adoption thesis topics

Adoption Research Topics

Given that we are scholars and researchers, most of our readers have been asking if we can compile a list of some good research topics about adoption.

We have heeded to your call, and here we are. This blog post will give in-depth details on some of the best adoption research paper topics, which you can surprisingly use when writing any adoption paper.

Adoption being a sensitive issue in contemporary society, it has elicited debates on both theoretical and policy domains. Thanks to the many adoption research studies online, you can write excellent adoption essays, research papers, dissertations, or theses without much struggle.

Any good paper begins with a well-chosen topic. If you are to write about adoption but have trouble getting topics, here is a list of adoption research papers to kick your brainstorming and research processes.

Argumentative Adoption Topics

Here are some of the argumentative adoption essay topics to consider when writing your paper.

Should gay couples be allowed to adopt?
Is interracial adoption a solution to racism?
Should adopting parents tell children they were adopted?
Should international adoption by celebrities be allowed?
Does abortion guarantee a good life for the child?
Do nurses have a role in adoption?
Do adopted children adopt the character and wishes of adopting parents?
Is adoption the answer to childlessness?
Can older couples adopt a child?
Do all adopted children end up successful?
Only well-off families, couples, or adoptees get the chance to adopt
The government does an excellent job in regulating adoption
Limiting LGBTQ adoption is justified
Must adopted children learn a second language?
Are adoptive parents heroes?
Can pregnant women give their children up for adoption?
Can retired nuns and fathers adopt kids?
Do adopted children maintain relations with their kin?s relatives?

Do you need help with writing an adoption essay or research paper?

Controversial, Informative, and Descriptive Adoption Research Topics

The history of adoption in the United States
Interstate adoption policies in the United States
Reactive Attachment Disorder
International Adoption agencies
Role of the church in adoption
Post-Adoption Depression
Typologies of adoption
The impacts of adoption on the adoptive families, adopted children, and the birth parents
Benefits of finding adoption support
Significance of local adoption support groups
Family counseling before adoption
Transracial adoption
Private vs. Domestic Adoption
The process of adoption in a chosen state
The different types of adoption
Understanding international adoption
What is interracial adoption?
Multilingual adoption
Mistakes that parents make during adoption processing
Ways to ensure the safety and security of adopted children
Why some mothers give up their children for adoption at birth
How to bond with an adopted grandchild
How to save money during an adoption
Reasons people prefer adoption to surrogacy
The Employer-provided adoption benefits
Role of national Adoption Months
Role of Adoption professionals
The link between Cancer and Adoption
The connection between Traffic Accidents and Adoption
International and inter-country adoption
The difference in state and federal level adoption legislation
Impacts of Covid-19 on adoption
The minimum thresholds for adoption agencies
Impacts of Covid-19 on pre-placement meetings
Benefits of adoption to infertile couples
The Rome of National Infertility Association in adoption
Exploring the North American Council on Adoptable Children (NACA)
Regulatory bodies and their role in the adoption process
Single Parent adoption vs. Couple adoption
Role of adoption agencies
Role of social workers in the adoption process
Role of lawmakers and courts in the adoption process
Kinship care and guardianship vs. adoption
Factors for a successful transcultural/transracial adoption
Adoption and Foster care
Role of social media in facilitating adoption
The social, economic, and political factors influencing adoption
Gay/Lesbian adoption
Adoption by parents with disabilities
Attachments, behavior, and development of adopted children

Persuasive Speech/Essay or Research Paper Topics for Adoption

How adoption addresses homelessness
Adoption versus abortion
Closed versus open adoption
Impacts of same-sex adoption on society
The societal perception of Gay/Lesbian Adoption
Challenges when, during, and after adoption
Change in attitude after relatives discover a child was adopted
Why do parents keep adoption information a secret?
The impacts of a child/person finally knowing they were adopted
Adopting through an adoption agency vs. through foster care
The link between adoption and child abuse
Adoption and human trafficking rings
Adoption helps reduce crime and poverty in countries
Federal legislation on adoption in the USA

When researching adoption topics, there are different child-specific information resources that you ought to consider. If you feel like researching a topic on adoption is a huge burden, we have writers who can help.

Search Google Appliance

Blackboard Learn
People Finder

Rudd Adoption Research Program

Theses and dissertations on adoption.

Christian, C.L. (1995). Birthmother role adjustment in fully-disclosed, mediated and confidential adoptions. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Texas at Austin.

Fravel, D.L. (1995). Boundary ambiguity perceptions of adoptive parents experiencing various levels of openness in adoption. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.

Ross, N. M. (1995). Adoptive family processes that predict adopted child behavior and self-esteem. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Minnesota.

ten Broeke Balke, T. W. (1996). The percceptions of the role of birthfathers in adoption: A New Zealand perspective. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.

Gusukuma, I. (1997). Intercountry adoption: The experiences and adjustments of families adopting children from Latin America, China, and the United States. Unpublished doctoral dissertation: University of Texas at Austin.

Kohler, J.K. (1999). Adopted adolescents' preoccupation with adoption: The impact on adoptive family dynamics. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Minnesota.

Christian, C. L. (2000). Grief resolution of birthmothers: The impact of role development and varying degrees of openness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.

Esau, A. L. (2000). Family contexts of birthmother identity and intimacy development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.

van Dulmen, M. H. M. (2001). The family as context for the development of close peer relationships among adopted adolescents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.

Dunbar, N. (2003). Typologies of adolescent adoptive identity: The influence of family context and relationships. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.

Von Korff, L. (2004). Openness arrangements and psychological adjustment in adolescent adoptees. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Minnesota.

Wolfgram, S. M. (2005). Predicting contact over time between adoptive parents and birthmothers in the open adoptive kinship network. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.

Perry, Y.V. (2006). "Comparing:" A Grounded theory of adoptive mothers' lay beliefs about genetics. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.

Newell, J.E. (2008). Openness to experience: Links to communicative and structural openness in adoptive kinship networks. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Minnesota.

Von Korff, L. (2008). Pathways to narrative adoptive identity formation in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.

Skinner-Drawz, B. (2009). Adoptee information seeking: Changes between adolescence and emerging adulthood and the impact of adoption communicative openness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.

Musante, D. (2010). Family predictors of negative instability in adopted emerging adults. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Grant-Marsney, H. (2011). Adolescents’ attachment to adoptive parents: Predicting attachment styles in emerging adulthood. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Garber, K. (2013). “YOU were Adopted?!”: An Exploratory Analysis of Microaggressions Experienced By Adolescent Adopted Individuals. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Musante, D. (2014). Individuation as an adolescent developmental task: Associations with adoptee adjustment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Grant-Marsney, H. (2014). Emotion in adoption narratives: Links to close relationships in emerging adulthood. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Lo, A. Y. H. (2017). Adoptive parenting cognitions, compatibility, and attachment among domestically adoptive families. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Cashen, K. K. (2017). Understanding relational competence in emerging adult adoptees: A new way to conceptualize competence in close relationships. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Altamari, D. K. (2018). Associations between peer attachment and positive adoption affect throughout adolescence and emerging adulthood. Unpublished honors thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Carlson, K. K. (2021). Use of mental health services and internalizing symptoms in domestic adoptees. Unpublished honors thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

MN/TX Publications

MTARP Publications (PDF)

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Publications
Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

Advanced Search
Journal List
HHS Author Manuscripts

Review: Adoption, fostering, and the needs of looked-after and adopted children

Philip a. fisher.

Oregon Social Learning Center, Eugene, OR 97401; Department of Psychology, 1227, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA

This review of the literature examines adoption, fostering, and the needs of looked-after and adopted children. Three domains of research about looked-after children are examined.

There is extensive evidence that early adverse experiences affect psychological and neurobiological development in looked-after and adopted children. There is also evidence that some looked-after and adopted children show remarkable resilience in the face of adversity; intervention research provides evidence of the ability to reduce risks and promote positive outcomes in this population. The intervention studies have revealed not only the potential for improved behavioral trajectories, but also the plasticity of neurobiological systems affected by early stress.

Foster and adopted children face many challenges, but scientific knowledge also provides reason for hope and information about how to maximize positive outcomes.

Introduction

In the US, the UK, and Europe, children who lack parental care have long been a matter of concern. Children in such circumstances have typically experienced significant early life adversity and face many challenges in their development. It can be difficult to make sense of the numerous contradictory beliefs that exist among professionals, policy makers, and the general public about looked-after and adopted children, and to separate fact from fiction ( Harvel, 2006 ). For example, in terms of adoption, strong Dickensian notions persist that suggest that many parentless children are ‘diamonds in the rough,’ just waiting for the right family in which to achieve their remarkable potential; yet, equally common are biologically deterministic beliefs that adopted children are on a genetically predetermined path that may lead to acts of violence and antisocial behavior regardless of the quality of their adoptive family environment ( Miall, 1987 , 1996 ). Within the foster care system, similar conflicting beliefs are common ( Kufeldt, 1993 ). Foster carers are both canonized for their altruism and vilified for being motivated by financial gain. The fairly infrequent instances in which foster parents commit acts of abuse toward their children receive sensationalized attention in the media, just as do instances in which foster children behave poorly. Yet in the same publications in which we vilify foster carers and children, we also celebrate tales of foster children who rise above the great adversity they have experienced to attend college, become financially successful, and ‘give back’ to society.

In truth, foster care and adoption are neither hopelessly flawed nor a cure-all for addressing the needs of looked-after children. Rather, both institutions may best be thought of as having an amplifying quality, that is, they have the potential to either positively alter life course trajectories and promote individual and social change or, alternatively, to make matters worse. In spite of the murky and at times conflicting perceptions that exist about them, foster care and adoption at a minimum provide a social safety net that prevents the most vulnerable in our societies from being left without any source of nurturing and care. Moreover, an extensive scientific knowledge base about looked-after and adopted children can provide a lens for understanding individual, familial, and community variables that are associated with increased or diminished vulnerability, and for clarifying what can be done to maximize the chances for positive outcomes for children in these populations.

The primary purpose of this review is to help increase understanding about foster and adopted children by drawing a distinction between the children themselves and the institutions in which they exist. The extent to which foster and adopted children fare poorly and experience health and mental health disparities when compared with the general population must be contextualized not only in terms of the children's experiences in care, but also with respect to the adversity to which they have been exposed prior to involvement in the systems. That is, rather than view outcomes as stemming exclusively from the adoption and foster care experience, we must shift the focus to include understanding how the circumstances that lead children to be looked-after in the first place can compromise or greatly alter their developmental life course. Even in the instances when having been in foster care (or in institutional settings, as in the case of some internationally adopted children) does appear to increase the likelihood of negative outcomes, science can inform us about the specific dimensions of that experience (such as having numerous transitions among caregivers) that are most strongly associated with increased vulnerability, and can inform us about how to take preventive measures.

This review has three sections. First is a review of the empirical literature about the effects of early adversity on healthy development among looked-after and adopted children. The second section highlights the extent to which, in spite of these great challenges faced by many looked-after children and adopted children, some still manage to emerge from very difficult circumstances virtually unscathed The third section reports what is known about the manner in which systematic interventions have the potential to mitigate the risks conferred by early adversity on these children and the potential to promote positive outcomes across the developmental span from infancy through adolescence.

Throughout the review, we draw from three literatures: research on foster children and foster care; research on domestic adoption; and research on internationally adopted children. It is important to acknowledge that, although these children share similar vulnerabilities, the experiences of foster and domestically adopted children differ from those of internationally adopted children. In particular, international adoptees (especially those reared in institutional ‘orphanages’) typically experience severe neglect but fewer other types of maltreatment than children in the other two groups. In order to help clarify the distinctions between the three groups, we are specific about the population from which the cited studies in the review have been drawn.

The effects of early adversity

Extensive evidence confirms that foster and adopted children may manifest the long-term effects of exposure to early life stress ( Gunnar, Fisher, & The Early Experience, Stress, and Prevention Science Network, 2006 ; Dance, Rushton, & Quinton, 2002 ). Initial evidence came from large-scale surveys of children in these populations. These studies showed that their rates of psychopathology and maladjustment were considerably higher than rates among the general population ( Burns et al., 2004 ). Some surveys found that foster children had rates of mental health problems comparable to those of clinical populations. Similarly, research about adopted children has found high rates of psychopathology ( Gagnon-Oosterwaal et al., 2012 ).

