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Types of journal articles

It is helpful to familiarise yourself with the different types of articles published by journals. Although it may appear there are a large number of types of articles published due to the wide variety of names they are published under, most articles published are one of the following types; Original Research, Review Articles, Short reports or Letters, Case Studies, Methodologies.

Original Research:

This is the most common type of journal manuscript used to publish full reports of data from research. It may be called an Original Article, Research Article, Research, or just Article, depending on the journal. The Original Research format is suitable for many different fields and different types of studies. It includes full Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections.

Short reports or Letters:

These papers communicate brief reports of data from original research that editors believe will be interesting to many researchers, and that will likely stimulate further research in the field. As they are relatively short the format is useful for scientists with results that are time sensitive (for example, those in highly competitive or quickly-changing disciplines). This format often has strict length limits, so some experimental details may not be published until the authors write a full Original Research manuscript. These papers are also sometimes called Brief communications .

Review Articles:

Review Articles provide a comprehensive summary of research on a certain topic, and a perspective on the state of the field and where it is heading. They are often written by leaders in a particular discipline after invitation from the editors of a journal. Reviews are often widely read (for example, by researchers looking for a full introduction to a field) and highly cited. Reviews commonly cite approximately 100 primary research articles.

TIP: If you would like to write a Review but have not been invited by a journal, be sure to check the journal website as some journals to not consider unsolicited Reviews. If the website does not mention whether Reviews are commissioned it is wise to send a pre-submission enquiry letter to the journal editor to propose your Review manuscript before you spend time writing it.

Case Studies:

These articles report specific instances of interesting phenomena. A goal of Case Studies is to make other researchers aware of the possibility that a specific phenomenon might occur. This type of study is often used in medicine to report the occurrence of previously unknown or emerging pathologies.

Methodologies or Methods

These articles present a new experimental method, test or procedure. The method described may either be completely new, or may offer a better version of an existing method. The article should describe a demonstrable advance on what is currently available.

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International Journal of Research (IJR)

IJR Journal is Multidisciplinary, high impact and indexed journal for research publication. IJR is a monthly journal for research publication.

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Scholarly Journals and Popular Magazines
Differences in Research, Review, and Opinion Articles

Scholarly Journals and Popular Magazines: Differences in Research, Review, and Opinion Articles

Where Do I Start?
How Do I Find Peer-Reviewed Articles?
How Do I Compare Periodical Types?
Where Can I find More Information?

Research Articles, Reviews, and Opinion Pieces

Scholarly or research articles are written for experts in their fields. They are often peer-reviewed or reviewed by other experts in the field prior to publication. They often have terminology or jargon that is field specific. They are generally lengthy articles. Social science and science scholarly articles have similar structures as do arts and humanities scholarly articles. Not all items in a scholarly journal are peer reviewed. For example, an editorial opinion items can be published in a scholarly journal but the article itself is not scholarly. Scholarly journals may include book reviews or other content that have not been peer reviewed.

Empirical Study: (Original or Primary) based on observation, experimentation, or study. Clinical trials, clinical case studies, and most meta-analyses are empirical studies.

Review Article: (Secondary Sources) Article that summarizes the research in a particular subject, area, or topic. They often include a summary, an literature reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.

Clinical case study (Primary or Original sources): These articles provide real cases from medical or clinical practice. They often include symptoms and diagnosis.

Clinical trials ( Health Research): Th ese articles are often based on large groups of people. They often include methods and control studies. They tend to be lengthy articles.

Opinion Piece: An opinion piece often includes personal thoughts, beliefs, or feelings or a judgement or conclusion based on facts. The goal may be to persuade or influence the reader that their position on this topic is the best.

Book review: Recent review of books in the field. They may be several pages but tend to be fairly short.

Social Science and Science Research Articles

The majority of social science and physical science articles include

Journal Title and Author
Abstract
Introduction with a hypothesis or thesis
Literature Review
Methods/Methodology
Results/Findings

Arts and Humanities Research Articles

In the Arts and Humanities, scholarly articles tend to be less formatted than in the social sciences and sciences. In the humanities, scholars are not conducting the same kinds of research experiments, but they are still using evidence to draw logical conclusions. Common sections of these articles include:

an Introduction
Discussion/Conclusion
works cited/References/Bibliography

Research versus Review Articles

6 Article types that journals publish: A guide for early career researchers
INFOGRAPHIC: 5 Differences between a research paper and a review paper
Michigan State University. Empirical vs Review Articles
UC Merced Library. Empirical & Review Articles
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Journal Article vs. Research Paper — What's the Difference?

Difference Between Journal Article and Research Paper

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Difference Between Journal and Research Paper?

Home / Research papers / Difference Between Journal and Research Paper?

It is an absolute confusion and worry in some ways for a wannabe or a first-time researcher or a research scholar especially if you are still a student trying to work on a research project with your professor. Many of us get often confused when we hear the words research paper or a journal for the first time. The reason is that we have no or little idea what the words mean or we never looked into them even though we keep hearing them every once in a while. So, here are a few differences between a “ JOURNAL” and a “RESEARCH PAPER ” A Journal is collection of articles on various topics. There are various types of journals such as personal journal, academic journal , creative journals etc. But in terms of academic we need to learn more about an academic journal. It is book that comprises articles on different variety of topics. It is an anthology of different work collections. Unlike a research paper it consists of articles on various topics. It is often used as a reference to write a research paper. It is a periodical publication based various topics and contexts are related or co-related to each other. The information provided in a journal is not as deep as it is in a paper. As already said, a journal acts as a reference point to various individuals or organizations who are carrying out a research.

A research paper is basically a sheet of information on a specific topic. If we look at the standard definition it says, “It is a descriptive context in the form of words or text”. It provides detailed and relevant information on a specific topic to its readers. It is a study on a specific problem and it intends to provide a possible practical solution at the end of it. It is a team work of two or three individuals mostly. It can be up to 20 pages long or even more and it is an extensive study on one specific topic. Nevertheless, it should be understood that its length depends on the context of the study.

