was 3 )
target_x (was 4 )
target_point (was 5 )
player_off_map (was 6 )
player_off_limits (was 7 )
mansion (was 8 )
monument (was 9 )
banner_white (was 10 )
banner_orange (was 11 )
banner_magenta (was 12 )
banner_light_blue (was 13 )
banner_yellow (was 14 )
banner_lime (was 15 )
banner_pink (was 16 )
banner_gray (was 17 )
banner_light_gray (was 18 )
banner_cyan (was 19 )
banner_purple (was 20 )
banner_blue (was 21 )
banner_brown (was 22 )
banner_green (was 23 )
banner_red (was 24 )
banner_black (was 25 )
red_x (was 26 )
village_desert (was 27 )
village_plains (was 28 )
village_savanna (was 29 )
village_snowy (was 30 )
village_taiga (was 31 )
jungle_temple (was 32 )
swamp_hut (was 33 )
trial_chambers (new)
Replaces type byte with numeric ids
x : double, world coordinate
z : double, world coordinate
Replaces rot double
e.g. map_decorations={'Some marker':{type:'target_x',x:123.0,z:-45.0,rotation:0.0f}}
On Filled Maps, has an implicit default value of: {}

minecraft:map_id

References the shared map state holding map contents and markers for a Filled Map
Replaces map tag
e.g. map_id=1

minecraft:custom_model_data

Can be used to replace the models of items by selecting for the minecraft:custom_model_data property in the item model
Replaces CustomModelData tag
e.g. custom_model_data=43
Can be modified with the set_custom_model_data loot function

minecraft:potion_contents

Holds the contents of a potion (Potion, Splash Potion, Lingering Potion), or potion applied to an item (Tipped Arrow)
Replaces Potion , CustomPotionColor , and custom_potion_effects tags
The potion type in this item: the item will inherit all effects from this
Overrides the visual color of the potion
Additional list of custom effects that this item should apply, that may not be representable by an existing potion
e.g. potion_contents={potion:'minecraft:invisibility',custom_color:16711680}
e.g. potion_contents="invisibility"
On Potion or Tipped Arrow items, has an implicit default value of: {}
Can be modified with the set_potion loot function

minecraft:writable_book_content

Holds the contents in a Book and Quill
The pages list objects directly, with {raw:'...'} wrapping
filtered_pages are pulled by index keys into the relevant page entry under the filtered field
raw : string, page plain text contents
If specified, players with chat filter enabled will see this page instead of raw
or: string, page plain text contents
e.g. writable_book_content={pages:['Hello world!']} or writable_book_content={pages:[{raw:'Hello world!'}]}
On Book and Quill, has an implicit default value of: {pages:[]}
Can be modified with the set_writable_book_pages loot function

minecraft:written_book_content

Holds the contents and metadata of a Written Book
Replaces pages , filtered_pages , title , filtered_title , author , generation , and resolved tags
Same format as writable_book_contents pages, except uses JSON chat component strings which can be formatted
title : filtered string (same format as pages)
author : string, player name
The number of times this book has been copied ( 0 = original)
true if the chat components in this book have already been resolved (entity selectors, scores substituted)
If false , it will be resolved when opened by a player
e.g. written_book_content={pages:['"Hello world!"'],title:{raw:'"A delightful read"'},author:'Herobrine',generation:1,resolved:true}
Can be modified with the set_written_book_pages and set_book_cover loot functions

minecraft:trim

Presence of the component is no longer restricted by the #minecraft:trimmable_armor item tag (although, this tag is still used for recipes)
Replaces Trim tag of the same format
pattern : pattern id (or inline pattern)
material : material id (or inline material)
Replaces 8th bit of HideFlags tag
e.g. trim={pattern:'minecraft:silence',material:'minecraft:redstone'}

minecraft:suspicious_stew

Holds the effects that will be applied when consuming Suspicious Stew
Replaces effects tag of the same format
id : effect id
duration : integer, tick count (default: 160 )
e.g. suspicious_stew=[{id:'minecraft:poison'}]
On Suspicious Stew, has an implicit default value of: []
Can be modified with the set_stew_effect loot function

minecraft:hide_additional_tooltip

If present, disables 'additional' tooltip part which comes from the item type
Replaces 6th bit of HideFlags tag
e.g. hide_additional_tooltip={}

minecraft:debug_stick_state

Stores the selected block state properties used by a Debug Stick
Replaces DebugProperty tag
e.g. debug_stick_state={'minecraft:turtle_egg':'eggs','minecraft:furnace':'facing'}
On Debug Stick, has an implicit default value of: {}

minecraft:entity_data

Stores unstructured NBT data to apply to an entity when using an item that spawns an entity, such as a Spawn Egg or Armor Stand
Replaces previous EntityTag tag, with same behavior
Must contain an id field with the entity type
Any additional fields will be merged into the entity when spawned
e.g. entity_data={id:'minecraft:pig',Health:1.0f}

minecraft:bucket_entity_data

Stores unstructured NBT data to apply to an entity when placed from a bucket
Replaces NoAI , Silent , NoGravity , Glowing , Invulnerable , Health , Age , Variant , HuntingCooldown , and BucketVariantTag tags
Can contain any of the above listed fields, which will be applied to the entity when placed
e.g. bucket_entity_data={NoAI:1,Age:43}
On bucketed mob items, has an implicit default value of: {}

minecraft:instrument

Holds the instrument type used by a Goat Horn
Replaces instrument tag of same format
e.g. instrument='minecraft:ponder_goat_horn'
Can be modified with the set_instrument loot function

minecraft:recipes

List of recipes that should be unlocked when using the Knowledge Book item
Replaces Recipes tag of same format
e.g. recipes=['minecraft:acacia_boat','minecraft:anvil']
On Knowledge Book, has an implicit default value of: []

minecraft:lodestone_tracker

If present, specifies that the Compass is a Lodestone Compass
Replaces LodestonePos , LodestoneDimension , and LodestoneTracked tags
pos : integer array of x, y, and z
dimension : dimension id
If not present, the compass will spin
If true , when the Lodestone at the target position is removed, the target field will be removed
e.g. lodestone_tracker={target:{pos:[13,64,-43],dimension:'minecraft:the_nether'}}

minecraft:firework_explosion

Stores the explosion crafted in a Firework Star
Replaces Explosion.Type , Explosion.Colors , Explosion.FadeColors , Explosion.Trail , and Explosion.Flicker tags
small_ball (was 0 )
large_ball (was 1 )
star (was 2 )
creeper (was 3 )
burst (was 4 )
Replaces Type numeric ids
List of initial particle colors, randomly selected from
List of particle colors to fade to, randomly selected from
has_trail : boolean (default: false )
Renamed from Flicker tag
e.g. firework_explosion={shape:'large_ball',colors:[16711680],has_trail:true}
Can be modified with the set_firework_explosion loot function

minecraft:fireworks

Stores all explosions crafted into a Firework Rocket, as well as flight duration
Replaces Fireworks.Explosions and Fireworks.Flight tags
Same format as minecraft:firework_explosion component
flight_duration : unsigned byte, number of gunpowder in this rocket
e.g. fireworks={explosions:[{shape:'large_ball',colors:[16711680],has_trail:true}],flight_duration:2}
On Firework Rocket, has an implicit default value of: {explosions:[],flight_duration:1}
Can be modified with the set_fireworks loot function

