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Assignment and assumption agreement

What is an assignment and assumption agreement?

An assignment and assumption agreement is a contract that allows one of the parties to transfer their contractual rights and duties to another party.

An assignment of contract is used after a previous agreement has been signed and one of the parties wants to pass on its obligations to a third party that wasn\’t originally part of the contract.

The parties involved in an assignment of contract are:

Uses of assignment agreements

Asset purchase transactions.

 During mergers and acquisitions , the parties typically enter into additional agreements that are accessory to the purchase contract to evidence the transfer of assets. Among these ancillary documents is the assignment and assumption agreement, which may be required to make the Asset Purchase Agreement (APA) effective. 

In the context of a business transaction, the assignment and assumption agreement is a shorter agreement than the APA. A buyer will use the assignment contract to evidence the ownership of the assigned assets, while the seller uses it to prove that it is the buyer who now has assumed all the rights and obligations related to the assigned asset.

In asset acquisitions, it is common to have several assignment agreements that are used to authenticate the property of different assets, such as patents, trademarks, or copyrights. 

Opting out of a contract

If the party of a contract is no longer able to fulfill its obligations or wants to cede its rights to someone else, assignment agreements can come into place. Only if the terms of the original contract allow it, the assignor can transfer its property rights and obligations or debt to someone else.

An example could be a contractor who needs help to complete a job and assigns tasks and entitlements to a subcontractor.   

Startup Assignment Agreements

Assignment contracts are typically used by newly formed businesses that rely on software, trademarks, or other sort of intellectual property. Since technology startups expect financing from outside investors, a technology attorney will usually recommend the use of assignment agreements as a means of ensuring third parties, such as shareholders, can profit from using their IP and make it easier to find funding for their businesses. 

Conditions for an assignment contract to be valid

To be able to hand over the contractual obligations, the following criteria need to be met:

It’s essential to notice that, although assigning a contract will transfer the rights and duties to the receiving party, the assignor will not be released from any obligations that arose before the assignment. Before entering a contract assignment, ensure a contract review lawyer advises you it is safe to proceed, how to do it, and if you will be still liable for specific terms in the contract.

An assignment will not be enforced if:

Elements of an Assignment Agreement

Details on the existing agreement: Provides identification data on the existing contract, such as its date of execution and purpose. 

Additionally, the assignment contract will contain provisions related to indemnification and governing law.  

In M&A, when in need to prove the ownership of specific assets, or if you are facing difficulties in fulfilling your contractual obligations, an assignment and assumption agreement will demonstrate you are the right owner and keep your business’s credibility intact. 

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Ignite Success with an Effective Assignment and Assumption Agreement: A Comprehensive Guide

LegalGPS : July 29, 2024 at 9:05 AM

Running a successful business is all about staying on top of your game—and that includes being able to navigate legally complex situations with ease. One concept that often comes up in the world of contracts is the assignment and assumption agreement. If you're a business owner who needs a quick yet comprehensive rundown of what an assignment and assumption agreement is and how to create one, you've come to the right place.

Assignment and Assumption Agreement Template

Legal GPS templates are drafted by top startup attorneys and fully customizable.

In this guide, we'll walk you through the ins and outs of assignment and assumption agreements, and even provide you with a step-by-step explanation of how to put one together. So grab your favorite cup of coffee and let's get started!

Being able to efficiently manage and transfer contractual rights and obligations is crucial for businesses of all sizes. Whether you're selling a portion of your company or entering into a new partnership, having a solid assignment and assumption agreement in place can save you time, resources, and potential legal headaches down the line.

That being said, it's important to ensure that your assignment and assumption agreement is accurate, comprehensive, and tailored to suit your specific needs. And that's where this guide comes in. We'll help you understand the role of assignment and assumption agreements in your business and give you the tools you need to create one with confidence.

What is an Assignment and Assumption Agreement?

Before we dive into the nitty-gritty of creating an assignment and assumption agreement, it's important to understand what it is and why it's important for your business. In simple terms, an assignment and assumption agreement is a legal document that transfers the rights and obligations of one party (the "assignor") in an existing contract to another party (the "assignee"). Essentially, it allows one party to step out of a contract and another party to step in, taking over the original party's rights and responsibilities.

An assignment and assumption agreement typically serves a few key purposes, including:

Transferring ownership or control of assets

Refinancing debt or other financial arrangements

Splitting or consolidating business entities

A well-crafted agreement not only helps ensure a smooth transition but also protects all parties involved from potential misunderstandings and disputes.

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The Importance of an Accurate Assignment and Assumption Agreement

Now that you have an idea of what an assignment and assumption agreement entails, let's talk about why it's so important to get it right. Without a solid agreement in place, both the assignor and the assignee can face a whole host of problems, from miscommunications to legal disputes.

For one, an unclear or vague agreement can leave both parties open to misinterpretation and misunderstanding, which can result in disputes down the line. This is especially true when considerable assets or financial interests are at stake—having an accurate agreement in place helps protect both parties from future legal battles.

Moreover, without an agreement that specifically assigns rights and obligations to the assignee, the original parties to the contract may still be bound by its terms. This can give rise to unwanted legal complications and may even defeat the purpose of entering into the assignment and assumption agreement in the first place.

In short, a well-written assignment and assumption agreement protects both parties and helps prevent future misunderstandings and disputes.

How to Write an Assignment and Assumption Agreement: Step-by-Step Guide

Now that we've covered why having an accurate assignment and assumption agreement is so crucial, let's walk through how to write one. Keep in mind that every contract is unique, so your agreement should be tailored to your specific situation.

Step 1: Identifying Parties and their Roles

The first step in creating an assignment and assumption agreement is to clearly identify the parties involved and their respective roles. This typically includes the assignor, assignee, and the original counterparty to the contract (the "obligor"). Be sure to include the legal names and contact information for each party, including any business entities, individuals, or other parties that may be involved.

Moreover, all parties should be represented by a lawyer who is licensed to practice law in the state where the property is located.

Step 2: Describing the Original Contract

The next step is to describe the original contract being assigned and assumed, also known as the "underlying contract." This should include a brief description of the terms and conditions of the underlying contract, as well as the date on which it was executed. You may also want to include a reference to the specific section(s) of the underlying contract that permit assignment, if applicable.

For example, if the underlying contract is a lease agreement, you may want to point out that the lease allows for assignment.

Step 3: Detailing the Assignment and Assumption

Now, it's time to get into the heart of the agreement—the actual assignment and assumption. In this section, you'll need to outline the specific rights and obligations being transferred from the assignor to the assignee, including any limitations or conditions related to the transfer.

You should also identify the effective date of the assignment and assumption, which may be the date on which the agreement is executed, or a later date specified by the parties. In some cases, you may also need to consider any rights or obligations that will remain with the assignor after the assignment and assumption take effect.

Step 4: Consent of the Obligor

In some cases, the assignment and assumption of a contract may require the consent of the obligor. If this is the case, you should include a section in your agreement describing the obligor's consent, including any conditions or limitations on the consent, if applicable.

This is important because if the obligor does not consent or if there are conditions on the consent, it may prevent your assignment and assumption from taking effect.

Step 5: Governing Law and Jurisdiction

It's crucial to establish which laws will govern your assignment and assumption agreement, in case any disputes arise later on. Include a section specifying the state or country whose laws will apply to the agreement, as well as the jurisdiction where any legal disputes will be resolved.

However, make sure the law you choose is not one that would be considered unfair to either party. For example, if one of your companies is based in a state that has laws favorable to creditors and the other company is based in a state with more favorable laws for debtors, it may be best to choose another state as your governing law.

Step 6: Signatures

Finally, the last step in creating an assignment and assumption agreement is to have all parties sign and date the document. This is typically done at the end of the agreement, after all terms and conditions have been outlined. Be sure to include lines for the signatures of the assignor, assignee, and the obligor (if their consent is required), as well as a space for each party to print their name and title, if applicable.

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Pros and Cons of Using an Assignment and Assumption Agreement Template

When it comes to creating an assignment and assumption agreement, you might be considering using a contract template. While templates definitely have their advantages, such as saving time and ensuring that you cover all of the necessary legal bases, there are also some potential downsides to be aware of.

One major advantage of using a template is that it can save you time by providing a well-structured starting point for your agreement. Templates also generally include the essential sections and clauses that most agreements need, helping to ensure that your agreement is legally compliant and thorough.

The main disadvantage of using a generic template is that it may not be tailored precisely to your specific needs. This can result in an agreement that doesn't fully address the nuances of your situation or provide adequate protection for all parties involved. If you're unsure about whether a template is appropriate for your situation, you should consider consulting a legal professional or purchasing a customizable contract template that can be adapted to your specific circumstances.

The Benefits of Choosing Our Contract Template

There's no doubt that a well-designed contract template can be a game-changer when it comes to drafting assignment and assumption agreements. And that's where our expertly crafted template comes into play. Here's what sets our template apart:

Designed by legal professionals with years of experience

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Customizable to suit your specific needs and requirements

By choosing our contract template, you can feel confident knowing that you're getting a legally compliant and strategically sound agreement that's tailored to your situation. So why wait? Purchase our expertly designed assignment and assumption agreement template and ensure your business's success today!

In the world of business, contracts play a crucial role in protecting your assets and interests. And when it comes to assignment and assumption agreements, accuracy and clarity are key. We hope this comprehensive guide has given you the tools and understanding you need to confidently create your own assignment and assumption agreements.

Ready to make your life easier? Grab our expertly designed assignment and assumption agreement template today and streamline your business operations with confidence!

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What is an Assignment and Assumption Agreement: Everything You Need to Know

An assignment and assumption agreement is an agreement for transferring contractual duties and rights. 3 min read updated on January 01, 2024

“What is an assignment and assumption agreement?” is a question that you may find yourself asking if you intend to end your involvement in contract by letting another person step into your shoes. An assignment and assumption agreement is an agreement for transferring contractual duties and rights. It is a separate agreement from the one being transferred. The original contract may contain certain terms and conditions regarding assignments and assumptions, so it is important for the parties involved to review the contract carefully before proceeding with the transfer.

What Is an Assignment and Assumption Agreement?

Also referred to as an assignment and assumption, an assignment and assumption agreement is an agreement that is established when one party of a contract wishes to transfer his or her  contractual obligations and rights to another party. The party who is transferring his or her rights is called the assignor, while the one receiving them is known as the assignee.

In some situations, an assignor will not be completely released from liability even after he or she has assigned the contract. The parties should look closely at the specific language in the contract to determine the restrictions and terms that apply to assignments and assumptions. An agreement for an assignment and assumption is a document that is separate from the contract it transfers.

Reasons for Creating an Assignment and Assumption Agreement

After two parties  enter into a contract , a change in business climate, one party's equity, or other factors may make it necessary to assign the contract. If both parties agree to the assignment and sign the necessary documents to transfer existing duties and interests, an agreement may be assigned to and assumed by another party.

A business may lose its foothold in the marketplace or one of contracting parties may fail to perform its contractual obligations due to changing local laws. Instead of leaving parties bound to an irrelevant or  dated agreement , an assignment makes it possible for struggling or incapable parties to be replaced with parties that are more capable of responding to the requirements and goals of the contract. The process of assignment itself enables the parties to continue a dialogue, which can help develop and solidify a successful business relationship.

A Guide to Creating an Assignment and Assumption Agreement

Sometimes, a contract may have specific rules regarding what type of assignment is permitted, who can receive the assignment, and how the assignment should be processed. It is essential that you read the original contract to ensure that all contracting parties have met all the requirements for assignments and assumptions. Each party should be given enough time to review both the initial agreement and the assignment. This will help prevent the situation where one party claims that he or she does not understand the terms and their effect on the agreement or his or her rights and duties.

In addition, you and the other party should carefully review the assignment to make sure that it includes all relevant deal points. Avoid assuming that both parties have agreed to certain terms or expectations even if they are not clearly stated in the document. It is better to over-include than under-include terms in the agreement. Since the terms of the initial agreement are still effective, both parties should continue to fulfill their contractual obligations until the assignment is signed and completed.

Three copies of the assignment and assumption agreement must be signed: two for the initial contracting parties and one for the assignee. Your copy of the signed assignment agreement should be kept with the original agreement. Once the assignment is created and signed, it will become part of the initial contract and should be treated as such. Depending on the  terms of the agreement , you may want to have the assignment witnessed or notarized. By doing so, you can avoid the situation where someone challenges the validity of a signature.

What to Include in an Assignment and Assumption Agreement

An assignment and assumption agreement can be written in many different ways. In many instances, such an agreement includes the following:

• Names of assignor and assignee
• Whereas clause stating that both assignor and assignee have agreed to the assignment
• Statement of assignment
• Statement of assumption
• Effective date of assignment
• Statement about future transfers and assignments to permitted successors
• Declaration that the agreement can be executed in counterparts
• Statement confirming the presence of witnesses
• Signatures of the assignor and assignee

If you need help drafting an assignment and assumption agreement, you can  post your legal need on UpCounsel's marketplace. UpCounsel accepts only the top 5 percent of lawyers to its site. Lawyers on UpCounsel come from law schools such as Harvard Law and Yale Law and average 14 years of legal experience, including work with or on behalf of companies like Google, Menlo Ventures, and Airbnb.

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ASSIGNMENT AND ASSUMPTION AGREEMENTS

The Assignment and Assumption Agreement

An assignment and assumption agreement is used after a contract is signed, in order to transfer one of the contracting party’s rights and obligations to a third party who was not originally a party to the contract. The party making the assignment is called the assignor, while the third party accepting the assignment is known as the assignee.

In order for an assignment and assumption agreement to be valid, the following criteria need to be met:

The initial contract must provide for the possibility of assignment by one of the initial contracting parties. The assignor must agree to assign their rights and duties under the contract to the assignee. The assignee must agree to accept, or “assume,” those contractual rights and duties. The other party to the initial contract must consent to the transfer of rights and obligations to the assignee. A standard assignment and assumption contract is often a good starting point if you need to enter into an assignment and assumption agreement. However, for more complex situations, such as an assignment and amendment agreement in which several of the initial contract terms will be modified, or where only some, but not all, rights and duties will be assigned, it’s a good idea to retain the services of an attorney who can help you draft an agreement that will meet all your needs.

The Basics of Assignment and Assumption

When you’re ready to enter into an assignment and assumption agreement, it’s a good idea to have a firm grasp of the basics of assignment:

First, carefully read and understand the assignment and assumption provision in the initial contract. Contracts vary widely in their language on this topic, and each contract will have specific criteria that must be met in order for a valid assignment of rights to take place.

All parties to the agreement should carefully review the document to make sure they each know what they’re agreeing to, and to help ensure that all important terms and conditions have been addressed in the agreement. Until the agreement is signed by all the parties involved, the assignor will still be obligated for all responsibilities stated in the initial contract. If you are the assignor, you need to ensure that you continue with business as usual until the assignment and assumption agreement has been properly executed.

Filling in the Assignment and Assumption Agreement

Unless you’re dealing with a complex assignment situation, working with a template often is a good way to begin drafting an assignment and assumption agreement that will meet your needs. Generally speaking, your agreement should include the following information:

Identification of the existing agreement, including details such as the date it was signed and the parties involved, and the parties’ rights to assign under this initial agreement

The effective date of the assignment and assumption agreement

Identification of the party making the assignment (the assignor), and a statement of their desire to assign their rights under the initial contract

Identification of the third party accepting the assignment (the assignee), and a statement of their acceptance of the assignment

Identification of the other initial party to the contract, and a statement of their consent to the assignment and assumption agreement

A section stating that the initial contract is continued; meaning, that, other than the change to the parties involved, all terms and conditions in the original contract stay the same

In addition to these sections that are specific to an assignment and assumption agreement, your contract should also include standard contract language, such as clauses about indemnification, future amendments, and governing law.

Sometimes circumstances change, and as a business owner you may find yourself needing to assign your rights and duties under a contract to another party. A properly drafted assignment and assumption agreement can help you make the transfer smoothly while, at the same time, preserving the cordiality of your initial business relationship under the original contract.

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The definition of assignment & assumption agreement.

By Rebecca K. McDowell, J.D.

October 19, 2019

Reviewed by Michelle Seidel, B.Sc., LL.B., MBA

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• Land Contract Law in Florida

Assignments and assumptions are part of contract law and refer to the transfer of someone's duties and benefits in a contract to another. Assignments and assumptions are common with respect to contracts for loans or leases. A lender or lessor may assign its rights to another lender or lessor, and a borrower or lessee may find someone to assume the loan or lease and make the payments.

The Elements of a Contract

A contract is legally formed when two or more parties enter into an agreement with certain elements, which include:

• An offer. For instance, in a mortgage transaction, the lender offers to loan money to the borrower.
• Acceptance of the offer. The mortgage borrower agrees to borrow the money.
• Consideration. Consideration in a contractual relationship means the things the two parties give to each other in exchange for entering the contract. A mortgage lender loans money to the borrower, and in exchange, the borrower agrees to repay the money and give the lender a lien on the house. The loan, the repayment with interest and the mortgage lien are consideration for the contract.
• Mutuality. The parties must have come together and agreed upon the terms of the contract Read More: How Does a Contract Work?

Burdens and Benefits of a Contract

The contract sets forth what the parties are required to do during the contractual relationship. With a mortgage, the lender is required to loan the money and apply the payments correctly in accordance with the agreement, and then release the lien when the loan is paid. The borrower is required to pay the loan back with interest, pay the property taxes and make sure the property has insurance.

These contractual obligations create both burdens and benefits on both sides. The lender has the burden of making the loan and applying the payments correctly, but it has the benefit of receiving interest on the loan. The borrower has the burdens of making payments and insuring the property but has the benefit of owning the home.

Assigning a Contract

An assignment occurs when one party to a contract transfers, or assigns, its rights and obligations under the contract to another party. This happens frequently with mortgage loans, as lenders sell loans to other lenders. The lender will enter into an assignment agreement and assign the note and the mortgage to another party. The borrower then must make the payments to the assignee. The assignee's right and obligations under an assignment are the same as the assignor's rights and obligations and cannot be changed without a new contract.

Assuming a Contract

An assumption is the other side of the coin, in a sense. Assumptions are common with respect to leases and mortgages and typically occur when the borrower or lessee wants to transfer the property to someone else without paying off the loan or lease. Assumption means someone is taking over the side of the contract that requires payment.

If the contract allows it, another person can agree to assume the original party's obligations under the contract – the obligations to make monthly payments, etc. – in exchange for taking over the ownership or the lease.

Not every contract can be assumed. The language of the contract will state whether the borrower or lessee is allowed to transfer the property or lease by assumption.

Assignment and Assumption Agreements

Assignments and assumptions are both conducted by written agreement. Sometimes an assignment and an assumption will occur in the same transaction, and one agreement will cover both; the parties are assigning the benefits and assuming the burdens.

Assignments and assumptions are both transfers of contractual benefits and burdens from one party to another. They differ from each other based on the original position of the transferring party and the duties and benefits being transferred.

• Bankrate: Assumable Mortgage: Take Over Seller's Loan
• The Law Dictionary: What is Assumption?
• Nolo: What Is an Assignment of Contract?
• U.S. Legal: Elements of a Contract

Rebecca K. McDowell is a creditors' rights attorney with a special focus on bankruptcy and insolvency. She has a B.A. in English from Albion College and a J.D. from Wayne State University Law School. She has written legal articles for Nolo and the Bankruptcy Site.

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Assumption Agreement: Definition & Sample

Jump to section, what is an assumption agreement.

An assumption agreement, sometimes called an assignment and assumption agreement, is a legal document that allows one party to transfer rights and/or obligations to another party. It allows one party to "assume" the rights and responsibilities of the other party. This agreement is often used in real estate transactions and mortgage lending.

A seller may include an assumption agreement in order to provide legal protection by transferring obligations to a buyer. If a buyer then decides to default on a mortgage or otherwise go against the contract, the original seller would not be held liable.

Assumption Agreement Sample

Reference : Security Exchange Commission - Edgar Database, EX-10 8 exhibit107.htm ASSUMPTION AGREEMENT , Viewed October 13, 2021, View Source on SEC .

Who Helps With Assumption Agreements?

Lawyers with backgrounds working on assumption agreements work with clients to help. Do you need help with an assumption agreement?

Post a project  in ContractsCounsel's marketplace to get free bids from lawyers to draft, review, or negotiate assumption agreements. All lawyers are vetted by our team and peer reviewed by our customers for you to explore before hiring.

ContractsCounsel is not a law firm, and this post should not be considered and does not contain legal advice. To ensure the information and advice in this post are correct, sufficient, and appropriate for your situation, please consult a licensed attorney. Also, using or accessing ContractsCounsel's site does not create an attorney-client relationship between you and ContractsCounsel.

Meet some of our Assumption Agreement Lawyers

With 20 years of transactional law experience, I have represented corporate giants like AT&T and T-Mobile, as well as mid-size and small businesses across a wide spectrum of legal needs, including business purchase agreements, entity formation, employment matters, commercial and residential real estate transactions, partnership agreements, online business terms and policy drafting, and business and corporate compliance. Recognizing the complexities of the legal landscape, I am dedicated to providing accessible and transparent legal services by offering a flat fee structure, making high-quality legal representation available to all. My extensive knowledge and commitment to client success establishes me as a trusted advisor for businesses of all sizes.

Business-minded, analytical and detail-oriented attorney with broad experience in real estate and corporate law, with an emphasis on retail leasing, sales and acquisitions and real estate finance. Extensive experience in drafting complex commercial contracts, including purchase and sale contracts for businesses in a wide variety of industries. Also experienced in corporate formation and governance, mergers and acquisitions, employment and franchise law. Admitted to practice in Colorado since 2001, Bar No. 33427.

Attorney Garrett Mayleben's practice is focused on representing small businesses and the working people that make them profitable. He represents companies in structuring and negotiating merger, acquisition, and real estate transactions; guides emerging companies through the startup phase; and consults with business owners on corporate governance matters. Garrett also practices in employment law, copyright and trademark law, and civil litigation. Though industry agnostic, Garrett has particular experience representing medical, dental, veterinary, and chiropractic practices in various business transactions, transitions, and the structuring of related management service organizations (MSOs).

I was born in Charlotte, NC and primarily raised in Dalton, GA. I graduated from Dalton High School in 1981 where I was in the band and the French club. I also participated in Junior Achievement and was a member of Tri-Hi-Y. New York granted my first license as an attorney in 1990. I then worked as a partner in the firm of Broda and Burnett for almost 10 years and as a solo practitioner for about 2 years. I worked as a general practitioner (primarily doing divorces, child abuse cases, custody matters and other family law matters, bankruptcy, real estate closings, contracts, taxes, etc.) and as a Law Guardian (attorney who represents children). I obtained my license in Tennessee in December 2002 and began working as an associate at Blackburn & McCune from February of 2003 until May of 2005. At Blackburn & McCune I provided telephone legal counsel to Prepaid Legal Services (now known as Legal Shield) members, wrote letters for members, reviewed contracts, attended hearings on traffic ticket matters and represented members with regard to IRS matters. In May of 2005, I went to work for North American Satellite Corporation where I served as Corporate Counsel. I handled a number of taxation issues, reviewed and wrote contracts, counseled the CEO and Board of Directors on avoiding legal problems and resolving disputes, and represented employees on a variety of matters, and also assisted the company for a period of time as its Director of Accounting. In 2010, I volunteered as a law clerk for Judge Robert Adams in Dalton, Georgia until I obtained my license to practice law in Georgia in November, 2010. In Georgia, I have handled a variety of family law matters, drafted wills, advanced health care directives, power of attorney documents, reviewed and drafted contracts, and conducted real estate closings. Currently, I accept cases in the areas of adoption, child support, custody, divorce, legitimation and other family law matters. In addition, I handle name change petitions and draft wills.