Following the publication of initial studies concerning the effects of early adversity, more precise work began to be published that documented specific domains in which problems among this population were found to exist. This research revealed that foster and adoptive children have especially high rates of internalizing disorders, especially anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders, but also depressive disorders. The research also found high rates of a number of externalizing disorders, particularly the disruptive behavior disorders of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder ( Ford, et al., 2007 ; Lawrence, Carlson, & Egeland, 2006 ).

Research also has found that the children in these populations have several related areas of difficulty. For example, and not surprisingly, many foster children exhibit difficulties with attachment to caregivers ( Dozier, Chase Stoval, Albus, & Bates, 2001 ). Similar problems have been observed in adopted children ( O'Connor & Rutter, 2000 ). Observed in both populations is a concurrent pattern of behavior that is sometimes (and not entirely accurately) referred to as indiscriminate friendliness , in which children approach and are physically affectionate with strangers and casual acquaintances. Notably, in two separate studies ( Bruce, Tarullo, & Gunnar, 2009 ; Pears, Bruce, Fisher, & Kim, 2010 ) both insecure attachment and social disinhibition were present in adopted and foster children, but the two were not correlated. Rather, in both studies disinhibition was related to problems with inhibitory control.

Looked-after children have been found to have greater problems with school adjustment, in terms of academic achievement ( Pears, Fisher, Bruce, Kim, & Yoerger, 2010 ) and peer relationships ( Hodges & Tizard, 1989 ). Meta-analysis did not reveal these deficits to be associated with lower IQ ( van IJzendoorn, Juffer, & Klein Poelhuis, 2005 ). Looked-after children also tended to have high-risk trajectories toward problems that required youth justice system involvement, such as substance abuse and criminal behavior ( Johnson-Reid & Barth, 2000 ).

Several studies in recent years have found that looked-after children in the US are also more likely to be prescribed psychotropic medications ( Zima, Bussing, Crecelios, & Belin, 1999 ). One study found that medication for depression, inattention and impulsivity, and psychosis was prescribed to foster children at much higher rates than it was prescribed to children in the general population ( Zito et al., 2008 ). The same study revealed a proclivity toward simultaneous use of multiple classes of these medications and for there to be little connection between diagnosis and the medications children received.

Perhaps because the number of young looked-after children (particularly age birth to 3 years) increased dramatically in the United States in the 1990s, research has begun to emphasize developmental status. Several studies have found significant delays amongst looked-after children ( Judge, 2003 ). These delays span cognitive development, language development, and emotional development. One study ( Pears & Fisher, 2005a ) surveyed preschool-age foster children and found deficits in expressive and receptive language, visuospatial processing, and verbal- and performance-related cognitive skills. Similarly, Pollack et al. (2010) found that internationally adopted children performed poorly on tests of visual memory and attention and in visually mediated learning and inhibitory control. In addition, foster children have been found to have deficits in emotional development and display poorer performance on tests of emotion understanding and theory of mind than do nonmaltreated community children ( Pears & Fisher, 2005b ).

Delays in the psychological development of looked-after children are paralleled by delays in their physical development. Numerous studies of children adopted following institutional care in developing countries have found that the children may experience ‘failure to thrive’ syndrome ( Gunnar & Vasquez, 2001 ). These children tend to be smaller in stature and weight than would be expected for their age and to have diminished head circumference ( van IJzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Juffer, 2007 ). Delayed physical growth has also been observed amongst children in foster care. Pears and Fisher (2005b) found that foster preschoolers showed significantly shorter stature for age and smaller head circumference than did nonmaltreated children of the same age who were from low-income families. However, they did not have diminished height-to-weight ratios, suggesting that the cause was not inadequate caloric intake.

Recent research about looked-after children has (a) examined how early stressful experiences of children get ‘under the skin’ to affect pertinent areas of biology, such as neuroendocrine functioning and brain development ( McEwen, 2012 ), and (b) sought to ‘parameterize’ the effects of specific types of early adversity on specific areas of development and functioning ( Fisher, Gunnar, Dozier, Bruce, & Pears, 2006 ; Fisher & Gunnar, 2010 ). Some of the earliest work examining the neurobiological effects of adversity in foster and in adopted children ( Carlson & Earls, 2006 ) focused on altered functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is a hormonal system designed to help the body respond to real or perceived stressors. Research dating back nearly a century has consistently found that although the HPA axis is exquisitely well designed to help the body respond to acute stress, chronic activation of the system leads to a host of negative outcomes, including risk for physical disease and an increased likelihood of psychological symptomatology ( Sapolsky, 2000 ).

Research about looked-after children has found evidence of alterations in the functioning of the HPA axis ( Lupien, McEwen, Gunnar, & Heim, 2009 ). However, the nature of these alterations in looked-after children differs from that of many other populations when they experience stress. Specifically, whereas it is common to observe elevated levels of cortisol (which indicate increased activation of the HPA axis) in individuals experiencing many types of chronic stress, looked-after children more commonly display a pattern of blunted cortisol production ( Kertes, Gunnar, Madsen, & Long, 2008 ). This phenomenon has been most evident in studies that have examined patterns of diurnal cortisol production in these children. Amongst typically developing individuals, cortisol levels reach their diurnal peak shortly after awakening in the morning. These levels then decrease rapidly throughout the morning and are extremely low by bedtime. In contrast, the characteristic pattern of HPA dysregulation for looked-after children involves low morning cortisol levels that remain low throughout the day ( Bruce, Fisher, Pears, & Levine, 2009 ). The specific mechanism of low levels of cortisol is not fully understood, but it may be a ‘down regulation’ of the system as a protective response to the absence of responsive care ( van der Vegt, van der Ende, Kirschbaum, Verhulst, & Tiemeier, 2009 ).

In addition to alterations in neuroendocrine functioning, children in foster care have been found to exhibit alterations in the development of areas of the prefrontal cortex involved in executive functioning. Research from two groups has found that on neuropsychological tests that tap domains of executive functioning, such as working memory and inhibitory control, foster children perform poorly ( Lewis, Dozier, Ackerman, & Sepulveda-Kozakowski, 2007 ; Pears, Kim, & Fisher, 2008 ). One study used neuroimaging to investigate these differences and found differential patterns of brain activation for foster and for nonmaltreated children on a computer task that requires children to exhibit inhibitory control ( Bruce et al., 2013 ). Another study used event-related potential methods to examine brain activity during an error-monitoring task and found lower levels of activation in the prefrontal cortex amongst foster children, in response to feedback ( Bruce, McDermott, Fisher, & Fox, 2009 ). However, the results of these studies must be considered preliminary in that the studies were conducted with relatively small samples.

As noted previously, recent research has also sought to parameterize the effects of specific adverse experiences on looked-after children's development. Rather than treat the entire population as a high-risk group, this research attempted to determine specific classes of experience that seemed to be associated with specific vulnerabilities. One of the most important conclusions drawn from this research is that in addition to the pervasive and troublesome effects of physical and sexual abuse, other experiences that are often considered less traumatic may also exert a lasting influence on development. For example, several studies have found that neglect has numerous negative effects, including increased academic and behavioral problems ( Kendall-Tackett & Eckenrode, 1996 ). Problems have also been documented at the neurobiological level ( De Bellis, 2005 ). Specifically, the aforementioned pattern of blunted diurnal cortisol has been found to be most prevalent in those looked-after children who have experienced high levels of neglect ( Bruce, Fisher, et al., 2009 ). This finding is robust, having been observed in another sample of foster children ( Dozier et al., 2006 ). This has led some researchers to conclude that not only the presence of noxious stimuli, such as trauma, can affect development, but the absence of expected supportive care is a so-called toxic stressor ( Shonkoff et al., 2012 ).

The effects of placement transitions or changes in primary caregivers on children's development is another area in which researchers have attempted to parameterize the effects of early experience. It is important to acknowledge that not all placement transitions are negative. Some involve moves from a less adequate caregiving environment to a better one. Nevertheless, this research has found that as the number of these transitions increases, the likelihood that various negative outcomes will occur also increases. Specifically, undergoing more placement transitions is associated with higher rates of mental health problems and developmental delays ( Newton, Litrownik, & Landsverk, 2000 ). Although placement transitions appear to be associated with problems in executive functioning (and particularly with inhibitory control tasks; Pears et al., 2010 ), the causal association between transitions and problems with executive functioning is not clearly established. It may be that transitions compromise the development of these skills, but it also may be that the children with poorer executive functioning are more likely to be disrupted by placements.

Resiliency in the face of adversity

Resiliency has been a topic of considerable research interest in recent years ( Rutter, 2006 ). This research is based on the notion that not all individuals exposed to adverse experiences end up displaying negative outcomes. The question of what might lead some individuals to emerge from difficult experiences relatively unscathed, or even strengthened, while others experience lasting effect has been a matter of considerable speculation (e.f., DuMont, Spatz Widom, & Czaja, 2007 ). Cultural beliefs suggest that some individuals' innate strength of character enables them to ‘pull themselves up by their bootstraps’ and be successful even in the most difficult times ( Masten, 2001 ). However, the science of resilience is considerably more developed and nuanced than these beliefs. Emphasis has been placed upon defining variables within the individual, such as personality characteristics ( Flores, Cicchetti, & Rogosch, 2005 ) and genetic polymorphisms ( Rutter, 2003 ), as well as variables in the environment, such as strong relationships with caregivers ( Flores et al., 2005 ) and supportive parenting ( DeGarmo & Forgatch, 1999 ), that are most associated with positive outcomes.

Although research about looked-after children tends to highlight negative outcomes, it also offers substantial evidence of the resiliency of children in this population ( Samuels & Pryce, 2008 ). For example, although rates of psychopathology are considerably elevated, they are not universal. Similarly, the neurobiological effects of early life stress that have been documented in this population most certainly do not occur in all looked-after children. For instance, research about altered cortisol levels amongst foster children has found that the dysregulated direct pattern of activity occurs approximately 3 times as often in foster children than it does in the general population. Nevertheless, this pattern is represented in only about 30% of all foster children, relative to about 10% of the general population ( Bruce, Fisher, et al., 2009 ; Dozier et al., 2006 ). In other words, 70% of foster children show typical cortisol production.

Further evidence of resilience in looked-after children can be found in the numerous studies of ‘catch-up’ that occurs among children adopted following early institutional rearing (e.g., Rutter & The English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team, 1998 ). A remarkable meta-analysis was conducted that included a synopsis of more than 270 studies with a total of more than 230,000 adopted and nonadopted children and their parents ( van Ijzendoorn & Juffer, 2006 ). This meta-analysis found strong evidence for developmental catch-up in physical and in emotional/psychological domains, especially for children adopted early. Although catch-up was in many instances incomplete relative to that of nonadopted peers, adopted children consistently fared far better than did children left behind in institutions. Interestingly, a different study found that catch-up in post-institutionalized adoptees was associated with longitudinal improvements in the quality of the adoptive parent–child relationship ( Croft, O'Connor, Keaveney, & Groothues, 2001 ).

The literature about specific predictors of resilience in looked-after and adopted children is surprisingly sparse. One study found that favorable outcomes, such as emotion regulation and academic adjustment in middle childhood, were more likely in children who during the preschool years had had typical developmental status, particularly with respect to attention and executive functioning, and who had lacked environmental stress during early-childhood foster care experiences ( Healey & Fisher, 2011 ). Although more research in this area is clearly needed, it is plausible that much of the research about predictors of resilience in the general population might apply to looked-after and adopted children as well. In sum, it is clear that although they may face increased risk for numerous negative outcomes, many foster and adopted children also display very high rates of resilience, especially when removed from circumstances of ongoing adversity and placed in stable, supportive, family-based care.