minecraft:profile

Controls the skin displayed on a Player Head
Copied to Player Head block when placed
Replaces SkullOwner tag
If only a name is specified, it will be resolved into the corresponding player ID and skin data
Unlike SkullOwner which only supported resolution by name, if only id is specified, the profile and skin will be resolved from this UUID
Must be a valid player name (max 16 characters, no spaces, or special characters)
As this could exist in previous data formats, but would not resolve to a skin, this is replaced by the item_name component which is persisted when placed and broken
id : uuid, player profile id (optional)
name : string, property name (e.g. textures )
value : string (base64 encoded texture data)
signature : string (optional)
e.g. profile={name:'MHF_Sheep'}
e.g. profile='MHF_Sheep'
Can be modified with the fill_player_head loot function

minecraft:note_block_sound

Controls the sound played by a Player Head when placed on a Note Block
Replaces BlockEntityTag.note_block_sound tag
e.g. note_block_sound='minecraft:ambient.cave'

minecraft:base_color

Stores the base color for a Shield
Replaces BlockEntityTag.Base tag
white (was 0 )
orange (was 1 )
magenta (was 2 )
light_blue (was 3 )
yellow (was 4 )
lime (was 5 )
pink (was 6 )
gray (was 7 )
light_gray (was 8 )
cyan (was 9 )
purple (was 10 )
blue (was 11 )
brown (was 12 )
green (was 13 )
red (was 14 )
black (was 15 )
e.g. base_color='magenta'

minecraft:banner_patterns

Stores the additional patterns applied to a Banner or Shield
Copied to Banner block when placed
Replaces BlockEntityTag.Patterns tag
Replaces short banner pattern code in Patterns[].Pattern
Replaces integer dye color id in Patterns[].Color
e.g. banner_patterns=[{pattern:'minecraft:stripe_top',color:'red'}]
On Banners and Shields, has an implicit default value of: []
Can be modified with the set_banner_pattern loot function

minecraft:pot_decorations

Stores the Sherds applied to each side of a Decorated Pot
Copied to Decorated Pot block when placed
Replaces BlockEntityTag.sherds tag of same format
e.g. ['arms_up_pottery_sherd','angler_pottery_sherd','danger_pottery_sherd','shelter_pottery_sherd']
On Decorated Pots, has an implicit default value of: ['minecraft:brick','minecraft:brick','minecraft:brick','minecraft:brick']

minecraft:container

Holds the contents of container blocks (Chests, Shulker Boxes) in item form
Copied into container block when placed
Replaces BlockEntityTag.Items tag
slot : integer [0; 255], representing a slot in the container
item : item stack
e.g. container=[{slot:7,item:{id:'diamond_pickaxe',components:{'minecraft:unbreakable':{}}}}]
On container blocks, has an implicit default value of: []

minecraft:bees

Holds the bees inside a Beehive or Bee Nest
Copied to Beehive or Bee Nest block when placed
Replaces BlockEntityTag.Bees tag
id : entity id
The remainder tags merged into the Bee when spawned
ticks_in_hive : integer
min_ticks_in_hive : integer
e.g: bees=[{entity_data:{id='minecraft:bee'},ticks_in_hive:3,min_ticks_in_hive:10}]
On Beehive and Bee Nest, has an implicit default value of: []

minecraft:lock

An item with a custom name of the same value must be used to open this container
Copied to container block when placed
Replaces BlockEntityTag.Lock tag
e.g: lock='hunter2'

minecraft:container_loot

Holds the unresolved loot table and seed of a container-like block
Replaces BlockEntityTag.LootTable and BlockEntityTag.LootTableSeed tags
loot_table : loot table id
If not specified, or 0 , the seed will be picked randomly when the loot table is evaluated
e.g. container_loot={loot_table:'minecraft:chests/buried_treasure',seed:123}
Can be modified with the set_loot_table loot function

minecraft:block_entity_data

Stores unstructured NBT data to apply to a block entity when placing a block such as a Chest or Furnace
Replaces previous BlockEntityTag tag, with same behavior
Any block entity data moved into a dedicated item component is removed from this tag
For Command Blocks, Lecterns, Signs, and Spawners: this tag will not be copied unless the player is an operator
Must contain an id field with the block entity type
Any additional fields will be merged into the block entity when placed
e.g. block_entity_data={id:'minecraft:chest',Items:[{Slot:1,item:'minecraft:diamond'}]}

minecraft:block_state

Holds block state properties to apply when placing a block
Replaces BlockStateTag tag
All property values, including integer and boolean types, must be represented as strings
e.g: block_state={eggs:'10'}

New Item Stack Components

These are new components that did not exist in the previous item tag, and support new features and use-cases.

minecraft:enchantment_glint_override

Overrides the enchantment glint effect on an item
Can be used in the same way that an invalid Enchantments tag would previously behave to add a glint
If true , an item without an enchantment glint will display a glint
If false , an item with a glint will not display this glint (either from enchantments or intrinsic properties of the item)
e.g: enchantment_glint_override=true

minecraft:food

When present, this item will behave as if a food (can be eaten)
nutrition : non-negative integer, number of food points to restore when eaten
saturation : float, amount of saturation to restore when eaten
If true , this food can be eaten even if not hungry
The number of seconds that it takes to eat this food item
effect : effect instance (same format as custom_effects in minecraft:potion_contents component)
probability : float between 0 and 1, chance for the effect to be applied (default: 1 )
e.g: food={nutrition:4,saturation:0.1}
On food items, has an implicit default value for that food type

minecraft:max_stack_size

Controls the maximum stacking size of this item
Values greater than 1 are mutually exclusive with the max_damage component
e.g. max_stack_size=4
Has an implicit default value according to the item type (usually 64 )

minecraft:max_damage

Controls the maximum amount of damage than an item can take
Mutually exclusive with the max_stack_size component greater than 1
Requires that the damage component is also present on the item
If not present, the item cannot be damaged
e.g. max_damage=123
Has an implicit default value for damageable items

minecraft:tool

Controls the behavior of the item as a tool
blocks : single block, list of blocks, or # -prefixed block tag to match
speed (optional): float, overrides the mining speed if present and matched
true will cause the block to mine at its most efficient speed, and drop items if the targeted block requires that
default_mining_speed : float, mining speed to use if no rules match and override mining speed (default: 1.0 )
damage_per_block : non-negative int, amount of durability to remove each time a block is mined with this tool
e.g. tool={rules:[{blocks:"#mineable/pickaxe",speed:4.0,correct_for_drops:true}]}
Vanilla tool items will have an implicit default value based on their tier and tool type

minecraft:hide_tooltip

If present, it will completely hide whole item tooltip (that includes item name)
Tooltip will still be visible and searchable in creative mode
Format: empty object

minecraft:item_name

When present, replaces default item name with contained chat component
item_name can't be changed or removed in Anvil
item_name is not styled with italics when displayed to player
item_name does not show labels where applicable (for example: banner markers, names in item frames)

minecraft:fire_resistant

If present, this item will not burn in fire
e.g. fire_resistant={}
Has an implicit default value for fire-resistant items such as Netherite

minecraft:rarity

Controls the color of the item name
common (default): white name, or aqua when enchanted
uncommon : yellow name, or aqua when enchanted
rare : aqua name, or light purple when enchanted
epic : light purple name
e.g. rarity=rare
Special items such as Golden Apples have an implicit default value

minecraft:ominous_bottle_amplifier

Controls the amplifier amount for an Ominous Bottle's Bad Omen effect
e.g. ominous_bottle_amplifier=3
Can be modified with the set_ominous_bottle_amplifier loot function