Michigan and USPTO licensed attorney with over 20 years of experience on counseling clients in the fields of intellectual property, transactional law, technology involvement, negotiations, and business litigation.

Attorney with over 10+ years' experience and have closed over $1 Billion in real estate, telecommunications, & business transactions

I am an attorney with over 13 years experience licensed in both Illinois and Indiana. I spent the early part of my career as a civil litigation attorney. Eventually, I moved into an in-house role, specifically as general counsel, to help companies avoid the pains of litigation. In doing so, I gained significant experience in executive leadership, corporate governance, risk management and cybersecurity/privacy. I bring this wealth of experience to my client engagements to not only resolve the immediate issue, but help implement lasting improvements in practices to avoid similar problems going forward.

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Assignment and Assumption Agreement | Practical Law

Assignment and Assumption Agreement

Practical law standard document 0-381-9984  (approx. 10 pages).

Understanding the Basics of Assignment and Assumption Agreements

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Note: Links to our free templates are at the bottom of this long guide. Also note: This is not legal advice

Introduction

Understanding the importance of assignment and assumption agreements is essential for any business transaction. These agreements are legal documents which outline the transfer of ownership, rights, and obligations from one party to another in order to protect both parties from liabilities and disputes. Moreover, they help streamline the transition of ownership by providing a clear agreement between all involved.

At Genie AI, we understand that navigating these agreements can be difficult without legal expertise - but it doesn’t have to be! Our team provides free assignment and assumption agreement templates so that anyone can draft high-quality legal documents without paying hefty lawyer fees.

These agreements are crucial in corporate mergers, asset sales, and other business transactions as they protect both assignee and assignor from potential future disputes or disagreements. Furthermore, it helps everyone involved in the process come to an agreement about the transfer of assets or liabilities.

It’s also important for businesses to ensure that all records, documents, and information is properly transferred when assigning contracts - something which assignment and assumption agreements make simpler. Not only does this avoid any potential issues in the future but ultimately makes for a smoother transition when dealing with such matters.

In short, assignment and assumption agreements provide an invaluable service when it comes to safeguarding both parties involved in a business transaction while also simplifying their processes along the way. To learn more about how our team at Genie AI can help you on your way towards drafting these essential documents - read on below for our step-by-step guidance or visit us today to access our template library!

Definitions

Assignor: The party transferring the rights and liabilities. Assignee: The party receiving the rights and liabilities. Asset Assignment and Assumption Agreement: An agreement used when one party transfers all or part of their ownership of a particular asset to another party. Liability Assignment and Assumption Agreement: An agreement used when one party transfers all or part of their liability to another party. Contract Assignment and Assumption Agreement: An agreement used when one party transfers all or part of their contractual obligations to another party. Lease Assignment and Assumption Agreement: An agreement used when one party transfers all or part of their responsibilities under a lease to another party. Representations and Warranties: Promises made by the Assignor and Assignee in order to ensure they understand the risks associated with the transfer and are comfortable taking on the rights and liabilities. Indemnification: A clause outlining the terms under which the Assignor and Assignee are liable for any losses or damages due to the transfer. Choice of Law: A clause specifying which jurisdiction’s laws will govern the agreement. Severability: A clause outlining how the agreement will be enforced if any part of it is deemed unenforceable. Governing Law: A clause specifying which court will have jurisdiction over any disputes that arise out of the agreement. Notices: A clause outlining how notices between the parties will be delivered.

Definition of Assignment and Assumption Agreement

Overview of the different types of assignment and assumption agreements, asset assignment and assumption agreement, liability assignment and assumption agreement, contract assignment and assumption agreement, lease assignment and assumption agreement, the purpose of an assignment and assumption agreement, the process of negotiating an assignment and assumption agreement, identifying the parties involved, discussing the terms, drafting the agreement, final review and signing, key terms and clauses commonly found in assignment and assumption agreements, assignor & assignee, liabilities and obligations, representations and warranties, indemnification, choice of law, severability, governing law, potential issues that may arise when negotiating an assignment and assumption agreement, scope of liabilities, representations & warranties, dispute resolution, contractual limitations, practical considerations when drafting an assignment and assumption agreement, identifying contingent liabilities, understanding applicable laws, drafting clear & concise language, complying with any regulatory requirements, potential benefits of using an assignment and assumption agreement, risk reduction, asset protection, cost savings, potential pitfalls of using an assignment and assumption agreement, unforeseen risks, negotiating difficulties, regulatory non-compliance, conclusion and next steps, finalizing the agreement, implementing the agreement, documenting the outcome, get started.

• Understand the legal definition of an Assignment and Assumption Agreement: an agreement between two parties, which transfers one party’s rights, duties and obligations under a contract to another party
• Learn who can enter into an Assignment and Assumption Agreement: the parties to the original contract, or their successors
• Know what rights and obligations are transferred under an Assignment and Assumption Agreement: all rights, duties, and obligations that have been agreed upon in the original contract
• Be aware of the consequences of assigning and assuming obligations: the assignee is responsible for performing all duties and obligations of the contract, just as if they had originally entered into the contract.
• When you can check off this step: You will know you have a good understanding of the definition of an Assignment and Assumption Agreement when you can explain it in your own words and are aware of the rights and obligations transferred and the consequences of assigning and assuming obligations.
• Understand the three common types of assignment and assumption agreements: asset assignment and assumption agreement, contractual assignment and assumption agreement, and debt assignment and assumption agreement
• Learn the key features of each type, including the type of asset or obligation being assigned and assumed
• Determine the purpose of the agreement and the advantages of each type of agreement
• Check off this step when you feel confident that you understand the purpose and differences between the three types of assignment and assumption agreements.
• Research and understand the definitions of an asset assignment and assumption agreement
• Learn the different types of assets that can be assigned and assumed in an agreement
• Understand the purpose of an asset assignment and assumption agreement
• Research and review the legal elements of an asset assignment and assumption agreement, such as the parties involved, the assignor and assignee, the description of the assets to be assigned and assumed, the consideration for the assignment and assumption, the representations and warranties of both parties, the indemnification and other relevant provisions
• Draft an asset assignment and assumption agreement with the help of a qualified attorney
• When you are satisfied with the asset assignment and assumption agreement that you have drafted, execute the agreement according to the applicable law and have it notarized
• Check this off your list and move on to the next step, which is understanding liability assignment and assumption agreements.
• Research applicable state and federal laws to ensure the agreement is in compliance
• Draft a liability assignment and assumption agreement that assigns all liabilities of the transferor to the transferee
• Identify all liabilities to be assigned, including any and all warranty liabilities, product liabilities, and medical liabilities
• Include all necessary clauses that provide for the transfer of the liabilities, and state that the transferor will not be liable for any liabilities after the date of the agreement
• Get the agreement approved by the assigning and assuming parties
• Sign and date the agreement in the presence of a witness
• Once all parties have signed the agreement, you can check this off your list and move on to the next step of drafting the Contract Assignment and Assumption Agreement.
• Understand the difference between an assignment and an assumption agreement. An assignment agreement transfers the rights and obligations of the original contract from one party to another, while an assumption agreement transfers only the obligations of the original contract to the new party.
• Familiarize yourself with the language of the assignment and assumption agreement. The agreement should clearly state the terms of the assignment, the obligations assumed by the new party, and the liabilities being transferred.
• Draft the assignment and assumption agreement. Make sure to include all relevant details, such as the parties involved, the original contract being transferred, the new obligations assumed by the new party, and any other important information.
• Review the agreement with a legal professional. It is important to have a lawyer or other legal professional review the agreement to make sure it meets all legal requirements.
• Sign the agreement. Once both parties have signed the agreement, it is officially binding and the obligations of the original contract are now transferred to the new party.

You will know when you can check this off your list and move on to the next step when you have completed all steps in this section, including drafting, reviewing, and signing the agreement.

• Understand the basics of a lease assignment and assumption agreement
• Have an understanding of the parties involved in the agreement
• Know what is included in the agreement such as the particular lease, the transferor, the transferee, a consideration amount, date of assignment, and other related documents
• Have an understanding of the legal implications of the agreement as far as warranties, liabilities, and other related obligations
• Understand the process of executing the agreement and any other related steps required
• Be aware of any local or state laws that may affect the agreement

Once you have a thorough understanding of the lease assignment and assumption agreement, you can check off this step and move on to the next step in the guide: The Purpose of an Assignment and Assumption Agreement.

• Understand the purpose of an assignment and assumption agreement, which is to transfer rights and obligations from one party to another
• Learn the different types of assignment and assumption agreements, such as lease assignment and assumption agreements, purchase and sale agreements, and contracts
• Identify the parties involved in the agreement, what rights and obligations are being transferred, and how the agreement will be executed
• Once you understand the purpose of an assignment and assumption agreement, you can move on to the next step in the guide
• Research and determine the terms of the agreement that are appropriate for your situation
• Identify any potential legal issues that could arise from the assignment and assumption agreement
• Draft the agreement that outlines the terms, conditions, consideration, and liabilities
• Both parties must review and approve the agreement in its entirety
• Make sure the agreement is signed by both parties and that each party has a copy of the agreement
• When both parties have agreed upon and signed the agreement, the assignment and assumption agreement is officially enforceable
• You can check this step off your list and move onto the next step once the agreement is signed and all parties have a copy.
• Identify all parties involved in the agreement, including the assignor, the assignee, and any other third parties
• Be sure to document all of the parties in the agreement and provide contact information for each
• Get contact information for all parties involved, including names, addresses, and phone numbers
• Verify that all parties involved are of legal age and able to enter into a binding agreement
• Make sure that all parties understand their roles and obligations in the agreement

When you can check this off your list: When all parties have been identified, contact information has been provided, and all parties understand and accept their roles and obligations in the agreement.

• Learn the key terms used in assignment and assumption agreements, such as “assignor” and “assignee.”
• Understand the scope of the agreement and the rights and obligations of each party.
• Consider any potential restrictions that might be in place.
• Identify any laws or regulations that affect the agreement.

You can check this step off your list and move on to the next step when you have a basic understanding of the terms used in the agreement, and the scope of the agreement and the rights and obligations of each party.

• Determine the parties involved in the assignment and assumption agreement and obtain contact information for each.
• Draft the agreement and include all the agreed upon terms and conditions.
• Review the agreement with all parties to ensure the terms and conditions are accurately reflected.
• Revise the agreement as needed to reflect any changes or amendments.
• Once all parties have agreed to the agreement and all revisions have been made, the agreement is ready to be signed.
• Carefully review the agreement to ensure that all the details and clauses are accurately reflected
• Make sure all parties to the agreement have signed the document
• Have all parties to the agreement keep a signed copy of the document for their records
• Once all parties have signed the document, you can check this off your list and move on to the next step.
• Familiarize yourself with the language and terminology used in assignment and assumption agreements.
• Understand the components of the agreement, such as the assignor, assignee, consideration, and liabilities.
• Become familiar with the common clauses found in assignment and assumption agreements, such as the warranty clause, assignment clause, and liability clause.
• Review the agreement for accuracy and ensure that all of the terms and conditions are clear.
• Once you have a full understanding of the key terms and clauses in the agreement, you can move on to the next step in the process.
• Determine who is the assignor and who is the assignee - the assignor is the one who is transferring their rights and obligations to the assignee
• Know the difference between the assignor and assignee - the assignor is the party transferring the rights and obligations, and the assignee is the party receiving them
• Understand the implications of the assignment and assumption agreement - the assignor is no longer responsible for the rights and obligations they are transferring to the assignee
• Make sure that the assignor and assignee are both aware of their respective roles and responsibilities - this will ensure that the agreement is legally binding

Once you have determined who the assignor and assignee are, know the differences between them, understand the implications of the agreement, and make sure both parties are aware of their roles and responsibilities, you can move on to the next step.

• Identify and list out all of the liabilities and obligations that are being assigned in the agreement
• Ensure that all liabilities and obligations of the assignor that are to be assumed by the assignee are included in the agreement
• Specify the date on which the liabilities and obligations are to be assumed by the assignee in the agreement
• Make sure that the assignee is aware of and accepts the liabilities and obligations that are being assigned
• Confirm that the assignor is not liable for any of the liabilities and obligations that are being assigned to the assignee
• Make sure to include a clause in the agreement that states that the assignor will not be liable for any of the liabilities and obligations that are being assigned to the assignee

When you can check this off your list and move on to the next step:

• When the assignor and assignee have agreed on all of the liabilities and obligations that are being assigned in the agreement
• When the assignor has agreed to not be liable for any of the liabilities and obligations that are being assigned to the assignee
• When the agreement has been reviewed and approved by both the assignor and assignee
• Ensure that all statements made by the assignor and the assignee are accurate and current
• Identify all representations and warranties made by the assignor to the assignee
• Make sure that any representations and warranties made by the assignor are clear and enforceable
• Verify that any representations and warranties made by the assignee are accurate and up-to-date
• Determine the remedies for breach of any representations and warranties

You can check this off your list and move on to the next step when you have identified all representations and warranties, verified that they are accurate and up-to-date, and determined the remedies for breach.

• Assignor should agree to indemnify Assignee from any and all claims, losses and damages that arise from breach of representations and warranties
• Assignor should agree to pay Assignee’s legal fees and other costs associated with defending against any claim
• Assignee should agree to indemnify Assignor from any and all claims, losses, and damages that arise from the Assignee’s actions after the transfer of the subject matter
• Once these indemnification terms are set, you can check this step off your list and move on to the next step.
• Determine the state law that will govern the agreement. Generally, the state law that will be applicable is the state in which the agreement is executed.
• The state law that you choose should be clear and explicit. Consider consulting a lawyer or legal advisor if you are unsure of the applicable state law.
• Make sure to include the state law that has been agreed upon in the agreement.
• Check off this step when the applicable state law has been determined and included in the agreement.
• Read your agreement carefully to ensure that the severability clause is properly drafted
• The severability clause should state that if any portion of the agreement is found to be invalid or unenforceable, the remaining provisions will remain in full force and effect
• Familiarize yourself with the definitions of severability, enforceability, and invalidity
• Make sure that the agreement includes a severability clause that is tailored to the particular agreement
• Once you are confident that the severability clause is properly drafted, you can check this step off your list and move on to the next step.
• Research governing laws in the jurisdiction where the agreement will be signed and enforced
• Determine the laws that will govern the agreement and include them in the governing law clause
• This clause should include the state, country, or other jurisdiction
• Once you have determined the governing laws and included them in the clause, you can check this off your list and move on to the next step.
• Ensure that the agreement includes a provision specifying a proper notice address for each party
• Check that the notice provision includes the name and address of the recipient, the method of service (e.g., mail, e-mail, or fax), and the time period for responding
• Review the agreement to make sure that it includes a provision specifying the manner in which the parties will provide notice to each other
• Confirm that notice is defined correctly, as this is important for determining the time period for responding
• Once all of these points have been verified, you can check this off your list and move on to the next step.
• Review the agreement to make sure that the assignment language is drafted correctly and is broad enough to encompass all of the rights and obligations being assigned
• Ensure that the parties are not trying to assign any rights or obligations that are not legally assignable
• Make sure that the agreement is clear regarding the liabilities of the parties, as they will be assumed by the assignee
• Confirm that the assumptions being made by the assignee are clearly laid out in the agreement
• Ensure that the agreement is not assigning any rights or obligations that may be subject to the consent of a third party
• When all potential issues have been addressed, the agreement can be signed by both parties.
• Understand that an Assignment and Assumption Agreement (A&A) will transfer some of the liabilities from one party to another in a business transaction
• Identify which liabilities are to be transferred in the A&A
• Clarify which liabilities will remain with the original party
• Establish a timeline for the transfer of liabilities
• Decide which party is responsible for liabilities that occur after the transfer
• Make sure that the liabilities are accurately defined and described in the A&A

You will know that you can check this step off your list and move on to the next step when all liabilities have been properly identified, defined and described in the A&A, and all parties have agreed to the timeline for the transfer of liabilities.

• Understand the basics of Representations & Warranties and what they mean in the context of assignment and assumption agreements
• Learn what should be included in Representations & Warranties and the consequences of not making accurate representations
• Research different types of Representations & Warranties, such as those related to title, capacity, authority, and performance
• Check that all Representations & Warranties included in the agreement are accurate and up-to-date
• Once all Representations & Warranties have been reviewed and confirmed to be accurate, you can check this step off your list and move on to the next step of the guide.
• Understand that disputes under an Assignment and Assumption Agreement are generally handled by the parties involved
• Understand the purpose of an arbitration clause in the agreement, which is to resolve disputes quickly, fairly, and affordably
• Determine if the agreement should include a mediation clause, which is less formal than arbitration and may be more suitable for some disputes
• Consider whether the agreement should include a choice of law clause, which will determine the governing law of the agreement
• Know that the agreement should specify the venue for any potential dispute resolution proceedings
• Understand that the parties may need to provide notice to the other party before initiating a dispute resolution procedure
• When you have a full understanding of how disputes will be handled under the Assignment and Assumption Agreement, you can check this step off your list and move on to the next step.
• Understand the importance of the contractual limitations outlined in the agreement
• Make sure all parties involved in the agreement have agreed to the contractual limitations
• Know that contractual limitations are meant to protect the parties involved in the agreement
• Be aware that contractual limitations may include time limits, scope of duties, and other stipulations
• When all parties involved have agreed to the contractual limitations, you have completed this step and can move on to the next step.
• Familiarize yourself with the applicable laws in the jurisdiction in which the assignment and assumption agreement will be executed
• Make sure to include language in the agreement that will address any issues that may arise due to a conflict of laws
• Ensure that the agreement properly identifies and describes the rights, obligations, and interests that are being assigned and assumed
• Identify any contingencies that could affect the transfer of rights and obligations, and include language that addresses such contingencies
• Consider adding any additional provisions that may be necessary to ensure the successful completion of the transaction

You can check this off your list and move on to the next step when you have addressed any issues that may arise due to a conflict of laws, properly identified and described the rights, obligations and interests that are being assigned and assumed, identified any contingencies that could affect the transfer of rights and obligations, and considered adding any additional provisions that may be necessary to ensure the successful completion of the transaction.

• Identify all contingent liabilities that must be assumed by the assignee, including any pending or potential claims and obligations
• Make sure the assignee is aware of, and willing to assume, the contingent liabilities
• Include language in the assignment and assumption agreement that outlines the assignee’s assumption of any contingent liabilities
• Check that the provisions in the agreement precisely identify the liabilities assumed by the assignee
• When all contingent liabilities have been identified and included in the agreement, you can move on to the next step of understanding applicable laws.
• Research applicable laws related to assignment and assumption agreements in your jurisdiction
• Understand the legal language and key elements of an assignment and assumption agreement
• Understand the process for filing and registering an assignment and assumption agreement
• Know what documents and information may be required to complete the registration process
• Understand the timeline for completion of the registration process
• Once you have a good understanding of the applicable laws and the process for registration, you can move on to the next step of identifying any contingent liabilities.
• Research the applicable law, and use language that is consistent with the requirements
• Draft a clear and concise agreement that covers all relevant topics
• Ensure that the language used is precise and unambiguous
• Define any legal terms used in the agreement
• Make sure that the agreement is in writing and all parties have signed it
• Review the agreement and make sure it is legally compliant
• When all of the above steps are completed, you can move on to the next step in the guide.
• Research applicable laws and regulations that may apply to the assignment and assumption agreement
• Obtain any necessary licenses or permits, such as a real estate license
• Ensure that all parties understand the regulations that apply to the agreement
• Determine if any state or federal laws need to be adhered to
• When all applicable laws and regulations have been taken into account and complied with, you can move on to the next step.
• Understand the potential advantages of using an Assignment and Assumption Agreement, including:
• Transferring existing contractual obligations and liabilities from one party to another
• Ensuring continuity in contractual agreements between parties
• Avoiding the need for a new contract
• When you have a solid understanding of the potential benefits of using an Assignment and Assumption Agreement, you can check off this step and move on to the next one, which is Risk Reduction.
• Identify the potential risks that are associated with an assignment and assumption agreement
• Analyze how the assignment and assumption agreement may reduce those risks
• Understand the legalities that would protect both parties in the agreement
• Be aware of the potential regulatory requirements that may apply
• When you have thoroughly assessed the risks and understand how an assignment and assumption agreement can protect both parties, you are ready to move on to the next step.
• Understand the definition of an assignment and an assumption agreement
• Learn the differences between the two agreements
• Familiarize yourself with the processes and procedures of an assignment and assumption agreement
• Understand the legal implications of an assignment and an assumption agreement
• Familiarize yourself with the potential benefits of an assignment and assumption agreement
• Understand how an assignment and assumption agreement can be used to protect assets

You’ll know you can check this off your list and move on to the next step when you have a good grasp of the processes and procedures associated with an assignment and assumption agreement, the legal implications of such an agreement, and the potential benefits of using one.

• Understand the different costs associated with the transfer of assets, such as attorney’s fees, recording fees, and transfer taxes
• Consider the potential cost savings of using an assignment and assumption agreement as opposed to other methods of transferring assets
• Determine the effect of the transfer on the financial statements of both parties
• Review the agreement to ensure all costs are accounted for

When you have a thorough understanding of the cost savings to be made and have reviewed the agreement to ensure all costs are accounted for, you can move on to the next step.

• Be aware of the potential conflicts of interest between the assignor and assignee when an Assignment and Assumption Agreement is used
• Consider applicable laws, regulations and contractual restrictions when determining if an Assignment and Assumption Agreement is the best option
• Understand that if an Assignment and Assumption Agreement is used, both the assignor and assignee will remain liable for any existing obligations
• Be aware that the assignee may not have the same rights as the assignor under the agreement and may not have direct access to the original contract
• Understand that the assignee may be liable for any damages or losses caused by the assignor’s breach of the agreement

You’ll know when you can check this off your list and move on to the next step when you have a good understanding of the potential pitfalls and responsibilities associated with using an Assignment and Assumption Agreement.