However, the key difference between a journal and a research paper is that a journal is limited to 5,000 – 10,000 words unlike a research paper. A journal can provide you with a list of national and international conferences as it is a periodical publication. It also provides you with conference alerts as it is a periodical publication like already said. Journal publication is a dream to many students and research scholars especially if it is their first ever research paper.

In conclusion, a journal is a collection of articles on a various academic related topics with limited words. Whereas a research paper is extensive and detailed study on a specific topic. If you are one of those wannabe research scholars looking to get your first journal publications then conference alerts here have a list of journals and their details waiting for you.

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Journal vs conference papers: Key differences & advice

Journal and conference papers are not the same, and both formats have advantages and disadvantages. A good understanding of the key differences between journal and conference papers avoid s pitfalls, such as copyright issues when wanting to turn a conference into a journal paper at a later stage.

What is a journal paper?

A journal paper is a written piece of academic work – presenting empirical research, a theoretical discussion, or both – published in an academic journal. Most journal papers or articles are peer-reviewed , meaning they undergo a rigorous review process involving several stages and rounds of revisions before they are published.

Therefore, authors of journal papers tend to target journals with a high impact factor to publish their work. There are other criteria that play a role when selecting a journal to publish research . However, the impact factor remains a crucial one, as publications in high-impact factor journals strongly influence academic promotions.

What is a conference paper?

Conference papers are usually submitted several weeks before the actual conference, and circulated among conference participants in preparation for the actual presentations. However, not all conferences require conference papers. And some conferences make the submission of a conference paper optional.

Advantages and disadvantages of journal and conference papers

The choice between a journal or a conference paper should be a careful one. Both formats fulfill important but different roles in academia. Therefore, a good understanding of the benefits and drawbacks of both formats can help to make an informed decision.

Advantages of journal papers

Disadvantages of journal papers, advantages of conference papers, disadvantages of conference papers, differences between journal and conference papers, questions to ask yourself before submitting a conference paper.

Even though journal papers are more important for academic promotions, submitting a conference paper is not per se the wrong choice. A ‘best conference paper’ award, for instance, can make you stand out when applying for academic jobs.

When embarking on writing a conference paper, it is better to be safe than sorry: At times, it may require reaching out to conference organisers or target journals to make sure that you will not run into copyright or plagiarism issues at a later point.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is conference paper better than journal paper.

In academia, journal papers are considered ‘better’ than conference papers because they have a stronger positive impact on academic careers. Reasons for this are the more rigorous peer-review process that journal papers tend to undergo before publication, the higher standards of journals compared to conference proceedings, and the impact factor of journals.

Can you use a conference paper in a journal?

Are all conference papers automatically published in conference proceedings, do conference papers count as publications.

Conference papers often do not count as academic publications. Therefore, on academic CVs, conference papers tend to be listed under ‘Conferences’ instead of ‘Publications’. Alternatively, they are listed as a separate sub-category under ‘Publications’, but in a way that they are clearly differentiated from other (peer-reviewed) publications.

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Research Article vs. Research Paper

What's the difference.

A research article and a research paper are both scholarly documents that present the findings of a research study. However, there are some differences between the two. A research article is typically a shorter document that is published in a peer-reviewed journal. It focuses on a specific research question and provides a concise summary of the study's methodology, results, and conclusions. On the other hand, a research paper is usually a longer document that provides a more comprehensive analysis of a research topic. It often includes a literature review, detailed methodology, extensive data analysis, and a discussion of the implications of the findings. While both types of documents contribute to the scientific knowledge base, research papers tend to be more in-depth and provide a more thorough exploration of the research topic.

Attribute	Research Article	Research Paper
Definition	A written document that presents the findings of a research study or experiment.	A comprehensive written document that includes an in-depth analysis and interpretation of research findings.
Purpose	To communicate the results of a specific research study or experiment to the scientific community.	To provide a detailed analysis and interpretation of research findings, often including a literature review and methodology.
Length	Typically shorter, ranging from a few pages to around 20 pages.	Usually longer, ranging from 20 to hundreds of pages.
Structure	Usually follows a standard structure including sections such as abstract, introduction, methods, results, and conclusion.	May have a more flexible structure depending on the field and specific requirements, but often includes sections such as abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.
Scope	Focuses on presenting the findings of a specific research study or experiment.	Explores a broader research topic or question, often including a literature review and analysis of multiple studies.
Publication	Can be published in academic journals, conference proceedings, or online platforms.	Can be published in academic journals, conference proceedings, or as part of a thesis or dissertation.
Peer Review	Research articles often undergo a peer review process before publication to ensure quality and validity.	Research papers may also undergo peer review, especially if published in academic journals.

Further Detail

Introduction.

Research articles and research papers are both essential components of academic and scientific discourse. They serve as vehicles for sharing knowledge, presenting findings, and contributing to the advancement of various fields of study. While the terms "research article" and "research paper" are often used interchangeably, there are subtle differences in their attributes and purposes. In this article, we will explore and compare the key characteristics of research articles and research papers.

Definition and Purpose

A research article is a concise and focused piece of scholarly writing that typically appears in academic journals. It presents original research, experiments, or studies conducted by the author(s) and aims to communicate the findings to the scientific community. Research articles often follow a specific structure, including an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.

On the other hand, a research paper is a broader term that encompasses various types of academic writing, including research articles. While research papers can also be published in journals, they can take other forms such as conference papers, dissertations, or theses. Research papers provide a more comprehensive exploration of a particular topic, often including a literature review, theoretical framework, and in-depth analysis of the research question.

Length and Depth

Research articles are typically shorter in length compared to research papers. They are usually limited to a specific word count, often ranging from 3000 to 8000 words, depending on the journal's guidelines. Due to their concise nature, research articles focus on presenting the core findings and their implications without delving extensively into background information or theoretical frameworks.

On the other hand, research papers tend to be longer and more comprehensive. They can range from 5000 to 20,000 words or more, depending on the scope of the research and the requirements of the academic institution or conference. Research papers provide a deeper analysis of the topic, including an extensive literature review, theoretical framework, and detailed methodology section.