Saved Item Stack Format

Along with format changes due to components, the structures of item stacks on disk and in data packs have been updated for consistency
This format is additionally applied to the icon field in advancements, items in chat component hover events, and the result field in smelting recipes ( result and count are no longer inlined)
The field will however always be stored by the game
The tag field has been removed, and any remaining contents will end up in the minecraft:custom_data component when upgrading
e.g. {..., components: {'minecraft:damage': 12}}
Components with a ! prefix (e.g. "!minecraft:damage": {} ) will cause this component to be removed
Components equal to their default value on the target item will not be stored
Instead, in places that support it, the field should be omitted
In some cases, such as lists of stacks (e.g. HandItems in living entities), an empty map ( {} ) is used to represent empty stacks

Entity & Block Entity Data Formats

Non-default components on item stacks are now stored when a block entity is placed from that item stack
The storage format of block positions in entities and block entities has been updated
Added body_armor_item and body_armor_drop_chance to all entities that currently have HandItems and ArmorItems , and handle the same way as HandItems and ArmorItems
Handling of Horses ArmorItem , Llamas DecorItem , and Wolf's armor has been changed to use body_armor_item and body_armor_drop_chance instead
By default, if no components are specified, any item will be accepted (similar to components field in item predicates)
amplifier : 0
duration : 0
ambient : false
show_particles : true
FactorCalculationData has been removed from mob effect instance tags
This is instead fetched from their held item
Potion -> potion_contents.potion
Color -> potion_contents.custom_color
effects -> potion_contents.custom_effects
Patterns[].Pattern (string short id) -> patterns[].pattern (string pattern registry id)
Patterns[].Color (integer dye id) -> patterns[].color (string dye name)
Bees[].EntityData -> bees[].entity_data
Bees[].TicksInHive -> bees[].ticks_in_hive
Bees[].MinOccupationTicks -> bees[].min_ticks_in_hive
FlowerPos -> flower_pos
The SkullOwner and ExtraType fields in Player Head blocks have been replaced with a profile field, with the same format as the item component
Player Head blocks now store a custom_name tag, which will be copied to and from the item form when broken or placed
If present, rolled items from the specified loot table will be equipped to the mob that spawns
loot_table - A loot table used to generate the equipment
Can also be a single value instead of a list to apply to all slots: e.g. slot_drop_chances: 0.0f will apply a chance of 0% to all slots
e.g. equipment: {loot_table: "minecraft:equipment/trial_chamber", slot_drop_chances: {"head": 0.0f, "chest": 0.25f, "legs": 1.0f, "feet": 0.25f}}

Components on Block Entities

Non-default components on item stacks containing block items are now stored on block entities when placed.

Component removals from defaults are currently not preserved
Placing and breaking non-block entity blocks remains unchanged - nothing is preserved
Does not automatically cause preserved components to be restored on drops - this requires addition of copy_components function to loot table
Some components (like custom_name ) are still handled by legacy serialization, which means they might not be present in there
Contains map of component id to component value

Block Positions

All block positions are now stored as an array of 3 integers instead of a map of X , Y , and Z for consistency
FlowerPos and HivePos in Bees have been renamed to flower_pos and hive_pos
FlowerPos in Beehives has been renamed to flower_pos
BeamTarget in End Crystals has been renamed to beam_target
Leash in all leashable entities has been renamed to leash
PatrolTarget in patrolling mobs has been renamed to patrol_target
ExitPortal in End Gateways has been renamed to exit_portal
WanderTarget in Wandering Traders has been renamed to wander_target

Vault Block Entity

Added Vault block (experimental) with a variety of NBT elements which can be configured for custom content:
Default value: "minecraft:chests/trial_chambers/reward"
Default value: 4
Default value: 4.5
The player must be holding an item with the exact components and count
If the field is not present, the Vault cannot be unlocked
Default value: No value
Updated syntax of items and item predicates in commands
Added slot names for ranges, like container.*
playsound command can now be used without specifying the player (assuming @s ) and without specifying the mixer (assuming master )
Command arguments that previously accepted namespaced ids of loot tables, modifiers and predicates can now also accept inline definitions
Added execute if|unless items to check and count items
The former behavior of effects such as Jump Boost, Levitation, and Mining Fatigue over 127 has been replaced with new attributes
Added the transfer command
The maximum length of a command in a function (including macro expansions) can no longer exceed 2,000,000 characters

Item Syntax

Commands such as /give , /item , /loot use an updated item syntax
Components are assigned with an = (e.g. wooden_pickaxe[damage=23] )
Components are comma-separated (e.g. netherite_hoe[damage=5,repair_cost=2] )
Component types will be autocompleted, but possible values of them will not
e.g. /give @s wooden_pickaxe[damage=-34] is not valid
e.g. /give @s stick{foo:'bar'} becomes /give @s stick[custom_data={foo:'bar'}]
add -> add_value
multiply_base -> add_multiplied_base
multiply -> add_multiplied_total

Added execute if|unless items

block <x> <y> <z>
entity <target> (selector can return multiple entities)
<slots> can accept single slot (like container.0 ) or a range (like container.* )
<item_predicate> is the same as item predicate in clear command
If used alone, it will return the total number of items in stacks that match predicates

Item Predicate Argument

The item predicate syntax (used in execute if|unless items and clear commands) has been significantly expanded.

The general syntax is: <type> [comma-separated list of <test>]
item tag id prefixed with #
* to match any item
<value> is a representation of component value in SNBT format (same as in item give argument)
Every specified component must be present on the target item, and have an exactly equal parsed value
As such, /clear @s diamond_pickaxe[damage=0] will match only undamaged Diamond Pickaxes
On the other hand, /clear @s diamond_pickaxe will match any Diamond Pickaxe, irrespective of damage
Exact matching of component values applies even for the minecraft:custom_data component
<component_id> - check if component exists
<value> is a representation of item sub-predicate in SNBT format (but otherwise the same as those used for advancement and loot table JSON files)
Example: *[damage~{durability:{min:3}}] will match any stack with at least 3 uses left
count=<positive int> will pass only when the stack size equals the given value
Example: *[count~{max:2}] will match any stack with count <= 2
count will always pass
Example: *[!count=1] will match any stack that has count other than 1
Example: *[!damage|damage=0] will look for items without damage component or with 0 damage
So stick{a:2} becomes stick[custom_data~{a:2}]
This requires that all tags specified in the predicate are present on the target item, but additional ones may be ignored
Lists in the target must contain all items specified in the predicate, but additional may be present and order is ignored
Slot names (used in item commands and slots entity predicates) now include slot ranges
Unless specified, existing commands can still only work on single slots
container.* - contains container.0 to container.53
hotbar.* - contains hotbar.0 to hotbar.8
inventory.* - contains inventory.0 to inventory.26
enderchest.* - contains enderchest.0 to enderchest.26
villager.* - contains villager.0 to villager.7
horse.* - contains horse.0 to horse.14
weapon.* - contains weapon.mainhand and weapon.offhand
armor.* - contains armor.head , armor.chest , armor.legs , armor.feet , armor.body
Note: this information cannot be read in creative mode
Note: this includes only player's inventory crafting slots. Crafting table (or any other slots on other screens) are not included
contents - for single-slot entities like item frames, item displays, or dropped item entities
Replaced horse.armor slot name with armor.body , which is applicable to all mobs