Interventions for looked-after and adopted children

What can be done in the way of systematic interventions to maximize the likelihood that looked-after and adopted children's outcomes will be as positive as possible? Given the clear documentation of risk in these children, it is especially noteworthy that rigorous research about interventions specifically targeted at this population is somewhat limited. It is also interesting that most of the existing literature focuses on foster children. In spite of the documented need for adoption support interventions and in spite of the fact that some promising approaches have been implemented ( Rushton, 2013 ; Rushton et al., 2010 ; Welsh, Viana, Petrill, & Mathias, 2007 ), relatively little empirical research has been done on interventions specifically designed for adopted children. This is not to say that interventions without an evidence base are not employed in the UK and elsewhere—but rather that at present it is not clear whether these approaches are effective.

Leve et al. (2012) reviewed the interventions for foster children that have been found to produce positive outcomes for children, for carers, and/or for both. Their study's inclusion criteria specified use of a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the intervention, sample size of a minimum of 15 participants in each group, and an indication that a positive outcome was achieved through the intervention. These criteria were considered crucial in that many publications describe interventions and/or general intervention strategies for foster children, but many lack the scientific rigor to establish a sound base of empirical evidence. Leve et al.'s review noted only eight interventions in the literature that met their inclusion criteria; they also noted that several intervention trials had produced multiple peer-reviewed publications.

All the interventions included in the Leve et al. study focused not only on the child but also on consistent and supportive caregiving as targets of the intervention. This approach is noteworthy in that the interventions emanated from quite varied theoretical perspectives, ranging from attachment ( Dozier, Peloso, Lewis, Laurenceau, & Levine, 2008 ) to social learning theory ( Fisher, Ellis, & Chamberlain, 1999 ). Notably, these theories have considerable complementarity in their perspectives. Indeed, Patterson and Fisher (2002) emphasized the extent to which attachment- and social learning–based formulations about high-risk children and families, although they invoke different language, are based upon the notion that healthy development requires consistent and nurturing care from a primary caregiver and that the absence of such predictable, contingent support represents a threat to the well-being of the individuals.

Despite the similar emphasis on caregiving and on the child's needs described in the extant evidence base about interventions for looked-after children, studies have reported a range of positive outcomes. This may, to a certain degree, be related to the age and developmental stage of the focal group. For example, Leve et al. noted that there are three evidence-based interventions for infants and preschoolers: the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC) intervention developed by Dozier and colleagues ( Bernard et al., 2012 ; Dozier et al., 2008 ), the Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care-Preschool (MTFC-P) intervention developed by Fisher and colleagues ( Fisher et al., 1999 ), and the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP; Nelson et al., 2007 ). All three have been found to have an impact on child attachment–related behaviors, as indexed by the likelihood that children will seek out their caregiver when they are distressed ( Dozier et al., 2009 ; Fisher & Kim, 2007 ; Fisher et al., 2006 ; Smyke, Zeanah, Fox, Nelson, & Guthrie, 2010 ). In addition, the ABC and MTFC-P interventions have reported positive outcomes on children's salivary cortisol levels: Children who received these interventions have shown more typical patterns of diurnal cortisol production ( Dozier et al., 2008 ; Fisher, Stoolmiller, Gunnar, & Burraston, 2007 ). Although the specific mechanism of increased neuroendocrine regulation is not fully understood, a possibile explanation was described by Fisher and Stoolmiller (2008) , who found intervention effects on caregiver stress levels that were associated with children's cortisol levels.

Leve et al. also identified four interventions for looked-after children in middle childhood that use randomized designs and have obtained positive outcomes. They include an adaptation of the Incredible Years ( Linares, Montalto, Li, & Oza, 2006 ), Keeping Foster Parents Trained and Supported (KEEP; Chamberlain et al., 2008 ; Price et al., 2008 ), Middle School Success (MSS; Kim & Leve, 2011 ), and Fostering Individualized Assistance Programme (FIAP; Clark et al., 1998 ). Positive outcomes for these interventions include increased prosocial behavior ( Kim & Leve, 2011 ) and reductions in child negative externalizing and internalizing behaviors ( Chamberlain et al., 2008 ; Clark et al., 1994 ; Kim & Leve, 2011 ). In that these interventions emphasize supporting caregivers' use of positive and consistent parenting, it is interesting to note that reductions in child behavior problems were associated with improvements in the targeted areas of parenting ( Chamberlain et al., 2008 ).

Only one intervention for foster adolescents was identified in the Leve et al. review: Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Adolescents (MTFC-A; Chamberlain & Reid, 1988 ; Westermark, Hansson, & Olsson, 2010 ). Similar to the middle childhood interventions, MTFC-A has been reported to reduce negative externalizing and internalizing behavior ( Westermark et al., 2010 ). MTFC-A was also associated with reductions in association with deviant peers, lower arrest rates, and reductions in placement disruptions. In an adaptation of MTFC-A specifically targeting adolescent foster females, decreased depression and pregnancy rates have been reported, along with increases in school attendance ( Chamberlain & Reid, 1998 ; Harold et al., 2013 ; Leve, Fisher, & Chamberlain, 2009 ). Notably, a subsequent evaluation of the MTFC-A intervention in England did not produce the same positive outcomes, which led the authors to question the efficacy of the intervention ( Green et al., 2014 ). However, a subsequent commentary ( Harold & DeGarmo, 2014 ) noted a number of significant limitations of the Green et al. study, including failure to achieve randomization and target recruitment numbers, both of which compromised the scientific integrity of the study, and use of an alternative quasi-experimental design that failed to match intervention and comparison participants on key variables. As such, the Green et al. study provides documentation of the challenges of conducting rigorous intervention science research much more than it represents an independent evaluation of MTFC-A.

In combination, the evaluation studies that met Leve et al.'s criteria for inclusion in their review provide a solid foundation of evidence that developmentally specific positive outcomes can be achieved in the domains of functioning known to be affected by early adversity in foster children. These studies lend credence to the idea that behavioral and biological systems that have been negatively affected by stressful experiences remain pliable to some degree throughout the course of development. Furthermore, they suggest that supporting caregivers to provide the developmentally sensitive care needed to promote positive development is key to fostering resiliency in looked-after children.

This literature review about the effects of early adverse experiences on foster and adoptive children highlights the particular needs of this population. It focuses on the knowledge base that has documented the impact of early life stress on behavioral and neurobiological development. Also noted are the dimensions of early adversity over and above traumatic experiences of physical and sexual abuse that seem to be associated with negative outcomes—specifically, there is scientific evidence that neglect and numerous caregiver transitions can adversely impact development. As discussed, these types of adversity, which represent deviations from expected supportive care, produce lasting imprints on behavioral and biological development that are no less significant than those produced by trauma.

The review also describes sources of evidence that show that, in spite of the risks looked-after and adopted children face, resilient outcomes are possible. The evidence includes information about the sizable proportion of children in all studies of these populations who lack mental health, developmental, or neurobiological deficits. It also includes evidence from studies of the phenomenon of catch-up among children adopted following institutional rearing. Although it may not be possible to recover completely from early stressful experiences, the research in this area suggests that adoption, especially early in life, maximizes the chances for a positive life course trajectory.

It is noteworthy that much of the systematic peer-reviewed longitudinal research on looked after and adopted children does not beyond early adulthood. As such, it is not entirely clear whether the outcomes observed in the literature continue later into life. This is an important area for future studies.

The review concludes with a description of the results of experimental studies that have used the highest standard of scientific evidence to evaluate interventions: randomized clinical trials. The interventions with the most promising results (largely from foster care rather than adoption research) span the theoretical spectrum from attachment theory to social learning theory but are unified in their joint emphasis on child vulnerabilities and positive caregiving practices. These interventions have shown that it is possible to significantly mitigate the effects of early stress on biobehavioral development and to promote positive outcomes. However, much of the evidence base in this area comes from research about foster care; more work is needed to understand the strategies that are most effective for adoptive children and families.

Beyond the domains of research and practice, attention must be devoted to policy changes that support the scale-up of effective interventions in community settings. It is clear that policies of this nature are justified by the needs of looked-after children. It is also clear that effective programs exist. Policies that reduce barriers to access and increase the availability of such programs are a critical next step in meeting the needs of foster and adoptive children.

Key Practitioner Message

Existing contradicting believes about foster and adopted children have the potential to impact the services and resources available to children and their biological, foster, and adoptive families.
Foster and adopted children are at risk for many negative outcomes, including mental health, developmental, and neurobiological difficulties. They also sometimes show resilience in the face of adversity.
In addition to addressing past trauma, practitioners should be aware that children who have experienced severe neglect and/or many placement transitions may be at risk for poor outcomes. Evidence based approaches are available in the United Kingdom, the United States, and elsewhere for addressing the needs of looked-after and adopted children and their families.
More work is needed to understand the long-term outcomes for foster and adopted children into adulthood. Also, more evidence-based programs for adopted children are needed.

Acknowledgments

This review article was invited by the journal following the presentation of some of the material as the 2013 Jack Tizard Memorial Lecture (ACAMH, June 2013, London), for which the author received travelling expenses; the final manuscript has been subject to full, external peer review. The author is a developer of the Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care program that is described in this manuscript. Development of the manuscript was supported by NIH grants P50DA035763, R01HD075716, and P50MH078105. The author is grateful to Cheryl Mikkola for editorial assistance on the manuscript.

The author has declared that there are no competing or potential conflicts of interest.