Structure and Organization

Research articles follow a standardized structure to ensure clarity and consistency across different publications. They typically begin with an abstract, which provides a concise summary of the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions. The introduction section provides background information, states the research problem, and outlines the objectives of the study. The methodology section describes the research design, data collection methods, and statistical analysis techniques used. The results section presents the findings, often accompanied by tables, figures, or graphs. The discussion section interprets the results, compares them with previous studies, and discusses their implications. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the main findings and suggests future research directions.

Research papers, on the other hand, have a more flexible structure depending on the specific requirements of the academic institution or conference. While they may include similar sections as research articles, such as an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion, research papers can also incorporate additional sections such as a literature review, theoretical framework, or appendices. The structure of a research paper is often determined by the depth and complexity of the research conducted.

Publication and Audience

Research articles are primarily published in academic journals, which serve as platforms for disseminating new knowledge within specific disciplines. These journals often have a rigorous peer-review process, where experts in the field evaluate the quality and validity of the research before publication. Research articles are targeted towards a specialized audience of researchers, scholars, and professionals in the respective field.

Research papers, on the other hand, can be published in various formats and venues. They can be presented at conferences, published as chapters in books, or submitted as dissertations or theses. While research papers can also undergo peer-review, they may have a broader audience, including researchers, students, and professionals interested in the topic. The publication of research papers allows for a wider dissemination of knowledge beyond the confines of academic journals.

In conclusion, research articles and research papers are both vital components of academic and scientific discourse. While research articles are concise and focused pieces of scholarly writing that present original research findings, research papers provide a more comprehensive exploration of a particular topic. Research articles follow a standardized structure and are primarily published in academic journals, targeting a specialized audience. On the other hand, research papers have a more flexible structure and can be published in various formats, allowing for a wider dissemination of knowledge. Understanding the attributes and purposes of research articles and research papers is crucial for researchers, scholars, and students alike, as it enables effective communication and contributes to the advancement of knowledge in various fields.

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Insights blog

Different types of research articles

A guide for early career researchers.

In scholarly literature, there are many different kinds of articles published every year. Original research articles are often the first thing you think of when you hear the words ‘journal article’. In reality, research work often results in a whole mixture of different outputs and it’s not just the final research article that can be published.

Finding a home to publish supporting work in different formats can help you start publishing sooner, allowing you to build your publication record and research profile.

But before you do, it’s very important that you check the instructions for authors and the aims and scope of the journal(s) you’d like to submit to. These will tell you whether they accept the type of article you’re thinking of writing and what requirements they have around it.

Understanding the different kind of articles

There’s a huge variety of different types of articles – some unique to individual journals – so it’s important to explore your options carefully. While it would be impossible to cover every single article type here, below you’ll find a guide to the most common research articles and outputs you could consider submitting for publication.

Book review

Many academic journals publish book reviews, which aim to provide insight and opinion on recently published scholarly books. Writing book reviews is often a good way to begin academic writing. It can help you get your name known in your field and give you valuable experience of publishing before you write a full-length article.

If you’re keen to write a book review, a good place to start is looking for journals that publish or advertise the books they have available for review. Then it’s just a matter of putting yourself forward for one of them.

You can check whether a journal publishes book reviews by browsing previous issues or by seeing if a book review editor is listed on the editorial board. In addition, some journals publish other types of reviews, such as film, product, or exhibition reviews, so it’s worth bearing those in mind as options as well.

Get familiar with instructions for authors

Be prepared, speed up your submission, and make sure nothing is forgotten by understanding a journal’s individual requirements.

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Case report

A medical case report – also sometimes called a clinical case study – is an original short report that provides details of a single patient case.

Case reports include detailed information on the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. They remain one of the cornerstones of medical progress and provide many new ideas in medicine.

Depending on the journal, a case report doesn’t necessarily need to describe an especially novel or unusual case as there is benefit from collecting details of many standard cases.

Take a look at F1000Research’s guidance on case reports , to understand more about what’s required in them. And don’t forget that for all studies involving human participants, informed written consent to take part in the research must be obtained from the participants – find out more about consent to publish.

Clinical study

In medicine, a clinical study report is a type of article that provides in-depth detail on the methods and results of a clinical trial. They’re typically similar in length and format to original research articles.

Most journals now require that you register protocols for clinical trials you’re involved with in a publicly accessible registry. A list of eligible registries can be found on the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) . Trials can also be registered at clinicaltrials.gov or the EU Clinical Trials Register . Once registered, your trial will be assigned a clinical trial number (CTN).

Before you submit a clinical study, you’ll need to include clinical trial numbers and registration dates in the manuscript, usually in the abstract and methods sections.

Commentaries and letters to editors

Letters to editors, as well as ‘replies’ and ‘discussions’, are usually brief comments on topical issues of public and political interest (related to the research field of the journal), anecdotal material, or readers’ reactions to material published in the journal.

Commentaries are similar, though they may be slightly more in-depth, responding to articles recently published in the journal. There may be a ‘target article’ which various commentators are invited to respond to.

You’ll need to look through previous issues of any journal you’re interested in writing for and review the instructions for authors to see which types of these articles (if any) they accept.

Conference materials

Many of our medical journals accept conference material supplements. These are open access peer-reviewed, permanent, and citable publications within the journal. Conference material supplements record research around a common thread, as presented at a workshop, congress, or conference, for the scientific record. They can include the following types of articles:

Poster extracts

Conference abstracts

Presentation extracts

Find out more about submitting conference materials.

Data notes are a short peer-reviewed article type that concisely describe research data stored in a repository. Publishing a data note can help you to maximize the impact of your data and gain appropriate credit for your research.

Data notes promote the potential reuse of research data and include details of why and how the data were created. They do not include any analysis but they can be linked to a research article incorporating analysis of the published dataset, as well as the results and conclusions.