Inline loot values

Arguments in the following commands that previously accepted namespaced ids of loot tables, modifiers and predicates can now also accept inline definitions:

execute if predicate

Values have the same structure as matching JSON files, though they are encoded as SNBT.Example:

execute if predicate {condition:weather_check, raining:true}

transfer Command

New command that triggers a transfer of a player to another server. Only exists on dedicated servers.

transfer <hostname> [<port>] [<players>]

Parameters:

hostname : String describing the hostname of the server to connect to
port : Integer denoting the port number of the server to connect to - if omitted, 25565 is used
players : The players to transfer - if omitted, @s is used

Predicate Formats in Loot Tables & Advancements

tag field has been removed
blocks field now supports a single entry, hash-prefixed block tag, or list of blocks
fluid -> fluids , and supports a single entry, hash-prefixed fluid tag, or list of fluids
biome -> biomes , and supports a single entry, hash-prefixed biome tag, or list of biomes
structure -> structures , and supports a single entry, hash-prefixed structure tag, or list of structures
Major changes to Entity and Item predicates

Entity Predicates

type field now supports a single entry, hash-prefixed entity type tag, or list of entity types
Added new entity predicate field slots , for matching item slots
Added a new body field to match the item in the body armor slot of an entity
Removed any entity type-specific predicate (which had no effect)

slots entity predicate field

The new entity field slots allows checking a single or multiple slots on any entity
The field contains a map of slot names (same as those used in item commands) to item predicates
For slot ranges, only one slot needs to match for the whole entry to pass

wolf type-specific entity predicate

New wolf sub-predicate has been added to match Wolf variants
variant - Wolf variant to match (single entry, list of entries or tag)

raider type-specific entity predicate

New raider sub-predicate has been added to match raiders
has_raid - Match whether the raider is in an active raid
is_captain - Match whether the raider is a captain

cat , frog , painting type-specific entity predicate

The variant field now accepts single entries, list of entries or tags

Item Predicates

Item predicate format has been updated:

items field now supports a single entry, hash-prefixed item tag, or list of items
All specified components must be present and exactly equal on the target item, but additional components may be ignored
Components with defaults will be assumed to exist on the target item if not specified
e.g. "components": { "minecraft:damage": 0 } will match only undamaged items
Component-specific item predicate properties have been moved to a separate field called predicates

Item Sub-predicates

Some fields from item predicate have been moved to a map in an optional field predicates
The new field is similar to the components field on item stacks
This was done to simplify addition for future predicates and to allow sub-predicates to more closely resemble names of components they match
enchantments - field moved to sub-predicate minecraft:enchantments
stored_enchantments - field moved to sub-predicate minecraft:stored_enchantments
Now supports a single potion entry, list of potions, or hash-prefixed potion tag
custom_data - field moved to sub-predicate minecraft:custom_data
This check now works for any item that has minecraft:damage component
An item that does not have a minecraft:damage component can never match
To check for unbreakable items, query value of minecraft:unbreakable component
damage - optional bounds for value of minecraft:damage component
durability - optional bounds for durability (max damage minus value of minecraft:damage )
That means that, for example, matching for empty enchantment list will not pass on items without minecraft:damage component
Note: some components, like minecraft:enchantments have default values, so they will always match
These sub-predicates can also be referenced in commands such as /clear and /execute if|unless items
That means that *[custom_data~{a:1}] and *[custom_data~"{a:1}"] are equivalent
Flattened string format has been kept since NBT type information can't be expressed in JSON
Many new sub-predicates have been introduced

General Rules of Component Predicates

Unless otherwise specified, a field in predicate with the same name as a field in component that matches (i.e. has the same name as predicate) will match that field value
Those fields will usually have the same type as in the components, but will be optional
List fields will be replaced with collection matchers (see below)
Integer and float fields will be replaced with ranges
Registry ids will be replaced with a type that accepts id, list of ids or a tag

Collection Matcher

A collection matcher is a shared part of predicates that is used for matching collections
Every instance of this matcher will have the same fields with the same functionality, with the only difference being the type of matched element
size - integer range to match against collection size
All conditions must match for the predicate to pass
Not all elements in the tested container have to be matched
Elements can be in any order
A single element can be matched by multiple predicates
{contents:[{item:diamond}]} - will match when there is at least one diamond item
{contents:[{item:diamond}, {item:dirt}]} - will match when there is at least one diamond item and at least one dirt item
test - element matcher
count - optional integer range to check against number of elements passing test
{count:[{count:3,test:{items:diamond}}]}} will match only when there are exactly 3 stacks of diamonds (no matter the stack size)
Matcher for container component (like Shulker Box)
Note: empty items are ignored. That means container~{items:{size:3}} will only pass if there are exactly 3 non-empty stacks in container

bundle_contents

Matcher for bundle_contents component
items - optional collection matcher

firework_explosion

Matcher for firework_explosion component
shape - optional matcher for shape, same values as shape field in minecraft:firework_explosion component
has_trail - optional boolean
has_twinkle - optional boolean
Matcher for fireworks component
explosions - optional collection matcher for firework_explosion predicates
flight_duration - optional integer range check for flight duration
Example: minecraft:fireworks~{explosions:{contains:[{shape:small_ball}]}}] - matches if firework has at least one explosion with small_ball shape

writable_book_content

Matcher for writable_book_content component
pages - optional collection matcher for strings (matching only the unfiltered/raw contents of each page)

written_book_content

Matcher for written_book_content component
pages - optional collection matcher for chat components (matching only the unfiltered/raw contents of each page)
author - optional string value
title - optional string value (matching only value)
generation - optional integer range check for generation
resolved - optional boolean

attribute_modifiers

Matcher for attribute_modifiers component
attribute - optional id, list of ids or tag for attribute to be matched
id - optional UUID
name - optional string
amount - optional double range check
operation - optional operation type (same values as operation field from attribute_modifiers component)
slot - optional applicable slot type (same values as slot field from attribute_modifiers component)
Matcher for trim component
material - optional id, list of ids or tag for material to be matched
pattern - optional id, list of ids or tag for pattern to be matched

Changes to item_used_on_block

For example, when using an Axe to scrape Oxidized Copper blocks would trigger, while using an Axe on a Crafting Table would not

Added default_block_use

Triggers due to the default interaction of a block by a player, such as opening a door

Added any_block_use

Triggers due to any type of interaction with a block by a player, such as using an item on the block or its default usage