• Understand that when assuming liabilities, there are certain risks that may be unforeseen and difficult to calculate
• Be aware that the assignor of the agreement can still be held liable if any unanticipated risks arise
• Carefully review the agreement to ensure that the assignor and the assignee are both protected from unforeseen risks
• Discuss any potential risks with legal counsel to ensure that all parties understand the potential risks
• Have all parties sign the agreement to ensure that everyone is aware of the risks and agrees to them
• When all parties have signed, the agreement can be considered complete and all parties can move forward with the transfer of liabilities
• Understand the differences between the two parties and their respective interests
• Identify the areas where both parties can agree on specific terms and conditions
• Determine which party will be liable for any breaches of the agreement
• Negotiate a fair deal that both parties can agree to
• Consider any legal, financial, and tax implications for both parties
• Once negotiations are complete, have the parties sign the agreement
• Make sure that both parties understand the terms and conditions of the agreement
• Verify that both parties are in agreement and that all negotiations are complete
• Check that all the required legal documents are present and in order
• Check that all parties involved are aware of their respective responsibilities

You’ll know when you can check this off your list and move on to the next step when all parties have agreed to the terms and conditions of the agreement, all required legal documents have been provided and in order, and all parties have signed the agreement.

• Research the laws and regulations that apply to the transaction, including state and local statutes, to assess potential risks
• Check for any filing requirements or permits that need to be obtained
• Identify any restrictions that could occur due to the parties involved
• Document any potential regulatory non-compliance issues
• When all potential risks have been identified and documented, you can move on to the next step.
• Review the terms and conditions of the agreement, as well as any applicable regulations, to ensure that all parties have a clear understanding of the agreement as a whole.
• Seek legal counsel if there are any questions or concerns about the agreement.
• Finalize the agreement by signing and exchanging documents.
• After the agreement has been finalized, it will be legally binding and enforceable.
• Make sure all parties are aware of their responsibilities and obligations under the agreement.
• Monitor the agreement to ensure that all parties are complying with the terms and conditions of the agreement.
• Check off this step when the agreement has been finalized and all parties have signed and exchanged documents.
• Review the agreement carefully and make sure all parties have signed off
• Make sure all parties have received a copy of the agreement
• Ensure that all parties have received the agreed-upon consideration
• File the original agreement with all relevant documents with the appropriate government agency or court
• You will know that you have finished this step when all parties have signed the agreement, all parties have received a copy, and the original agreement has been filed with the appropriate government agency or court.
• Execute the agreement, making sure both parties have signed it and that all parties involved have read, understood, and accepted the terms and conditions of the agreement.
• Make sure that the agreement has been filed with the appropriate state or federal agency, if required.
• Start the process of transferring assets and obligations from the assignor to the assignee, as outlined in the agreement.
• Make sure that all parties have the necessary information to complete the assignment and assumption. This may include but is not limited to: legal documents, financial documents, contracts, and other pertinent information.
• Ensure that all parties have received the necessary payment for the assignment and assumption.
• Check that all parties have complied with the terms and conditions of the agreement.
• You can check this off your list once you have completed all the steps necessary for the successful implementation of the agreement.
• Ensure you have all relevant documents, such as the assignment and assumption agreement, and any other documents mentioned in the agreement
• Gather all necessary signatures from the parties involved
• Make copies of the signed documents for all parties
• File the original documents with the appropriate governmental agency or court
• Update any necessary records, including those within your company
• Verify that all documents have been properly filed
• You can check off this step and move on to the next step when all documents have been properly signed and filed.

Q: What is the difference between an Assignment and Assumption Agreement and a novation agreement?

Asked by Zane on 27th March 2022. A: An Assignment and Assumption Agreement is used to transfer contractual rights and obligations from one party to another, while a novation agreement is used to substitute one contracting party with another. In a novation agreement, all three parties must agree to the substitution, while in an Assignment and Assumption Agreement, only two parties are involved.

Example dispute

Lawsuit referencing assignment and assumption agreement.

• A plaintiff may raise a lawsuit referencing an assignment and assumption agreement when one party assumes the rights and obligations of another party in a contract.
• The lawsuit may be raised if the party that assumed the rights and obligations did not fulfill them or did not fulfill them in the manner agreed upon in the contract.
• The plaintiff must provide proof that the party failed to fulfill the rights and obligations of the contract in order to win the lawsuit.
• Settlement may be reached through a negotiated agreement between the parties.
• Damages may be awarded if the plaintiff can prove the losses incurred due to the breach of contract.

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Anti-Money Laundering Regulations for Residential Real Estate Transfers

A Rule by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network on 08/29/2024

This document has been published in the Federal Register . Use the PDF linked in the document sidebar for the official electronic format.

• Document Details Published Content - Document Details Agencies Department of the Treasury Financial Crimes Enforcement Network CFR 31 CFR chapter undef Document Citation 89 FR 70258 Document Number 2024-19198 Document Type Rule Pages 70258-70294 (37 pages) Publication Date 08/29/2024 RIN 1506-AB54 Published Content - Document Details
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• Document Dates Published Content - Document Dates Effective Date 12/01/2025 Dates Text Effective December 1, 2025. Published Content - Document Dates

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SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. executive summary, ii. background, a. addressing high-risk transfers of residential real estate, 1. authority to require reports from persons involved in real estate closings and settlements, 2. reporting high-risk transfers of residential real estate, a. benefits of reporting, b. necessity of a permanent nationwide reporting requirement, b. the notice of proposed rulemaking, c. comments received, iii. discussion of final rule, a. overview, b. comments addressing the rule broadly, 1. authority, 2. suggested alternatives to proposed rule, 3. attorneys as potential reporting persons, 4. reasonable reliance standard, 5. penalties, 6. unique identifying numbers, c. section-by-section analysis, 1. 31 cfr 1031.320(a) general, 2. 31 cfr 1031.320(b) reportable transfer, a. residential real property, b. non-financed transfers, c. excepted transfers, d. transferee entities, e. transferee trusts, 3. 31 cfr 1031.320(c) determination of reporting person, a. reporting cascade, b. designation agreements, 4. 31 cfr 1031.320(d) information concerning the reporting person, 5. 31 cfr 1031.320(e) information concerning the transferee, a. general information concerning transferee entities, b. general information concerning transferee trusts, c. beneficial ownership information of transferee entities and trusts, 6. 31 cfr 1031.320(f) information concerning the transferor, 7. 31 cfr 1031.320(g) information concerning the residential real property, 8. 31 cfr 1031.320(h) information concerning payments, 9. 31 cfr 1031.320(i) information concerning hard money, private, and similar loans, 10. 31 cfr 1031.320(j) reasonable reliance, 11. 31 cfr 1031.320(k) filing procedures, 12. 31 cfr 1031.320(l) retention of records, 13. 31 cfr 1031.320(m) exemptions, 14. 31 cfr 1031.320(n) definitions, iv. effective date, v. severability, vi. regulatory analysis, a. assessment of impact, 1. economic considerations, a. broad economic considerations, b. consideration of comments received, i. comments pertaining to burden estimates, ii. comments suggesting additional analysis, 2. baseline and affected parties, a. regulatory baseline, i. residential real estate gtos, ii. boi reporting rule, iii. customer due diligence (cdd) rule, iv. other (form 1099-s), b. baseline of affected parties, i. transferees, legal entities, excepted transferees, ii. reporting entities, c. market baseline, i. reportable transfers, ii. current market characteristics, iii. current market practices, settlement and closing, records search, 3. description of final rule requirements, a. reportable transfers, b. reporting persons, c. required information, 4. expected economic effects, a. costs to entities in the reporting cascade, i. training, ii. reporting, iii. recordkeeping, iv. other costs, b. government costs, 5. economic consideration of policy alternatives, b. eos 12866, 13563, and 14094, c. regulatory flexibility act, certification, d. unfunded mandates reform act, e. paperwork reduction act, f. congressional review act, list of subjects in 31 cfr part 1031, authority and issuance, part 1031—rules for persons involved in real estate closings and settlements, subparts a and b [reserved], subpart c—reports required to be made by persons involved in real estate closings and settlements.

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Department of the Treasury

Financial crimes enforcement network.

• 31 CFR Chapter X
• RIN 1506-AB54

Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), Treasury.

Final rule.

FinCEN is issuing a final rule to require certain persons involved in real estate closings and settlements to submit reports and keep records on certain non-financed transfers of residential real property to specified legal entities and trusts on a nationwide basis. Transfers made directly to an individual are not covered by this rule. This rule describes the circumstances in which a report must be filed, who must file a report, what information must be provided, and when a report is due. These reports are expected to assist the U.S. Department of the Treasury, law enforcement, and national security agencies in addressing illicit finance vulnerabilities in the U.S. residential real estate sector, and to curtail the ability of illicit actors to anonymously launder illicit proceeds through transfers of residential real property, which threatens U.S. economic and national security.

Effective December 1, 2025.

The FinCEN Regulatory Support Section at 1-800-767-2825 or electronically at [email protected] .

Among the persons required by the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) to maintain anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT)  [ 1 ] programs are “persons involved in real estate closings and settlements.”  [ 2 ] For many years, FinCEN has exempted such persons from comprehensive regulation under the BSA. However, information received in response to FinCEN's geographic targeting orders relating to non-financed transfers of residential real estate (Residential Real Estate GTOs) has demonstrated the need for increased transparency and further regulation of this sector. Furthermore, the U.S. Department of the Treasury (Treasury) has long recognized the illicit finance risks posed by criminals and corrupt officials who abuse opaque legal entities and trusts to launder ill-gotten gains through transfers of residential real estate. This illicit use of the residential real estate market threatens U.S. economic and national security and can disadvantage individuals and small businesses that seek to compete fairly in the U.S. economy.

Earlier this year, pursuant to the BSA's authority to impose AML regulations on persons involved in real estate closings and settlements, FinCEN proposed a new reporting requirement. Under the proposed rule, certain persons involved in real estate closings and settlements would be required to report on certain transfers that Treasury deems high risk for illicit financial activity—namely, non-financed transfers of residential real property to legal entities and trusts.

FinCEN is now issuing a final rule that adopts the proposed rule with some modifications. The final rule imposes a streamlined suspicious activity report (SAR) filing requirement under which reporting persons, as defined, are required to file a “Real Estate Report” on certain non-financed transfers of residential real property to legal entities and trusts. Transfers to individuals, as well as certain transfers commonly used in estate planning, do not have to be reported. The reporting person for any transfer is one of a small number of persons who play specified roles in the real estate closing and settlement, with the specific individual determined through a cascading approach, unless superseded by an agreement among persons in the reporting cascade. The reporting person is required to identify herself, the legal entity or trust to which the residential real property is transferred, the beneficial owner(s) of that transferee entity or transferee trust, the person(s) transferring the residential real property, and the property being transferred, along with certain transactional information about the transfer.

The final rule adopts a reasonable reliance standard, allowing reporting persons to rely on information obtained from other persons, absent knowledge of facts that would reasonably call into question the reliability of that information. For purposes of reporting beneficial ownership information in particular, a reporting person may reasonably rely on information obtained from a transferee or the transferee's representative if the accuracy of the information is certified in writing to the best of the information provider's own knowledge.

FinCEN has sought to minimize burdens on reporting persons to the extent practicable without diminishing the utility of the Real Estate Report to law enforcement and believes the final rule appropriately balances the collection of information that is highly useful to Treasury, law enforcement, and national security agencies against the burdens associated with collecting that information, particularly on small businesses.

The BSA is intended to combat money laundering, the financing of terrorism, and other illicit financial activity. [ 3 ] The purposes of the BSA include requiring financial institutions to keep records and file reports that “are highly useful in criminal, tax, or regulatory investigations or proceedings” or in the conduct of “intelligence or counterintelligence activities, including analysis, to protect against international terrorism.”  [ 4 ] The Secretary of the Treasury (Secretary) has delegated the authority to implement, administer, and enforce compliance with the BSA and its implementing regulations to the Director of FinCEN. [ 5 ]

The BSA requires “financial institutions” to establish an AML/CFT program, which must include, at a minimum, “(A) the development of internal policies, procedures, and controls; (B) the designation of a compliance officer; (C) an ongoing employee training program; and (D) an independent audit function to test programs.”  [ 6 ] The BSA also authorizes the Secretary to require financial institutions to report any suspicious transaction relevant to a possible violation of law or regulation. [ 7 ] Among the financial institutions subject to these ( print page 70259) requirements are “persons involved in real estate closings and settlements.”  [ 8 ]

In particular, section 5318(g) of the BSA authorizes the Secretary to require financial institutions to report, via SARs, any “suspicious transactions relevant to a possible violation of law or regulation.”  [ 9 ] However, the BSA affords the Secretary flexibility in implementing that requirement, and indeed directs the Secretary to consider “the means by or form in which the Secretary shall receive such reporting,” including the relevant “burdens imposed by such means or form of reporting,” “the efficiency of the means or form,” and the “benefits derived by the means or form of reporting.”  [ 10 ] A provision added to the BSA by section 6202 of the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (AML Act) further directs FinCEN to “establish streamlined . . . processes to, as appropriate, permit the filing of noncomplex categories of reports of suspicious activity.” In assessing whether streamlined filing is appropriate, FinCEN must determine, among other things, that such reports would “reduce burdens imposed on persons required to report[,]” while at the same time “not diminish[ing] the usefulness of the reporting to Federal law enforcement agencies, national security officials, and the intelligence community in combating financial crime, including the financing of terrorism[.]”  [ 11 ]

Most transfers of residential real estate are associated with a mortgage loan or other financing provided by financial institutions subject to AML/CFT program requirements. As non-financed transfers do not involve such financial institutions, such transfers can be and have been exploited by illicit actors of all varieties, including those that pose domestic threats, such as persons engaged in fraud or organized crime, and foreign threats, such as international drug cartels, human traffickers, and corrupt political or business figures. Non-financed transfers to legal entities and trusts heighten the risk that such transfers will be used for illicit purposes. Numerous public law enforcement actions illustrate this point. [ 12 ] As such, FinCEN believes that the reporting of non-financed transfers to legal entities and trusts will benefit national security by facilitating law enforcement investigations into, and strategic analysis of, the use of residential real estate transfers having these particular characteristics to facilitate money laundering. [ 13 ]

Indeed, since 2016, FinCEN has used a targeted reporting requirement—the Residential Real Estate GTOs—to collect information on a subset of transfers of residential real estate that FinCEN considers to present a high risk for money laundering. [ 14 ] Specifically, the Residential Real Estate GTOs have required certain title insurance companies to file reports and maintain records concerning non-financed ( print page 70260) purchases of residential real estate above a specific price threshold by certain legal entities in select metropolitan areas of the United States. In combination with the numerous public law enforcement actions illustrating the heightened risks posed by non-financed transfers to legal entities and trusts, information obtained from the Residential Real Estate GTOs, as well as other studies conducted by Treasury and FinCEN, FinCEN has confirmed the need for a more permanent regulatory solution that would require consistent reporting of information about certain high-risk real estate transfers.

The Residential Real Estate GTOs have been effective in identifying the risks of non-financed purchases of residential real estate by providing relevant information about such transfers to law enforcement within specified geographic areas. Indeed, FinCEN regularly receives feedback from law enforcement partners that they use the information to generate new investigative leads, identify new and related subjects in ongoing cases, and support prosecution and asset forfeiture efforts. Law enforcement has also made requests to FinCEN to expand the Residential Real Estate GTOs to new geographic areas, which FinCEN has done multiple times, adding both additional metropolitan areas and methods of payment. This has provided law enforcement with additional insight into the risks in both the luxury and non-luxury residential real estate markets.

The Residential Real Estate GTOs have also proven the benefit of having reports identifying high risk residential real estate transfers housed in the same database as other BSA reports, such as traditional SARs and currency transaction reports (CTRs). For example, housing reports filed under the Residential Real Estate GTOs in the same database as other BSA reports enables FinCEN to cross-reference identifying information across reports, and having done so, FinCEN has been able to determine that a substantial proportion of purchases reported under the Residential Real Estate GTOs have been conducted by persons also engaged in other activity that financial institutions have characterized as suspicious. Specifically, FinCEN has found that from 2017 to early 2024, approximately 42 percent of non-financed real estate transfers captured by the Residential Real Estate GTOs were conducted by individuals or legal entities on which a SAR has been filed. In other words, individuals engaging in a type of transaction known to be used to further illicit financial activity—the non-financed purchase of residential real estate through a legal entity—are also engaging in other identified forms of suspicious activities. The ability to connect these activities across reports allows law enforcement to efficiently identify potential illicit actors for investigation and build out current investigations.

The Residential Real Estate GTOs, while effective within the covered geographic areas, do not address the illicit finance risks posed by certain real estate transfers on a nationwide basis—a significant shortcoming. For instance, a study of money laundering through real estate in several countries by Global Financial Integrity, a non-profit that studies illicit financial flows, money laundering, and corruption, found that, of Federal money laundering cases involving real estate between 2016 and 2021, nearly 61 percent involved at least one transfer in a county not covered by the Residential Real Estate GTOs. FinCEN believes that money laundering through real estate is indeed a nationwide problem that jurisdictionally limited reporting requirements are insufficient to address. [ 15 ] Furthermore, the Residential Real Estate GTOs were also intended to be a temporary information collection measure. Thus, FinCEN believes that a more comprehensive and permanent regulatory approach is needed.

On February 16, 2024, FinCEN published a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) proposing a reporting requirement to address the risks related to non-financed transfers of residential real estate to either a legal entity or trust on a nationwide basis. [ 16 ] The proposal targeted the transfers that posed a high risk for illicit finance and was built on lessons learned from the Residential Real Estate GTOs and from public comments received in response to an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. [ 17 ] Importantly, the NPRM was narrowly focused and did not propose a reporting requirement for most transfers of residential real estate—for example, it excluded purchases that involve a mortgage or other financing from a covered financial institution, as well as any transfer, including all-cash transfers, to an individual.

In the NPRM, FinCEN proposed that certain persons involved in residential real estate closings and settlements file a version of a SAR—referred to as a “Real Estate Report”—focused exclusively on certain transfers of residential real property. The persons subject to this reporting requirement were deemed reporting persons for purposes of the proposed rule. Under the proposed rule, a reporting person would be determined through a “cascading” approach based on the function performed by the person in the real estate closing and settlement. The proposed cascade was designed to minimize burdens on persons involved in real estate closings and settlements, while leaving no reporting gaps and creating no incentives for evasion. [ 18 ] To provide some flexibility in this reporting cascade, FinCEN's proposal included the option to designate (by agreement) a reporting person from among those in the cascade.

As proposed, information to be reported in the Real Estate Report would identify the reporting person, the legal entity or trust (including any legal arrangement similar in structure or function to a trust) to which the residential real property was transferred, the beneficial owners of that transferee entity or transferee trust, the person that transferred the residential real property, and the property being transferred, along with certain transactional information about the transfer. Regarding beneficial ownership information that a reporting person would be required to report, the rule proposed that a reporting person could collect such information directly from a ( print page 70261) transferee or a representative of the transferee, so long as the person certified that the information was correct to the best of their knowledge. On the timing of the reports, the proposed rule stated that the reporting person was required to file the Real Estate Report no later than 30 days after the date of closing.

In response to the NPRM, FinCEN received 621 comments, 164 of which were unique. Submissions came from a broad array of individuals, businesses, and organizations, including trade associations, transparency groups, law enforcement representatives, and other interested groups and individuals.

General support for the rule was expressed by law enforcement officials, transparency groups, certain industry associations, and individuals. For instance, attorneys general of 25 states and territories jointly submitted a comment stating that the proposed regulations would permit Federal, State, and local law enforcement to access information about suspicious real estate transfers more efficiently because that information would all be available from a single source, and that the information would aid them in identifying suspicious residential real estate transfers on a nationwide basis that might otherwise remain undetected. These attorneys general and one industry association applauded FinCEN's choice to use a transaction-specific reporting mechanism rather than imposing an AML/CFT program requirement on persons involved in real estate closings and settlements. One non-profit commenter expressed support for FinCEN's recognition of the wide-ranging impacts that money laundering through real estate can have on tenants, homebuyers, and the affordability and stability of regional housing markets and believed the rule will improve housing access. Two industry associations expressed strong support for the proposed rule, with one commenter expressing the view that it reflected a pragmatic approach. One industry association and an individual commenter stated that a permanent and nationwide rule would provide greater predictability and certainty to industry than Residential Real Estate GTOs.

Other commenters expressed opposition to the proposed rule. Some expressed concern about FinCEN's legal authority to impose a reporting requirement in the manner set forth in the proposed rule. Other commenters argued that the proposed reporting requirement would be ineffective, burdensome, or would require reporting of information that is reported to the government through other avenues. The majority of private sector commenters—primarily small businesses, individuals employed in the real estate industry, and certain trade associations—asserted that the proposed reporting requirements are too broad and complex and would be burdensome to implement. They further assert that this would result in increased costs for businesses and, ultimately, consumers, potentially delaying closings and causing consumers to decline to seek their services. Many of these commenters expressed concerns that the proposed regulations, if finalized without significant change, would impose numerous and costly reporting and recordkeeping requirements on small businesses. Some commenters suggested the proposed rule would put large businesses at a competitive disadvantage while others suggested the same about small businesses. These commenters also suggested that the proposed regulation would create privacy and security concerns with respect to personally identifiable information. A number of these commenters suggested that FinCEN either not issue a final regulation or adopt a narrower approach, requiring reporting of less information on fewer transfers. Several commenters suggested that attorneys that fulfill any of the functional roles set out in the reporting cascade should not be required to report, primarily due to concerns about attorney-client privilege and confidentiality requirements.

Furthermore, many commenters suggested a range of modifications to the proposed regulations to: enhance clarity; reduce the potential burdens to industry; include or exclude certain professions from reporting requirements; refine the impact to certain segments of the industry; and enhance the usefulness of the resulting reports. Several commenters also asked hypothetical questions that sought clarification on the application of the proposed rule to certain situations.

FinCEN carefully reviewed and considered each comment submitted, and a more detailed discussion of comments appears in Section III. FinCEN believes that the regulatory requirements set out in this final rule reflect the appropriate balance between ensuring that reports filed under the rule have a high degree of usefulness to law enforcement and minimizing the compliance burden incurred by businesses, including small businesses. As detailed in Section III, FinCEN has made several amendments to the proposed rule that are responsive to commenters and that may also reduce certain anticipated burdens.

FinCEN is issuing a final rule that generally adopts the framework set out in the proposed rule but makes certain modifications and clarifications that are responsive to comments. The final rule imposes a reporting requirement on “reporting persons” that are involved in certain kinds of transfers of residential real property. In response to comments, the rule adopts a reasonable reliance standard, allowing reporting persons to, in general, reasonably rely on information obtained from other persons. FinCEN has also made other amendments in the final rule that are intended to clarify and simplify the reporting requirements, such as clarifying the definition of residential real property. Additionally, the rule excludes several additional transfers from needing to be reported, including one designed to exempt certain transfers commonly executed for estate and tax planning purposes. FinCEN also limited the requirement to retain certain records. We discuss these and other specific issues, comments, modifications, and clarifications in this section, beginning with issues that cut across the entire rule and continuing with a section-by-section analysis of changes and clarifications to the regulatory text, including sections for which FinCEN received no feedback from commenters.