F1000Research enables you to publish your data note rapidly and openly via an author-centric platform. There is also a growing range of options for publishing data notes in Taylor & Francis journals, including in All Life and Big Earth Data .

Read our guide to data notes to find out more.

Letters or short reports

Letters or short reports (sometimes known as brief communications or rapid communications) are brief reports of data from original research.

Editors publish these reports where they believe the data will be interesting to many researchers and could stimulate further research in the field. There are even entire journals dedicated to publishing letters.

As they’re relatively short, the format is useful for researchers with results that are time sensitive (for example, those in highly competitive or quickly-changing disciplines). This format often has strict length limits, so some experimental details may not be published until the authors write a full original research article.

Brief reports (previously called Research Notes) are a type of short report published by F1000Research – part of the Taylor & Francis Group. To find out more about the requirements for a brief report, take a look at F1000Research’s guidance .

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Method article

A method article is a medium length peer-reviewed, research-focused article type that aims to answer a specific question. It also describes an advancement or development of current methodological approaches and research procedures (akin to a research article), following the standard layout for research articles. This includes new study methods, substantive modifications to existing methods, or innovative applications of existing methods to new models or scientific questions. These should include adequate and appropriate validation to be considered, and any datasets associated with the paper must publish all experimental controls and make full datasets available.  

Posters and slides

With F1000Research, you can publish scholarly posters and slides covering basic scientific, translational, and clinical research within the life sciences and medicine. You can find out more about how to publish posters and slides on the F1000Research website .

Registered report

A Registered Report consists of two different kinds of articles: a study protocol and an original research article.

This is because the review process for Registered Reports is divided into two stages. In Stage 1, reviewers assess study protocols before data is collected. In Stage 2, reviewers consider the full published study as an original research article, including results and interpretation.

Taking this approach, you can get an in-principle acceptance of your research article before you start collecting data. We’ve got further guidance on Registered Reports here , and you can also read F1000Research’s guidance on preparing a Registered Report .

Research article

Original research articles are the most common type of journal article. They’re detailed studies reporting new work and are classified as primary literature.

You may find them referred to as original articles, research articles, research, or even just articles, depending on the journal.

Typically, especially in STEM subjects, these articles will include Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion sections. However, you should always check the instructions for authors of your chosen journal to see whether it specifies how your article should be structured. If you’re planning to write an original research article, take a look at our guidance on writing a journal article .

Review article

Review articles provide critical and constructive analysis of existing published literature in a field. They’re usually structured to provide a summary of existing literature, analysis, and comparison. Often, they identify specific gaps or problems and provide recommendations for future research.

Unlike original research articles, review articles are considered as secondary literature. This means that they generally don’t present new data from the author’s experimental work, but instead provide analysis or interpretation of a body of primary research on a specific topic. Secondary literature is an important part of the academic ecosystem because it can help explain new or different positions and ideas about primary research, identify gaps in research around a topic, or spot important trends that one individual research article may not.

There are 3 main types of review article

Literature review

Presents the current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.

Systematic review

Identifies, appraises and synthesizes all the empirical evidence that meets pre-specified eligibility criteria to answer a specific research question. Researchers conducting systematic reviews use explicit, systematic methods that are selected with a view aimed at minimizing bias, to produce more reliable findings to inform decision making.

Meta-analysis

A quantitative, formal, epidemiological study design used to systematically assess the results of previous research to derive conclusions about that body of research. Typically, but not necessarily, a meta-analysis study is based on randomized, controlled clinical trials.

Take a look at our guide to writing a review article for more guidance on what’s required.

Software tool articles

A software tool article – published by F1000Research – describes the rationale for the development of a new software tool and details of the code used for its construction.

The article should provide examples of suitable input data sets and include an example of the output that can be expected from the tool and how this output should be interpreted. Software tool articles submitted to F1000Research should be written in open access programming languages. Take a look at their guidance for more details on what’s required of a software tool article.

Further resources

Ready to write your article, but not sure where to start?

For more guidance on how to prepare and write an article for a journal you can download the Writing your paper eBook .

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Article Types: What's the Difference Between Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals?

Introduction to article types, additional resources.

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Welcome! This guide aims to provide basic guidance on the primary types of periodical publications available and the characteristics of the articles that they publish.

One of the key elements to the effective creation of an academic research paper at the university level is the choice of materials to include in the paper. Articles from periodicals will play a central role in any research project, so the choice of appropriate types of articles is critical to the success of the project. There are so many types of publications available to the researcher, that the choice of what to include, alone, can be daunting.

Article Types: Choosing What is Best
Analyzing Journal Articles This article provides basic guidelines for analyzing a journal article.
Analyzing Magazine Articles This article provides basic guidelines for analyzing a magazine article.
Analyzing Trade Magazine/Journal Articles This article provides basic guidelines for analyzing a trade magazine or journal article.
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Difference between conference paper and journal paper

Many times I heard about papers published in conference. But still I am not able to find the major difference between papers published in a conference and those published in a journal. What is the difference?

publications

14 You should specify the field you are interested in. In computer science, for example, it is very common to publish in conference proceedings due to the faster publishing cycle. However, this is not necessarily true for other fields where conferences might be just gatherings of the community to talk about ongoing research. – Michael Mauderer Commented Mar 20, 2014 at 10:36
1 I am from mathematics background. – monalisa Commented Mar 20, 2014 at 10:38
Most of the conferences employ only one (or two) cycles of review/revise due to the deadlines. At a journal, in theory, you can have many cycles of sending your (revised) paper to the reviewers and then update it according to their comments. – visoft Commented Mar 20, 2014 at 13:26
@MichaelMauderer do you mean faster publishing compared to journal articles in general or in CS? Because in Chemistry a typical time between submission and first online is just a few months or even less. – user64845 Commented Jan 2, 2018 at 0:22
@DSVA Note: that comment is from '14 and things change. The comment was mostly meant to highlight differences between publication practices in different disciplines. – Michael Mauderer Commented Jan 2, 2018 at 17:41

3 Answers 3

Conference papers refer to articles that are written with the goal of being accepted to a conference: typically an annual (or biannual) venue with a specific scope where you can present your results to the community, usually as an oral presentation, a poster presentation, or a tabled discussion. The review process for conference papers is typically within a fixed window: everyone submits for a certain deadline, then the review committee (program committee) collaborates to review and discuss papers, then all authors are notified with accept/reject at the same time. Since the review process has a fixed schedule (to meet the schedule of the physical meeting), conference review times are quite predictable.