Barr B. Doctoral dissertation. Stanford University; 1992. Spare children, 1900–1945 Inmates or orphanages as subjects of research in medicine and in the social sciences in America. Available from University Microfilms International database. (UMI No. 93–02170) [ Google Scholar ]
Bernard K, Dozier M, Bick J, Lewis-Morrarty E, Lindheim O, Carlson E. Enhancing attachment organization among maltreated children: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Child Development. 2012; 83 :623–636. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
Bruce J, Fisher PA, Graham AM, Moore WE, III, Peake SJ, Mannering AM. Patterns of brain activation in foster children and nonmaltreated children during an inhibitory control task. Development and Psychopathology. 2013; 25 :931–941. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
Bruce J, Fisher PA, Pears KC, Levine S. Morning cortisol levels in preschool-aged foster children: Differential effects of maltreatment type. Developmental Psychobiology. 2009; 51 :14–23. doi: 10.1002/dev.20333. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Bruce J, McDermott JM, Fisher PA, Fox NA. Using behavioural and electrophysiological measures to assess the effects of a preventive intervention: A preliminary study with preschool-aged foster children. Prevention Science. 2009; 10 :129–140. doi: 10.1007/s11121-008-0115-8. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Bruce J, Tarullo AR, Gunnar MR. Disinhibited social behavior among internationally adopted children. Development and Psychopathology. 2009; 21 (1):157–171. doi: 10.1017/S0954579409000108. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Burns BJ, Phillips SD, Wagner HR, Barth RP, Kolko DJ, Campbell Y, Landsverk J. Mental health need and access to mental health services by youths involved with child welfare: A national survey. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004; 43 :960–970. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000127590.95585.65. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Carlson M, Earls F. Psychological and neuroendocrinological sequelae of early social deprivation in institutionalized children in Romania. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006; 807 :419–428. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51936.x. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Chamberlain P, Price J, Leve LD, Laurent H, Landsverk J, Reid JB. Prevention of behavior problems for children in foster care: Outcomes and mediation effects. Prevention Science. 2008; 9 :17–27. doi: 10.1007/s11121-007-0080-7. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Chamberlain P, Reid J. Comparison of two community alternatives to incarceration for chronic juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1998; 6 :624–633. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.66.4.624. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Chapin HD. Family vs. Institution. Survey. 1926; 55 :485–488. [ Google Scholar ]
Clark HB, Prange ME, Lee B, Boyd LA, McDonald BA, Stewart ES. Improving adjustment outcomes for foster children with emotional and behavioral disorders: Early findings from a controlled study on individual services. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. 1994; 2 :207–218. doi: 10.1177/106342669400200403. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Clark HB, Prange ME, Lee B, Stewart E, McDonald B, Boyd LA. An individualized wraparound process for children in foster care with emotional/behavioral disturbances: Follow-up findings and implications from a controlled study. In: Kutash MD, Kutash K, Duchnowski A, editors. Outcomes for children and youth with emotional and behavioural disorders and their families: Programs and evaluations best practices. Austin, TX: PRO-ED; 1998. pp. 513–542. [ Google Scholar ]
Croft C, O'Connor TG, Keaveney L, Groothues C. Longitudinal change in parenting associated with developmental delay and catch-up. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2001; 42 (5):649–659. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00760. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Dance C, Rushton A, Quinton D. Emotional abuse in early childhood: relationships with progress in subsequent family placement. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2002; 43 (3):395–407. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
De Bellis MD. The psychobiology of neglect. Child Maltreatment. 2005; 10 (2):150–172. doi: 10.1177/1077559505275116. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
DeGarmo DS, Forgatch MS. Contexts as predictors of changing maternal parenting practices in diverse family structures: A social interactional perspective of risk and resilience. In: Hetherington EM, editor. Coping with divorce, single parenting, and remarriage: A risk and resiliency perspective. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1999. pp. 227–252. [ Google Scholar ]
Dozier M, Chase Stoval KC, Albus KE, Bates B. Attachment for infants in foster care: The role of caregiver state of mind. Child Development. 2001; 72 (5):1467–1477. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00360. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Dozier M, Lindhiem O, Lewis E, Bick J, Bernard K, Peloso E. Effects of a foster parent training program on young children's attachment behaviors: Preliminary evidence from a randomized clinical trial. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 2009; 26 (4):321–332. doi: 10.1007/s10560-009-0165-1. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Dozier M, Manni M, Gordon MK, Peloso E, Gunnar MR, Stovall-McClough KC, et al.Levine S. Foster children's diurnal production of cortisol: An exploratory study. Child Maltreatment. 2006; 11 (2):189–197. doi: 10.1177/1077559505285779. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Dozier M, Peloso E, Lewis E, Laurenceau JP, Levine S. Effects of an attachment-based intervention on the cortisol production of infants and toddlers in foster care. Development and Psychopathology. 2008; 20 (3):845–859. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000400. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
DuMont KA, Spatz Widom C, Czaja SJ. Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2007; 31 (3):255–274. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.11.015. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Fisher PA, Ellis BH, Chamberlain P. Early intervention foster care: A model for preventing risk in young children who have been maltreated. Children's Services: Social Policy, Research, and Practice. 1999; 2 :159–182. doi: 10.1207/s15326918cs0203_3. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Fisher PA, Gunnar MR. Early life stress as a risk factor for disease in adulthood. In: Lanius RA, Vermetten E, Pain C, editors. The impact of early life trauma on health and disease. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2010. pp. 133–141. [ Google Scholar ]
Fisher PA, Gunnar M, Dozier M, Bruce J, Pears KC. Effects of therapeutic interventions for foster children on behaviour problems, caregiver attachment, and stress regulatory neural systems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006; 1094 :215–225. doi: 10.1196/annals.1376.023. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Fisher PA, Kim HK. Intervention effects on foster preschoolers' attachment-related behaviours from a randomized trial. Prevention Science. 2007; 8 :161–170. doi: 10.1007/s11121-007-0066-5. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Fisher PA, Stoolmiller M. Intervention effects on foster parent stress: Associations with child cortisol levels. Development and Psychopathology. 2008; 20 :1003–1021. doi: 10.1017/S0954579408000473. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Fisher PA, Stoolmiller M, Gunnar MR, Burraston B. Effects of a therapeutic intervention for foster preschoolers on diurnal cortisol activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007; 32 :892–905. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.008. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Flores E, Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. Predictors of resilience in maltreated and nonmaltreated Latino children. Developmental Psychology. 2005; 41 (2):338–351. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.41.2.338. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Ford T, Vostanis P, Meltzer P, Goodman R. Psychiatric disorder among British children looked after by local authorities: comparison with children living in private households. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2007; 190 :319–325. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
Gagnon-Oosterwaal N, Cossette L, Smolla N, Pomerleau A, Malcuit G, Chicoine JF, et al.Séguin R. Pre-adoption adversity, maternal stress, and behaviour problems at school-age in international adoptees. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 2012; 33 (5):236–242. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2012.04.002. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Green JM, Biehal N, Roberts C, Dixon J, Kay C, Parr E, Rothwell J, et al.Sinclair L. Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for adolescents in English care: Randomised trial and observational cohort evaluation. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2014; 204 :214–221. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131466. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Gunnar MR, Fisher PA The Early Experience, Stress, and Prevention Science Network. Bringing basic research on early experience and stress neurobiology to bear on preventive intervention research on neglected and maltreated children. Development and Psychopathology. 2006; 18 :651–677. doi: 10.1017/S0954579406060330. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Gunnar MR, Vazquez DM. Low cortisol and a flattening of expected daytime rhythm: Potential indices of risk in human development. Development and Psychopathology. 2001; 13 (3):515–538. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
Harold GT, DeGarmo DS. Concerns regarding Green et al. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2014 Retrieved online at http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/204/3/214.short/reply#content-block . [ PubMed ]
Harold GT, Kerr DCR, Van Ryzin M, DeGarmo DS, Rhoades KA, Leve LD. Depressive symptom trajectories among girls in the juvenile justice system: 24-month outcomes of an RCT of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care. Prevention Science. 2013; 14 :437–446. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
Harvel AD. Master's thesis. 2006. The myth of the unknown child: Creating a new face for adoption in America. Available from ProQuest Information and Learning Company. (UMI NO. 1437827) [ Google Scholar ]
Healey CV, Fisher PA. Young children in foster care and the development of favorable outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review. 2011; 33 :1822–1830. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.007. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Hodges J, Tizard B. Social and family relationships of ex-institutional adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1989; 30 (1):77–97. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00770.x. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Johnson-Reid M, Barth RP. From placement to prison: The path to adolescent incarceration from child welfare supervised foster or group care. Children and Youth Services Review. 2000; 22 (7):493–516. [ Google Scholar ]
Judge S. Developmental recovery and deficit in children adopted from Eastern European orphanages. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2003; 34 (1):49–62. doi: 10.1023/A:1025302025694. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Kendall-Tackett KA, Eckenrode J. The effects of neglect on academic achievement and disciplinary problems: A developmental perspective. Child Abuse & Neglect. 1996; 20 (3):161–169. doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(95)00139-5. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Kertes DA, Gunnar MR, Madsen NJ, Long JD. Early deprivation and home basal cortisol levels: A study of internationally adopted children. Development and Psychopathology. 2008; 20 (2):473–491. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000230. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
Kim HK, Leve LD. Substance use and delinquency among middle school girls in foster care: A three-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2011; 79 :740–750. doi: 10.1037/a0025949. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Kufeldt K. Listening to children: An essential for justice. The International Journal of Children's Rights. 1993; 1 :155–164. [ Google Scholar ]
Lawrence CR, Carlson E, Egeland B. The impact of foster care on development. Development and Psychopathology. 2006; 18 (1):57–76. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579406060044. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
Leve LD, Fisher PA, Chamberlain P. Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care as a preventive intervention to promote resiliency among youth in the child welfare system. Journal of Personality. 2009; 77 :1869–1902. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00603.x. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Leve LD, Harold GT, Chamberlain P, Landsverk JA, Fisher PA, Vostanis P. Practitioner review: Children in foster care—vulnerabilities and evidence-based interventions that promote resilience processes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2012; 53 (12):1197–1211. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
Lewis EE, Dozier M, Ackerman J, Sepulveda-Kozakowski S. The effect of placement instability on adopted children's inhibitory control abilities. Developmental Psychology. 2007; 43 (6):1415–1427. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1415. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Linares LO, Montalto D, Li M, Oza VS. A promising parenting intervention in foster care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2006; 74 :32–41. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.32. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Lupian SJ, McEwen BS, Gunnar MR, Heim C. Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behavior and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2009; 10 :434–445. doi: 10.1038/nrn2639. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Masten AS. Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist. 2001; 56 (3):227–238. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
McEwen BS. Brain on stress: How the social environment gets under the skin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012; 109 (s2):17180–17185. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1121254109. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Miall CE. The stigma of adoptive parent status: Perceptions of community attitudes toward adoption and the experience of informal social sanctioning. Family Relations. 1987; 36 (1):34–39. doi: 10.2307/584644. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Miall CE. The social construction of adoption: Clinical and community perspectives. Family Relations. 1996; 45 (3):309–317. doi: 10.2307/585503. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Nelson CA, Zeanah CH, Fox NA, Marshall PJ, Smyke AT, Guthrie D. Cognitive recovery in socially deprived young children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Science. 2007; 318 :1937–1940. doi: 10.1126/science.1143921. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Newton RR, Litrownik AJ, Landsverk JA. Children and youth in foster care: Disentangling the relationship between problem behaviors and number of placements. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2000; 24 (10):1363–1374. doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00189. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
O'Connor TG, Rutter M. Attachment disorder behavior following early severe deprivation: Extension and longitudinal follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000; 39 (6):703–712. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200006000-00008. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Patterson GR, Fisher PA. Recent developments in our understanding of parenting: Bidirectional effects, causal models, and the search for parsimony. In: Bornstein M, editor. Handbook of parenting: Practical and applied parenting. 2nd. Vol. 5. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; 2002. pp. 59–88. [ Google Scholar ]
Pears KC, Bruce J, Fisher PA, Kim HK. Indiscriminate friendliness in maltreated foster children. Child Maltreatment. 2010; 15 :64–75. doi: 10.1177/1077559509337891. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Pears KC, Fisher PA. Developmental, cognitive, and neuropsychological functioning in preschool-aged foster children: Associations with prior maltreatment and placement history. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 2005a; 26 (2):112–122. doi: 10.1097/00004703-200504000-00006. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Pears KC, Fisher PA. Emotion understanding and theory of mind among maltreated children in foster care: Evidence of deficits. Development and Psychopathology. 2005b; 17 (1):47–65. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579405050030. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
Pears KC, Fisher PA, Bruce J, Kim HK, Yoerger K. Early elementary school adjustment of maltreated children in foster care: The roles of inhibitory control and caregiver involvement. Child Development. 2010; 81 (5):1550–1564. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01491.x. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Pears KC, Kim HK, Fisher PA. Psychosocial and cognitive functioning of children with specific profiles of maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2008; 32 (10):958–971. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.12.009. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Pollack SD, Nelson CA, Schlaak MF, Roeber BJ, Wewerka SS, Wiik KL, et al.Gunnar MR. Neurodevelopmental effects of early deprivation in postinstitutionalized children. Child Development. 2010; 81 (1):224–236. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01391.x. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Price JM, Chamberlain P, Landsverk J, Reid JB, Leve LD, Laurent H. Effects of a foster parent training intervention on placement changes of children in foster care. Child Maltreatment. 2008; 13 :64–75. doi: 10.1177/1077559507310612. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Rushton A. Support for adoptive families: A review of current evidence on problems, needs and effectiveness. Adoption & Fostering. 2013; 27 (3):41–50. doi: 10.1177/030857590302700308. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Rushton A, Monck E, Leese M, McCrone P, Sharac J. Enhancing adoptive parenting: a randomised controlled trial. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2010; 15 (4):529–542. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
Rutter M. Genetic influences on risk and protection: Implications for understanding resilience. In: Luthar SS, editor. Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2003. pp. 489–509. [ Google Scholar ]
Rutter M. Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006; 1094 :1–12. doi: 10.1196/annals.1376.002. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Rutter M the English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team. Developmental catch-up, and deficit, following adoption after severe global early privation. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. 1998; 39 (4):465–476. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
Samuels GM, Pryce JM. ‘What doesn't kill you makes you stronger’: Survivalist self-reliance as resilience and risk among young adults aging out of foster care. Children and Youth Services Review. 2008; 30 (10):1198–1210. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.03.005. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Sapolsky RM. Stress hormones: Good and bad. Neurobiology of Disease. 2000; 7 (5):540–542. doi: 10.1006/nbdi.2000.0350. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Shonkoff JP, Garner AS The Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care, & Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics. 2012; 129 (1):e232–e246. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-2663. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Smyke AT, Zeanah CH, Fox NA, Nelson CA, Guthrie D. Placement in foster care enhances quality of attachment among young institutionalized children. Child Development. 2010; 81 (1):212–223. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01390.x. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
van der Vegt EJM, van der Ende J, Kirschbaum C, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Early neglect and abuse predict diurnal cortisol patterns in adults: A study of international adoptees. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009; 34 (5):660–669. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.11.004. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Juffer F. Plasticity of growth in height, weight, and head circumference: Meta-analytic evidence of massive catch-up after international adoption. Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics. 2007; 28 (4):334–343. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e31811320aa. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
van IJzendoorn MH, Juffer F. The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 2006: Adoption as intervention. Meta-analytic evidence for massive catch-up and plasticity in physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2006; 47 (12):1228–1245. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
van IJzendoorn MH, Juffer F, Klein Poelhuis CW. Adoption and cognitive development: A meta-analytic comparison of adopted and nonadopted children's IQ and school performance. Psychological Bulletin. 2005; 131 (2):301–316. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.301. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Welsh JA, Viana AG, Petrill SA, Mathias MD. Interventions for internationally adopted children and families: A review of the literature. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 2007; 24 (3):285–311. doi: 10.1007/s10560-007-0085-x. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Westermark PK, Hansson K, Olsson M. Multidimensional treatment foster care (MTFC): Results from an independent replication. Journal of Family Therapy. 2010; 33 :20–41. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6427.2010.00515.x. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Zima BT, Bussing R, Crecelios AK, Belin TR. Psychotropic medication treatment patterns among school-aged children in foster care. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 1999; 9 (3):135–147. doi: 10.1089/cap.1999.9.135. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
Zito JM, Safer DJ, Sai D, Gardner JF, Thomas D, Coombes P, et al.Mendez-Lewis M. Psychotropic medication patterns among youth in foster care. Pediatrics. 2008; 121 (1):e157–e163. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-0212. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]