FinCEN notes that it will consider issuing frequently asked questions (FAQs) and other guidance, as appropriate, to further clarify the application of the rule to specific circumstances. FinCEN also intends to continue to engage with stakeholders, for example through public outreach events, to assist with ensuring that the rule's requirements are understood by affected members of the public, including small businesses.

FinCEN received several comments that cut across various provisions of the rule or were otherwise broadly applicable. The subjects addressed by these comments include: FinCEN's authority to issue the rule; alternatives to the reporting and recordkeeping requirements; attorneys as reporting persons; the extent to which a reporting person can rely on information received from other persons; penalties for noncompliance; and the collection of unique identifying numbers. FinCEN ( print page 70262) has carefully considered these comments and addresses them below.

Proposed Rule. The NPRM set out the legal authority that authorized the agency's issuance of the rule. Specifically, the NPRM cited the BSA provisions set forth at 31 U.S.C. 5312(a)(2) , which defines a financial institution to include “persons involved in real estate closings and settlements,” and at 31 U.S.C. 5318(g) , authorizing FinCEN to impose a requirement on financial institutions to report suspicious activity reports, and to establish streamlined processes regarding the filing of such reports.

Comments Received. Several commenters questioned the legal authority underpinning the rule and the BSA reporting regime more generally, with one commenter stating that “the Constitutionality of this regime is not an entirely closed question.” These commenters argued that the rule potentially infringes on certain constitutional rights and that it is inconsistent with certain statutes and Executive Orders (EOs), citing primarily to Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) and E.O. 12866 . With regard to GLBA, one commenter stated that “[t]he [r]ule proposed by FinCEN directly clashes with the legal guideposts and requirements of the GLBA.”

Final Rule. FinCEN is issuing this final rule pursuant to its BSA authority to require “financial institutions” to report “suspicious transactions” under 31 U.S.C. 5318(g)(1) ; the rule falls squarely within the scope of this authority. As discussed in the NPRM and in Section II.A.1 of this final rule, “persons involved in real estate closings and settlements” are a type of “financial institution” under the BSA. [ 19 ] As such, FinCEN has clear statutory authority to require “persons involved in real estate closings and settlements” to file reports on suspicious activity, [ 20 ] and courts have long affirmed the constitutionality of, such reporting requirements. [ 21 ] Furthermore, a more recent amendment to the BSA at 31 U.S.C. 5318(g)(5)(D) provides FinCEN with additional flexibility to tailor the form of the SAR reporting requirement. Consistent with that authority, FinCEN is instituting a streamlined SAR filing requirement to require specified “persons involved in real estate closings and settlements” to report certain real estate transactions that FinCEN views as high-risk for illicit finance.

With regard to the comment concerning the relationship between the final rule and GLBA, FinCEN notes that information in reports filed under the BSA, which will include any information in a Real Estate Report, is exempt from the requirements of GLBA. [ 22 ] Finally, FinCEN notes that significant comments relating to applicable E.O. are addressed in the regulatory impact analysis in this final rule.

Proposed Rule. The NPRM proposed that certain persons involved in the closing and settlement of real estate report and keep records about certain non-financed transfers of residential real estate to certain legal entities and trusts.

Comments Received. Commenters suggested several alternatives to the proposed reporting and recordkeeping requirement. One commenter suggested expanding the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form 1099-S to include the collection of buyer-side information in addition to the seller-side information already collected. Some commenters suggested that, rather than requiring reporting by real estate professionals, FinCEN should require reporting from county clerk offices when they accept a deed for a reportable transfer or directly from transferees before a reportable transfer. Finally, other commenters urged FinCEN to fund alternative databases or purchase access to electronic records at each county clerk's office and monitor filed deeds.

Final Rule. The final rule retains the fundamental framework of the proposed rule. FinCEN believes that the alternatives suggested by commenters are either technically or legally unworkable and would likely not result in the reporting of information that is equally useful to law enforcement. First, the IRS Form 1099-S is filed annually, making it significantly less useful to law enforcement and, as discussed in the NPRM, [ 23 ] is not readily available for FinCEN or broader law enforcement uses due to confidentiality protections around federal taxpayer information. Second, FinCEN believes that county clerks' offices and individuals do not typically play a role in the kinds of transfers that would require reporting. Therefore, these individuals would not likely be in a position to interact with both the transferor(s) and the transferee(s), and thus, may not have ready access to reportable information. Regarding the suggested alternative of collecting reportable information directly from transferees instead of through reporting persons, FinCEN believes that buyers and sellers would be less willing to share personal information with each other than with a real estate professional fulfilling a function described in this rule's reporting cascade. Third, simply monitoring deeds at the county clerk level would likely not produce the information, including beneficial ownership and payment information, that FinCEN believes is important to law enforcement in combating illicit actors' abuse of opaque legal structures in the residential real estate market. Further, funding alternative databases would similarly not result in this information being made available to law enforcement, as private service providers would be unable to gather the same variety of highly relevant information, and any information they did provide would not be consolidated in a database with other BSA reports. The consolidation of Real Estate Reports with other BSA reports—including, but not limited to, traditional SARs, CTRs, Reports of Cash Payments Over $10,000 Received in a Trade or Business (Forms 8300), and Reports of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts—is important for law enforcement purposes, as doing so will allow law enforcement to efficiently cross-reference information across the various BSA reports.

Proposed Rule. Under the proposed rule, attorneys could potentially be subject to a reporting requirement if they perform any of the real estate closing and settlement functions described in the reporting cascade. The proposed rule did not differentiate between attorneys and non-attorneys when they perform the same functions involving transfers of residential real property.

Comments Received. A number of commenters addressed the inclusion of attorneys in the reporting cascade. In general, legal associations opposed the inclusion of attorneys performing certain closing and settlement functions in the cascade as reporting persons, while others, in particular transparency organizations, supported the inclusion of attorneys as reporting persons. Commenters opposed to inclusion of attorneys generally argued that an attorney could not act as a reporting ( print page 70263) person without either breaching the attorney's professional ethical obligations to maintain client confidentiality or violating attorney-client privilege. Some commentors also suggested that FinCEN lacks legal authority to regulate attorneys under the BSA.

Final Rule. FinCEN declines to amend the reporting cascade to exclude attorneys from the requirement to report.

First, FinCEN does not believe that attorneys would violate their professional ethical obligations by filing a Real Estate Report. Although commenters noted that the ABA Model Rules on Professional Conduct generally require attorneys to keep client information confidential regardless of whether it is subject to the attorney-client privilege, Rule 1.6(b)(6) of the Model Rules states that “[a] lawyer may reveal information relating to the representation of a client to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes necessary . . . to comply with other law or a court order.” The annotations to the Model Rules further elaborate that “[t]he required-by-law exception may be triggered by statutes, administrative agency regulations, or court rules.” FinCEN believes that the Real Estate Report falls squarely within the required-by-law exception described in Rule 1.6(b)(6).

Second, FinCEN believes that the information required in the Real Estate Report ( e.g., client identity and fee information) is of a type not generally protected by the attorney-client privilege, and accordingly FinCEN is not persuaded that attorneys should be categorically excluded from the reporting cascade on that basis. [ 24 ] Moreover, even if there were an unusual circumstance in which some information required to be reported in the Real Estate Report might arguably be subject to the attorney-client privilege, an attorney in such an unusual situation need not assume a reporting obligation, as that attorney might allow other parties in the reporting cascade to file the Real Estate Report through a designation agreement or, in certain circumstances, might decline to perform the function that triggers the obligation. It is therefore unlikely that any attorney would necessarily be required to disclose privileged information. Nonetheless, FinCEN expects to issue guidance that will address the rare circumstance in which an attorney is concerned about the disclosure of potentially privileged information, which will provide further information on the mechanism for asserting the attorney-client privilege and appropriately filing the relevant Real Estate Report.

Similarly, FinCEN is not persuaded by commentors who argued that FinCEN lacks the authority to regulate attorneys under the BSA, claiming that the BSA does not clearly evince an intention to regulate attorneys. The BSA expressly authorizes regulation of “persons involved in real estate closings and settlements,” and it is common for such persons to be attorneys. Congress thus made clear its intention to authorize regulation of functions commonly performed by attorneys, and it would be anomalous to regulate those functions only when performed by non-attorneys. FinCEN also notes that attorneys are not exempt from submitting reporting forms to FinCEN in other contexts in which they are not explicitly identified by statute, such as with FinCEN Form 8300, which must be submitted by any “[a]ny person . . . engaged in a trade or business.” All courts of appeals that have considered the question have concluded that Form 8300 reporting requirements do not per se violate the attorney-client privilege and that attorneys must file such a form absent certain narrow exceptions. [ 25 ]

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(e)(3) provided that the reporting person may collect beneficial ownership information for the transferee entity or transferee trust directly from a transferee or a representative of the transferee, so long as the person certifies in writing that the information is correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the proposed rule did not state whether and to what extent a reporting person could rely on information provided by other persons in the context of other required information ( i.e., other than beneficial ownership information) required under the rule or to make any determination necessary to comply with the rule.

Comments Received. Several commenters asked for clarification of this provision, suggesting that the burden to industry would be significant if reporting persons were required to verify the accuracy of each piece of reportable information provided by a transferee or another party, with one commenter questioning whether true verification is possible. Several commenters also expressed liability concerns, including that reporting persons could be penalized if a third party provides information that turns out to be incorrect.

To resolve these concerns, commenters suggested that reporting persons should be able to rely on information provided by the transferee or that the transferee should certify the accuracy of required information beyond beneficial ownership information. One industry group took the reliance standard a step further, suggesting that the reporting person be able to rely on the representations of the transferee for purposes of determining whether the transferee is an exempt entity or trust. One transparency group suggested that the final rule require that reporting persons perform a “clear error” or “best efforts” check to ensure they are not reporting obviously fraudulent information.

Some commenters suggested that, where a transferee is unwilling to provide complete or accurate information, reporting persons should be allowed to file incomplete forms, with some arguing that “good faith attempts” to file reports that are ultimately incomplete should not be penalized. Another argued that the reporting person should be able to simply file the information provided without any responsibility for its accuracy or completeness. However, one transparency group argued that reporting persons should not be allowed to file incomplete forms and that the final rule should clarify that, where a reporting person cannot gather complete information from a transferee, then the reporting person should decline to take part in the real estate transfer. Other commenters similarly questioned whether a reporting person can continue to facilitate a transfer if the transferee refuses to cooperate in providing reportable information. Additionally, one industry group requested that the final rule impose a clear duty on other persons described in the reporting cascade to share information reportable under the proposed rule.

Final Rule. In 31 CFR 1031.320(j) , the final rule adopts a reasonable reliance standard that allows reporting persons to reasonably rely on information provided by other persons. As a result, the reporting person generally may rely on information provided by any other person for purposes of reporting information or to make a determination necessary to comply with the final rule, but only if the reporting person does not have knowledge of facts that would ( print page 70264) reasonably call into question the reliability of the information. This reasonable reliance standard is consistent with that used by certain financial institutions subject to customer due diligence requirements. [ 26 ]

This reasonable reliance standard is slightly more limited when a reporting person is reporting beneficial ownership information of transferee entities or transferee trusts. As expressed in the proposed rule, and as adopted in the final rule, when a reporting person is collecting the beneficial ownership information of transferee entities and transferee trusts. In those situations, the reasonable reliance standard applies only to information provided by the transferee or the transferee's representative and only if the person providing the information certifies the accuracy of the information in writing to the best of their knowledge.

FinCEN recognizes the necessity of permitting reliance on information supplied to the reporting person, considering the time and effort it would take for the reporting person to verify each piece of information independently. FinCEN believes that the reasonable reliance standard is significantly less burdensome than an alternative full verification standard, while still ensuring that obviously false or fraudulent information would not be reported.

As an example, FinCEN expects that the reporting person would be able to reasonably rely on the accuracy of a person's address provided orally or in writing, without reviewing government-issued documentation such as a drivers' license, provided the reporting person does not have reason to question the information provided ( e.g., if the information provided were to contain a numerically unlikely ZIP code or the person providing it makes comments bringing into question the reliability of the address or has provided other unreliable information).

As an additional example, in the context of ascertaining whether particular transfers are “non-financed transfers,”  [ 27 ] a reporting person may rely on the information provided by the relevant lender extending credit secured by the underlying residential real property as to whether the lender has an obligation to maintain an AML program and an obligation to report suspicious transactions under 31 CFR Chapter X , provided the reporting person does not have reason to question the lender's information ( e.g., if the lender were to represent that he (as a natural person) is subject to AML obligations).

In response to the comment requesting that FinCEN permit the filing of an incomplete report, FinCEN declines to add language to the regulation to provide for that option. FinCEN believes that allowing for the submission of incomplete reports could make it easier for transferees to avoid reporting requirements while simultaneously also making it difficult for FinCEN to ensure compliance with the rule. It could also greatly reduce the reports' utility to law enforcement. FinCEN believes the adoption of the reasonable reliance standard addresses many of the concerns expressed about access to reportable information.

Finally, FinCEN does not adopt the suggestion that a legal duty be imposed on other persons in the reporting cascade to share reportable information with the reporting person. FinCEN believes that the reasonable reliance standard will make the sharing of information easier and therefore will decrease potential friction among the persons described in the reporting cascade. Further, FinCEN believes that reporting persons are unlikely to perform the function described in the reporting cascade until they have either obtained the required information or are reasonably certain that they will be able to obtain it soon after the date of closing. If information cannot be obtained from a person in the reporting cascade, the reporting person would reach out directly to a relevant party to the transfer ( e.g., the transferee) to gather the missing information.

FinCEN notes that there is no exception from reporting under the final rule should a transferee fail to cooperate in providing information about a reportable transfer. The final rule does not authorize the filing of incomplete reports, and a reporting person who fails to report the required information about a reportable transfer could be subject to penalties. However, FinCEN will consider issuing additional public guidance to assist the financial institutions subject to these regulations in complying with their reporting obligations.

Proposed Rule. The proposed rule did not include a specific reference to potential penalties for noncompliance, as those penalties are already set forth in the provisions of the BSA that discuss criminal and civil penalties for violating a BSA requirement.

Comments Received. Several commenters sought clarification about penalties for noncompliance, with one commenter noting that the proposed rule did not explicitly address potential penalties for failing to file a report or for filing an inaccurate report.

Final Rule. Consistent with the NPRM, FinCEN believes that it is unnecessary to list potential penalties in the regulatory text because the applicable penalties are already set forth by statute. Negligent violations of the final rule could result in a civil penalty of, as of the publication of the final rule, not more than $1,394 for each violation, and an additional civil money penalty of up to $108,489 for a pattern of negligent activity. [ 28 ] Willful violations of the final rule could result in a term of imprisonment of not more than five years or a criminal fine of not more than $250,000, or both. [ 29 ] Such violations also could result in a civil penalty of, as of the publication of the final rule, not more than the greater of the amount involved in the transaction (not to exceed $278,937) or $69,733. [ 30 ] This penalty structure generally applies to any violation of a BSA requirement. [ 31 ] FinCEN intends to conduct outreach to potential reporting persons on the need to comply with the final rule's requirements.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(e) set forth requirements for the reporting person to report a unique identifying number of the transferee entity or transferee trust, the beneficial owners of the transferee entity or trust, the individuals signing documents on behalf of the transferee entity or trust, and the trustee of a transferee trust. FinCEN proposed that the specific form of unique identifying number required would be a taxpayer identification number (TIN) issued by the IRS, such as a Social Security Number or Employer Identification Number. However, the proposed rule provided that, when no IRS TIN had been issued, the proposed rule required the reporting of a foreign tax identification number or other form of foreign identification number, such as a passport number or entity registration number issued by a foreign government.

Comments Received. One commenter argued against the collection of TINs as a unique identifying number, citing to the reporting requirements of the Beneficial Ownership Information ( print page 70265) Reporting Rule (BOI Reporting Rule). [ 32 ] In the NPRM for the BOI Reporting Rule, [ 33 ] which was issued pursuant to the Corporate Transparency Act (CTA), [ 34 ] FinCEN initially proposed the voluntary reporting of TINs by a reporting company of its beneficial owners but eliminated this optional reporting in the final rule. The final BOI Reporting Rule does, however, require that reporting companies report their own TINs. [ 35 ]

Final Rule. In the final rule, FinCEN adopts the proposed requirement to collect the unique identifying numbers of entities and individuals, including their TINs, but clarifies that, for legal entities, a unique identifying number is required only if such number has been issued to that entity. The proposed rule contained a similar provision for transferee trusts, which the final rule adopts. In the trust context, no unique identifying number would need to be reported if a unique identifying number has not been issued to the trust. For instance, there may be a situation in which a transferee trust has not been issued an IRS TIN, nor has it been issued any of the foreign identifying numbers set out in the rule. With the clarifying edit to the unique identifying numbers required for legal entities, the rule makes clearer that a unique identifying number would similarly not be required to be reported in such a situation. FinCEN notes that the final rule does not extend this language to the TINs of individuals, as FinCEN expects that individuals will have been issued one of the unique identifying numbers required by the regulations.

While FinCEN continues to acknowledge that IRS TINs are subject to heightened privacy concerns and that the collection of such information could entail cybersecurity and operational risks, several factors weighed heavily in its decision to retain this requirement. TINs are commonly required on other BSA reports, including, for example, Forms 8300, which FinCEN notes are commonly filed by the real estate industry. Furthermore, TINs are frequently necessary to identify the same actors, particularly those with similar names or those using aliases, across different BSA reports and investigations. FinCEN believes that nearly all reporting persons—primarily businesses performing functions typically conducted by settlement companies, including many that already file reports containing TINs with the government—will have preexisting data security systems and programs to protect information such as TINs, particularly since such information is often collected in the course of financed transfers of residential real estate.

FinCEN did not receive any comments to the general paragraph of the proposed rule found in proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(a) , which provided a framework for the rule. That paragraph has been adopted in the final rule without substantial change. The technical changes that have been made include the renumbering of paragraph references, the addition of a reference to a new paragraph discussing the concept of reasonable reliance, and certain clarifying changes, such as the addition of language clarifying that reports required under this section and any other information that would reveal that a reportable transfer has been reported are not confidential.

The proposed rule defined a reportable transfer as a non-financed transfer of any ownership interest in residential real property to a transferee entity or transferee trust, with certain exceptions. These proposed exceptions, found in 31 CFR 1031.320(b) , reflected FinCEN's intent to capture only higher risk transfers. The proposed rule provided that transfers would be reportable irrespective of the value of the property or the dollar value of the transaction; there was no proposed dollar threshold for a reportable transfer. The proposed rule also provided that transfers would only be reportable if a reporting person is involved in the transfer and if the transferee is either a legal entity or trust. Transfers between individuals would not be reportable.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(b) defined “residential real property” to include real property located in the United States containing a structure designed principally for occupancy by one to four families; vacant or unimproved land located in the United States zoned, or for which a permit has been issued, for the construction of a structure designed principally for occupancy by one to four families; and shares in a cooperative housing corporation.

Comments Received. Several commenters argued that reporting persons would not have ready access to the zoning or permitting information necessary to determine whether vacant or unimproved land is reportable under the rule. Commenters noted that reporting persons do not routinely determine zoning information and that accurate zoning information may take several weeks to obtain. Examination of permits, they argued further, would take similar time and effort. Some commenters also noted that purchases of unimproved or vacant land are often for lower dollar amounts and therefore present a lower risk for money laundering. Two other commenters suggested that the determination of whether a property is “residential real property” as defined under the rule should turn on whether the real estate sales contract or purchase and sale agreement describes the property as being residential.

Furthermore, two commenters suggested that the proposed definition of residential real property lacked clarity, with one focusing on the treatment of mixed-use property and the other requesting that the definition provide clearer criteria, taking into account the treatment of residential real estate under tax law, zoning processes, and mortgage agreements, with examples provided. Another commenter suggested that FinCEN provide a non-exhaustive list of possible transfers intended to be subject to reporting requirements and that the list specifically include any transfer of ownership and any creation of an equitable interest, whether in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, in the property. One commenter requested clarity as to whether a transfer of residential real property as defined under the rule includes assignment contracts.

Final Rule. The definition of residential real property in paragraph 31 CFR 1031.320(b) , as adopted in the final ( print page 70266) rule, contains several modifications and clarifications of the language in the proposed rule. This definition continues to include vacant or unimproved land, as FinCEN does not agree with the comment suggesting that transfers of such property inherently pose a lower risk for money laundering.

The revised definition addresses the difficulty raised by commenters in determining whether vacant or unimproved land is zoned or permitted for residential use by focusing on whether the transferee intends to build on the property a structure designed principally for occupancy by one to four families. Furthermore, the new provision added to the rule concerning reasonable reliance permits the reporting person to reasonably rely on information provided by the transferee to determine such intent. To address comments that requested clarity on whether mixed-use property qualifies as residential real property, the definition of residential real property also clarifies that separate residential units within a building, such as individually owned condominium units, as well as entire buildings designed for occupancy by one to four families, are included.

Taking into account the above changes, the definition of residential real property is now: (1) real property located in the United States containing a structure designed principally for occupancy by one to four families; (2) land located in the United States on which the transferee intends to build a structure designed principally for occupancy by one to four families; (3) a unit designed principally for occupancy by one to four families within a structure on land located in the United States; or (4) any shares in a cooperative housing corporation for which the underlying property is located in the United States. Given the ability for a reporting person to reasonably rely on information obtained from other persons, FinCEN declines to adopt the other suggestions made by some of the commenters to facilitate the determination of whether the property is residential in nature. FinCEN further notes that the definition is meant to include property such as single-family houses, townhouses, condominiums, and cooperatives, including condominiums and cooperatives in large buildings containing many such units, as well as entire apartment buildings designed for one to four families. Furthermore, transfers of such properties may be reportable even if the property is mixed use, such as a single-family residence that is located above a commercial enterprise.

FinCEN also notes that the rule is not designed to require reporting of the transfer of contractual obligations other than those demonstrated by a deed or, in the case of a cooperative housing corporation, through stock, shares, membership, certificate, or other contractual agreement evidencing ownership. Therefore, the transfer of an interest in an assignment contract would not be reportable. Assignment contracts typically involve a wholesaler contracting with homeowners to buy residential real property and then assigning their rights in the contract to a person interested in owning the property as an investment. The eventual purchase of the property by the assignee investor may be reportable under this rule because a transfer of an ownership interest demonstrated by a deed has occurred, but the initial signing of the contract between the assignor and the original homeowner would not be reportable.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(b)(1) defined the term “reportable transfer” to only include transfers that do not involve an extension of credit to all transferees that is both secured by the transferred residential real property and extended by a financial institution that has both an obligation to maintain an AML program and an obligation to report suspicious transactions under 31 CFR Chapter X . As explained in the NPRM, FinCEN considers such transfers to be “non-financed” for purposes of this rule.

Comments Received. One industry organization noted that the proposal would result in reporting when an individual transfers property subject to qualified financing to a trust, because the qualified financing is in the name of the transferor rather than the transferee trust. Another commenter similarly requested clarity as to whether the reporting of non-financed transfers applies only with respect to qualified financing held by the transferee, as opposed to qualified financing held by the transferor.