Conference papers are typically published in collections called "proceedings": sometimes these are printed by university presses, by professional organizations, by big-name publishers, or simply online.

Journal papers refer to an article that's published in an issue of the journal. The frequency of issues for different journals varies from one-a-month to once-a-year, or anything in between; it may not even be regular. The review process for journals often does not have a fixed deadline or schedule: though journals may promise things like "reviews in six weeks", in my experience, this rarely if ever holds true. However, instead of conferences that typically have only accept/reject decisions, journals typically have a rolling review schedule and reviewers can opt to ask the authors for revisions, meaning that there might be multiple review phases (often limited to three, at which stage the paper is rejected/accepted).

Since conference papers have a fixed schedule and provide the authors a venue for discussion and feedback, they are generally for earlier-term work or for "announcing/marking an idea", or for finding collaborators. Furthermore, conference papers tend to have fixed page-limits, which restricts the content to preliminary findings.

Journal papers tend to have generous page-limits (or none at all), but typically require the work to be more comprehensive and self-contained in return.

In general, in most fields, papers in well-recognized journals tend to have more prestige than papers in well-recognized conferences (esp. in terms of metrics). But this is a simplification.

While in some fields, conference papers are akin to talk abstracts, in areas like computer science, conference papers can be very meaty and there is a high churn of papers in conferences. Top conferences can have acceptance rates around 10%, and as such, A+ conference papers are often held in high regard within the community: these venues are far more competitive than many of the best journals. Still, even in the CS area, metric-wise (for hiring, positions, funding, etc.), journals will often still count for more than a conference following the norm in other academic fields.

10 "in most fields, papers in well-recognized journals tend to have more prestige" - with the exception of CS. And the last line of the answer is just not true at all. – Suresh Commented Mar 20, 2014 at 16:16
2 "In most fields" is followed by a full paragraph on the exceptional nature of CS. As for the last line, I use the qualifier "often": this has been the case in many of the institutes I have applied to or been at, has been the case for my PhD, etc. In my experience, although CS departments internally will give due weight to good conference papers, they are still bound by the same standards as the rest of the university departments in terms of hiring/firing/promotions/funds. What are your counter-arguments as to why journals will not often count for more than a conference in CS? – badroit Commented Mar 22, 2014 at 1:21
4 It's based on my experiences (at different levels) evaluating work and people, and watching how others do it, and how people talk about research work. It's not an absolute statement, but CS departments have spent many years in battles with deans convincing them that conferences count for more than journals. – Suresh Commented Mar 22, 2014 at 5:27
1 even in the CS area, metric-wise (for hiring, positions, funding, etc.), journals will often still count for more than a conference — Speaking as the chair of the faculty recruiting committee in a top-5 CS department: This is simply incorrect. I don't recall anyone on my committee ever pointing out a CS journal paper in any junior candidate's CV. (For interdisciplinary folks, it's important for research to be published in journals in the other area: Biology research in biology journals, for example.) – JeffE Commented Mar 22, 2014 at 17:13
2 @JeffE, I think that being in a top-5 CS department in the US means that the department will have it's own policies, etc. ... I think it would be less representative of other departments. As for " this is simply incorrect ": you cannot refute my statement with one counter-example. I said that it is often the case, not that it is always the case. Maybe have a look at: academia.stackexchange.com/a/18434/7746 . – badroit Commented Mar 22, 2014 at 21:34

It may be useful to expand on something which is implicit in Pete's answer. In pure mathematics, "conference papers" as described by badroit don't actually exist . Some (but by no means all, or even most) math conferences have published "proceedings", but these are not collections of the talks (or posters, or whatever) given at the conference. Likewise, in math there is no review process prior to the conference to decide which presentations will be given.

Instead, it is decided to have a conference, a bunch of people are invited, and some subset of them are asked to give talks. (How all of that happens varies a lot from case to case, but that's an answer for another question.) The point is that the speakers are chosen before anyone knows what they intend to talk about. The talks themselves may be about work in progress, work that's already submitted or published, or a synthesis. Basically, speakers give the same sort of talk they'd give in a departmental seminar which happened to have an audience full of experts. In particular, a talk frequently doesn't correspond to a single paper, or to work which is still available to be submitted for publication. Thus the phrase "present a paper", which people from many other fields use to describe what they do at a conference, sounds rather odd to mathematicians. (At least, it does to me.)

Finally, when there is a proceedings volume, all of the speakers — and possibly also the other participants who didn't give talks — are invited to submit papers. Those papers don't necessarily have anything to do with the actual talks (although hopefully both have to do with the topic of the conference). So the "proceedings" don't necessarily bear any resemblance to what actually happened at the conference, making "proceedings" rather a misnomer. Basically, a proceedings volume is like a one-issue journal (sometimes it is an issue of a regular journal) on the topic of the conference. Pete already explained some of the ways they are perceived differently from regular journals.