Added crafter_recipe_crafted

Triggered when a Crafter ejects a successfully crafted item into the world
player - an entity predicate matching nearby players in an 8 block radius
recipe_id - the ID of the recipe being crafted
ingredients - a list of item predicates matching the ingredients that form the recipe being crafted

Added fall_after_explosion

Triggered when a player begins falling after being knocked upwards by an explosion or wind burst
player - entity predicate matching the player who is falling
start_position - location predicate matching the position the player was at when they were hit by the explosion or burst
distance - distance predicate matching how far the player must be from start_position to cause the trigger to activate
cause - entity predicate matching the entity that caused the explosion or burst to happen

Loot Tables

Added gameplay/panda_sneeze loot table for drops when Pandas sneeze
namespaced id - reference to another named loot table
full loot table (same format as in standalone file)
Added new loot table type minecraft:equipment used for equipping items onto mobs

storage Number Provider

This number provider can access numeric values from command storage directly
If selected storage does not exist or tag selected by path is not numeric or does not exist, the provider returns 0
storage - namespaced id of command storage
path - NBT path to field

Modified Loot Functions

Nested lists are no longer supported in function lists

set_contents

The type field has been removed
Describes the target item stack component to be filled with items
Any existing contents will be replaced
Allowed values: container , bundle_contents , charged_projectiles
bundle_contents and charged_projectiles will ignore empty stacks

set_custom_data (renamed from set_nbt )

Now applies to the custom_data component of the target item
The tag field now accepts both SNBT data written as a string (existing format) and unflattened tags

copy_custom_data (renamed from copy_nbt )

Added optional field target to specify which name should be set
custom_name - sets custom_name component (default)
item_name - sets item_name component

set_attributes

The modifier slot field now supports any , armor , hand , and body values
addition -> add_value
multiply_total -> add_multiplied_total
When false , attributes will be appended
The replace field has been removed
Now has mode like set_fireworks and set_written_book_pages

New Loot Functions

Set_components.

Adds or replaces provided components on the target item
conditions - optional list of conditions to filter this function

copy_components

Copies components from a specified source onto an item
This is now used in the Vanilla pack in place of the copy_name and copy_nbt functions
Currently, can only and must be "block_entity"
if omitted, all components present are included
if omitted, defaults to empty
Only components that are included (explicitly or implicitly) but not excluded will be copied

modify_contents

Applies a modifier function to every item inside of a component
If the component does not exist, it will not be added
modifier - function or list of functions to be applied to every item inside container
Replaces item type of item stack without changing its count and components
item - new item type
Applies a sub-function only to items that match item predicate
item_filter - item predicate used to match items
modifier - functions to apply to matching items

set_custom_model_data

Sets the custom_model_data component on the target item according to a number provider
value - integer number provider

set_ominous_bottle_amplifier

Sets the ominous_bottle_amplifier component on the target item according to a number provider
amplifier - a number provider used to generate the ominous_bottle_amplifier component

set_fireworks

Sets the details of the minecraft:fireworks component
Conditions to check before applying the function
The flight duration measured in number of gunpowder
If omitted, the flight duration of the item is left untouched - or set to 0 if the component did not exist before
The explosion data to set
replace_all : fully replace the explosions list
Start of replaced range
If omitted, 0 is used
Size of range to be replaced in explosions
If omitted, the size of explosions field is used
Index before which explosions will be inserted
If omitted, 0 (before first explosion) is used
append : append explosions at the end of the list

set_firework_explosion

Sets the details of the minecraft:firework_explosion component
The explosion shape to set
If omitted, the original shape is kept (or small_ball is used if there was no component)
List of initial particle colors to replace the ones on the existing explosion with
If omitted, the original colors are kept (or [] is used if there was no component)
List of fade-to particle colors to replace the ones on the existing explosion with
Set whether the explosion should have a trail or not
If omitted, the original has_trail value is kept (or false is used if there was no component)
Set whether the explosion should have a twinkle or not
If omitted, the original has_twinkle value is kept (or false is used if there was no component)

set_book_cover

Sets the cover details of the minecraft:written_book_content component
If present, any pages in the book are left untouched
The title to set
If omitted, the original title is kept (or an empty string is used if there was no component)
The author to set
If omitted, the original author is kept (or an empty string is used if there was no component)
The generation value to set
If omitted, the original generation is kept (or 0 is used if there was no component)

set_writable_book_pages

Manipulates the pages of the minecraft:writable_book_content component
The pages to apply
replace_all : fully replace the book contents
Size of range to be replaced in book
If omitted, the size of pages field is used
Index before which pages will be inserted
If omitted, 0 (before first page) is used
append : append pages at the end of the book

set_written_book_pages

Manipulates the pages of the minecraft:written_book_content component
Unlike the written_book_content component, pages stores a list of JSON objects instead of JSON in string form
Any cover data is left untouched, and the page content components are set to resolve next time a player opens the book

toggle_tooltips

This function can be used to modify item component tooltip visibility
It works by setting fields like show_in_tooltip without changing other values
toggles - a map of supported item component type to boolean value
Supported components: trim , dyed_color , enchantments , stored_enchantments , unbreakable , can_break , can_place_on , attribute_modifiers
{function:"toggle_tooltips","toggles":{"enchantments":false}} will hide enchantments tooltip
Recipe types crafting_shaped , crafting_shapeless , stonecutting and smithing_transform now accept components for the result item stack
This result now also accepts components data
Shulkers can only be scaled up to 3x their normal size
The Ender Dragon cannot be scaled
Added player.block_interaction_range (default: 4.5 ) and player.entity_interaction_range (default: 3.0 ) attributes that control player reach distance
Added generic.step_height attribute that defines the maximum number of blocks that an entity can step up without jumping (default: 0.6 )
Added generic.gravity attribute that controls blocks/tick^2 acceleration downward (default: -0.08 )
Added generic.safe_fall_distance attribute to control the fall distance after which the entity will take fall damage (default: 3.0 )
Added generic.fall_damage_multiplier attribute to multiply overall applied fall damage (default: 1.0 )
This controls the base impulse from a jump (before jump boost or modifier on block)
Added player.block_break_speed attribute that acts as a multiplier over block breaking speed for players (default: `1.0)

Added the following particle types:

vault_connection
item_cobweb
trial_spawner_detection_ominous
ominous_spawning

Particle Representation

Particle options in commands and in fields like Particles in Area Effect clouds now use the same representation as worldgen files (like existing biomes' ambient particle settings)
For example, command /particle minecraft:dust 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 ... becomes /particle minecraft:dust{color:[1.0, 0.0, 0.0], scale:2.0} ...
The syntax for particles without extra options (like minecraft:villager ) remains unchanged
Field value has been renamed to block_state
Field block_state now also accepts plain block name to represent default block state
minecraft:block minecraft:redstone_lamp[lit=true] -> minecraft:block{block_state: {Name: "minecraft:redstone_lamp", Properties: {lit: "true"}}}
minecraft:block minecraft:diamond_block -> minecraft:block{block_state: "minecraft:diamond_block"}
Field value has been renamed to item
Field item now also accepts plain item name to represent item stack with default components
count field is now ignored
minecraft:item minecraft:dirt -> minecraft:item{item: {id: "minecraft:dirt"}}
minecraft:item minecraft:dirt -> minecraft:item{item: "minecraft:dirt"}
The fromColor field has been renamed to from_color
The toColor field has been renamed to to_color
Example transformation: dust_color_transition 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.5 -> dust_color_transition{from_color: [1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f], scale: 0.5f, to_color: [0.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f]}
Now accepts options to control the color of the particle
color : packed integer ARGB color, or list of floats (0.0 to 1.0) representing RGBA color