We now accept

Faster and secure way to pay.

how it works
Latest orders
top writers
How it works
Academic writing 37
Article review samples 2
Bibliography samples 1
Biography samples 2
Book review samples 58
Business paper samples 3
Case study samples 11
Coursework samples 2
Critical thinking samples 2
Dissertation samples 1
Essay samples 331
Essay topics 75
Essay writing 53
EssayShark Samples 600
EssayShark Topics 115
EssayShark Writing Guides 104
Lab report samples 5
Letter writing 3
Movie review samples 16
Poem analysis samples 1
Presentation samples 21
Presentation writing 1
Research paper samples 85
Research paper topics 31
Research paper writing 5
Research proposal samples 1
Review writing 5
Speech samples 13
Speech writing 1
Speech/presentation topics 8
Summary samples 37
Term paper topics 1
Thesis samples 1
Top writers

Get your writing assignment done in 4 simple steps

1 fill in order details.

Submit your instructions to writers for free !
Start receiving proposals from writers

2 Order bidding

Chat with preferred expert writers
Request a preview of your paper from them for free

3 Choose writer & reserve money

Hire the most suitable writer to complete your order
Reserve money for paying

4 Work process

View the progress
Give suggestions
Pay only for approved parts

The absolute most Interesting Adoption Research Topics

Writing papers can be an integral area of the life of every student. But students usually don’t know very well what to write about, and this could cause many issues. If you decide to write a paper about adoption, but don’t know what exactly to write about, check out the following adoption research topics.

Adoption Argument Essay Topics

Just how can the tips of the youngsters and Families Act (2014) around fostering and adoption support the wellbeing of children and families?
Why should gay adoption be supported more?
What's the government’s attitude to LBGT adoptions?
What influences the adoption process?
Should foreign adoption be illegal?
Should gay couples have the exact same adoption rights as straight couples?
Should single parent adoption be legal?
Does the good outweigh the bad in adoption?
Is adoption a miracle or gamble?
Should international adoptions be encouraged?
What is adoption as a legal institute?
How is adoption legislation developed?
What exactly is the legal relationship of adoption?
Which are the features of the adoption of children in the presence of a foreign element?
Which are the guarantees of protection of rights and interests of the child at adoption?
Just how to ensure the secrecy of adoption through the trial and adjudication?
When is an adoption canceled?
Do you know the grounds and procedures for the cancellation of adoption?
Which are the consequences of the abolition of adoption?
Do you know the historical stages of the development of adoption legislation in the USA?
Should parents tell the child that she or he is adopted?
Just how to behave if your child unintentionally finds out she or he is adopted?
How to begin a conversation with a kid about his / her adoption?

Persuasive Speech Topics: Adoption

Adoption vs abortion.
Interracial adoption.
Adoption and foster care.
Adoption of kiddies in the past and after this.
The impact of adoption in one single parent household.
Biological parents and adoption.
US adoptions vs. other countries.
Homeless or adoption: our new generation of children.
The depressions of adoptions.
The benefits of same sex adoption.
Same sex adoption: is it right?
Open adoption vs. closed adoption.
Keeping in secret that the little one was born away from adoptive family.
Numerous problems which arise all through adoption.
Information that all parents who are planning to adopt a young child should know.
Motives of parents who are hiding the information about adoption from other people.
Attitude of family members and friends who are alert to the adopted child.
The psychological state of a young child who learned he or she was adopted.
Similarities of referring to adoption and talking about other difficult topics, such as sex, religion, and so on
Recommendation of experts related to adoption.

Controversial Adoption Topics

How adoption affects children.
Benefits of adoption.
Social networking sharing and the effects it has on dog shelters and adoption.
Compare two journal articles on the pros and cons of homosexual adoption.
Petition to establish paternity and adoption.
Adoption in Polynesian societies (before 1900): Tahiti, Tonga, and Samoa.
What is adoption?
Adoption law in California.
Investigation on hawaii of ecommerce adoption by the SMEs in Kaduna State, Nigeria, and facets that might hinder its adoption.
Homosexuals losing out in the adoption queue.
The device of transnational adoption. Significance of effective regulation.
International versus domestic adoptions.
Age at which parents should tell a child they're adopted.
What answers you ought to give to a child’s questions about their adoption.
Motives of a biological mother who gave her daughter or son for adoption.
What is very important to remember before adopting a kid.
Parents’ mistakes during adoption.
How parents can adopt young ones several times.
Steps to make the adopted child feel safe at a new home.
How exactly to understand that you might be ready to adopt a child.

Many students will see these adoption research topics interesting to create about. But if you have some problems while writing, you can get essay writing help from EssayShark. com. Our professional writing assists in maintaining customers pleased with their academic performance. Let's help you to ignore your dilemmas!

Unlock better papers

communication regarding your orders
to send you invoices, as well as other billing info
to offer you marketing and promotional materials (if you give us permission to accomplish so)

Get free study materials

Get access to the list of our best samples for free. We divided them into categories of various types of papers and disciplines for your convenience.

What our customers say

User Reviews
Become a Freelance Writer
essay writing app
FAQ for Customers
Terms & conditions
Privacy policy
Cookie Policy
Confidentiality policy
Refund Policy
Ratings & Awards
Personal Statement Help
Personal Statement Writing Service
Buy coursework
Coursework Writing Service
Coursework Help
Write My Coursework
College Paper Writing Service
Topic Suggestion Tool
Sample Papers
Thesis Writing Service
Buy research paper
essay writing service

Payments by

Admission Writing Service
write my paper for cheap
Fast Essay Writing Service
Pay for Term Papers
How to Write a Good Essay
buy cheap essays
Free Essays
Dissertation Assistance
Dissertation Writing Service
Cheap Custom Essays
EssayShark Legit
research papers for sale
College Essay Writing Service
term paper writing service
Write My College Essay
Cheap Dissertation
Philosophy Essay Writing Service
research paper writing service
speech writing service
Buy Apa Papers
case study writing service
article review writing service
research proposal writing service
Do my PowerPoint Presentation
Pay for research paper
Buy dissertation
essays for sale
Buy College Essays

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

We're Hiring!
Help Center

Social Policy Undergraduate Dissertation on Irish Adoption Policy

Related Papers

Valerie O'Brien

Placing adoption as an adjunct to the care system will have many implications for current service delivery and especially for social work practice. Not only is it likely to change the nature of care planning, foster and adoptive parent assessment and social work involvement in judicial processes, but it also has implications for the profession’s relationship with adoption. This seismic shift requires keen deliberation at a policy and practice level if best outcomes for some of the most vulnerable children in Irish society are to be realized. The debate needs to include those individuals affected by and responsible for legislative change, policy formation and best practice and its implementation (O’Brien and Palmer, 2015). This paper sets out to explore a number of the issues involved.

O'Rourke M, McGettrick C, Baker R, Hill R et al., CLANN: Ireland's Unmarried Mothers and their Children: Gathering the Data: Principal Submission to the Commission of Investigation into Mother and Baby Homes. Dublin: Justice For Magdalenes Research, Adoption Rights Alliance, Hogan Lovells

Maeve O'Rourke

Pauline Senchyna

Child <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Family Social Work

Australian Feminist Studies

Denise Cuthbert

In 2004 the sociologist Rosemary Pringle remarked that the ‘climate of apology’ surrounding adoption in Australia, linked with understandable shame regarding past adoption practices and the ‘stolen generation’ of Aboriginal children, meant that it had become ‘almost impossible’ to endorse adoption as a policy option (Pringle 2004). In 2004, this was an apt call for all the reasons outlined astutely by Pringle. Then in 2005 and 2007 two reports of the Australian House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Human Services, the first on inter-country adoption (Overseas Adoption in Australia: Report on the Inquiry into the Adoption of Children from Overseas) and the second on the impact of illicit drug use on families (The Winnable War on Drugs: The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Families), challenged Pringle’s position. The two inquiries, both chaired by the Honourable Bronwyn Bishop MP, advocated adoption not only as a viable social policy option but also as the preferred or ‘default’ placement option for certain children; and both reports attempted to reverse what they described as an entrenched anti-adoption bias in Australian child welfare and placement policy. In this paper, we examine these recent developments in Australia with some regard to parallel developments in adoption legislation and policy in the United Kingdom and the United States, and we describe these developments as ‘new adoption’. By this, we do not mean the reform movement pushing for open modes of adoption which emerged in the 1980s and which, in many jurisdictions, including several states in the United States and in the Australian State of Queensland, is still underway.3 By ‘new adoption’, we refer to more recent developments in adoption policy and practice, appearing most notably in the United States through the Adoption and Safe Families Act (1997), and in the United Kingdom as initially framed in the paper Adoption: A New Approach (Secretary of State for Health 2000) and enacted in the 2002 Adoption and Children Act (ACA). In both administrations, adoption is reframed actively by the state as a solution to the chronic problem of children in long-term state or ‘out-of-home’ care.

Child & Family Social Work

June Thoburn

Joe Smeeton

AFIN Barcelona

Peter Unwin

The Coalition Government in England has recently undertaken a radical review of adoption services. Informed by business and managerial principles, the government strategy, ‘An Action Plan for Adoption: Tackling Delay’ (DfE, 2012a), is designed to increase the number of adoptions, widen the pool of adoptive applicants and reduce the costs occurred by keeping children unnecessarily in the looked after system of care. The new strategy has been opposed by many in the social work profession who fear that a speeding up of the adoption process will erode social work values and practice. Previous governments have attempted to bring about radical change in adoption practices across England, but with little success. The paper reviews some of the dilemmas raised by the new adoption proposals, such as the opportunity to bring about success and to change the outcomes for children needing adoption as supported by the body of research into the potential positive effects of adoption on children’s o...

RELATED PAPERS

Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings

Hideaki Shirane

Ilkin Velibeyov

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

Z. Zarański

José Antonio Cordón

Arrief Rahman

Téoros: Revue de recherche en tourisme

François Bédard

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics)

Tatiana Xifara

Ii Congreso Nacional De Bibliotecas Publicas Recurso Electronico La Biblioteca Publica Compromiso De Futuro 2004 Pags 471 499

Ricardo Fornas Carrasco

Sitientibus

walter cerqueira

edison torres

Rajnish kumar

Jurnal Geografi, Edukasi dan Lingkungan (JGEL)

Fitria Nucifera

nitu tiwari katiyar

Molecular Psychiatry

Amit Spinrad

Jurnal Kesehatan Islam : Islamic Health Journal

Erna Sulistyowati

Oswald Schmitz

Journal of Biomedical Optics

Sergei Kazarian

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

shreya Bhagat

The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Ralph Damiano

Vincenzo Amoruso

Carlos Gallardo

sri rahmi fitriani alam

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research

Bassam F R A N C I S Matti

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International

Hamzah Alwehaimed

Global Environment

desiree quagliarotti

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Adoption/post-adoption'

Create a spot-on reference in apa, mla, chicago, harvard, and other styles.

Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Adoption/post-adoption.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

Cantino, Sarah E. "Post-Adoptive Services' Impact on Adoption Outcomes." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/491.

Powers, Derek Justin. "Adolescent Behavioral Adjustment in Girls Adopted from China: Examining Pre-adoption and Post-adoption Factors." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5559.

Seebeck, Lara N. "Adoptive Parenthood: an Exploratory Study of the Influence of Pre-adoption Communication Satisfaction on Post-adoption Family Adjustment and Coping." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115154/.

Mamun, Md Rasel. "An Analysis of Information Technology (IT) Post-Adoption Behavior." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707339/.

Aldwsry, Mubarak. "E-commerce diffusion in high-income developing countries : determinants of e-commerce adoption and post-adoption of Saudi enterprises." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/43362/.

Roberts, Michelle Eileen. "Post adoption contact with birth parents in foster care adoptions /." View online, 2009. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131592056.pdf.

Tebben, Megan Krystine. "BIRTHPARENTS’ IDENTIFIED NEEDS FOR PRE AND POST ADOPTION SERVICES: IMPACT ON THEIR MENTAL HEALTH." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/90.

Linville, Deanna Christine. "Family Experiences Concerning Adopting a Previously Institutionalized Child from Russia or Romania." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28022.

Cheng, Emily. "Sentimental journey transnational adoption from China and Post-World War II U.S. liberalism /." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3263454.

Porter, Wendy Woodfield. "Institutional Adoption of Blended Learning in Higher Education." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5762.

Dahlén, Victor, and Daniel Lindberg. "Earnings Management pre- and post IFRS Adoption : Results from Sweden, Finland and Norway." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324886.

Harris, Perlita. "It changed my life completely : user views and experiences of post-adoption services." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2003. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1240/.

Magro, Michael J. "Exploring Critical Factors in Predicting Post-Adoptive Use of Facebook." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc68007/.

Tennant, Vanesa Monique. "UNDERSTANDING CHANGES IN POST-ADOPTION USE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS (IS): A GENERALIZED DARWINISM PERSPECTIVE." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Accounting and Information Systems, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9031.

Robinson, Thomas Jared. "The Effects of Open Educational Resource Adoption on Measures of Post-Secondary Student Success." Thesis, Brigham Young University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3714922.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether the adoption of Open Educational Resources had a significant effect on student learning outcomes in seven courses taught at seven post-secondary institutions. The use of open educational resources (OER) is increasing in the United States. Initiatives focusing on expanding the use of OER as a replacement for traditional textbooks at the post-secondary level include OpenStax, Project Kaleidoscope, Open Course Library, and others. While researchers have begun to explore OER, few have sought to evaluate the quality of OER as a function of student academic success. In this dissertation, I examined measures of student success in seven courses at seven different early-adopters of Project Kaleidoscope where faculty members chose to adopt OER to replace traditional textbooks. The sample for this study consisted of students using open textbooks in courses at seven Project Kaleidoscope post-secondary institutions, as well as a control group of students at those same institutions who used traditional textbooks in sections of the same courses. I used an ex-post-facto quasi-experimental design, in which I compared students using OER to students using traditional textbooks in comparable courses. In order to control for the threat of selection bias, I used propensity score matching (PSM) to match treatment and control groups on a set of demographic variables. After creating matched treatment and control groups, I used multiple regression and logistic regression to examine whether textbook selection predicts a measurable difference in student achievement after accounting for relevant covariates.

I found that students using open textbooks earned, on average, lower grades than students who used traditional textbooks, after controlling for student-level and course-level covariates. Further analysis revealed that this negative differential was isolated to students in business and psychology classes. I also found that students who used open textbooks enrolled in more credits than students using traditional textbooks, controlling for relevant covariates. Because of the finding of a variation in textbook effect from course to course, future studies may seek to understand the effects of particular OER adoption instances rather than the global effect of OER adoption.

Robinson, Thomas J. "The Effects of Open Educational Resource Adoption on Measures of Post-Secondary Student Success." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5815.

Mgalama, Erasto C. "The morality of relinquishing a child for adoption an inquiry through the documents of the Church and the theological views of Stephen G. Post /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2003. http://www.tren.com.

Sobyanina, Elena, and Ilona Mockutė. "ERP post-implementation: risk assessment." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-12844.

Nielsen, Carolina. "Perspectives of Transracial Adoption: a Case Study of South Africa." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23828.

Renteria, Yadira. "Respite services for post-adoption families transitioning from the child welfare system| A grant proposal." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10004148.

The purpose of the grant proposal was to collaborate with a host agency to incorporate respite care as an additional support for post-adoption families adopting from the Los Angeles child welfare system. A literature review was conducted to examine the needs and challenges of post adoptive families as well as the benefits of respite care within other populations faced with similar needs and challenges. The respite care program will be implemented at Olive Crest in Los Angeles County as part of the Adoption Promotion and Support Services Program (APSS). The goal of this program is to provide additional supportive services to parents caring for children with special needs and prevent adoption disruption or dissolution. Submission and funding of this grant was not a requirement for the completion of the project.

Jelassi, Khaouter. "Une analyse empirique des antécédents de l’intention de continuer l’usage d’une technologie de l’information : cas de l’internet mobile en France." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TELE0028.

Awumey, Richard Cephas Yao. "Human responses in development : an exploratory study of frustration as a factor in farmers' post-adoption behaviour." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235861.

Ingram, Shelly V. "Call to the post: an analysis of Montgomery County equine operators’ motivation for adoption of conservation practices." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38241.

Albietz, Bruno. "Understanding organisation-CRM system misfits and their evolution : a path to improving post-adoption CRM system usage." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2821.

Ramachandran, S. (Sunder). "Understanding brand loyalty and disloyalty formation among consumers’ of short life-cycle products." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526209760.

Zeng, Yachang. "Two studies of accounting quality : analysts' disclosure of low accounting quality, and accounting comparability in the post-IFRS adoption period." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543975.

Mlaiki, Alya. "Compréhension de la continuité d'utilisation des réseaux sociaux numériques : Les apports de la théorie du don." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00794930.

Lauwers, Marion. "A three essay dissertation on IS use during the post-adoption stage : a focus on the long-term health care sector." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1A016.

Chabela, Adeline. "Stakeholders' perceptions of factors influencing the adoption and implementation fo life skills education cirriculum: A case study of post-primary schools in lesotho." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9407.

Greenhow, Sarah Kathryn. "Chatting online with my other mother : adoptive family views and experiences of the use of traditional and technological forms of post-adoption contact." Thesis, Durham University, 2015. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11243/.

Recker, Jan Christof. "Understanding process modelling grammar continuance : a study of the consequences of representational capabilities." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16656/.

Ballús, Barnils Elisabeth. "L'elaboració del complex d'Èdip en nens adoptats: dols i vincles." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9273.

Nagel, Christian [Verfasser], Jan H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Schumann, and Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Totzek. "Three Essays on the Marketing of Innovations : Community Collaboration, Strategy at Product Launch, and Customers’ Post-Adoption Experience of Really New Products / Christian Nagel ; Jan H. Schumann, Dirk Totzek." Passau : Universität Passau, 2017. http://d-nb.info/114022168X/34.

Nagel, Christian Siegfried Anton [Verfasser], Jan Hendrik [Akademischer Betreuer] Schumann, and Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Totzek. "Three Essays on the Marketing of Innovations : Community Collaboration, Strategy at Product Launch, and Customers’ Post-Adoption Experience of Really New Products / Christian Nagel ; Jan H. Schumann, Dirk Totzek." Passau : Universität Passau, 2017. http://d-nb.info/114022168X/34.

Gruss, Stephanie Mayes. "Is Safe Haven Legislation an Efficacious Policy Response to Infant Abandonment: A Biopsychosocial Profile of the Target Population." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1362.

Urban, Ionut Bogdan. "Essays on Environmental NGOs and Clean Technologies Adoption." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41940.

Backe, Anton. "Users’ intention to systematically integrate healthcare information technology in a mandated context : A continuance perspective." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324945.

Scheba, Suraya. "Overcoming water scarcity for good? : querying the adoption of desalination technology in the Knysna Local Municipality of South Africa." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/overcoming-water-scarcity-for-goodquerying-the-adoption-of-desalination-technology-in-the-knysna-local-municipality-of-south-africa(1a9e0959-c603-41d6-ab6b-690680ca83db).html.

Zaxmy, Hanna. "The 2G method applied in a post-usage evaluation application." Thesis, University of Skövde, Department of Computer Science, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-829.

There exist several methods, which can be used for evaluation of commercially available CASE-tools. Each method has its own focus and is based on specific underlying assumptions. There have been attempts to standardise evaluation of CASE-tools; however available methods differs much from each other.

One such method, named the 2G method has been proposed, which for each application, will establish a specific evaluation framework. This framework is tailored to the organisation at a specific point in time (since an organisation will change over time). The method consists of two phases which are iterated a sufficient number of times before a stable evaluation framework will be the result. The 2G method has been successfully applied on several applications in different organisations, though only for evaluation of CASE-tools before adoption. In this dissertation we report on an application of the 2G method, which aims to evaluate a CASE-tool from a company context which has already adopted a CASE-tool. As part of this method application the 2G method has also been transferred to the organisation.

An additional issue this dissertation addresses is what kind of support a general Qualitative Research Tool will offer a method user when using the tool in a 2G method application. Likewise the goal includes to establish is what is poorly or unsupported in such tool in a 2G application.

This dissertation will show that the 2G method is applicable also in a scenario where a CASE-tool has already been adopted, and therefore demonstrate that the method also is useful in evaluation studies performed after a CASE-tool has been adopted in an organisation. From the experiences of the application points will be made concerning what kind of support one would like to have in a qualitative research tool to simplify the work during the 2G applications.

Flagler, Marita Nika. "Clusters of strength a case study of the educational resilience of a post-institutionalized adopted child from Eastern Europe /." Access citation, abstract and download form; downloadable file 12.22 Mb, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3131698.

Doney, Jonathan. "'That would be an Ecumenical matter' : contextualizing the adoption of the study of world religions in English religious education using 'statement archaeology', a systematic operationalization of Foucault's historical method." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18518.

Miller, William David. "A descriptive study of the process post-secondary military institutions use to adopt, implement and train for use of new instructional technologies." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27020.

Whitcomb, Hilary Louise. "Bridging Post-Wildfire Communication Gaps between Managers, Researchers, and Local Communities, including a Biological Soil Crust Case Study." DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5994.

Hobson, Rana Dirice. "Post Advanced Technology Implementation Effects on School Psychologist Job Performance." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3529.

Corneau, Sophie. "La réalité post-adoption des parents ayant réalisé une adoption internationale d'enfants plus âgés." Thèse, 2012. http://constellation.uqac.ca/2462/1/030341784.pdf.

Calado, Antonela Sofia Cordeiro. "Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in sharing economy post-adoption." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19895.

Blackburn, Griselda. "Household Changes in Electricity Consumption Behavior Post Solar PV-Adoption." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/26017.

Chen, Shin-Horng, and 陳信宏. "Understanding Difficulties of Post Technology Adoption: A Practices Fit Perspective." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46978318733715333513.

O'Neill, D., Colette McAuley, and H. Loughran. "Post-adoption reunion sibling relationships: Factors facilitating and hindering the development of sensitive relationships following reunion in adulthood." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17477.

Berry, Sherrill D. "An examination of the post-adoption service needs of adopted adults." 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/22413.

Home — Essay Samples — Life — Family — Adoption

Essays on Adoption

What makes a good adoption essay topics.

When it comes to writing an adoption essay, choosing the right topic is crucial. A good adoption essay topic should be thought-provoking, relevant, and engaging. It should inspire the reader to think critically about the issues surrounding adoption and showcase the writer's unique perspective.