Two transparency organizations requested that FinCEN clarify whether partially financed transfers are reportable. These commenters cited as examples a situation in which some or all of the source of funds originate from entities or beneficial owners that have not undergone AML checks from a covered financial institution or where qualified credit is extended to some, but not all, beneficial owners of transferees. Finally, one commenter requested clarity as to how the reporting person would determine if the transfer is non-financed.

Final Rule. The substance of the definition of a “non-financed transfer” is adopted as proposed, but FinCEN has elected to move the definitions paragraph of the rule to 31 CFR 1031.320(n)(5) . FinCEN declines to adopt the commenter's suggestion to include a specific carveout in the definition to account for transfers where the qualified financing is extended to the grantor or settlor of a trust, rather than to the trust itself—an issue raised in the comments. This situation is addressed, however, in the new exception for certain transfers to trusts for no consideration, discussed in depth in Section III.C.2.c.

In regards to requests for clarity about whether partially financed transfers meet the definition of a non-financed transfer, FinCEN notes that partially financed transfers involving one transferee (for example, in which the transferee entity or transferee trust puts down a 50 percent down payment but obtains a mortgage to finance the rest of the transfer) would not be reported. However, the definition of a non-financed transfer would result in reporting of transfers in which there are multiple transferee entities or transferee trusts receiving the property and financing is secured by some, but not all, of the transferees.

As to the comment questioning how reporting persons would determine whether a transfer is non-financed, it has been FinCEN's experience with the Residential Real Estate GTOs that persons required to report have readily determined whether a given financial institution extending financing has such AML program obligations by asking the financial institution directly. The reporting person can reasonably rely on the representations made by the financial institution.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(b)(2) provided exceptions for transfers that are: the result of a grant, transfer, or revocation of an easement; the result of the death of an owner; incident to divorce or dissolution of marriage; to a bankruptcy estate; to individuals; or for which there is no reporting person.

Comments Received. Support for the proposed exceptions came from an industry group that applauded the decision to except transfers made to individuals. Other commenters did not oppose the proposed regulation and instead suggested modifications or clarifications that built on the proposed ( print page 70267) exceptions. Numerous commenters also proposed additional exceptions.

However, FinCEN received several comments suggesting that FinCEN clarify or otherwise amend certain other exceptions, including those proposed for death, divorce, and bankruptcy. Two legal associations proposed that FinCEN clarify the exception for transfers that are the result of a death to ensure that the exception applies even if a transfer is not executed pursuant to a will or where the decedent is not technically the owner of the property at death because the property is owned by a revocable trust set up by the decedent. One legal association suggested that FinCEN expand the proposed exceptions for divorce, death, or bankruptcy to include transfers to certain specific types of trusts. One State bar association suggested that the rule build on the exceptions for death and divorce by excepting any transfers made in connection with a court-supervised legal settlement. A transparency organization recommended limiting the exceptions to transfers made to family members or heirs pursuant to divorce, probate proceedings, or a will, expressing concern that transfers resulting from death or divorce would remain at risk for money laundering.

Multiple commenters requested additional exceptions. Several commenters focused on exceptions for transfers to trusts used for estate or tax planning purposes. A State bar association requested the exclusion of transfers for estate planning purposes that involve no monetary consideration. One commenter suggested excepting gifts between family members, whether being transferred into a trust or legal entity, and in particular suggested excluding transfers to revocable trusts in which the trustee confirms by affidavit that the trustee or the settlor is the same person as the primary beneficiary. Similarly, another State bar association suggested that FinCEN except any intrafamily transfers and transfers into certain trusts created for estate or tax planning purposes, including revocable trusts, irrevocable trusts, irrevocable life insurance trusts, grantor trusts, purpose trusts, qualified personal residence trusts, pooled trusts, special needs and supplemental trusts, creditor protection trusts, various charitable trusts, certain State business trusts, and certain State business associations.

Some commenters suggested exceptions built around the relationship between the transferor and the transferee in the context of estate planning. Two such commenters requested that the final rule exclude any transfer where the transferor is the settlor of a transferee trust, because beneficial ownership of the property would remain the same. A State bar association suggested excluding transfers that include the creation of a self-settled revocable or irrevocable trust, wherein the grantor(s)/settlors(s) of the trust have created it for the benefit of the grantor(s) or members of their family, arguing that such trusts for the purposes of estate planning are low risk for money laundering, and therefore of little interest to FinCEN, and that their exclusion would reduce the number of reports required from reporting persons. In a similar vein, a State land title association suggested the exclusion of living trusts with the same name as the property owner, citing the example of an individual purchasing property in a non-financed transfer and then subsequently transferring the property to a trust for estate planning purposes. A trust and estate-focused legal association similarly suggested the exclusion of transfers to trusts in which at least one of the beneficial owners is the same as the transferor or in which the transfer is for the benefit of the family of the transferor. One legal association asked that exceptions be made for transfers in which there is no change in beneficial ownership of the property and two other commenters similarly requested that FinCEN exclude any transfers where the transferor is the managing or sole member of a transferee entity or is the settlor of a transferee trust. The legal association also suggested an exception when the ownership interest in the property remains within a family.

Two commenters suggested the exclusion of sequential transfers involving a trust. One described these sequential transfers as occurring when an individual purchases residential real property in their own name with a mortgage and subsequently transfers the property to a trust, or when an individual seeks to refinance property held in a trust by transferring title of the property from the trust to the individual, refinancing in the name of the individual, and then transferring title of the property back to the trust. Another commenter stated that properties held in revocable trusts for estate planning are often only removed from the trust for refinancing or taking on additional debt and therefore have oversight from those processing mortgage loans. Such transfers, argued the commenters, are low risk and would result in unnecessary and redundant reporting.

Some commenters suggested excepting transfers where the transferee or transferor is a qualified intermediary for the purposes of 26 U.S.C. 1031 (1031 Exchange), also known as a like-kind exchange. A national trade association for 1031 Exchange practitioners suggested adding an exception that would mirror the exception found in the BOI Reporting Rule for reporting of individuals acting as nominee, intermediary, custodian, or agent on behalf of another individual. [ 36 ] Three title insurance associations and two State bar associations urged FinCEN to include an exception for corrective conveyances, one commenter requested exclusion of transfers involving additional insured endorsements, another commenter suggested that FinCEN explicitly exclude foreclosures and evictions, and several commenters suggested that the final rule focus only on foreign transferees.

FinCEN also received a range of comments related to whether a dollar threshold should be included, below which reporting would not be required. In general, commenters representing transparency organizations supported the lack of a threshold in the proposed rule, with one commenter arguing that any threshold would provide a clear path for evasion. Other commenters—mostly real estate associations, businesses, or professionals—advocated for the inclusion of a threshold to reduce the number of reports that would need to be filed and avoid the reporting of transfers perceived as low risk for money laundering. One commenter suggested implementing a $1 threshold, others suggested $1,000, one suggested $10,000, and another suggested adopting the same threshold as FinCEN's Residential Real Estate GTOs.

Final Rule. In the final rule, FinCEN is adopting the exceptions proposed in 31 CFR 1031.320(b)(2) and adding several additional exceptions.

First, in response to comments asking FinCEN to clarify the scope of the exception for transfers resulting from death, FinCEN has adopted language, set forth at 31 CFR 1031.320(b)(2)(ii) , to clarify that the exception includes all transfers resulting from death, whether pursuant to the terms of a will or a trust, by operation of law, or by contractual provision. In the context of transfers resulting from death, transfers resulting by operation of law include, without limitation, transfers resulting from intestate succession, surviving joint owners, and transfer-on-death deeds, and transfers resulting from contractual provisions include, without limitation, transfers resulting from beneficiary designations. With respect to inclusion ( print page 70268) of transfers required under the terms of a trust, by operation of law, or by contractual agreements, FinCEN believes such transfers are akin to transfers required by a will, as they result from the death of the grantor or settlor or individual who currently owns the residential real property. As described in the NPRM, the exception was meant to include transfers governed by preexisting legal documents, such as wills, or that generally involve the court system. FinCEN believes that the adopted language will clarify the intended scope of the exception, which is meant to exclude only low-risk transfers of residential real property involving transfers that are required by legal or judicial processes at the time of the decedent's death.

Second, the rule adds an exception for any transfer supervised by a court in the United States at 31 CFR 1031.320(b)(2)(v) . This exception builds on a commenter's suggestion to expand the list of exceptions to include transfers made in connection with a court-supervised legal settlement, but is focused on transfers required by a court instead of simply supervised by a court, which narrows the opportunity for such transfers to be abused by illicit actors. FinCEN believes that, like probate and divorce, transfers required as a result of judicial determination in the United States are generally publicly documented and subject to oversight and therefore are subject to a lower risk for money laundering.

Third, while FinCEN did not receive comments on the scope of the exception for transfers incident to divorce or the dissolution of marriage, FinCEN believes it is appropriate to clarify in the regulation that the exception also applies to the dissolution of civil unions and has done so at 31 CFR 1031.320(b)(2)(iii) . Civil unions are similar to marriages with regard to property issues in form and function and are terminated in a similar manner—generally with the involvement of courts.

Fourth, in response to the comments requesting exceptions for estate planning techniques and for sequential transfers to trusts, an exception is added at 31 CFR 1031.320(b)(2)(vi) for transfers of residential real property to a trust where the transfer meets the following criteria: (1) the transfer is for no consideration; (2) the transferor of the property is an individual (either alone or with the individual's spouse); and (3) the settlor or grantor of the trust is that same transferor individual, that individual's spouse, or both of them. FinCEN expects that this addition will except many common transfers made for estate planning purposes described by commenters, including transfers described in the exception where the grantor or settlor's family are beneficiaries of the trust, as well as sequential transfers to trusts, such as where the qualified financing is extended to the grantor or settlor rather than to the trust itself and the grantor or settlor then is transferring the secured residential real property for no consideration to the trust.

FinCEN intended to scope this exception in a manner that was responsive to comments but that would not create an overly broad exception that would be open to significant abuse. To be sure, illicit actors are known to use estate planning techniques to obscure the ownership of residential real estate, and all non-financed transfers of residential real estate not subject to this rule are subject to less oversight from financial institutions than financed transfers and are therefore inherently more vulnerable to money laundering. However, transfers in which an individual who currently owns residential real property is funding their own trust with that property are believed to be a lower risk for money laundering because the true owner of the property is not obscured when the property is transferred. Given this limitation on the exception and how common it is for an individual to place residential real property into a trust, whether revocable or irrevocable, for estate planning purposes, FinCEN believes it is appropriate to except such transfers at this time. Additionally, the expanded exception benefits from relying on information readily available to the reporting person, as the reporting person will know the identity of the transferor and can ascertain, such as through a trust certificate, whether the transferor is the grantor or settlor of the trust.

FinCEN does not agree with some commenters that the exception should be broader by excepting transfers where beneficial ownership does not change or where the transfer is an intrafamily one. An exception for such transfers would be difficult for the reporting person to administer, as it would require a review of the dispositive terms of the trust instrument, and it would be difficult for the reporting person to assess the reliability of information provided to them about beneficial ownership or family relationships. FinCEN also does not agree that all such transfers are automatically low risk for money laundering, especially when consideration is involved. Overall, the adopted exception offers a low-risk, bright line that should be easy to understand and implement, lowering the burden on both industry and the parties to the transfer, when compared with the proposed rule.

FinCEN also does not believe that this same logic can be extended to justify excepting transfers of property by an individual to a legal entity owned or controlled by such individual, as some commenters suggested. In the exception described above concerning no consideration transfers to trusts, the exception applies when the transferor of residential real property is also the grantor or settlor of the trust—the identity of the grantor or settlor of the trust is a fact tied to the creation of the trust, is revealed on the face of the trust instrument, and generally cannot be changed. Although the trustee and beneficiaries of the trust may change over time, the identification of the settlor or grantor of the trust generally allows FinCEN to identify the source of the property being contributed to the trust, a factor that is critical to the identification and prevention of money laundering. That same identification and persistent connection with the transferor does not exist in the context of transfers of residential real property to a legal entity, where it is common for various owners of interests in the entity to each contribute assets to it.

Finally, the final rule adopts an exception, at 31 CFR 1031.320(b)(2)(vii) , for transfers made to qualified intermediaries for purposes of effecting 1031 Exchanges. Such exchanges are commonly conducted to defer the realization of gain or loss, and, thus, the payment of any related taxes, for Federal income tax purposes. [ 37 ] This exception is limited to transfers made to the qualified intermediary; transfers from a qualified intermediary to the person conducting the exchange (the exchanger) remain potentially reportable if the exchanger is a legal entity or trust. When taking ownership of property in a 1031 Exchange, the qualified intermediary is acting on behalf of the exchanger for the limited purpose of effecting the exchange. In addition, the qualified intermediary may hold the property for only a limited ( print page 70269) period of time before it jeopardizes the transaction's ability to qualify as a valid 1031 Exchange. Accordingly, FinCEN has determined that requiring the reporting of transfers made to a qualified intermediary would likely result in information that is of lower value to law enforcement. FinCEN considered whether to resolve commenter concerns around qualified intermediaries by relying, as one commenter suggested, on the rule's definition of transferee entity, which adopts by reference the exception found in 31 CFR 1010.380(d)(3)(ii) for the reporting of individuals who are acting as a nominee, intermediary, custodian, or agent. Without noting whether such exception for nominees, intermediaries, custodians, or agents would appropriately apply in the context of qualified intermediaries, FinCEN believes that allowing the broader exception for 1031 Exchanges in this rule more clearly resolves commenter concerns.

The final rule does not adopt the suggestions to exclude corrective conveyances and additional insured endorsements, as FinCEN believes such exceptions are not necessary. Corrective conveyances are used to correct title flaws, such as misspelled names, and are not used to create a new ownership interest in a property. As such, corrective conveyances do not involve a transfer of residential real property and are therefore not reportable. Similarly, additional insured endorsements are used to extend coverage of title insurance to an additional party identified by the policyholder and do not meet the rule's definition of a reportable transfer of residential real property.

The final rule also does not adopt the suggestion to exclude foreclosure sales, although FinCEN notes that foreclosure court proceedings wherein a lender obtains a judgment to foreclose on property would be excluded under the exception for transfers required by a court in the United States. Outside of such court-supervised foreclosure proceedings, FinCEN does not agree that potential reporting persons involved in sales of foreclosed property should be treated differently from other transfers, as such sales, where the property is sold to a third party, do not necessarily present a lower risk for money laundering.

FinCEN also declines to implement the suggestion that the final rule collect information only on foreign transferee entities and trusts. Law enforcement investigations and FinCEN's experience with the Residential Real Estate GTOs have repeatedly confirmed that non-financed transfers of residential real estate to both foreign and domestic legal entities and trusts are high risk for money laundering.

Furthermore, the rule does not adopt suggestions to include a dollar threshold for reporting. Low value non-financed transfers to legal entities and trusts, including gratuitous ones for no consideration, can present illicit finance risks and are therefore of interest to law enforcement. Although the Residential Real Estate GTOs have had an evolving dollar threshold over the course of the program, ranging from over $1 million to the current threshold of $300,000, FinCEN's experience with administering the program and discussions with law enforcement shows that money laundering through real estate occurs at all price points. FinCEN believes that incorporation of a dollar threshold could move illicit activity into the lower priced market, which would be counter to the aims of the rule. [ 38 ] Rather than specifically exclude all such transfers from being reported, the final rule includes additional exceptions, discussed here and in Section III.C.2.c, that FinCEN believes will focus the reporting requirement on higher-risk low-value transfers.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(j)(10) provided that a “transferee entity” is any person other than a transferee trust or an individual and set out the exceptions from this definition for certain entities, including certain highly regulated entities and government authorities. The definition of transferee entity was meant to include, for example, a corporation, partnership, estate, association, or limited liability company. Among the exceptions FinCEN proposed was an exception for any legal entity whose ownership interests are controlled or wholly owned, directly or indirectly, by an exempt entity.

Comments Received. Some commenters supported the proposed rule's inclusion of transferee entities as defined in the proposed rule, with one transparency organization highlighting that pooled investment vehicles (PIVs) and non-profits are largely exempt from beneficial ownership information reporting requirements under the CTA, which increases their risks for money laundering.

Final Rule. In 31 CFR 1031.320(n)(10) , the final rule adopts the proposed definition of “transferee entity” with technical edits to two specific exceptions from that definition. First, in 31 CFR 1031.320(n)(10)(O) , FinCEN removed the unnecessary inclusion of the acronym “(SEC)” because the Securities and Exchange Commission is referred to only once in 31 CFR 1031.320 . Second, FinCEN removed the term “ownership interests” from 31 CFR 1031.320(n)(10)(P) , so that the regulation now excludes from the definition of a transferee entity a “legal entity controlled or wholly owned, directly or indirectly, by [an excepted legal entity].” FinCEN made this amendment to avoid potential confusion because the term “ownership interests” is specifically defined in the regulations at 31 CFR 1031.320(n)(6) and employed only in relation to residential real property.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(j)(11) defined “transferee trust” as any legal arrangement created when a person (generally known as a grantor or settlor) places assets under the control of a trustee for the benefit of one or more persons (each generally known as a beneficiary) or for a specified purpose, as well as any legal arrangement similar in structure or function to the above, whether formed under the laws of the United States or a foreign jurisdiction. The NPRM proposed several exceptions for certain types of trusts that FinCEN views as highly regulated—for instance, trusts that are securities reporting issuers and trusts that have a trustee that is a securities reporting issuer. Accordingly, such trusts were not covered by the proposed rule. Similarly, the proposed rule excluded statutory trusts from the definition of a transferee trust but, instead, proposed to capture statutory trusts within the definition of a transferee entity.

Comments Received. Several commenters supported the general inclusion of trusts within the scope of the rule and provided examples of money laundering through real estate transfers to trusts. One transparency organization highlighted that trusts are not required to directly report beneficial ownership information under the CTA and are therefore a higher risk for money laundering. However, other commenters were not supportive of the inclusion of trusts, arguing that trusts are: complicated arrangements for which the paperwork would not be easily understood by reporting persons; used for probate avoidance; and inherently low risk. ( print page 70270)

Several commenters suggested excluding living trusts. Three commenters suggested excluding transfers to irrevocable living trusts, arguing either that such trusts are low risk for money laundering or that such reporting is redundant with information received by the IRS. Some focused on revocable trusts, particularly those used for estate planning, arguing that they are subject to a lower risk of money laundering and that requiring reporting on such trusts would be burdensome given how commonly they are used.

Other commenters suggested the exclusion of specialized types of trusts. Two suggested excluding transfers to a qualified personal residence trust and another suggested excluding transfers to an intentionally defective grantor trust, charitable remainder trust, any qualified terminal interest property trust benefitting the contributing homeowner, testamentary trust, third-party common law discretionary trust, a discretionary support trust, or a trust for the support of an incapacitated beneficiary, including supplemental or special needs trusts, arguing that these transfers generally do not involve property purchased in cash within the last year and are low risk for money laundering.

Final Rule. In the final rule, FinCEN retains the requirement to report transfers to transferee trusts and, in 31 CFR 1031.320(n)(11) , adopts the definition of “transferee trust” as proposed with one technical edit to make certain language consistent across similar provisions in the rule. As discussed in Section II.A.2, FinCEN continues to believe that non-financed residential real estate transfers to certain trusts present a high risk for money laundering. FinCEN also believes that the potential difficulties described by commenters, such as the need to review complex trust documents to determine whether a trust is reportable, will be minimized by the addition of new exceptions and by the reasonable reliance standard adopted in the final rule which is discussed in Section III.B.4.

FinCEN considered comments suggesting that it adopt additional exceptions from the definition of a transferee trust for specific types of trusts. In particular, comments suggested exceptions for all living trusts, all revocable trusts, or all irrevocable trusts, as well as more specialized types of trusts such as qualified personal residence trusts or defective grantor trusts. FinCEN believes that the suggested exceptions would be overly broad and, as such, would exclude from reporting certain transfers that pose a high risk for illicit finance. However, depending on the particular facts and circumstances of a trust arrangement, some of the aforementioned trusts may be covered under the more tailored exception for “no consideration transfers” to trusts described in Section III.C.2.c. We also note that certain trusts, such as testamentary trusts, are not captured by the reporting requirement, as such trusts are created by wills and therefore fall within the exception for transfers occurring as a result of death.

Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(c) set forth a cascading reporting hierarchy to determine which person providing real estate closing and settlement services in the United States must file a report for a given reportable transfer. As an alternative, the persons described in the reporting cascade could enter into an agreement to designate a reporting person.

Proposed Rule. Through the proposed reporting cascade, a real estate professional would be a reporting person required to file a report and keep records for a given transfer if the person performs a function described in the reporting cascade and no other person performs a function described higher in the reporting cascade. For example, if no person is involved in the transfer as described in the first tier of potential reporting persons, the reporting obligation would fall to the person involved in the transfer as described in the second tier of potential reporting persons, if any, and so on. The reporting cascade includes only persons engaged as a business in the provision of real estate closing and settlement services within the United States. The proposed reporting cascade was as follows: (1) the person listed as the closing or settlement agent on the closing or settlement statement for the transfer; (2) the person that prepares the closing or settlement statement for the transfer; (3) the person that files with the recordation office the deed or other instrument that transfers ownership of the residential real property; (4) the person that underwrites an owner's title insurance policy for the transferee with respect to the transferred residential real property, such as a title insurance company; (5) the person that disburses in any form, including from an escrow account, trust account, or lawyers' trust account, the greatest amount of funds in connection with the residential real property transfer; (6) the person that provides an evaluation of the status of the title; and finally (7) the person that prepares the deed or, if no deed is involved, any other legal instrument that transfers ownership of the residential real property.

Comments Received. Some commenters, including real estate agent associations and transparency organizations, supported the use of a reporting cascade, believing it to be functional and useful in preventing arbitrage, while one commenter specifically opposed it, arguing that the cascading approach would be burdensome. One industry group asked that FinCEN exclude banks and other financial institutions subject to AML/CFT program requirements as reporting persons, arguing that such financial institutions are already subject to a higher standard of BSA compliance. Some commenters variously opposed the inclusion of settlement and closing agents, title agents, or escrow agents as reporting persons because they felt it threatened their status as neutral third parties with limited responsibilities when facilitating a transfer of residential real property. Other commenters expressed concern that certain professionals in the reporting cascade would be ill-equipped to report.

Associations representing real estate agents agreed with the absence in the cascade of functions typically associated with real estate agents, while two escrow industry commenters proposed including real estate agents as reporting persons. One commenter suggested adding appraisers as reporting persons, arguing that required inclusion of appraisers would help to identify potential market distortion by illicit actors and that appraisers are otherwise well-equipped to be reporting persons. That commenter also suggested that FinCEN require appraisals be included in every non-financed transfer. One industry association urged FinCEN to exempt small businesses from reporting altogether. One commenter asked for a clear exclusion for homeowners associations, arguing that their burden would be high. A transparency organization and an industry commenter suggested that FinCEN explicitly prohibit transferees, transferors, and their owners from being reporting persons.