Enchantments

The minecraft:sweeping enchantment has been renamed to minecraft:sweeping_edge
Projectile weapon Enchantments like infinity , multishot and piercing now work on both Crossbows and Bows, if placed onto the alternative weapon using data manipulation or a change to the enchantable/* tags)

Damage Types

Llamas now use a new damage type spit instead of mob_projectile
Added minecraft:does_not_block_hoppers for blocks that will never disable a Hopper when placed above one
Added minecraft:blocks_wind_charge_explosions for blocks not impacted by the explosion when hit by Wind Charge
These tags combine the existing needs_diamond_tool , needs_iron_tool , and needs_stone_tool tags for each specific tool tier

New item tags controlling what enchantments can be added to what gear:

minecraft:enchantable/foot_armor
minecraft:enchantable/leg_armor
minecraft:enchantable/chest_armor
minecraft:enchantable/head_armor
minecraft:enchantable/armor
minecraft:enchantable/weapon
minecraft:enchantable/sword
minecraft:enchantable/mining
minecraft:enchantable/mining_loot
minecraft:enchantable/fishing
minecraft:enchantable/trident
minecraft:enchantable/durability
minecraft:enchantable/bow
minecraft:enchantable/equippable
minecraft:enchantable/crossbow
minecraft:enchantable/vanishing

New item tags defining food and tempting items for various mobs:

minecraft:armadillo_food
minecraft:axolotl_food (renamed from minecraft:axolotl_tempt_items )
minecraft:bee_food
minecraft:camel_food
minecraft:cat_food
minecraft:chicken_food
minecraft:cow_food
minecraft:fox_food
minecraft:frog_food
minecraft:goat_food
minecraft:hoglin_food
minecraft:horse_food
minecraft:horse_tempt_items
minecraft:llama_food
minecraft:llama_tempt_items
minecraft:meat collection tag: not used by the game directly, but may be included in other tags
minecraft:ocelot_food
minecraft:panda_food
minecraft:parrot_food
minecraft:parrot_poisonous_food
minecraft:pig_food
minecraft:piglin_food
minecraft:rabbit_food
minecraft:sheep_food
minecraft:strider_food
minecraft:strider_tempt_items
minecraft:turtle_food
minecraft:wolf_food

Removed item tags:

Removed tag minecraft:tools (overlapping with minecraft:breaks_decorated_pots )

Entity Type Tags

Added minecraft:ignores_poison_and_regen for entities that cannot be affected by Poison and Regeneration effects
Added minecraft:illager_friends for entities that Illagers will consider allies (unless on a different team)
Added minecraft:immune_to_infested for entities that cannot receive the Infested mob effect
Added minecraft:immune_to_oozing for entities that cannot receive the Oozing mob effect
Added minecraft:inverted_healing_and_harm for entities that have inverted meanings of the Healing and Harm effects
Added minecraft:not_scary_for_pufferfish for entities that will not cause Pufferfish to puff
Added minecraft:redirectable_projectile for projectiles which should be able to be redirected and deflected toward the direction the player is looking
Added minecraft:sensitive_to_bane_of_arthropods for entities sensitive to Bane of Arthropods
Added minecraft:sensitive_to_impaling for entities sensitive to Impaling
Added minecraft:sensitive_to_smite for entities that take extra damage from the Smite Enchantment
Added minecraft:wither_friends for entities that the Wither will not target and which cannot harm the Wither

Damage Type Tags

Added minecraft:bypasses_wolf_armor for damage sources that cannot be absorbed by Wolf Armor
Added minecraft:is_player_attack for attacks performed by the player

Enchantment Tags

Added minecraft:tooltip_order controlling which order Enchantments are listed in tooltips

Banner Patterns

Banner Patterns will now be loaded into a dynamic registry from data packs ( data/<namespace>/banner_pattern/<id> )

e.g. custom:pattern resolves to assets/custom/textures/entity/banner/pattern.png , assets/custom/textures/entity/shield/pattern.png
e.g. block.minecraft.banner.custom.pattern resolves to block.minecraft.banner.custom.pattern.<dye color>

Wolf variants can be data-driven by adding entries to data/<namespace>/wolf_variant/<id>.json .

<namespace>:<path> resolves to assets/<namespace>/textures/<path>.png
tame_texture - tamed texture for this variant
angry_texture - to angry texture for this variant
biome - a single entry, list or a tag describing biomes in which this variant naturally spawns

Worldgen Data Formats

Density will be added all around every piece of a structure
Ideal for structures that need to be entirely covered underground
For example, {"type":"minecraft:uniform","value":{"min_inclusive":0.0,"max_inclusive":1.0}} becomes {"type":"minecraft:uniform","min_inclusive":0.0,"max_inclusive":1.0}

Resource Pack Versions 23 through 32

The Resource Pack version is now 32. These are the changes compared to version 22, used in 1.20.4.

Renamed scute textures and models to turtle_scute
Added textures and models for new features
Changes to fonts
Changes to shaders

Models and Textures

Added textures for Wolf variations
Added files for Armadillo and Wolf Armor
textures/entity/wolf/wolf_armor_overlay.png
textures/item/wolf_armor_overlay.png
textures/entity/wolf/wolf_armor_crackiness_low.png
textures/entity/wolf/wolf_armor_crackiness_medium.png
textures/entity/wolf/wolf_armor_crackiness_high.png
Added trial_chambers map decoration icon

Ominous Vault

Ominous trial spawner, ominous bottle.

bad_omen_121
wind_charged
Added gui/menu_background to be used as the background of screens, while gui/menu_list_background is used for the background of lists for menus accessed from the Title Screen
Added gui/inworld_menu_background , gui/inworld_menu_list_background , gui/inworld_header_separator , gui/inworld_footer_separator textures for menus accessed from the Pause Menu
Lists now use the gui/header_separator and gui/footer_separator textures at the top and bottom, respectively
The following textures have been updated: gui/footer_separator , gui/header_separator
The following sprites have been updated: widget/tab , widget/tab_highlighted , widget/tab_selected , widget/tab_selected_highlighted
The widget/scroller_background sprite has been added
The following textures in Realms have been removed: gui/sprites/backup/changes , gui/sprites/backup/changes_highlighted , gui/sprites/backup/restore , gui/sprites/backup/restore_highlighted , gui/sprites/player_list/make_operator_highlighted , gui/sprites/player_list/remove_operator_highlighted , gui/sprites/player_list/remove_player_highlighted
Added gui/tab_header_background texture, which is rendered behind the tab buttons in the Create World Screen
Added misc/credits_vignette texture, which is rendered behind the poem and the credits
Split map decoration atlas into separate files