To brainstorm and choose an essay topic, start by considering your personal experiences and interests. Reflect on your own views on adoption, and think about any relevant experiences or stories that you can draw from. Consider the different aspects of adoption that interest you, such as the emotional impact on children, the legal aspects of adoption, or the challenges faced by birth parents.

When choosing an adoption essay topic, it's important to consider the audience and the purpose of the essay. Think about what you want to communicate to the reader and what message you want to convey. A good adoption essay topic should be relevant and timely, addressing current issues and debates in the field of adoption.

Overall, a good essay topic is one that is thought-provoking, relevant, and engaging. It should inspire the reader to think critically about the issues surrounding adoption and showcase the writer's unique perspective.

Best Adoption Essay Topics

Open vs. Closed Adoption: Understanding the Differences
The Impact of Adoption on Birth Parents
The Emotional Journey of Adopted Children
Transracial Adoption: Navigating Identity and Culture
The Legal and Ethical Issues in International Adoption
The Role of Foster Care in the Adoption Process
LGBTQ+ Adoption: Overcoming Barriers and Challenges
Adoption and Mental Health: Understanding the Psychological Effects
The Stigma of Adoption: Breaking Down Stereotypes and Myths
The Role of Social Media in Adoption: The Pros and Cons
The Economics of Adoption: Exploring the Costs and Financial Implications
Single Parent Adoption: Challenging the Traditional Family Structure
The Adoption Process: Navigating the Paperwork and Legalities
The Impact of Adoption on Sibling Relationships
The Role of Support Groups in the Adoption Community
The Future of Adoption: Trends and Innovations
The Intersection of Adoption and Education: Navigating School Systems
Birth Parents' Rights: Exploring Advocacy and Legal Protections
The Impact of Adoption on Mental Health Professionals: Challenges and Solutions
The Role of Technology in the Adoption Process: The Digital Age of Adoption

Adoption essay topics Prompts

Imagine you are a social worker tasked with matching a child with their forever family. Describe the process you would use and the factors you would consider.
Write a personal essay about your experience with adoption, whether as an adopted child, birth parent, or adoptive parent. Reflect on the emotional journey and the impact it has had on your life.
Research and analyze the impact of transracial adoption on a child's sense of identity and belonging. Discuss the challenges and benefits of transracial adoption from the perspective of both the child and the adoptive family.
Explore the ethical and legal implications of international adoption. Discuss the challenges of navigating different legal systems and cultural norms when adopting a child from another country.
Imagine a world where adoption is the norm and biological parenthood is the exception. Write a speculative essay exploring the social, cultural, and emotional implications of such a society.

Adoption Costs: Controversy, Impact, and Solutions

The debate over same-sex adoption, made-to-order essay as fast as you need it.

Each essay is customized to cater to your unique preferences

+ experts online

Adopt a Pet, Change Two Lives

Problems that adoptees facing and its therapy, adoption as an option to create a family, the positive and negative aspects of foster care and adoption, let us write you an essay from scratch.

450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help
Custom essay delivered in as few as 3 hours

The Significance of Charity to The Adoption Process of Children

A look at the adoption system in the united states, interracial adoption to end racism in america, understanding the explanatory theory, and the precaution adoption process model, get a personalized essay in under 3 hours.

Expert-written essays crafted with your exact needs in mind

The Issues Surrounding The Adoption of a Conservative Immigration Policy by The United States Between 1941 to 1980

Gay adoption, the potential contribution of the legalization of gay marriage to the adoption of homeless children, psychological problems in adopted children, the adoption of black codes in several states in america, an overview and analysis of the amber alert system in the united states, the issue of the adoption of affluenza in the case of ethan couch, the adoption of the principle of open door policy in 1900, the possible implications of adopting principles from new zealand in canada, banquet: styles, service and types of banquet halls, family relationship in law: obligations of parents and children, adoption and domestic violence, understanding the benefits of adoption, why adopting a pet is better than buying, international adoption: bridging hearts and borders, should same-sex couples be allowed to adopt, understanding the facets of international adoption, the history of international adoption: a global perspective, international adoption facts: understanding a process, persuasive speech on adopting animals.

Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents. Legal adoptions permanently transfer all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation, from the biological parents to the adoptive parents.

Contemporary adoption practices can be open or closed. Open adoption allows identifying information to be communicated between adoptive and biological parents and, perhaps, interaction between kin and the adopted person. The practice of closed adoption seals all identifying information, maintaining it as secret and preventing disclosure of the adoptive parents', biological kin's, and adoptees' identities.

Infertility, health concerns relating to pregnancy and childbirth, wanting to cement a new family following divorce or death of one parent, compassion motivated by religious or philosophical conviction, to avoid contributing to overpopulation out of the belief that it is more responsible to care for otherwise parent-less children than to reproduce, or to ensure that inheritable diseases are not passed on.

There are 135,000 children adopted annually within the United States. As of now, there are more than 107,000 children eligible and waiting for adoption in foster care. There are more adoption agencies in the U.S. than any other country, and Americans adopt the most children globally. A full 40% of all adopted children are a separate race or ethnicity than their adoptive family.

Relevant topics

Family Values
Parenting Styles
Marriage and Family

By clicking “Check Writers’ Offers”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy . We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related email

No need to pay just yet!

We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. By continuing we’ll assume you board with our cookie policy .

Instructions Followed To The Letter
Deadlines Met At Every Stage
Unique And Plagiarism Free

SUGGESTED TOPICS
The Magazine
Newsletters
Managing Yourself
Managing Teams
Work-life Balance
The Big Idea
Data & Visuals
Reading Lists
Case Selections
HBR Learning
Topic Feeds
Account Settings
Email Preferences

To Succeed with AI, Adopt a Beginner’s Mindset

Jacqueline Carter,
Marissa Afton,
Paula Kelley

Letting go of ego and expertise allows for openness and curiosity.

Times of substantial tech progress and change, like the current AI revolution, create fear and anxiety. This often causes leaders to fall back on their ego and emphasize their expertise, closing their minds and negatively impacting their people and organizations. Instead, leaders need to take on a beginner’s mindset of openness and curiosity. This is not easy. The more experienced we are, the more locked-in we tend to become in our ways of thinking and doing things. But it is possible, and with employee stress at record highs, it’s necessary. And research shows that the openness that comes with a beginner’s mindset is a crucial factor in achieving better outcomes. There are a few simple questions you can ask yourself to gauge your leadership style and whether you have a beginner’s mindset.

Every day, fears about artificial intelligence (AI) run through the news cycle: Jobs will be eliminated, intellectual property misused, personal data compromised, or biases propagated.

Jacqueline Carter is a senior partner and the North American Director of Potential Project. She has extensive experience working with senior leaders to enable them to achieve better performance while enhancing a more caring culture. She is the coauthor, with Rasmus Hougaard, of Compassionate Leadership: How to Do Hard Things in a Human Way and The Mind of the Leader – How to Lead Yourself, Your People, and Your Organization for Extraordinary Results .
Marissa Afton is an organizational psychologist and a Partner and the head of Global Accounts at Potential Project. She is a contributing coauthor of Compassionate Leadership: How to Do Hard Things in a Human Way by Rasmus Hougaard and Jacqueline Carter.
Paula Kelley leads Potential Project’s global marketing function and serves its financial services clients. Prior to Potential Project, Paula was a senior executive at Citigroup and a partner at Deloitte Consulting.

Partner Center

Another roadblock to convincing Americans to buy an EV: plunging resale values

The slowdown in electric vehicle sales continues to snowball, with plummeting resale values acting as another roadblock.

Over the past year, used EV values have dropped faster than their gas-powered counterparts, car search engine iSeeCars said. The average price for a used electric vehicle fell by up to 32% while the average for a gas model slipped by 3.6%.

Tumbling resale values aggravate buyers’ worries that an EV isn’t worth the price or the potential headaches. They already worry about EVs' high prices, charging, lack of choice, and driving range. Now, they fear when it comes time to sell the vehicle, they’re not going to get much back.

“Consumers didn’t used to be worried about the resale value of an EV, but (Tesla chief executive Elon) Musk cutting prices made people feel like they owe $50,000 on their Tesla and now, it’s only worth $40,000 ,” said Pat Ryan, chief executive of free car shopping app CoPilot. "When people see the value of an EV drop so dramatically, it creates a new problem."

How did Elon Musk depress EV resale values?

Musk aggressively sliced more than 20% off new Tesla prices to try to maintain market share in an increasingly competitive EV market . Those price declines pressured the entire used EV market, but especially his own cars. Four of the most significant price drops in the overall used market between 2023 and 2024 was a Tesla, iSeeCars said.

“Elon’s desire to maintain new Tesla sales through price cuts had a very destructive impact on the brand’s residual values,” said Karl Brauer, iSeeCars’ executive analyst. “Used Teslas lost more value than any other brand, and with a 28.9% decline they lost more than twice as much value as second-place Alfa Romeo.”

Just gimme what I want: What electric vehicle shoppers want isn't what's for sale, and it's hurting sales: poll.

What will happen next to EVs?

EV prices look like they're stabilizing, experts say. So, if you’re looking to buy one, you may finally be able to get one without spending more than a gas-powered car.

The average transaction price at the end of 2023 for a new EV was $50,798, only $2,040 more than a gas-powered vehicle at $48,759, according to Cox Automotive.

In the used EV market , prices hover just below gas cars and could soften slightly in the coming months. The average price for a used EV stood at $30,904 in February, compared with $31,153 for a used gas car, iSeeCars said.

“Used car shoppers with a $31,000 budget have access to the majority of models today, regardless of drivetrain,” Brauer said. They “can now make that decision based on factors beyond price, such as range and convenience .”

Range and convenience worries continue to discourage many Americans from buying an EV .

“The fear of running out of juice without a charging station in sight remains as much of a concern today as it was five years ago,” a report from Kelley Blue Book said in January.

Medora Lee is a money, markets, and personal finance reporter at USA TODAY. You can reach her at [email protected] and subscribe to our free Daily Money newsletter for personal finance tips and business news every Monday through Friday.

An official website of the United States government

Here’s how you know

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Open Search

Mobile Menu

Meet Athena: the 5-year-old halter-started mare available for adoption from the Wheatland Corral

Meet Athena, a five-year-old pinto mare available for adoption at the Wheatland Off-Range Corral’s (ORC) upcoming adoption even happening April 19. Athena is one of 29 wild horses to be offered for adoption at the Wheatland ORC’s first in-person event of 2024.

While each animals brings its own uniqueness in physical attributes and demeanor, what sets Athena apart is her backstory and training foundation.

Athena was born at the BLM Rock Springs Holding Facility in 2019 from a mare gathered from the Green Mountain Herd Management Area in central Wyoming. After she was weaned and prepped for adoption (freeze marked, dewormed, and Coggins tested) she traveled to the Mantle Training Facility in Wheatland, Wyo., in February 2020. She was then adopted from the Mantles as a halter-trained horse in May 2021.

During routine compliance checks conducted by BLM staff, it was found that Athena’s original adopter had failed to title her before giving her away. Luckily for Athena, staff were able to work with the original adopter to track her down. Through discussion with the original adopter and the person she had been given to, it was decided that it would be in Athena’s best interest to be repossessed. Her journey brought her back to Wheatland, where she has since been cared for by the Wheatland ORC.

Upon arrival to the Wheatland ORC, Athena was dewormed, vaccinated, and had hooves trimmed. Considering her previous training and demeanor, the staff at Wheatland took her on as an additional project to their normal day-to-day work. Wild horse and burro specialist Mike North and Kirren Seiler, wild horse program assistant, began working with Athena shortly after her arrival.

Seiler had this to say about Athena:

“When starting to work with Athena, we wanted to evaluate what she knew and where we needed to start. She was nervous and distracted with her new surroundings and strange people, but she was never mean. After working with her for a few weeks, it was evident that she had a good foundation and just needed a restart with consistency. She is learning to respect personal space, is very responsive on the lead, has started meeting us at the gate, and follows us back to the gate after un-haltering. She walks right in the trailer but can get nervous once inside; however, she’s learning to quiet down and walk straight or back out nicely. She can get distracted easily and fidgets but is willing to learn and settles down the more she’s worked with. Overall, she is a very sweet and willing mare and will make a great horse for someone that gives her consistent training – makes her think and focus on a task.”