Thanks for this answer. I realized when I wrote my answer that I was underplaying the fact that you are not selected to speak at a conference based on the paper you submit (because you don't submit the paper in advance). One reason I didn't say this is because I wasn't sure whether you do submit papers in advance in other fields! – Pete L. Clark Commented Mar 22, 2014 at 18:47
One comment: "Those papers don't necessarily have anything to do with the actual talks...." surprises me a little. "Necessarily" is a strong word, but in my experience the papers in the proceedings more often than not do somehow correspond to the talk that was given (or would have been given if the invitee had attended!), though since they are of the usual size for a paper there is much more there than is in any one talk. In the proceedings I've read such papers often begin by saying a little bit about what was actually said in the talk. – Pete L. Clark Commented Mar 22, 2014 at 18:47
Admittedly the practice that I am describing above applies more to lecture series than individual talks, but in my experience these are the types of conference proceedings that I encounter more often. (If you are giving one lecture on your recent work, then most of the time that work just appears in an unrelated, conventional journal.) – Pete L. Clark Commented Mar 22, 2014 at 18:50
@Pete: What I've described is probably the extreme case, but it is an accurate description of some conference proceedings which I have seen, published in, and refereed for. – Mark Meckes Commented Mar 23, 2014 at 7:37

For many questions like this, you can get some kind of answer without including information on your own discipline, but it will be at best some kind of weighted average across different disciplines. If you indicate your discipline in the question then you may well get both general questions and questions focused to your discipline.

You ask about mathematics. We do not have a very strong tradition of conference papers at all compared to most other academic fields. The idea of a "prestigious conference paper" is almost an oxymoron to me. There are a small number of yearly conferences which regularly publish their proceedings, but that the papers are solid and interesting and sufficiently thematically connected to one another that you might actually want to own the book they get published in is close to a best case scenario. Actually I get annoyed even by this because conference proceedings that get published as books tend to be books which are very expensive, difficult to locate (by virtue of bibliographic information handled in a strange way) and often not carried by university libraries.

At the moment I have 22 published papers and half a dozen other submissions, and I have never submitted a paper to a conference. Curious as to whether this was my own idiosyncrasy, I just looked up the published papers of my two senior colleagues in my field (number theory). One of them has no conference papers. The other has three but the most recent is from 1989. I do get the sense that this was a more common phenomenon about a generation ago.

Why don't mathematicians like to publish conference papers? Here are some ideas:

1) I don't get the sense that many people are getting their submissions to conference proceedings turned away: rather, I think most often they simply ask everyone who spoke in the conference [or in the section, or whatever] whether they would like to contribute an article. They usually are "refereed" in some formal sense, but in my understanding it is usually nominal, and the proceedings are viewed mostly as a record of as many of the actual talks as they could persuade people to write up.

2) Because they generally do want a paper from as many people who gave a talk at the conference as possible, the shoe is really on the other foot and they often end up having to cajole busy people to get around to polishing their lecture notes. Thus unlike in other fields where I gather conference proceedings get novel work out quickly, in mathematics the proceedings can appear two years or more after the conference, which is slow even compared to journal publication.

3) There seems to be a sense that conferences (with certain obvious exceptions like the ICM) are more social occasions than serious professional events. (I mean, if I want to hear about the crackerjack theorem you proved last week, it's likely I can just download it from the arxiv or your webpage or ask you to send me a copy.) The number one reason mathematicians like to give conferences is to celebrate someone's birthday, and a popular followup is to train young people in the field: these are often called "summer schools". There is a sort of community awareness that -- again, with certain famous and not so recent exceptions like the Grothendieck Festschrift -- such conference proceedings are more likely to contain heartfelt remarks about one's revered former advisor than really cutting edge research. I have even heard some people jokingly refer to Festschrifts as dumping grounds for inferior product.

1 I disagree with 3). whilst social interactions are definitely part of a conference the conferences themselves are in my view very serious professional events where one gets to hear the ideas behind theorems which are not always present in a paper and where you can extend your network. This holds a fortiori for students and junior staff These sort of statements are exactly what administrators will use to cut our limited funding even further. – Hercule Poirot Commented Jun 14, 2022 at 7:09

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When writing a paper or conducting academic research, you’ll come across many different types of sources, including periodical articles. Periodical articles can be comprised of news accounts, opinion, commentary, scholarly analysis, and/or reports of research findings. There are three main types of periodicals that you will encounter: scholarly/academic, trade, and popular. The chart below will help you identify which type of periodical your article comes from.


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There is a nuanced distinction between peer-review and scholarship, which typically doesn't matter when evaluating sources for possible citation in your own work. Peer-review is a process through which editors of a journal have other experts in the field evaluate articles submitted to the journal for possible publication. Different journals have different ways of defining an expert in the field. Scholarly works, by contrast have an editorial process, but this process does not involve expert peer-reviewers. Rather, one or more editors, who are themselves often highly decorated scholars in a field, evaluate submissions for possible publication. This editorial process can be more economically driven than a peer-review process, with a greater emphasis on marketing and selling the published material, but as a general rule this distinction is trivial with regard to evaluating information for possible citation in your own work.

What is perhaps a more salient way of thinking about the peer-review / scholarship distinction is to recognize that while peer-reviewed information is typically highly authoritative, and is generally considered "good" information, the absence of a peer-review process doesn't automatically make information "bad." More specifically, the only thing the absence of a peer-review process means is that information published in this manner is not peer-reviewed. Nothing more. Information that falls into this category is sometimes referred to as "non-scholarly" information -- but again, that doesn't mean this information is somehow necessarily problematic.

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Critical Writing 2024: Video Games vs. Feminist Difference: Researching the White Paper

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Thus, a white paper author would not “brainstorm” a topic. Instead, the white paper author would get busy figuring out how the problem is defined by those who are experiencing it as a problem. Typically that research begins in popular culture--social media, surveys, interviews, newspapers. Once the author has a handle on how the problem is being defined and experienced, its history and its impact, what people in the trenches believe might be the best or worst ways of addressing it, the author then will turn to academic scholarship as well as “grey” literature (more about that later). Unlike a school research paper, the author does not set out to argue for or against a particular position, and then devote the majority of effort to finding sources to support the selected position. Instead, the author sets out in good faith to do as much fact-finding as possible, and thus research is likely to present multiple, conflicting, and overlapping perspectives. When people research out of a genuine desire to understand and solve a problem, they listen to every source that may offer helpful information. They will thus have to do much more analysis, synthesis, and sorting of that information, which will often not fall neatly into a “pro” or “con” camp: Solution A may, for example, solve one part of the problem but exacerbate another part of the problem. Solution C may sound like what everyone wants, but what if it’s built on a set of data that have been criticized by another reliable source? And so it goes.