Map Decorations

Map decoration icons have been split from the former map_icons.png to use an atlas loaded from the textures/map/decorations/ directory
The process of upgrading your pack can be assisted by using this automated Slicer tool
shift is no longer applied double, and now directly represents a number of pixels in the game UI
The font EM square is fitted to size pixels in the game UI, instead of between the font ascender and font descender
The font baseline is positioned consistently with the default font (7 pixels below line top)
This means that generally, any font with a size of 9 and no shift should look correct by default
shift is now restricted to the range [-512; 512]
Added font variant filters to font providers

Font Variant Filters

Every glyph provider can now be enabled or disabled based on certain set of variants
uniform - wired to "Force Uniform" button
jp - wired to "Japanese Glyph Variants" button
Keys in that object are variant names (for example uniform )
Glyph provider will be included only when value in filter matches actual value of variant in key
The unused attributes array in core shader definitions has been removed
The unused position_color_normal and position_tex_lightmap_color shaders have been removed
The position_tex_color_normal shader (only used by clouds) has been replaced with rendertype_clouds
The IViewRotMat uniform has been removed, and the Position attribute for entities is now in (camera relative) world space
Light direction uniforms are no longer premultiplied by the view matrix
The blur post-processing shader has been renamed to box_blur
Added optional boolean field use_linear_filter to post-processing passes which when set to true switches texture sampling mode from nearest-neighbor sampling to linear interpolation for that pass
Added entity_outline_box_blur post-processing shader

Sound Events

Added the following sound events:

block.cobweb.break
block.cobweb.fall
block.cobweb.hit
block.cobweb.place
block.cobweb.step
block.trial_spawner.about_to_spawn_item
block.trial_spawner.ambient_charged
block.trial_spawner.charge_activate
block.trial_spawner.spawn_item_begin
block.trial_spawner.spawn_item
event.mob_effect.bad_omen
event.mob_effect.raid_omen
event.mob_effect.trial_omen
item.ominous_bottle.dispose

A Bogged is aiming its bow at something at night in a Swamp. It is a Skeleton with moss on its bones and Mushrooms growing on its head. The Moon is rising between Mangrove trees in the background.

A Bogged is a Skeleton with moss on its bones and Mushrooms growing on its head. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

Noor is jumping from one tall Jungle tree to another using a Wind Charge to launch themselves high into the air. There is a mountain overgrown with Bamboo Forest in the background.

Noor is jumping from one tall Jungle tree to another using a Wind Charge to launch themselves high into the air. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

Noor is attacking a Piglin Brute by jumping from the top of a Bastion Remnant with a Mace. There is a Crimson Forest in the background.

Noor is attacking a Piglin Brute by jumping from the top of a Bastion Remnant with a Mace. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

Noor is using a Mace with a Wind Burst enchantment to fight a group of Pillagers next to a Pillager Outpost. One of the Pillagers is dramatically thrown towards the viewer by the Wind Burst explosion, while the others are aiming their Crossbows at Noor.

Noor is using a Mace with a Wind Burst enchantment to fight a group of Pillagers next to a Pillager Outpost. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

Noor is fighting in Trial Chambers with Trial Omen effect. The Zombies who are trying to attack Noor are wearing Chainmail Armor with Armor Trims. There are multiple Lingering potion effect clouds present in the chamber with another potion about to burst.

Noor is fighting in Trial Chambers with Trial Omen effect. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

Noor is standing on an Oxidized Copper stairway in Trial Chambers and looking at an Ominous Trial Key which has appeared on top of a Trial Spawner as a reward after a difficult fight.

Noor is standing on an Oxidized Copper stairway in Trial Chambers and looking at an Ominous Trial Key. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

Noor is about to open an Ominous Vault with an Ominous Trial Key in Trial Chambers. Click here for a link to the full-size image.

Experimental Features

The following changes only apply when their respective Experiment is turned on, either by activating the corresponding experimental data pack or by turning it on in the Experiments screen while creating the world.

Added the Mace
Added Breeze Rod item
Updates to the Breeze
Added Wind Charge Item
Added Vault block
Redesigned Bad Omen to give access to Ominous Events
Added Ominous Bottle
Added Ominous Trial Spawner
Added Ominous Vault
Added Ominous Trial Key
Added Bogged mob
Added 6 new mob effects
A new heavy weapon to smash your enemies!
Can be crafted with a Breeze Rod and a Heavy Core
Try it out by jumping down toward your target, and hit them before you hit the ground
Successfully striking a target in this way will reset all vertical momentum and negate any fall-damage accumulated from the fall
Other entities near the struck enemy will be knocked back by the immense force of the Mace
Using a Mace will decrease its durability like any other weapon; repair it with Breeze Rods at an anvil
Players can use a Mace in combination with Wind Charges to launch up and deliver devastating smash attacks on their enemies
The baseline additional damage dealt by the Mace smash attack is 3 (1.5 hearts) per fallen block
Bane of Arthropods
Fire Aspect
Curse of Vanishing
Common Enchantment, accessible in the Enchanting Table and on Enchanted Books in loot
Has 5 levels
Damage dealt per fallen block is increased by 1 per level of Density
Rare Enchantment, accessible in the Enchanting Table and on Enchanted Books in loot
Has 4 levels
The effectiveness of the armor is reduced by 15% per Breach level
Unique enchantment which can only be found in Ominous Vaults
Has 3 levels
Maces enchanted with Wind Burst will emit a Wind Burst upon hitting an enemy, launching the attacker upward and enabling the linking of smash attacks one after the other
Each level will bounce the attacker higher up in the air
A mysterious, dense block which can be combined with a Breeze Rod to craft a brand-new weapon: the Mace!
An item dropped by the Breeze that can be crafted into 4 Wind Charges, or used with the Heavy Core to craft the Mace
The number of Breeze Rods dropped is affected by looting enchantments
Added new sound effects, as well as tweaked existing sounds
Breeze now deflects all projectiles
Deflected projectiles now deflect in the direction of the shooter
Breeze is now aggressive toward Iron Golems
The above mobs will not retaliate when hurt by the Breeze's Wind Charge Projectile
Updated the model, texture, and animation of the Wind Charge projectile to give it a more dynamic look and feel

Wind Charge

Become the Breeze! Using a Wind Charge item will fire off a Wind Charge projectile similar to the Breeze's
The Wind Charge can be used to launch entities away from the impact of the Wind Burst
Players can also use Wind Charges to propel themselves high into the air
A Wind Charge fired by a player will grant 10% more knockback than a Breeze's, but have a much smaller area of impact
Just like the projectile fired by the Breeze, Wind Charges fired by the player also deal damage if they hit an entity directly
There is a half-second cooldown after each use
Wind Charges can be fired from a dispenser
This means, for example, if a player uses a Wind Charge at y64 to launch themselves 9 blocks into the air, and they land back where they started at y64, they will take 0 damage.