Some commenters argued that certain functions described in the proposed reporting cascade should be moved further up in the cascade to ensure parties with what they viewed as the best access to information are the first-line reporters. One commenter suggested that 31 CFR 1031.320(c)(1)(iii) be modified to include the person who prepares a stock certificate or a ( print page 70271) proprietary lease to better cover potential reporting persons closing transfers of cooperative units, and another requested clarity as to who files deeds with the recording office.

Two commenters noted that the reporting cascade may result in more than one reporting person in split settlements, in which the buyer and seller use separate settlement agents. One of those commenters also suggested that certain scenarios could result in the identification of multiple reporting persons, such as when transfers are closed by independent escrow companies but also involve title insurance or when an attorney performs the document preparation, document signing, and disbursement of funds in a transfer that also involves title insurance. Finally, one commenter noted that, in some locations, it is possible for title insurance to be issued several months after closing.

Final Rule. FinCEN adopts the reporting cascade largely as proposed. The reporting cascade is designed to efficiently capture both sale and non-sale transfers, and FinCEN notes that the real estate industry already uses a similar reporting cascade to comply with requirements associated with IRS Form 1099-S. [ 39 ]

As set forth at 31 CFR 101.320(c)(3) , FinCEN adopts the suggestion made by one commenter to exclude from the definition of a reporting person financial institutions with an obligation to maintain an AML program. Where a financial institution would have otherwise been a reporting person, the reporting obligation falls to the next available person described in the reporting cascade. The intent of this rulemaking is to address money laundering vulnerabilities in the U.S. real estate market, recognizing that most persons involved in real estate closings and settlements are not subject to AML program requirements. FinCEN considered imposing comprehensive AML obligations on such unregulated persons, but ultimately decided, as reflected in the final rule, to impose the narrower obligation of a streamlined SAR filing requirement. Financial institutions that already have an obligation to maintain AML programs, however, generally already have a SAR filing requirement that is more expansive than the streamlined reporting requirement adopted by this final rule. Therefore, FinCEN believes that it would not be appropriate at this time to add a streamlined reporting requirement to the existing obligations of a financial institution with an obligation to maintain an AML program. FinCEN also believes that the removal of financial institutions from the cascade of reporting persons will generally result in real estate reports simply being filed by others in the reporting cascade, not in those reports remaining unfiled.

FinCEN is not persuaded by commenters suggesting that other types of professionals should be added to or excluded from the cascade. Excluding categories of real estate professionals that execute functions listed in the reporting cascade based on their professional title or business size would result in a significant reporting loophole that illicit actors would exploit. FinCEN believes it is also unnecessary for the effectiveness of the reporting cascade to include additional functions, such as the provision of appraisal services or services that real estate agents typically provide to buyers and sellers. FinCEN believes that the reporting cascade, as adopted, will effectively capture high risk non-financed transfers of residential real estate and any additional functions would unnecessarily increase the complexity of the rule. Furthermore, real estate agents and appraisers usually perform their primary functions in advance of the actual closing or settlement and therefore generally do not perform a central role in the actual closing or settlement process, unlike real estate professionals performing the functions described in the reporting cascade. FinCEN believes that focusing the reporting cascade on functions more central to the actual closing or settlement is necessary to ensure the reporting person has adequate access to reportable information. Regarding homeowners associations, FinCEN believes that is not necessary to explicitly exempt them the definition of a reporting person because they do not traditionally play the roles enumerated in the reporting cascade.

FinCEN is also not persuaded by commenters' suggestion that the reporting obligation would affect or decrease the neutral position of settlement agents and escrow agents. These real estate professionals are “neutral” in that they have similar obligations to both the transferee and transferor and are therefore seen as an independent party acting only to facilitate the transfer, as opposed to a party acting primarily to advance the interests of just one of the parties to the transfer. The reporting obligation does not upset the balance between service to the transferee and transferor. It merely requires the professional to report additional information about the transfer.

FinCEN confirms that transferees, transferors, and their beneficial owners cannot be reporting persons unless they are engaged within the United States as a business in the provision of a real estate closing and settlement service listed in the reporting cascade, but declines to explicitly prohibit transferees, transferors, and their beneficial owners from being reporting persons when they do play these roles, as it would create an exploitable loophole in the reporting cascade, if such persons were the only real estate professionals involved in the transfer.

The final rule adopts clarifications proposed by commenters with respect to cooperatives. For cooperatives, the stock certificate is akin to a deed prepared for other types of residential real estate, and therefore FinCEN believes that it is appropriate to include these types of functions in the reporting cascade. However, FinCEN declines to modify the language for the person that files with the recordation office the deed or other instrument that transfers ownership of the residential real property, as requested by one commenter. FinCEN believes the proposed language clearly captures a person engaged as a business in the provision of real estate closing and settlement services that files the deed with the recordation officer. It would not include the individual clerk at the office who accepts the deed or other instrument.

In regard to concerns raised by a commenter about split settlements, the definition of “closing or settlement statement” found in 31 CFR 1031.320(n)(2) is modified in the final rule to make clarify that the closing or settlement statement is limited to the statement prepared for the transferee only. FinCEN does not agree that the other situations described by the commenter would result in multiple reporting persons being identified, given the inherent nature of the reporting cascade wherein the reporting responsibility flows down the cascade depending on the presence of a person performing each listed function.

The final rule does not adopt any changes to account specifically for title insurance purchased a significant period of time after a transfer of property. In those situations, FinCEN expects that the underwriting of title insurance would not be part of the closing or settlement process, and therefore another person in the reporting cascade would file the report. However, in the rare situation where there is no other person in the reporting ( print page 70272) cascade participating in the closing or settlement of a reportable transfer, the underwriter of title insurance may ultimately be required to file the report when the insurance is eventually purchased.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(c)(3) set forth the option for persons in the reporting cascade to enter into an agreement deciding which person should be the reporting person with respect to the reportable transfer. For example, if a real estate professional involved in the transfer provides certain settlement services in the settlement process, as described in the first tier of the reporting cascade, that person may enter into a written designation agreement with a title insurance company underwriting the transfer as described in the second tier of the reporting cascade, through which the two parties agree that the title insurance company would be the designated reporting person with respect to that transfer. The person who would otherwise be the reporting person must be a party to the agreement; however, it is not necessary that all persons involved in the transfer who are described in the reporting cascade be parties to the agreement. The agreement must be in writing and contain specified information, with a separate agreement required for each reportable transfer.

Comments Received. Two business associations requested that the rule allow for what they described as “blanket” designation agreements. Such agreements would allow two or more persons described in the reporting cascade to designate a potential reporting person for a set period of time or a set number of transfers. For example, a commenter put forward the example of a title insurance company and a settlement company entering into an agreement wherein, for any transfer in which they are both involved, the title insurance company would be the designated reporting person. One of these commenters stated that blanket designation agreements would bring a type of certainty that is required for them to benefit from the costs savings provided by designation agreements. A third business association argued that designation agreements will not be effective, resulting in settlement companies being the primary reporting person. A fourth business association asked whether a third-party vendor could be a designated reporting person.

Final Rule. In the final rule, FinCEN adopts the allowance for designation agreements in 31 CFR 1031.320(c)(4) as proposed. Although FinCEN sees the potential benefits of blanket designation agreements, such agreements would undermine FinCEN's ability to enforce the rule, particularly when a Real Estate Report is not filed as required, and accordingly the final rule does not permit a blanket designation agreement in lieu of a separate designation agreement for each relevant transfer. A single transfer could be subject to multiple, potentially overlapping, blanket designation agreements between different parties. In such a situation, it would be difficult for FinCEN to determine which person had ultimate responsibility for filing the report, and even the persons described in the reporting cascade may not know who had filing responsibility. By comparison, a separate designation agreement for each transfer, describing the specific details of the transfer, makes that determination straightforward. The designation agreement is designed to provide an optional alternative to the reporting cascade that can be effectively and efficiently implemented by reporting persons if they choose. However, nothing in the final rule prohibits persons in the reporting cascade from having an understanding, in writing or otherwise, as to how they generally intend to comply with the rule, provided that they continue to effect designation agreements for applicable transfers.

The final rule also does not allow for third-party vendors who are not described in the reporting cascade to be designated as a reporting person, as such vendors are not financial institutions that can be regulated by FinCEN; a reporting person could outsource the preparation of the form to a third-party vendor, but the ultimate responsibility for the completion and filing of the report would lie with the reporting person.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(d) set forth a requirement that reporting persons must report their full legal name and the category into which they fall in the reporting cascade, as well as the street address of their principal place of business in the United States.

Comments Received. FinCEN did not receive any comments on reportable information concerning the reporting person.

Final Rule. FinCEN is adopting 31 CFR 1031.320(d) as proposed.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(e)(1) set forth a requirement for the reporting of the name, address, and unique identifying number of a transferee entity, as well as similar identifying information for the beneficial owners of the transferee entity and the persons signing documents on behalf of the transferee entity.

Comments Received. One organization requested that the final rule collect legal entity identifiers (LEIs) for transferee entities. As described by the commenter, the LEI was developed by the International Organization for Standards and is “the only global standard for legal entity identification.”

Final Rule. In the final rule, FinCEN adopts 31 CFR 1031.320(e)(1) as proposed. It does not incorporate the suggestion to require reporting of LEIs. For purpose of this reporting requirement, FinCEN believes that a TIN is preferable, as it is broadly utilized by law enforcement and may be easily connected to other BSA documents.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(e)(2) set forth a requirement to report certain information about transferee trusts, including the name of the trust, the date the trust instrument was executed, the address of the place of administration, a unique identifying number, and whether the trust is revocable. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(e)(2) also required the reporting of information about each trustee that is an entity, including full legal name, trade name, current address, the name and address of the trust officer, and a unique identifying number. Furthermore, proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(e)(2) required the reporting of identifying information about the trust's beneficial owners and the individuals signing documents on behalf of the trust.

Comments Received. Two industry organizations and two other commenters associated with the title insurance industry argued that information reportable for trusts should align with that on trust certificates issued under State law. As described by one industry organization, “[u]nder the Uniform Trust Act promulgated by the Uniform Law Commission and enacted in 35 states, a trustee is authorized to issue a certification of trust containing much of the information sought under ( print page 70273) this proposed rule.” Another commenter requested that the beneficial ownership information collected under this rule align more closely with that collected under the BOI Reporting Rule. One other commenter, a non-profit organization, requested that the final rule collect legal entity identifiers (LEIs) for transferee trusts, for the reason discussed in Section III.C.5.a above with respect to legal entities.

Final Rule. In the final rule, FinCEN adopts 31 CFR 1031.320(e)(2) largely as proposed. FinCEN is persuaded by the recommendation to align information collected about trust transferees more closely with what is available on trust certificates. While they vary by state, trust certificates generally contain much of a trust's basic identifying information, such as the name of the trust, the date the trust was entered into, the name and address of the trustee, and whether the trust is revocable. The final rule eliminates the proposal to report information identifying the trust officer or the address that is the trust's place of administration, as this information is not commonly found on trust certificates and FinCEN believes other information collected will be sufficient to support law enforcement investigations. However, reporting persons are still required to report some information that may not be available on trust certificates, such as the identifying information for the trustee, as this is basic information necessary to conclusively identify the trust and to effectively conduct investigations into illicit activity. FinCEN believes this information will be readily collected by reporting persons; for example, because trustees generally manage the assets of the trust, the trustee will likely be directly involved in the transfer of residential real property to the trust.

The final rule does not adopt the suggestion to completely align the collection of beneficial ownership information with that collected under the BOI Reporting Rule. While the two rules do align in the collection of the beneficial owner's name, date of birth, and address, they differ in two key respects: first, regarding the unique identifying number, the real estate rule relies largely on TINs instead of passport numbers; and second, the real estate rule collects citizenship information, while the BOI Reporting Rule does not. As discussed in Section III.B.6, TINs are a key piece of identifying information for purposes of the database that would hold Real Estate Reports, and other BSA reports typically require TINs for this reason. Furthermore, FinCEN believes that the collection of citizenship information is necessary in this context to better analyze the volume of illicit funds entering the United States via entities or trusts beneficially owned by non-U.S. persons and is a key element for ensuring that the implementation of this rule will enhance and protect U.S. national security. FinCEN notes that such citizenship information, along with TINs, are reported on traditional SARs. Finally, the rule does not incorporate the suggestion to require reporting of LEIs, for the reasons discussed in Section III.C.2.d with respect to information collected for transferee entities.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(e) set forth requirements to report certain beneficial ownership information with respect to transferee entities and transferee trusts. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(j)(1)(i) largely defined beneficial owners of transferee entities through a reference to regulations in the BOI Reporting Rule, specifically 31 CFR 1010.380(d) . Similarly, proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(j)(1)(ii) established a definition for the beneficial owners of transferee trusts by leveraging concepts from the BOI Reporting Rule. For both transferee entities and transferee trusts, the proposed regulation set forth that the determination of beneficial ownership would be as of the date of closing. The proposed rule did not require reporting persons to determine whether an individual was a beneficial owner, allowing them instead to use a certification form described in 31 CFR 1031.320(e)(3) to collect beneficial ownership information directly from a transferee trust or a person representing a trust in the reportable transfer, as discussed further in Section III.B.4.

Comments Received. Three commenters expressed support for the collection of beneficial ownership information on the Real Estate Report, with one transparency organization specifically supporting the proposed rule's adoption of definitions from the BOI Reporting Rule. This commenter noted that the proposal would minimize confusion, promote consistency, and maximize the ability to cross-reference data. Multiple commenters, however, argued that the collection of beneficial ownership information under the proposed rule is unnecessary due to the collection of similar information under the BOI Reporting Rule. Some of these commenters also argued that, if beneficial ownership information is collected, it should be limited to the reporting of a FinCEN Identifier, which is an identification number that reporting entities and their beneficial owners may use to report beneficial ownership information under the BOI Reporting Rule. An industry group representing trust and estate lawyers argued that the definition of a beneficial owner of a transferee trust should be limited to trustees, rather than also including grantors/settlors and beneficiaries.

One commenter requested that the final rule retain the exception from beneficial ownership information reporting found in 31 CFR 1010.380(d)(3)(ii) for nominees, intermediaries, custodians, and agents, while two other commenters requested that the rule should except reporting where a beneficial owner is a minor.

Final Rule. The final rule retains the requirement to provide beneficial ownership information in the report, as proposed, with one technical edit to correct a cross reference. FinCEN agrees that the Real Estate Report will contain some information that is also reported under the BOI Reporting Rule. However, because these two distinct reports would be filed on different facets of a single legal entity's activities, FinCEN believes it is appropriate for some of the same information to be reported on both forms. As FinCEN explained in the NPRM, the beneficial ownership information report (BOIR) and the report required by this rule serve different purposes.

The information reported on a BOIR informs FinCEN about the reporting companies that have been formed or registered in the United States, while Real Estate Reports will inform FinCEN about the legal entities, some of which may be “reporting companies” within the meaning of the BOI Reporting Rule, that have participated in reportable real estate transfers that Treasury believes to be at high risk for money laundering. Real Estate Reports, by including beneficial ownership information and real estate transfer information in a single report, will enable law enforcement to investigate potential criminal activity in a timely and efficient manner, and will allow Treasury and law enforcement to connect money laundering through real estate with other types of illicit activities and to conduct broad money laundering trend analyses. BOIRs are kept secure but are intended to be made available not only to government agencies but to financial institutions for certain compliance purposes. Real Estate Reports will be subject to all of the protections and limitations on access and use that already apply to SARs. ( print page 70274)

The need for two different types of report, of course, does not mean that FinCEN is not concerned about eliminating unnecessary duplication of effort. FinCEN appreciates the suggestion that reporting persons be allowed to submit FinCEN Identifiers in lieu of collecting and submitting beneficial ownership information for legal entities that are considered reporting companies under the BOI Reporting Rule. However, FinCEN has identified a number of legal and operational limitations that would prevent FinCEN from accepting FinCEN identifiers outside of the CTA context. [ 40 ] For instance, information provided to FinCEN under the CTA, including the information provided in order to obtain FinCEN identifiers, is housed in an information technology system kept separate from other Bank Secrecy Act reports. The CTA imposes strict limits on access to that system, and those statutory limits are reflected in implementing regulations and the relevant Privacy Act System of Records Notice. [ 41 ] There is no reason to think that persons entitled to access to CTA information will routinely also be entitled to access to SARs and other BSA reports, or vice versa. Thus, at this time, allowing FinCEN identifiers to be reported in lieu of the underlying information would limit the usefulness of Real Estate Reports to law enforcement. As discussed in Section II.A.2 in the context of cross-referencing data from Residential Real Estate GTOs with SARs, the ability to link non-financed transfers of residential real property with other BSA reports is of significant value to law enforcement. Thus, FinCEN has not adopted this suggestion in the final rule.

With regard to the comments suggesting a more limited definition of a beneficial owner, FinCEN does not adopt the suggestion that beneficial owners of trusts be limited to trustees. The final rule instead adopts the approach in the proposed rule, which set forth several positions in a transferee trust that FinCEN considers to be occupied by the beneficial owners of the trust, including: the trustee; an individual other than a trustee with the authority to dispose of transferee trust assets; a beneficiary that is the sole permissible recipient of income and principal from the transferee trust or that has the right to demand a distribution of, or withdraw, substantially all of the assets from the transferee trust; a grantor or settlor who has the right to revoke the transferee trust or otherwise withdraw the assets of the transferee trust; and the beneficial owner(s) of any legal entity that holds at least one of these positions. The persons holding these positions have clear ownership or control over trust assets and therefore should be reported as beneficial owners of the trust.

For legal entities, 31 CFR 1031.320(n)(1)(i) continues to reference 31 CFR 1010.380(d) and therefore the final rule incorporates exceptions from the definition of beneficial owner of a reporting company; these exceptions include nominees, intermediaries, custodians, and agents, as well as minor children (when certain other information is reported). For transferee trusts, the definition of beneficial owner in 31 CFR 1031.320(n)(1)(ii) does not contain exceptions mirroring those found in the definition of a beneficial owner of a transferee entity. FinCEN considered adding an exception for minor children as suggested by commenters but believes at this time that such an exception is not appropriate for trusts. Trusts, unlike legal entities, are largely designed to transfer assets to family members such as minor children, and therefore the reporting of minor children will accurately reflect the nature of the trust and, in aggregate, will allow FinCEN to more accurately determine the risks related to trusts. FinCEN notes, however, that the definition of beneficial owner is unlikely to result in significant reporting of minor children, as minor children would fall into only one category of beneficial owner—as the beneficiary of the transferee trust, and only when the minor child is the beneficiary who is the sole permissible recipient of income and principal from the transferee trust.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(f) required the reporting person to report information relevant to identifying the transferor, such as the transferor's name, address, and identifying number. If the transferor is a trust, similar information would be reported identifying the trustee.

Comments Received. One think tank supported the collection of information on transferors, while three industry organizations opposed it, arguing that such information is unnecessary for law enforcement and is redundant with other information available to law enforcement through public land records, BOI reports filed under the CTA, or IRS Form 1099-S.

Final Rule. In the final rule, FinCEN adopts 31 CFR 1031.320(f) as proposed. Information identifying the transferor is necessary to identify certain money laundering typologies, such as where the transferor and transferee are related parties mispricing the real estate in order to transfer value from one to the other. There is therefore a significant benefit to having the transferor's information on the same report as the transferee's information. The transferor's information is basic information about the transferor and does not include information that may be more difficult to gather, such as beneficial ownership information. There is a significant value in adding transferor information in the same report as transferee information and in the same database as information from other BSA reports. FinCEN has addressed the suggestion that similar information is available through reports filed under the BOI Reporting Rule or IRS Form 1099-S in Section III.B.2.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 1031.320(g) required the reporting person to report the street address, if any, and the legal description (such as the section, lot, and block) of each residential real property that is the subject of a reportable transfer.

Comments Received. FinCEN did not receive any comments related to the reporting of information concerning residential real property.

Final Rule. FinCEN adopts 31 CFR 1031.320(g) with technical edits that are meant to lay out the requirements more clearly, and a modification to the text to require the reporting of the date of closing. The NPRM requested comments as to whether the proposed information reported regarding the description of the transferred residential real property was sufficient. Although FinCEN received no comments regarding the reporting of date of closing, FinCEN has subsequently determined that such information is necessary for it to confirm whether reporting persons are complying with the final rule. The term “date of closing” was defined in the NPRM (and is adopted in the final rule) to mean the date on which the transferee entity or transferee trust receives an ownership interest in the residential real property. As proposed in the NPRM and adopted in the final rule, reporting persons have to ascertain the date of closing to make key determinations, such as the filing ( print page 70275) deadline, discussed in Section III.C.11, and whether an individual is a beneficial owner, discussed in Section III.C.5.c. Because the date of closing is information that a reporting person must obtain to comply with the final rule and, relatedly, is information FinCEN also must receive to enforce compliance with the rule, the reporting of such information is a logical outgrowth of the NPRM. The parties to the transfer will know the date of closing and be able to report that date easily on the Real Estate Report.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(h) set forth a requirement that reporting persons report detailed information about the consideration, if any, paid in relation to any reportable transfer. This would include total consideration paid for the property, the amount of each separate payment made by or on behalf of the transferee entity or transferee trust, the method of such payment, the name of and account number with the financial institution originating the payment, and the name of the payor.

Comments Received. Several commenters argued that reporting persons would not have ready access to the proposed information to be collected about payments. An industry group, for example, stated that state-level “good funds” laws limit settlement agents to accepting fully and irrevocably settled and collected funds, meaning typically wire payments and cashier's checks, which would not contain information such as the originator's full account number. A business clarified that, for wire payments, a settlement company would only see: the date on which the wire transfer was received; the amount of the wire transfer; the name on the originator's account; the routing number for the sending bank; the name of the bank used by the beneficiary; the beneficiary's account number; the beneficiary's name and address; and wire information providing a reference number relevant to escrow. Some commenters also argued that the originating financial institution would be unlikely to provide the relevant information; that the person holding the originating account, such as an escrow company or attorney, would similarly be unlikely to provide the relevant information; or that transferees may refuse to provide information, believing the reporting of account numbers would put them at risk.

To remedy these issues, commenters argued that payment information should instead be limited to either the total consideration or to the information readily available on wire instructions or a check. Some commenters suggested eliminating the reporting of payment information entirely, questioning the usefulness of reporting such information given that covered financial institutions are likely involved in the processing of such payments and that the reporting person may be separately required to report payment information on a Form 8300, and also raising concerns about the potential increased risk of fraud if detailed account information is required to be reported.

Final Rule. In the final rule, FinCEN adopts 31 CFR 1031.320(h) largely as proposed, with edits to clarify the reporting of the total consideration paid. FinCEN acknowledges that the information required may be beyond what is normally available to the reporting person, but nevertheless believes that the information can be readily collected from the transferee. FinCEN expects that the adoption of the reasonable reliance standard in this rule will help relieve concerns articulated by commenters about the burden of verifying payment information or their ability to collect such information. FinCEN also notes that filers of IRS Form 1099-S must report the account numbers of transferors and therefore believes these to be accessible to reporting persons, many of whom file such forms.