For example, if you are trying to write a white paper on the opioid crisis, you may focus on the value of providing free, sterilized needles--which do indeed reduce disease, and also provide an opportunity for the health care provider distributing them to offer addiction treatment to the user. However, the free needles are sometimes discarded on the ground, posing a danger to others; or they may be shared; or they may encourage more drug usage. All of those things can be true at once; a reader will want to know about all of these considerations in order to make an informed decision. That is the challenging job of the white paper author.   The research you do for your white paper will require that you identify a specific problem, seek popular culture sources to help define the problem, its history, its significance and impact for people affected by it. You will then delve into academic and grey literature to learn about the way scholars and others with professional expertise answer these same questions. In this way, you will create creating a layered, complex portrait that provides readers with a substantive exploration useful for deliberating and decision-making. You will also likely need to find or create images, including tables, figures, illustrations or photographs, and you will document all of your sources.

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Ceramic membranes synthesized using fly ash pulp and paper boiler for COD and BOD removal from river

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Published: 13 September 2024

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I. Amri ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2548-7153 1 , 3 ,
K. H. Pratama 1 ,
S. Arumnika 1 ,
Z. Meldha 1 &
R. Rohani 2

Industrial developments and settlements along the Siak River have affected the quality of the river water. Based on laboratory tests, the COD and BOD content of Siak River water still exceeds the standard set under Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021. This research was conducted to analyze the role of variations in the composition and size of materials of clay, fly ash, and sawdust, in synthesizing ceramic membranes for COD and BOD removal of Siak River water. These residual materials from pulp and paper industry were used for ceramic membranes synthesis and further applied in drinking water treatment. In this study, ceramic membranes with a diameter of 11 cm, a thickness of 0.5 cm, and a combustion temperature of 900 °C were obtained and the composition of clay, fly ash, and sawdust of the ceramic membranes was varied in terms of ratio, respectively, at 32.5%:60%:7.5%, 45%:45%:10%, and 70%:25%:5%. Meanwhile, the variations in the size of the materials were as follows: 60, 80, and 100 mesh. The obtained results have shown that the COD and BOD content of Siak River water was reduced during the filtration process using the ceramic membranes, with the greatest percentage reductions in COD and BOD content (48.9% and 64.6%, respectively). The highest removals percentage were recorded upon using the ceramic membrane M8 (with a composition of 60% fly ash, 32.5% clay, 7.5% sawdust and particle size of 100 mesh). This result indicated that the ceramic membranes can be effectively used for the targeted application.

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Acknowledgements

The engineering faculty at the University of Riau is to be thanked for helping to make use of the Product Technology Laboratory for this project.

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Chemical Engineering Product Technology Laboratory, Indonesia, Chemical Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Riau University, Indonesia, Kampus Bina Widya Jl. HR. Soebrantas KM 12,5 Simpang Baru, Panam, Pekanbaru, 28293, Indonesia

I. Amri, K. H. Pratama, S. Arumnika & Z. Meldha

Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Riau, Kampus Binawidya, Jl. HR Subrantas KM 12,5 Panam, Pekanbaru, Riau, 28293, Indonesia

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Amri, I., Pratama, K.H., Arumnika, S. et al. Ceramic membranes synthesized using fly ash pulp and paper boiler for COD and BOD removal from river. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05999-6

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Received : 06 July 2023

Revised : 16 July 2024

Accepted : 19 August 2024

Published : 13 September 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05999-6

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Journal Article vs. Research Paper
Difference Between Journal and Research Paper?
Difference between Journal Article and Research Paper
Difference Between Journal Article and Research Paper
Difference Between Research Paper and Journal Paper
Journal Article vs. Research Paper