Due to her training, Athena does not qualify for the Adoption Incentive Program. However, the Wheatland ORC will have 29 other nice animals available for adoption at the facility’s adoption event happening from 8 a.m. to noon on Friday, April 19. The live competitive auction starts at 9 a.m.

“We hope that potential adopters will come out to Wheatland to see all the great animals we have to offer, and that Athena finds the right fit with a new adopter,” says facility manager JJ Nolan. “She still has a way to go, but she has a solid foundation under her hooves thanks to the training by the Mantles, as well as Mike and Kirren.”

To learn more about our Adoption Incentive Program, go to https://go.usa.gov/xmBgm . To learn more about our sales authority program, please visit https://www.blm.gov/programs/wild-horse-and-burro/adoption-and-sales/sales-program .

By JJ Nolan, Wheatland Off-Range Corral facility manager, and Tyson Finnicum, public affairs specialist

High Plains District Office

2987 Prospector Drive Casper , WY 82604-2968 United States

Blog Topic:

Spend your days with Hayes

Subscribe to our free Stephinitely newsletter

You’re all signed up!

Want more of our free, weekly newsletters in your inbox? Let’s get started.

In 2017, Republicans passed the most comprehensive overhaul of our tax code since the Reagan administration. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act lowered taxes on middle-class families and small businesses across the nation, created nearly 5 million jobs in the two years after its passage and actually increased the share of taxes paid by the top 1% of American households.

It also delivered the lowest unemployment rate in 50 years (3.5%), the fastest wage growth in a decade and all-time low unemployment for African American and Hispanic workers. Now, with the expiration of some of its critical provisions at the end of 2025, the next president will need to act to prevent across-the-board individual tax increases.

Initial estimates from the Tax Foundation show that a single mother of two earning $52,000 would face a $1,500 tax hike in 2026. For a married couple with two children and $85,000 in income, the additional tax bill would be roughly $1,700 per year.

To say that now is not the time to raise taxes on the middle class is an understatement. That’s precisely why we need to pass my bill, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act Permanency Act, and lock in low tax rates for individuals and small businesses nationwide.

As noted by Grover Norquist, president of Americans for Tax Reform, “Making TCJA permanent will lock in low taxes for American families of every income level and small businesses suffering through the highest levels of inflation in 40 years. The TCJA Permanency Act will help right the ship and get the American economy growing again.”

I think that Biden’s tax-and-spend agenda is bad news for the American economy, small businesses and hardworking families. It means increased taxes on the small business community, pay cuts for workers, price increases for customers and fewer growth opportunities for owners.

No matter how Biden and Democrats in Washington try to spin it, Biden’s budget won’t deliver as promised, and they know it.

Vern Buchanan, a Republican, represents Florida’s 16th District in the U.S. House . He is vice chairperson of the House Ways and Means Committee and sits on the Joint Committee on Taxation, a small group of the most senior tax writers in Congress.

MORE FOR YOU

ONLY AVAILABLE FOR SUBSCRIBERS

The Tampa Bay Times e-Newspaper is a digital replica of the printed paper seven days a week that is available to read on desktop, mobile, and our app for subscribers only. To enjoy the e-Newspaper every day, please subscribe.

IMAGES

80 Plus Creative Adoption Research Topics
(PDF) Do Policy Based Adoptions Increase the Care a Pet Receives? An
Adoption
For those interested in adoption
Open Adoption Vs. Closed Adoption Definition Essay Example
Adoption

VIDEO

10 Finance & 10 Marketing MBA RESEARCH THESIS TOPICS 2024
Kanni puppy for adoption
Research thesis topics and objectives formulation 8613
Ep. 4
This Week In Adoption
One Day Training workshop for Thesis Students Towards selection of Thesis Project

COMMENTS

Take a Look at These Adoption Research Topics
However, students often don't know what to write about, and this can cause many problems. If you decide to write a paper about adoption, but don't know what exactly to write about, check out the following adoption research topics. Table of contents hide. 1 Adoption argument essay topics. 2 Persuasive speech topics on adoption.
80 Plus Creative Adoption Research Topics
Social issues to consider for potential topic ideas. Psychology Research paper topics. Persuasive speech topics and ideas. Research paper topics. Many students have always found the above research topics on adoption interesting to write any paper. However, some have also run through problems and trusted us.
(PDF) Review: Adoption research: Trends, topics, outcomes
Three historical trends in adoption. research are identified: the first focusing on risk in adoption and identifying adoptee-nonadoptee differences in adjustment; the second. examining the ...
(PDF) The Effects of Adoption on Foster Children's Well-Being: A
A number of conclusions can be drawn from this critique of the empirical research on. the effects of adoption on the physical, cognitive, socioemotional, and psychological well-. being of foster ...
PDF The Future of Adoption: Concluding Thoughts about Research, Practice
the public child welfare system, international adoption, etc.), and their pre-adoption histories as well as the preadoption histories of the adopters set the stage for how they develop after placement. • The research should be longitudinal whenever possible, recognizing that adoption is a powerful intervention whose
Theses and Dissertations on Adoption
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota. Christian, C.L. (1995). Birthmother role adjustment in fully-disclosed, mediated and confidential adoptions. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Texas at Austin. Fravel, D.L. (1995). Boundary ambiguity perceptions of adoptive parents experiencing various levels of openness in ...
Review: Adoption research: Trends, topics, outcomes
Abstract. The current article provides a review of adoption research since its inception as a field of study. Three historical trends in adoption research are identified: the first focusing on risk in adoption and identifying adoptee—nonadoptee differences in adjustment; the second examining the capacity of adopted children to recover from ...
Understanding the concept of adoption: a qualitative analysis with
That's ok. <p>The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of children's and adults' experiences with adoption. This qualitative study used individual interviews to examine 25 participants---8 adoptive mothers and fathers, and their 5- to 14-year-old sons (n=5) and daughters ( n=4) adopted before 18 months. Data were collected ...
Examining Post-Adoption Services: What Adoptive Families Need for
adoption triad, challenges with attachment, issues of grief and loss, difficulties with identity formation, and the additional complexities of special needs cases. The following review of the literature will delve into these topics a bit more in depth, and additionally look at; the risks and outcomes of unsupported adoptions, some options for post-
PDF A Foundational Understanding of Late Discovery Adoption
It is important to understand adoption and its broad scope, as well as the term . adoptee. The legal proceeding known as adoption is one in which an adult takes on care . of another adult or a minor, incurring the rights and responsibilities of a parent with that . minor or adult (Modell, 2002). Adoption of children is a practice whereby a child
PDF Adult Adoptees' Perspectives on Adoption
adoptive family in adoption, The impact of adoption, and 4) Perceptions of adoption in 3) society. These meta-themes individually include themes and subthemes. The findings indicate that adoption is a good option for alternative childcare and considered by most of the participants as a normal life experience.
A Systematic Review of Transracial Adoption Literature a Thesis
Adjustment of Adopted Children" the correlations between family structural openness, adoption communication openness, and child adjustment were tested (Brodzinsky, 2006). Family structural openness refers to how much information and contact the parents have with the birthparents. Adoption communication openness was defined as how the child views
Review: Adoption, fostering, and the needs of looked-after and adopted
Master's thesis. 2006. The myth of the unknown child: Creating a new face for adoption in America. Available from ProQuest Information and Learning Company. (UMI NO. 1437827) [Google Scholar] Healey CV, Fisher PA. Young children in foster care and the development of favorable outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review.
Understanding Technology Adoption: Theory and Future Directions for
How and why individuals adopt innovations has motivated a great deal of research. This article examines individuals' computing adoption processes through the lenses of three adoption theories: Rogers's innovation diffusion theory, the Concerns-Based Adoption Model, the Technology Acceptance Model, and the United Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology.
Identifying Adoptee Research: Adoption Thesis Compilation
Abstract. This presentation outlines the strategies and challenges of identifying adoptee research through the case study of compiling an adoption-related dissertation database. Adoption research ...
The absolute most Interesting Adoption Research Topics
How exactly to understand that you might be ready to adopt a child. Many students will see these adoption research topics interesting to create about. But if you have some problems while writing, you can get essay writing help from EssayShark. com. Our professional writing assists in maintaining customers pleased with their academic performance.
Understanding Artificial Intelligence Adoption, Implementation, and Use
the technology adoption model (TAM) and their impact on AI adoption, implementation, and use in India's SME sector was analyzed. There are three types of research done in the field of AI. The first type is technical research to design and implement technological solutions to address business challenges.
Social Policy Undergraduate Dissertation on Irish Adoption Policy
In 2012 that same figure was 0.10%. Adoption had traditionally involved the placement of unrelated children with infertile couples. Adoption holds a unique position as writers of social policy legislate how people become a family. This study aims to act as a document of how adoption practice changed.
PDF Three Models of Technology Adoption: A Literature Review in Brief
connectivity and emotional contact can hinder technology adoption. Independence Perception of social visibility or how a technology makes the user look to others. A design that can potentially make older adults appear dependent, frail, or in need of special care can discourage adoption and use, while a universally appealing design may be more
Research, data and Thesis
Research, Data & Thesis. Ministry of Justice data on adoptions in New Zealand (source: justice.govt.nz) Children adopted June 2012/13 - 2021/22 - The number of adoption applications file and granted, court, locations, and the age and gender of children adopted. In 2021/2022, 114 adoption applications were filed in New Zealand.
Dissertations / Theses: 'Adoption/post-adoption'
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Adoption/post-adoption.' Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago ...
Adoption Essays
A good adoption essay topic should be relevant and timely, addressing current issues and debates in the field of adoption. Overall, a good essay topic is one that is thought-provoking, relevant, and engaging. It should inspire the reader to think critically about the issues surrounding adoption and showcase the writer's unique perspective. Best ...
Adoption Essays: Examples, Topics, & Outlines
Transracial Adoption. PAGES 4 WORDS 1222. Adoption is a social phenomenon that spans centuries, cultures, and nations. It is the focal point of many policies, laws, and public attitudes. In the United States, adoption legislation and practices change and reflect society's evolving perspectives.
Overcoming Fear of AI to Lead More Effectively
Summary. Times of substantial tech progress and change, like the current AI revolution, create fear and anxiety. This often causes leaders to fall back on their ego and emphasize their expertise ...
EV adoption faces a new hurdle: tumbling resale values
"Consumers didn't used to be worried about the resale value of an EV, but (Tesla chief executive Elon) Musk cutting prices made people feel like they owe $50,000 on their Tesla and now, it's ...
Meet Athena: the 5-year-old halter-started mare available for adoption
After she was weaned and prepped for adoption (freeze marked, dewormed, and Coggins tested) she traveled to the Mantle Training Facility in Wheatland, Wyo., in February 2020. ... Blog Topic: Wild Horse and Burro < All BLM Blogs. Office. High Plains District Office. 2987 Prospector Drive Casper, WY 82604-2968 United States. Phone: 307-261-7600 ...
Here's why Biden's budget is a fairy tale
Our country is on an unsustainable path, and we risk losing our standing on the world stage unless we work to reduce spending and adopt real budget reform, writes a Tampa Bay Republican congressman.
El Otro Cielo by Ana Buitrago: M.F.A. Thesis Exhibition
The School of Art in the Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences is pleased to announce M.F.A. thesis exhibition by Ana Buitrago, El Otro Cielo.The exhibition is currently on display at the Faulkner Performing Arts Center Gallery now 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. through April 13. Buitrago is an artist and designer from Bogota, Colombia.
Exploring GitHub Copilot at Azure Developers JavaScript Day 2024
The Unmatched Adoption and Efficacy of Copilot . Burke shared that over 1.5 million developers have integrated Copilot into their workflow. Surveys and tests reveal that 55% of AI-using developers prefer GitHub Copilot. This highlights the tool's widespread acceptance and underscores its capability to enable faster coding and enhanced productivity.