FinCEN appreciates commenters' concerns about potential risks associated with collecting and retaining detailed payment information in relation to reportable transfers and believes that the removal of the requirement to retain Real Estate Reports, in which personal information would be aggregated, for five years, as discussed in Section III.C.12, will help mitigate this risk.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(i) set forth the requirement that reporting persons report whether the transfer involved an extension of credit from any institution or individual that does not have AML program obligations.

Comments Received. FinCEN did not receive any comments about the reporting of information concerning hard money, private, and similar loans.

Final Rule. In the final rule, FinCEN adopts 31 CFR 1031.320(i) as proposed. FinCEN believes this information will be valuable to understanding the risks presented by private lenders. FinCEN notes that, as discussed in Section III.C.2.b covering the definition of a non-financed transfer, reporting persons may rely on information from the lender as to whether the lender has an AML program obligation.

The final rule adopts a reasonable reliance standard, set forth in 31 CFR 1031.320(j) , that generally allows reporting persons, whether when reporting information required by the final rule or when necessary to make a determination to comply with the rule, to reasonably rely on information provided by other persons. This change from the proposed rule is explained in detail in Section III.B.4.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(k) set forth a requirement that reporting persons file a Real Estate Report with FinCEN no later than 30 calendar days after the date of a given closing.

Comments Received. One transparency organization supported the 30-day filing period, arguing that 30 days is both reasonable and necessary to ensure that current and useful information is available to law enforcement soon after a reportable transfer takes place. Two other commenters, however, argued that a 30-day window would be too short a timeframe in which to gather the required information and that it would be burdensome to monitor differing filing dates for each reportable transfer. As an alternative, these commenters proposed an annual filing deadline, akin to IRS Form 1099-S, with another suggesting that a quarterly filing deadline would also be an improvement.

Final Rule. In the final rule, FinCEN adopts, in 31 CFR 1031.320(k)(3) , a reporting deadline of the final day of the following month after which a closing took place, or 30 days after the date of the closing, whichever is later. FinCEN believes that this approach will reduce date tracking burdens for industry and may further reduce the logistical burden of compliance by providing a longer period of time in which to gather the reportable information, while still providing timely information to law enforcement. FinCEN recognizes that Real Estate Reports are unique when compared with other BSA reports and therefore necessitate a unique reporting deadline. Real Estate Reports require more information than forms such as a CTR or Form 8300—both required to be filed within 15 days of a transaction— ( print page 70276) and the information may need to be gathered from a variety of sources, and not just from the single individual conducting the transaction. Relatedly, traditional SARs, which must be filed within 30 days after suspicious activity is detected, also frequently rely on information known to the filer and, critically, are filed by financial institutions required to have AML programs. FinCEN believes the final filing date will benefit both reporting persons and law enforcement by ensuring reporting persons have sufficient time to gather information, resulting in more complete and accurate reports.

FinCEN believes that a filing period longer than adopted here would adversely impact the utility of the reports for law enforcement and that the extended filing period adopted in this final rule strikes the appropriate balance between accommodating commenters' concerns and ensuring timely reporting of transfers, particularly given other modifications and clarifications in this rule. In particular, FinCEN believes that the adoption of the reasonable reliance standard will significantly reduce the time needed to file the form compared to verifying the accuracy of each piece of information. FinCEN therefore declines to adopt the longer quarterly or annual suggested filing periods.

The final rule deletes as unnecessary the reference in proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(k) to the collection and maintenance of supporting documentation. In contrast with a traditional SAR requirement, the requirement to file a Real Estate Report does not require the reporting person to maintain records documenting the reasons for filing, and therefore there is no need to consider such documentation to have been deemed filed with the Real Estate Report, or to reference such documentation when discussing what a reporting person should file.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(l) set forth a requirement that reporting persons maintain a copy of any Real Estate Report filed and a copy of any beneficial ownership certification form provided to them for five years. It also proposed that all parties to any designation agreement maintain a copy of the agreement for five years.

Comments Received. Several commenters stated that retaining records for five years represents an ongoing data storage cost and increases concerns about data security. Two commenters expressed concern that collecting and retaining the information that reporting persons would need to FinCEN to report would run counter to the principles that underly certain State laws that the comments stated were designed to protect data privacy. One commenter argued that there were Fourth Amendment implications for the records retention requirement, which they viewed as requiring businesses to maintain records and produce them to law enforcement on demand. However, a transparency organization supported the proposed five-year recordkeeping requirement, noting also that FinCEN would need access to the designation agreement to determine who had responsibility for filing the report in a particular transfer.

Final Rule. The final rule retains the requirement that certain records be kept for five years but limits the requirement to a copy of any beneficial ownership certification form that was provided to the reporting person, as well as a copy of any designation agreement. As amended, the rule does not require reporting persons to retain a copy of a Real Estate Report that was submitted to FinCEN. FinCEN believes that eliminating the requirement to retain a Real Estate Report may reduce concerns related to data security and to costs associated with the retention of records. FinCEN also notes, more generally, that the BSA reporting framework has long been held to be consistent with the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. [ 42 ]

While FinCEN considered eliminating the record retention requirement in its entirety, it believes that it is necessary to the enforceability of the rule that reporting persons retain copies of documents that will not be filed with FinCEN—namely, a copy of any beneficial ownership information certification form and any designation agreement to which a reporting person is a party. Furthermore, FinCEN has retained the requirement in the proposed rule that all parties to a designation agreement—not just the reporting person—must retain a copy of such designation agreement, also to ensure enforceability of the rule. As previously stated, records that are required to be retained must be maintained for a period of five years.

Proposed Rule. Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(m)(1) exempted reporting persons, and any director, officer, employee, or agent of such persons, and Federal, State, local or Tribal government authorities, from the confidentiality provision in 31 U.S.C. 5318(g)(2) that prohibits the disclosure to any person involved in a suspicious transaction that the transaction has been reported or any information that would otherwise reveal that the transaction has been reported.

Proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(m)(2) confirmed that the exemption from the requirement to establish an AML program, in accordance with 31 CFR 1010.205(b)(1)(v) , would continue to apply to those businesses that may be reporting persons under the final rule. It also stated that no such exemption applies for a financial institution that is otherwise required to establish an anti-money laundering program, as provided in 31 CFR 1010.205(c) .

Comments Received. FinCEN received one comment by 25 Attorneys General that supported the exemption of Federal, State, local, or Tribal government authorities from the confidentiality provision. Additionally, one industry association supported the proposed rule's exemption for reporting persons from establishing an AML program.

Final Rule. In the final rule, FinCEN adopts 31 CFR 1031.320(m) largely as proposed, with one minor deletion for consistency. As in the NPRM, FinCEN recognizes that the confidentiality provision in 31 U.S.C. 5318(g)(2) applying to financial institutions that file SARs is not feasible with the Real Estate Report, as reporting persons needs to collect information directly from the subjects of the Report, thus revealing its existence. Moreover, all parties to a non-financed residential real estate transfer subject to this rule would already be aware that a report would be filed, given such filing is non-discretionary, rendering confidentiality unnecessary. The final rule maintains the exemption from the requirement for reporting persons to establish an AML program. However, given the change discussed earlier explicitly excluding financial institutions with AML program obligations from the definition of a reporting person, the sentence referring to such financial institutions has been deleted.

Proposed Rule. The proposed rule set forth several definitions in 31 CFR 1031.320(j) for key concepts, such as “transferee entity,” “transferee trust,” and the beneficial owners of these aforementioned entities.

Comments Received. FinCEN received comments related to the definition of “Beneficial owner,” discussed above in Section III.C.5.c; “Residential real property,” discussed above in Section ( print page 70277) III.C.2.a; “Transferee entity,” discussed above in Section III.C.2.d; and “Transferee trust,” discussed above in Section III.C.2.e. FinCEN did not receive comments on other proposed definitions.

Final Rule. For clarity, in the final rule, FinCEN moves the paragraph containing definitions to the end of the regulations, so that they appear at 31 CFR 1031.320(n) . In addition to modifications and clarifications discussed in the sections referenced above, the rule adopts the following modifications:

• The definition of “closing or settlement statement” is limited to the statement prepared for the transferee, as discussed in Section III.C.3.a;
• The rule adds a definition for “Non-financed transfer” for clarity, as discussed in Section III.C.2.b;
• The rule is meant to be applied nationwide, and therefore the definition of “Recordation office” is modified to make clear that the recordation office may be located in a territory or possession of the United States, and is not limited to State, local, or Tribal offices for the recording of reportable transfers as a matter of public record. As a result, a person may be a reporting person if they file a deed or other instrument that transfers ownership of the residential real property with a recordation office located in any state, local jurisdiction, territory of possession of the United States, or Tribe;
• For clarity, the term “Residential real property” is removed from the list of definitions found in 31 CFR 1031.320(n) and is instead defined in 31 CFR 1031.320(b) .

The remaining definitions are adopted as proposed.

Proposed Rule. The NPRM proposed that the final rule would be effective one year after the final rule is published in the Federal Register .

Comments Received. Several industry commenters agreed that a one-year delayed effective date is necessary to implement the requirements, with some indicating that one year, at a minimum, would be feasible. One commenter suggested that the final rule be implemented in phases to allow industry time to adapt to the regulation.

Final Rule. The final rule provides for an effective date of December 1, 2025, at which point reporting persons will be required to comply with all of the rule's requirements, chief among them the requirement to file Real Estate Reports with FinCEN. FinCEN believes that this effective date, which delays the effective date by slightly more than the one-year that industry commenters generally supported at a minimum, will provide additional opportunity for potential reporting persons to understand the requirements of the rule and put appropriate compliance measures into place. Furthermore, this effective date will provide FinCEN with the additional time necessary to issue the Real Estate Report, including the completion of any process required by the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA).

However, FinCEN declines to adopt a phased approach to implementation of the rule, such as by initially limiting the reporting obligation to persons performing a limited number of functions described in the reporting cascade or phasing-in the rule geographically. FinCEN believes a phased approach would likely create unneeded complexity for industry, as industry would need to adapt processes and procedures multiple times over the implementation period. A phased implementation would also undermine the effectiveness of the rule for an extended period of time. The rule is intended to provide comprehensive reporting for a subset of high-risk residential real estate transfers; phased implementation may enable avoidance of reporting requirements by illicit actors, replicating some of the issues FinCEN has encountered under the Residential Real Estate GTOs.

If any of the provisions of this rule, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or application of such provisions to other persons or circumstances that can be given effect without the invalid provision or application.

Indeed, the provisions of this rule can function sensibly if any specific provision or application is invalidated, enjoined or stayed. For example, if a court were to hold as invalid the application of the rule with respect to any category of potential reporting persons, FinCEN would preserve the reporting cascade approach for all other persons that perform the functions set out in the cascade. In such an instance, the provisions of the rule should remain in effect, as those provisions could function sensibly with respect to other potential reporting persons. Likewise, if a court were to hold invalid the application of the rule to any category of residential real property, as defined, the other categories should still remain covered. Because these categories operate independently from each other, the remainder of the rule's provisions could continue to function sensibly: a reportable transfer would continue to be a non-financed transfer of any ownership interest in the remaining categories of residential real property when transferred to a transferee entity or transferee trust. Similarly, with respect to transferee entities and transferee trusts, if a court were to enjoin FinCEN from enforcing the rule's reporting requirements as applied to, for example, transferee trusts, the reporting of transfers to transferee entities should continue because the two types of transferees are separate and distinct from one another. Thus, even if the transferee trust provisions were severed from the rule, the remaining portions of the rule could still function sensibly. In sum, in the event that any of the provisions of this rule, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid, FinCEN has crafted this rule with the intention to preserve its provisions to the fullest extent possible and any adverse holding should not affect other provisions.

This regulatory impact analysis (RIA) evaluates the anticipated effects of the final rule in terms of its expected costs and benefits to affected parties, among other economic considerations, as required by EOs 12866, 13563, and 14094. This RIA also affirms FinCEN's original assessments of the potential economic impact on small entities pursuant to the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) and presents the expected reporting and recordkeeping burdens under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA). Furthermore, it sets out the analysis required under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA).

As discussed in greater detail below, the rule is expected to promote national security objectives and enhance compliance with international standards by improving law enforcement's ability to identify the natural persons associated with transfers of residential real property conducted in the U.S. residential real estate sector, and thereby diminish the ability of corrupt and other illicit actors to launder their proceeds through real estate purchases in the United States. More specifically, the collection of the transfer-specific SARs—Real Estate Reports—in a repository that is readily accessible to law enforcement and that contains other BSA reports is expected to increase the efficiency with which resources can be utilized to identify such natural persons, or beneficial owners, when they have conducted non-financed purchases of residential real ( print page 70278) property using legal entities or trusts, and to cross-reference those beneficial owners and their legal entity or trust against other reported financial activities in the system.

This RIA first describes the economic analysis FinCEN undertook to inform its expectations of the rule's impact and burden. That is followed by certain pieces of additional and, in some cases, more specifically tailored analysis as required by EOs 12866, 13563, and 14094, the RFA, the UMRA, and the PRA, respectively. Responses to public comments related to the RIA—regarding specific findings, assumptions, or expectations, or with respect to the analysis in its entirety—can be found in Sections VI.A.1.b and VI.C and have been previewed and cross-referenced throughout the RIA.

This final rule has been determined to be a “significant regulatory action” under Section 3(f) of E.O. 12866 as amended by 14094. The following assessment indicates that the rule may also be considered significant under Section 3(f)(1), as the rule is expected to have an annual effect on the economy of $200 million or more. [ 43 ] Consistent with certain identified best practices in regulatory analysis, the economic analysis conducted in this section begins with a review of FinCEN's broad economic considerations, [ 44 ] identifying the relevant market failures (or fundamental economic problems) that demonstrate the need or otherwise animate the impetus for the policy intervention. [ 45 ] Next, the analysis turns to details of the current regulatory requirements and the background of market practices against which the rule will introduce changes (including incremental costs) and establishes FinCEN's estimates of the number of entities and residential real property transfers it anticipates to be affected in a given year. [ 46 ] The analysis then briefly reviews the final rule with a focus on the specifically relevant elements of the definitions and requirements that most directly inform how FinCEN contemplates compliance would be operationalized. [ 47 ] Next, the analysis proceeds to outline the estimated costs to the respective affected parties that would be associated with such operationalization. [ 48 ] Finally, the analysis concludes with a brief discussion of the regulatory alternatives FinCEN considered in the NPRM, including a discussion of the public comments received in response. [ 49 ] Throughout the analysis, FinCEN has attempted to incorporate public comments received in response to the NPRM where most relevant. Certain broad commentary themes that are pertinent to the RIA as a whole are addressed specifically in Sections VI.A.1.b and VI.C below, while the remainder are integrated into the general discussion throughout the rest of the analysis.

As FinCEN articulated in the RIA of the NPRM, two problematic phenomena animate this rulemaking. [ 50 ] The first is the use of the United States' residential real estate market to facilitate money laundering and illicit activity. The second, and related, phenomenon is the difficulty of determining who beneficially owns legal entities or trusts that may engage in non-financed transfers of residential real estate, either because this data is not available to law enforcement or access is not sufficiently centralized to be meaningfully usable for purposes of market level risk-monitoring or swift investigation and prosecution. The second phenomenon contributes to the first, making money laundering and illicit activity through residential real property more difficult to detect and prosecute, and thus can reduce the appropriate disciplinary and deterrent effects of law enforcement. FinCEN therefore expects that the reporting of non-financed residential real estate transfers required by this rule would generate benefits by mitigating those two phenomena. In other words, FinCEN expects that benefits would flow from the rule's ability to make law enforcement investigations of illicit activity and money laundering through residential real estate less costly and more effective, and it would thereby generate value by reducing the social costs associated with related illicit activity to the extent that it is more effectively disciplined or deterred.

In completing the analysis to accompany the final rule, FinCEN took all submitted public comments to the NPRM into consideration. While the NPRM received over six hundred comment letters, fewer than 25 percent of those comments presented non-duplicate content and a smaller fraction still provided comment specifically with respect to the NPRM RIA. The proportion of comment letters with non-duplicate content represents highly geographically concentrated and geographically unique feedback, which may therefore limit the generalizability of those responses regarding baseline and burden-related elements to other regions of the country and other local real estate markets that do not face the same general housing market trends or state-specific legal constraints. Where FinCEN has declined to revise its original analysis in response to certain comments, an attempt has been made to provide greater clarification of the reasons underlying FinCEN's original methodological choices and expectations.

Numerous comment letters spoke to the anticipated burden of the rule, though there was substantial variation in parties' expectations about which participant in a reportable transfer would ultimately bear the financial costs. Some commenters expressed concern that, if required to serve as the reporting person, they would not be able to absorb the related costs. The majority of these commenters, however, did not offer any explanation for why they would therefore not opt to designate to another cascade member, though presumably the assumption may have been that no other cascade member might be willing to agree. This assumption may or may not be consistent with countervailing incentives other cascade members face in facilitating reportable transfers. Other commenters suggested that certain reporting persons might be forced to absorb a large proportion of the rule's costs due simply to their considerable market share in their particular industry. Additionally, a substantial fraction of those who commented on the burden of the rule signaled their expectation that to some degree the financial costs would ultimately be passed along to the transferee, the transferee's tenants, or to all housing market clients served by that potential reporting person.

For purposes of the economic analysis, FinCEN notes that there may be a meaningful distinction between the concept of being burdened, or affected, by the rule and bearing the cost of the ( print page 70279) rule. A party may be the primary affected business in terms of needing to undertake the most new burden or incremental, novel activity to comply with the rule, but to the extent that that work is compensated, that party, for purposes of the RIA is not considered to also bear the cost of the rule. The comments FinCEN received in response to the NPRM suggest that there may be considerable variation across states in the distinction between where businesses may be primary affected businesses only and where businesses may be both those primarily affected and those that bear the majority of the rule's costs.

Separately, FinCEN notes that while the vast majority of comment letters spoke to at least one element of burden as a concern, very few provided competing estimates or alternative methods to quantify the expected burden of the proposed rule in its entirety. Many commenters, in fact, took FinCEN estimates as given when making their own arguments, suggesting that at least on some level, they found the estimates reasonably credible. In cases where commenters most strongly disagreed with the magnitude of FinCEN estimates (suggesting that FinCEN vastly underestimated the burden of the rule), it is unclear whether the same differences would persist in light of the clarifications and modifications to the proposed rule that have been made in the process of finalization. Given the divergence between what some commenters originally interpreted the rule to require of them and what the final rule would entail, a number of those concerns—including concerns related to the expected verification of information that are addressed by the reasonable reliance standard adopted in the final rule—may now be less pressing.

The primary revision that FinCEN has made to the RIA in response to commenters is with respect to wage estimates for the industry categories represented in the reporting cascade. In addition to updating wages to incorporate the BLS's most recent annual figures, FinCEN also elected to incorporate the 90th percentile wage values instead of the national average index values used in the NPRM RIA. This more conservative approach is meant to address certain commenter concerns that FinCEN's expected costs might underestimate the market wage rates reporting persons would need to pay, particularly because more reporting might occur in geographic areas where skilled labor commands higher compensation. Adopting this more conservative, higher wage rate approach does not reflect any change in FinCEN's expectations about the underlying burden of compliance with the rule.

A few comment letters suggested that FinCEN's analysis may have benefited from additional research activities, robustness tables, or analyses of distributional effects. While in principle FinCEN does not object to more, and more empirically robust, quantitative analysis of any of its policies, it is nevertheless unpersuaded that the analyses requested would have changed the conclusions those additional analytical activities would have informed. In none of the enumerated requests for additional analysis did the commenter convincingly substantiate how the findings of their requested items might have actionably changed the contours of the final policy without impairing its expected efficacy.

To assess the anticipated regulatory impact of the rule, FinCEN took several factors about the current state of the residential real estate market into consideration. This is consistent with established best practices and certain requirements  [ 51 ] that the expected economic effects of a rule be measured against the status quo as a primary counterfactual. Among other factors, FinCEN's economic analysis of regulatory impact considered the rule in the context of existing regulatory requirements, relevant distinctive features of groups likely to be affected by the rule, and pertinent elements of current residential real estate market characteristics and common practices. Each of these elements, including additional details and clarifications responsive to comments received, is discussed in its respective subsection below.

While there are no specific Federal rules that would directly and fully duplicate, overlap, or conflict with the rule, there are nevertheless components of the rule that mirror, or are otherwise consistent with, reporting and procedural requirements of existing FinCEN rules and orders, as well as those of other agencies. To the extent that a person would have previous compliance experience with these elements of the regulatory baseline, FinCEN expects that some costs associated with the rule would be lower because the incremental changes in behavior from current practices would be smaller. FinCEN reviews the most proximate components from these existing rules and orders in greater detail below.

Under the Residential Real Estate GTOs, covered title insurance companies are required to report: “(i) The dollar amount of the transaction; (ii) the type of transaction; (iii) information identifying a party to the transaction, such as name, address, date of birth, and tax identification number; (iv) the role of a party in the transaction ( i.e., originator or beneficiary); and (v) the name, address, and contact information for the domestic financial institution or nonfinancial trade or business.” 

As discussed above, FinCEN recognizes that the Residential Real Estate GTOs collect beneficial ownership information for certain non-financed purchases of residential real property by legal entities that meet or exceed certain dollar thresholds in select geographic areas. However, the Residential Real Estate GTOs are narrow in that they are temporary, location-specific, and limited in the transactions they cover. The rule is wider in scope of coverage and will collect additional useful and actionable information previously not available through the Residential Real Estate GTOs. As such, the nationwide reporting framework for certain residential real estate transfers will replace the current Residential Real Estate GTOs.

Some evidence suggests that, despite the restriction of reporting persons under the existing Residential Real Estate GTOs to title insurance companies only, certain additional categories of real estate professionals may already be familiar—and have experience—with gathering the currently required information. For example, FinCEN observes that in some markets presently covered by the Residential Real Estate GTOs, realtors and escrow agents often assist title insurance companies with their reporting obligations despite not being subject to any formal reporting requirements themselves. Some may even have multiple years' worth of guidance and informational support by the regional or national trade association of which they are a member in how best to facilitate and enable compliance with existing FinCEN requirements. For instance, in 2021, the National Association of Realtors advised that while “[r]eal estate professionals do ( print page 70280) not have any affirmative duties under the Residential Real Estate GTOs,” such entities should nevertheless expect that “a title insurance company may request information from real estate professionals to help maintain its compliance with the Residential Real Estate GTOs. Real estate professionals are encouraged to cooperate and provide information in their possession.”  [ 52 ] Thus, the historical Residential Real Estate GTOs' attempt to limit the definition of reporting persons to title insurance companies does not seem to have completely forestalled the imposition of time, cost, and training burdens on other real estate transfer-related businesses. As such, the cascading reporting approach might not mark a complete departure from current practices and the related burdens of Residential Real Estate GTO requirements, as they may already in some ways be functionally applicable to multiple prospective reporting persons in the rule's reporting cascade.