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How to Write and Publish a Research Paper
Submit your Research Paper to the Right Journal
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Difference Between Newspaper and Journal
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Types of journal articles
Original Research: This is the most common type of journal manuscript used to publish full reports of data from research. It may be called an Original Article, Research Article, Research, or just Article, depending on the journal. The Original Research format is suitable for many different fields and different types of studies.
Difference Between Research Paper and Journal Article
The key difference is the use of each. One is for practice in writing, and the other is a certain practice for fellow practitioners. That said, one (research paper) is used more as a way to educate a student on how to write clearly and effectively about a topic, while the other (journal article) is written to educate the reader on a subject or ...
How to distinguish between types of journal articles
Peer-review is a process through which editors of a journal have other experts in the field evaluate articles submitted to the journal for possible publication. Different journals have different ways of defining an expert in the field. Scholarly works, by contrast have an editorial process, but this process does not involve expert peer-reviewers.
Exploring the Difference Between Research Papers and Journals
In the concluding section of this paper, it has been demonstrated that there is a distinct difference between research papers and journals. Research Papers are usually longer in length than journal articles, and can provide an expansive overview of a topic due to their comprehensive nature. In addition to being heavily researched, they often ...
Exploring the Differences Between Research Papers and Journals
IV. The Writing Process for a Research Paper vs Journal Article Research Paper vs Journal Article: Though research papers and journal articles are closely related, they have a few key differences. A research paper is typically longer than a journal article, often at least 10 pages in length depending on the requirements of the assignment.
Scholarly Journals and Popular Magazines: Differences in Research
Scholarly journals may include book reviews or other content that have not been peer reviewed. Empirical Study: (Original or Primary) based on observation, experimentation, or study. Clinical trials, clinical case studies, and most meta-analyses are empirical studies.
Journal Article vs. Research Paper
A Journal Article is a peer-reviewed piece published in an academic journal, while a Research Paper is a detailed study on a topic, not necessarily published. Difference Between Journal Article and Research Paper
Writing for publication: Structure, form, content, and journal
This article provides an overview of writing for publication in peer-reviewed journals. While the main focus is on writing a research article, it also provides guidance on factors influencing journal selection, including journal scope, intended audience for the findings, open access requirements, and journal citation metrics.
Q: Are 'journal article' and 'research article' the same?
Any article that is published in a journal can be referred to as a "journal article." However, journals publish different types of articles, some of which require original research, while others do not. A "research article" however, refers to only those article types that require original research. Typically, empirical studies or original ...
Journal Articles
Authors: Authors of journal articles are usually affiliated with universities, research institutions, or professional associations.Author degrees are usually specified with the author names, as are the affiliations. Abstract: The article text is usually preceded with an abstract.The abstract will provide an overview of what the article discusses or reveals and frequently is useful in ...
Difference Between Journal and Research Paper?
Nevertheless, it should be understood that its length depends on the context of the study. However, the key difference between a journal and a research paper is that a journal is limited to 5,000 - 10,000 words unlike a research paper. A journal can provide you with a list of national and international conferences as it is a periodical ...
Journal vs conference papers: Key differences & advice
A journal paper is a written piece of academic work - presenting empirical research, a theoretical discussion, or both - published in an academic journal. Most journal papers or articles are peer-reviewed , meaning they undergo a rigorous review process involving several stages and rounds of revisions before they are published.
Research Article vs. Research Paper
A research article is typically a shorter document that is published in a peer-reviewed journal. It focuses on a specific research question and provides a concise summary of the study's methodology, results, and conclusions. On the other hand, a research paper is usually a longer document that provides a more comprehensive analysis of a ...
Compare Types of Journals
Research reports and commentary. Trends, new technologies, workplace standards in the field. General interest and news. Purpose. To disseminate findings from original research or experiments. To advance profession by covering issues and topics in the field. To inform and entertain. Reliability. Good - the articles undergo blind reviews by other ...
How to Write and Publish a Research Paper for a Peer-Reviewed Journal
The introduction section should be approximately three to five paragraphs in length. Look at examples from your target journal to decide the appropriate length. This section should include the elements shown in Fig. 1. Begin with a general context, narrowing to the specific focus of the paper.
Types of research article
Letters or short reports. Method article. Posters and slides. Registered report. Research article. Review article. Software tool articles. In scholarly literature, there are many different kinds of articles published every year. Original research articles are often the first thing you think of when you hear the words 'journal article'.
Definitions
Journal articles are typically of substantial length (often more than 10 pages) and usually reflect research, whether it be surveys of existing research or discussions of original research. Most journal articles will be prefaced with an abstract and will include extensive documentation within the article or at the end of the article.
White papers, working papers, preprints: What's the difference?
Preprints, like academic journal articles, are assigned a Digital Object Identifier, or DOI, and become a permanent part of the scientific record. White paper. A white paper is a report, often compiled by government agencies, businesses and nonprofit organizations, that outlines an issue and often explores possible solutions to a problem.
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One of the key elements to the effective creation of an academic research paper at the university level is the choice of materials to include in the paper. Articles from periodicals will play a central role in any research project, so the choice of appropriate types of articles is critical to the success of the project.
Difference between conference paper and journal paper
Journal papers tend to have generous page-limits (or none at all), but typically require the work to be more comprehensive and self-contained in return. In general, in most fields, papers in well-recognized journals tend to have more prestige than papers in well-recognized conferences (esp. in terms of metrics).
5 Differences between a research paper and a review paper
INFOGRAPHIC :5 Differences between a research paper and a review paper. There are different types of scholarly literature. Some of these require researchers to conduct an original study, whereas others can be based on previously published research. Understanding each of these types and also how they differ from one another can be rather ...
Library Research Strategies
Peer-review is a process through which editors of a journal have other experts in the field evaluate articles submitted to the journal for possible publication. Different journals have different ways of defining an expert in the field. Scholarly works, by contrast have an editorial process, but this process does not involve expert peer-reviewers.
Self-concept in narcissism: Profile comparisons of narcissistic
Objective: Clinical theories suggest that narcissists have a compromised self-concept. However, empirical investigation on attributes of the self that would be impaired in pathological narcissism is limited and inconsistent. The present study aims at detecting distinctive profiles of narcissistic manifestations on facets of the self that have been indicated as relevant in clinical and ...
Researching the White Paper
Researching the White Paper: The process of researching and composing a white paper shares some similarities with the kind of research and writing one does for a high school or college research paper. What's important for writers of white papers to grasp, however, is how much this genre differs from a research paper.
Beyond profit: A model framework for ethical and ...
These incentives could potentially include tax breaks, subsidies or grants to offset operational costs, training expenses or security measures, priority in being considered for relevant government procurement programmes, public recognition and reputation, streamlined administrative processes, research and development funding, or loaning unused ...
The Impact of Social Determinants of Health and ...
Introduction:As of 2019, the United States houses 5.3 million Chinese Americans (CA), with 689,000 being older adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between social dete...
Age‐related differences in olfactory training outcomes: A prospective
There were no significant differences between cohorts' Affordable Rapid Olfactory Measurement Array (AROMA), QoD-NS, or SNOT-22 scores at any time point. Both cohorts showed significant AROMA score improvement of more than 16 points from baseline to 3 months (younger cohort: p = 0.001; older cohort: p = 0.008).
Differences in the Use and Perception of Telehealth ...
Emerging research suggests that uptake of telehealth may be influenced by the distinct specialty area or type of healthcare service provided. For example, Connolly et al.'s (2022) survey of 866 mental health, primary care, and specialty care clinicians identified specialty-specific differences in clinicians' perceptions and use of telehealth. ...
CSR Communication and the Polarization of Public Discourses
Hannah Trittin-Ulbrich is Professor for Business in Society at Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany. She conducts research on corporate social responsibility (CSR), CSR communication, corporate digital responsibility (CDR), new forms of work and organizing, and the role of individual change agents for the sustainability transformation of organizations.
Ceramic membranes synthesized using fly ash pulp and paper boiler for
Industrial developments and settlements along the Siak River have affected the quality of the river water. Based on laboratory tests, the COD and BOD content of Siak River water still exceeds the standard set under Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021. This research was conducted to analyze the role of variations in the composition and size of materials of clay, fly ash, and sawdust, in ...