Trial Spawner

The Trial Spawner now has the same two default loot tables as they have in the Trial Chamber
Trial spawners can now only activate when a player is in line of sight

Trial Chambers

Trial Chambers are now more consistently buried by terrain when found underground
Ominous Vaults can now be found inside rooms, intersections and at the end of corridors
Decorated Pots in the Trial Chambers now have a chance to display a Flow, Guster, or Scrape Pottery Sherd
Redesigned dispenser traps
Redesigned chamber room 9 to Slanted room
Redesigned chamber room 3 to Pedestal room
Redesigned chamber room 5 to Eruption room
Redesigned chamber room 6 to Assembly room
Updated layout and placements of Vaults
Reduced amount of Trial Spawners in corridors
Added an atrium to the corridors
Made various layout changes in intersections and corridors

Known issue:

Corner quadrants in slanted may still fail to generate correctly
Updated texture to reflect new Vault visuals

Trial Chamber Explorer Map

Struggle no more to locate a Trial Chamber - level up your nearest Cartographer to Journeyman for the opportunity to trade for an Explorer Map pointing to a nearby Trial Chamber
Can be found throughout Trial Chambers, containing the structures' most valuable loot
Vaults in Trial Chambers require a Trial Key to be unlocked
After a player has unlocked a Vault, they cannot unlock that Vault again
If a player has not unlocked that Vault before, an orange stream of particles will flow from the player to the Vault when nearby
If any nearby player has not unlocked that Vault, the keyhole will be open
If all nearby players have unlocked that Vault, the keyhole will be closed
Within its cage, it will cycle through and display items which are possible to eject from its loot table
The loot it ejects is randomized each time it is unlocked
Cannot be crafted nor obtained in Survival, and does not drop anything when mined
Vaults are explosion resistant and cannot be moved

Ominous Events

Bad Omen has been expanded to give access to an optional experience in Trial Chambers
They are more challenging than usual, and are designed to shake up the experience in unique ways
Illager Raids are an example of an existing Ominous Event
It has a new, shadowy icon and a sound for being applied to the player
Instead, it will transform into a Raid Omen variant with a duration of 30 seconds
Once the Raid Omen expires, a Raid will start at the location the player gained the Raid Omen
Like any other effect, players can drink a Bucket of Milk to clear the Raid Omen to prevent the Raid from starting
Instead, players can gain access to Bad Omen by consuming a new Ominous Bottle

Click here for a link to the full-size image.

Comes in 5 variations, one for each Bad Omen level
The bottle breaks when consumed
Can be stacked to 64
Ominous Bottles can be found uncommonly in any Vaults that are unlocked with Trial Keys, and are dropped by Raid Captains when defeated outside a Raid

Ominous Trials

A new Ominous Event that can be accessed by exploring a Trial Chamber with Bad Omen
This event will have players facing more powerful Trial Spawners if they dare!
This occurs when the player is within detection range of a Trial Spawner that is not Ominous
The Trial Omen has a duration of 15 minutes multiplied by the transformed Bad Omen's level
Players that have Trial Omen are surrounded by ominous particles
Provides a more challenging experience that advanced players can opt into for better rewards
It is not in cooldown
Making it Ominous this way will bypass the cooldown
Glow blue instead of orange
Emit soul flames instead of normal flames
The equipment these mobs wear have Armor Trims applied from the Trial Chambers
They also have various high-level enchantments
Based on their location, spawners in an area will select a random set of projectiles to spawn
These projectiles will always include a single type of Lingering Potion from a set of possible effects
It will stay Ominous until it has been defeated and its cooldown has finished
When defeated, it will eject a different set of loot compared to normal Trial Spawners

Ominous Trial Key

A new variant of the Trial Key which can only be obtained by defeating an Ominous Trial Spawner
They can be used to unlock Ominous Vaults
A variant of Vaults that have a different texture and emit soul flames instead of normal flames
These Vaults hold a more valuable set of rewards than the standard Vaults unlocked by Trial Keys
They're faster to take down with 16 health instead of 20 health
They attack at a slower interval of 3.5 seconds instead of 2 seconds
Bogged has a chance to drop Arrows of Poison when killed by players
Can also be found spawning from Trial Spawners in some Trial Chambers
The Bogged drops 2 mushrooms (either both red/brown or one of each) when sheared

Mob Effects

Affected entities will emit a wind burst upon death
Brewed with an Awkward Potion and a Breeze Rod
Affected entities will spread Cobweb blocks upon death
Affected entities can move through Cobweb with 50% of their normal speed instead of 25%
Brewed with an Awkward Potion and a Cobweb block
Affected entities will spawn two Slimes upon death
Brewed with an Awkward Potion and a Slime Block
Affected entities have a 10% chance to spawn 1-2 Silverfish when hurt
Brewed with an Awkward Potion and a Stone block
These effects can be encountered while taking on an Ominous Trial Spawner
Slimes are immune to Oozing
Silverfish are immune to Infested
If the amount exceeds the max entity cramming cap (24 by default), it will not spawn any Slimes
If it does not exceed it, it will attempt to spawn 2 Slimes up until the max entity cramming cap

Copper Grates

Stonecutting Copper Blocks into Copper Grates outputs 4 Copper Grates

Pottery Sherds

Added Flow, Guster, and Scrape Pottery Sherds
These can be obtained by breaking Decorated Pots that display them in Trial Chambers
Added Flow and Guster Banner Patterns

Armor Trims

Added Bolt and Flow Armor Trims and Smithing Templates
Bolt can be duplicated using a Copper Block or Waxed Copper
Flow can be duplicated using a Breeze Rod
Minecraft: Trial(s) Edition - Step foot in a Trial Chamber
Under Lock & Key - Unlock a Vault using a Trial Key
Blowback - Kill a Breeze with a deflected Wind Charge (challenge - gives 40 exp)
Who Needs Rockets? - Use a Wind Charge to launch yourself upward at least 8 blocks
Crafters Crafting Crafters - Be near a Crafter when it crafts a Crafter
Lighten Up - Scrape a Copper Bulb with an Axe to make it brighter
Over-Overkill - Deal 50 hearts of damage in a single hit using the Mace (challenge - gives 50 exp)
Revaulting - Unlock an Ominous Vault with an Ominous Trial Key (goal)

Trade Rebalance

In the Trade Rebalance Experiment, Villagers who buy armor now ignore durability and can buy damaged armor

Fixed bugs in 1.20.5

Around 210 bugs were fixed in this release. View the list on the issue tracker .

Get the Release

To install the Release, open up the Minecraft Launcher and click play! Make sure your Launcher is set to the "Latest Release” option.

Cross-platform server jar:

Minecraft server jar

Report bugs here:

Minecraft issue tracker !

Want to give feedback?

For any feedback and suggestions, head over to the Feedback site . If you're feeling chatty, join us over at the official Minecraft Discord .

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Overview of Java

Basics of Java

Operators in Java

Wrapper Classes in Java

Flow Control in Java

Java Assignment Operators with Examples

OOPS in Java

Access Modifiers in Java

Inheritance in Java

Constructors in Java

Methods in Java

Keywords in Java

Memory Allocation in Java

Classes of Java

Packages in Java

Exception Handling in Java

File Handling in Java

JDBC - Java Database Connectivity

Assignment Operators

Types of Assignment Operators in Java

1. (=) operator:

2. (+=) operator:

Reason for the Above Calculation

3. (-=) operator:

4. (*=) operator:

5. (/=) operator:

6. (%=) operator:

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