Furthermore, following the enactment of the CTA, beneficial ownership information of certain legal entities is required to be submitted to FinCEN. However, as set out in the NPRM preamble and also discussed above, [ 53 ] the information needed to ascertain money laundering risk in the residential real estate sector differs in key aspects from what is collected under the CTA, and, accordingly, the information collected under this rule differs from that collected under the CTA.

For example, FinCEN believes that a critical part of the rule is that it will alert law enforcement to the fact that a residential real estate transfer fitting within a known money laundering typology has taken place. While beneficial ownership information collected under the CTA may be available, that information concerns the ownership composition of a given entity at a given point in time. As such reporting does not dynamically extend to include information on the market transactions of the beneficially owned legal entity, it would not alert law enforcement officials focused on reducing money laundering that any real estate transfer has been conducted, which includes those particularly vulnerable to money laundering such as non-financed transfers of residential property.

Furthermore, the scope of entities that are the focus of the real estate rule is broader than the CTA, as certain types of entities, including most trusts, are not required to report under the CTA. Because non-excepted trusts under the residential real estate rule generally do not have an obligation to report beneficial ownership under the CTA, their incremental burden of compliance with the Real Estate Report requirements may be moderately higher insofar as the activities of collecting, presenting, or certifying beneficial ownership information are less likely to have already been performed for other purposes.

The CDD Rule's  [ 54 ] beneficial ownership requirement addressed a regulatory gap that enabled persons looking to hide ill-gotten proceeds to potentially access the financial system anonymously. Among other things, it required covered financial institutions to identify and verify the identity of beneficial owners of legal entity customers, subject to certain exceptions and exemptions; beneficial ownership and identification therefore became a component of AML requirements.

Financial institutions subject to the CDD Rule are required to collect some beneficial ownership information from legal entities that establish new accounts. However, this rule covers non-financed transfers of residential real estate that do not involve financial institutions covered by the CDD Rule. The rule would also collect additional information relevant to the real estate transfers that is currently not collected under the CDD Rule.

In the course of current residential real estate transfers, some parties that might be deemed “transferors” under the rule already prepare and report portions of the requisite information to other regulators. For example, the IRS collects taxpayer information through Form 1099-S on seller-side proceeds from reportable real estate transfers for a broader scope of reportable real estate transfers than this rule. [ 55 ] This information, however, is generally unavailable for one of the primary purposes of this rule, as there are significant statutory limitations on the ability of the IRS to share such information with Federal law enforcement or other Federal agencies. In addition to these statutory limitations on IRS disclosure of taxpayer information, details about the buyer's beneficial ownership (the focus of this rule) largely fall outside the scope of transaction information reported on the Form 1099-S.

However, IRS Form 1099-S is nonetheless relevant to the rule's regulatory baseline, given the process by which the Form 1099-S may be prepared and submitted to the IRS. Similar to the Real Estate Report, the person responsible for filing the IRS Form 1099-S can either be determined through a cascade of the various parties who may be involved in the closing or settlement process, or, alternatively, certain categories of the involved parties may enter into a written agreement at or before closing to designate who must file Form 1099-S for the transaction. The agreement must identify the designated person responsible for filing the form, but it is not necessary that all parties to the transaction, or that more than one party even, enter into the agreement. The agreement must: (1) identify by name and address the person designated as responsible for filing; (2) include the names and addresses of each person entering into the agreement; (3) be signed and dated by all persons entering into the agreement; (4) include the names and addresses of the transferor and transferee; and (5) include the address and any other information necessary to identify the property. The rule's designation agreement requires, and is limited to, the same five components that may be included in a designation agreement accompanying Form 1099-S. Therefore, the exercise of designation, as well as the collection of information and signatures that it involves, may already occur in connection with certain transfers of residential real property and in these cases be leveraged at minimal additional expense. ( print page 70281)

According to a recent study  [ 56 ] that analyzed Ztrax data  [ 57 ] covering 2,777 U.S. counties and over 39 million residential housing market transactions from 2015 to 2019, the proportion of average county-month non-financed residential real estate transactions involving purchases by legal entities was approximately 11 percent during the five-year period analyzed. When the sample is divided into counties that, by 2019, were under Residential Real Estate GTOs versus those that were never under Residential Real Estate GTOs, the proportions of average county-month non-financed sales to total purchases are approximately 13.6 percent and 11.2 percent, respectively.

Legal entities that own U.S. residential real estate vary by size and complexity of beneficial ownership structure, and by some measures, have increased market participation over time. [ 58 ] FinCEN analysis of the Department of Housing and Urban Development and Census Bureau's Rental Housing Finance Survey (RHFS) data for 2018 found that micro investors or small business landlords who owned 1-2 units owned 66 percent of all single family and multifamily structures with 2-4 units. Conversely, investors in the residential rental market who owned at least 1,000 properties owned only 2 percent of single-family homes and multi-family structures.

FinCEN did not receive any comments, studies, or data that meaningfully conflict with these estimates or the manner in which they informed the NPRM RIA's initial estimates of the number of reportable transfers per year.

The final rule requires the reporting of certain non-finance transfers of residential real property to transferee trusts. [ 59 ] Residential real property purchases by transferee trusts have not generally been reported under the Residential Real Estate GTOs and the entities themselves are typically  [ 60 ] not subject to beneficial ownership reporting requirements under the CTA. Therefore, FinCEN expects that trusts would be more homogenously newly affected by the rule than legal entities, discussed above, as a cohort of affected parties.

Establishing a baseline population of potentially affected transferee trusts based on the existing population of legal trusts is challenging for several reasons. These reasons include the general lack of comprehensive and aggregated data on the number, [ 61 ] value, usage, and holdings of trusts formed in the United States, which in turn is a result of heterogeneous registration and reporting requirements, including instances where neither requirement currently exists. Because domestic trusts are created and administered under State law, and states have broad authority in how they choose to regulate trusts, there is variation in both the proportion of potential transferee trusts that are currently required to register as trusts in their respective states as well as the amount of information a given trust is required to report to its state about the nature of its assets or its structural complexity. Thus, limited comparable information may be available at a nationwide level besides what is reported for Federal tax purposes, and what is available is unlikely to represent the full population of potentially affected parties that would meet the definition of transferee trust if undertaking the non-financed transfer of residential real property.

International heterogeneity in registration and reporting requirements for foreign trusts creates similar difficulties in assessing the population of potentially affected parties that are not originally registered in the United States. Further complicating this assessment is the exogeneity and unpredictability of changes to foreign tax and other financial policies, which studies in other, related contexts have shown, generally affect foreign demand for real estate. [ 62 ]

While it is difficult to know exactly how many existing trusts there are, and within that population how many own residential real property (as a potential indicator of what proportion of new trusts might eventually be used to own residential real property), there is nevertheless a consistency in the limited existing empirical evidence that would support a conjecture that proportionally few of the expected reportable transfers would be likely to involve a transferee trust. A recent study of U.S. single-property residential purchases that occurred between 2015 and 2019 identified a trust as the buyer in 3.3 percent of observed transactions. [ 63 ] FinCEN also conducted additional analysis of publicly available data that might help to quantify the proportion of trust ownership in residential real estate and more clearly account for non-sale transfers for no consideration. Based on the RHFS, identifiable trusts accounted for approximately 2.5 percent of rental housing ownership and approximately 8.2 percent of non-natural person ownership of rental housing. [ 64 ]

To the extent that trusts' current residential real property holdings are linear in the number of housing units and current holdings is a reliable proxy for future purchasing activity, FinCEN does not expect the proportion of reportable transfers involving a transferee trust to exceed 5 percent of potentially affected transfers. No further refinements to this upper-bound-like estimate, based on the number of existing trusts that may be affected, would be feasible without a number of additional assumptions about market behavior that FinCEN declines to impose in the absence of better/more data.

While the majority of public comments pertaining to trusts suggested that the number of affected trusts would be substantially higher than the original RIA had anticipated, FinCEN is not revising or updating its baseline ( print page 70282) estimates at this stage because the final rule has adopted certain broad exceptions that materially limit the reporting of transfers to trusts.

Exceptions to the general definitions of transferee entities and transferee trusts apply to certain highly regulated entities and trusts that are subject to AML/CFT program requirements or to other significant regulatory reporting requirements.

For example, PIVs that are investment companies and registered with the SEC under section 8 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 are excepted, while unregistered PIVs engaging in reportable transfers are not. Unregistered PIVs are instead required to provide the reporting person with specified information, particularly including the required information regarding their beneficial owners. FinCEN analysis of costs below continues to assume that any such unregistered PIV stood up for a reportable transfer would generally have, or have low-cost access to, the information necessary for filing Real Estate Reports. FinCEN expects that a PIV that is not registered with the SEC—which can have at maximum four investors whose ownership percent is or exceeds 25 percent (the threshold for the ownership prong of the beneficial ownership test for entities)—would likely either (1) be an extension of that large investor, or (2) have a general partner who actively solicited known large investors. In either case, the unregistered PIV is likely to have most of the beneficial ownership information that would be required to complete the Real Estate Report and access to the beneficial owner(s) to request the additional components of required information not already at hand. FinCEN did not receive any comments indicating that these expectations are unreasonable and thus continues to operate under these assumptions with respect to baseline costs.

Operating companies subject to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934's current and periodic reporting requirements, including certain special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) and issuers of penny-stock, are also excepted transferees under this rule. FinCEN notes that the percent ownership threshold for beneficial ownership for SEC regulatory purposes is considerably lower than as defined in the CTA and related Exchange Act beneficial ownership-related disclosure obligations usually apply to more control persons at such a registered operating company. [ 65 ] Additionally, disclosures about the acquisition of real estate, including material non-financed purchases of residential property, are already required in certain periodic reports filed with the SEC. [ 66 ] Therefore, an incremental informational benefit from not excepting SEC-registered operating companies as transferees for the purposes of this rule's reporting requirements may either not exist or, at best, be very low while the costs to operating companies of reporting and compliance with an additional Federal regulatory agency are expected to be comparatively high.

Some commenters expressed concern that it might be difficult or burdensome for reporting persons to determine if a transfer might be exempt from reporting on the basis of the transfer being made to an excepted transferee. However, the final rule adopts a reasonable reliance standard, and therefore the reporting person may reasonably rely on information provided by others as described in Section III.B.2.4, including with respect to whether the transferee is exempt. Furthermore, should a reporting person nevertheless want to verify the excepted status of a transferee, FinCEN notes that the status of transferees as excepted pursuant to being registered with the SEC should be easily verifiable by a name search in the agency's Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval (EDGAR) system, which can be queried using open access, publicly available search tools.

Because the reporting cascade is ordered by function performed, or service provided, rather than by defined occupations or categories of service providers, [ 67 ] attribution of work to the capacity in which a person is primarily employed is necessarily imprecise. To account for the need to map from services provided to entities providing such services as a prerequisite to estimating the number of potentially affected parties, FinCEN acknowledges, but abstracts from, the common observation that title agents and settlement agents are “often the same entity that performs two separate functions in a real estate transaction,” and that “the terms title agent and settlement agent are often used interchangeably.”  [ 68 ] For purposes of the remaining RIA, FinCEN groups potential reporting persons by features of their primary occupation and treats them as functionally distinct members of the cascade, acknowledging that this is done more for analytical clarity than as a rigid expectation about the capacity in which an individual is employed to service a given transfer. In total, FinCEN estimates there may be up to approximately 172,753 reporting persons and 642,508 employees of those persons that could be affected by the rule. Of this total, the distribution of potential reporting persons as identified by primary occupation  [ 69 ] is: settlement agents (3.6 percent of potential reporting persons, 9.8 percent of the potentially affected labor force), title insurance companies (0.5 percent, 6.6 percent), real estate escrow agencies (10.9 percent, 10.5 percent), attorneys  [ 70 ] (9.3 percent, 16.7 percent), and other real estate professionals  [ 71 ] (75.5 percent, 56.4 percent). For purposes of cost estimates throughout the remaining analysis, FinCEN computed the ( print page 70283) following fully loaded  [ 72 ] average  [ 73 ] hourly wages  [ 74 ] by the respective primary occupation categories: settlement agents, $79.35; title insurers, $106.49; real estate escrow agencies, $81.74; attorneys, $153.48; and other real estate professionals, $81.74. For reference, these wages estimates represent the following updates from the NPRM RIA:

Table 1—Wage Estimate Revisions From NPRM to Final Rule RIA

Primary business categories Fully loaded hourly wage (NPRM) Fully loaded hourly wage (final) Title Abstract and Settlement Offices $70.33 $79.35 Direct Title Insurance Carriers 84.15 106.49 Other Activities Related to Real Estate 70.46 81.74 Offices of Lawyers 88.89 153.48 Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers 70.46 81.74

The scope of residential real estate transfers that would be affected by the rule is jointly defined by the (1) the nature of the property transferred, (2) the financed nature of the transfer, and (3) the legal organization of the party to whom the property is transferred. For purposes of identification, the defining attribute for the nature of the property is that it is principally designed, or intended to become, the residence of one to four families, including cooperatives and vacant or unimproved land. Additionally, the property must be located in the United States as defined in the BSA implementing regulations.

Reportable transfers exclude all those in which the transferees receive an extension of credit from a financial institution subject to AML/CFT program and SAR Reporting requirements that is secured by the residential real property being transferred. Reportable transfers also exclude transfers associated with an easement, death, divorce, or bankruptcy or that are otherwise supervised by a court in the United States, as well as certain no consideration transfers to trusts, certain transfers related to 1031 Exchanges, and any transfer for which there is no reporting person.

On the basis of available data, studies, and qualitative evidence, subject to certain qualifying caveats about limitations in data availability, and in the absence of large, unforeseeable shocks to the U.S. residential housing market, FinCEN's NPRM analysis estimated that the number of reportable transfers would be between approximately 800,000 and 850,000 annually. FinCEN received a number of comment letters suggesting that this estimate is too low. However, because most arguments of this nature were made on the basis of an understanding that the rule would include several kinds of transfers that have since been explicitly excepted in the final rule, FinCEN is not increasing its estimates.

FinCEN took certain potentially informative aspects of the current market for residential real property into consideration when forming its expectations about the anticipated economic impact of the rule. Among other things, FinCEN considered trends in the observable rate of turnover in the stock of existing homes. Additionally, FinCEN reviewed recent studies and data from the academic literature estimating housing supply elasticities on previously developed versus newly developed land.

FinCEN also considered recent survey results of the residential real estate holdings of high-net-worth individuals and the proportion of survey respondents who self-reported the intent to purchase additional residential real estate in the coming year. Further, FinCEN reviewed studies of trends in the financing and certain distributional characteristics of shared equity housing, which includes co-operatives that will be affected by the rule.

FinCEN assessed the role of various persons in the real estate settlement and closing process to determine a quantifiable estimate of each profession or industry's overall participation in that process. Accordingly, FinCEN conducted research based on publicly available sources to assess the general participation rate of the different types of reporting persons in the rule's reporting cascade. As part of its analysis, FinCEN noted a recent blog post citing data from the American Land Title Association (ALTA) that 80 percent of homeowners purchase title insurance when buying a home. [ 75 ]

To better understand the distribution of the other types of persons providing residential real property transfer services to the transfers that are affected by the rule, FinCEN utilized county deed database records to approximate a randomly selected and representative sample of residential real estate transfers across the United States. FinCEN made efforts to collect deed data that reflected a representative, nation-wide sample, both in terms of the number and geographic dispersion of deeds, but acknowledges selection was nevertheless constrained in part by the feasibility to search by deed type, among other factors. FinCEN invited public feedback on the extent to which the same analysis would yield substantively different results if performed over a larger sample (with either more geographic locations, more ( print page 70284) observations per location, or both), but did not receive any responsive data or the results of analysis based on such data.

The final analysis included 100 deeds, of which 97 involved at least one of the following potential reporting persons: (i) Title Abstract and Settlement Offices, (ii) Direct Title Insurance Carriers, or (iii) Offices of Lawyers. A candidate reporting person was deemed to be involved with the creation of the deed if either (i) a company or firm performing one of these functions was included on the deed or (ii) an individual performing or employed by a company or firm performing one of these functions was included on the deed. FinCEN assessed the distribution of alternative entities identified on the remaining deeds, categorizing by reporting person type. Based on this qualitative analysis, FinCEN tentatively anticipates that approximately three percent of reportable transfers might have a reporting person or reporting cascade that begins with someone other than a settlement agent, title insurer, or attorney.

Currently, law enforcement searches a variety of State and commercial databases (that may or may not include beneficial ownership information), individual county record offices, and/or use subpoena authority to trace the suspected use of criminal proceeds in the non-financed transfer of residential real estate. Even after a significant investment of resources, the identities of the beneficial owners may not be readily ascertainable. This fragmented and limited approach can slow down and decrease the overall efficacy of investigations into money laundering through real estate. This was one reason that FinCEN introduced the Residential Real Estate GTOs, which law enforcement has reported have significantly expanded their ability to investigate this money laundering typology. At the same time, the Residential Real Estate GTOs have certain restrictions that limited its usefulness nationwide. This rule builds on and is intended to replace the Residential Real Estate GTO framework and creates reporting and recordkeeping requirements for specific residential real estate transfers nationwide.

The final rule requires certain persons involved in real estate closings and settlements to submit reports and keep records on identified non-financed transfers of residential real property to specified legal entities and trusts on a nationwide basis. The rule does not require transfers to be reported if the transfer is financed, meaning that the transfer involves an extension of credit to all transferees that is secured by the transferred residential real property and is extended by a financial institution that has both an obligation to maintain an AML program and an obligation to report suspicious transactions under this chapter. It also does not require reporting of: (i) a grant, transfer, or revocation of an easement; (ii) a transfer resulting from the death of an owner of residential real property; (iii) a transfer incident to divorce or dissolution of a marriage or civil union; (iv) a transfer to a bankruptcy estate; (v) a transfer supervised by a court in the United States; (vi) a transfer for no consideration made by an individual, either alone or with the individual's spouse, to a trust of which that individual, that individual's spouse, or both of them, are the settlor(s) or grantor(s); (vii) a transfer to a qualified intermediary for purposes of a 1031 Exchange; or (viii) a transfer that does not involve a reporting person. A report would also not need to be filed if the transferee is an exempt legal entity or trust, which are generally highly-regulated.

The final rule requires a reporting person, as determined by either the reporting cascade or as pursuant to a designation agreement, to complete and electronically file a Real Estate Report. The reporting person may generally obtain, and reasonably rely upon, information needed to complete the Real Estate Report from any other person. This reasonable reliance standard is more limited for purposes of obtaining the transferee's beneficial ownership information. In those situations, the reasonable reliance standard applies only to information provided by the transferee or the transferee's representative and only if the person providing the information certifies the accuracy of the information in writing to the best of their knowledge. The reporting person must file the report by the final day of the following month after which a closing took place, or 30 days after the date of the closing, whichever is later.

The final rule requires the reporting person to report to FinCEN certain information about a reportable transfer of residential real property. This includes information on the reporting person, the transferee and its beneficial owners, the transferor, the property being transferred, and certain payment information. The collected information will be maintained by FinCEN in an existing database accessible to authorized users. Some commenters' remarks suggest that certain expectations of the rule's potential effects may flow from a misunderstanding about who may access Real Estate Report data once filed and how it may be used. FinCEN is therefore reiterating that both access and use of Real Estate Report data will be subject to the same restrictions as other BSA reports, including traditional SARs.

This section describes the main, quantifiable economic effects FinCEN anticipates the various affected parties identified above may experience. Because the primary expected value of the rule is in the extent to which it is able to address or ameliorate the economic problems discussed under the RIA's broad economic considerations, which (while substantial) is generally inestimable, no attempt is made to quantify the net benefit of the rule. Instead, the remainder of this section focuses primarily on the estimates of reasonably anticipated, calculable costs to affected parties. While FinCEN continues to principally anticipate aggregate cost estimates between approximately $267.3 million and $476.2 million in the first compliance year and current dollar value of the aggregate costs in subsequent years between approximately $245.0 million and $453.9 million annually, it has provided revised estimates throughout the remaining analysis, responsive to public comments, that reflect more conservative expectations about the cost of labor. Under these assumptions, the anticipated costs of the rule would be between approximately $428.4 and $690.4 million (midpoint $559.4 million) in the first compliance year and between approximately $401.2 and $663.2 million (midpoint $532.2 million) (current dollar value) in subsequent years. These quantified costs are a pro forma accounting cost estimate only and are not expected to represent either the full economic costs of the rule nor the net cost of the rule as measured against the components of expected benefits that may become quantifiable. As previously stated, the ability to successfully detect, prosecute, and deter crimes—or other illicit activities that rely on money laundering to be ( print page 70285) profitable—is not readily translatable to dollar figures. [ 76 ] However, it might be inferred that a tacit expectation underlying this rulemaking is that the rule will generate intangible benefits worth over $500 million per year. [ 77 ]

To estimate expected training costs, FinCEN adopted a parsimonious model similar, in certain respects, to the methodology used by FinCEN when publishing the RIA for the 2016 CDD Rule (CDD Rule RIA). Taking into consideration, however, that, unlike covered financial institutions under the CDD Rule, only one group of affected reporting persons has direct pre-existing experience with other FinCEN reporting and compliance requirements, the estimates of anticipated training time here are revised upward from the CDD Rule RIA to 75 minutes for initial training and 30 minutes for annual refresher training. FinCEN's method of estimation assumes that an employee who has received initial training once will then subsequently take the annual refresher training each following year. This assumption contemplates that more than half of the original training would not be firm-specific and remains useful to the employee regardless of whether they remain with their initial employer or change jobs within the same industry. As in the CDD Rule RIA high estimate model, FinCEN estimates that two-thirds of untrained employees receive the initial (lengthier) training each year. However, because the initial training is assumed to provide transferrable human capital in this setting, turnover is not relevant to the assignment to initial training in periods following Year 1. Thus, in the revised model, FinCEN calculated annual training costs as the combination of the expected costs of providing two-thirds of the previously untrained workforce per industry with initial (lengthier) training and all previously trained employees with the refresher (shorter) training. Time costs are proxied by an industry-specific fully loaded wage rate at the 90th percentile per industry.

Table 2—Training Costs

Estimated per person training costs		Initial training		Refresher (year 2+)
Primary business categories	Fully loaded hourly wage	Time (hours)	Total	Time (hours)	Total (unadjusted)
Title Abstract and Settlement Offices	$79.35	1.25	$99.18	0.5	$39.67
Direct Title Insurance Carriers	106.49	1.25	133.11	0.5	53.24
Other Activities Related to Real Estate	81.74	1.25	102.17	0.5	40.87
Offices of Lawyers	153.84	1.25	192.30	0.5	76.92
Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers	81.74	1.25	102.17	0.5	40.87

To model industry-specific hiring inflows in periods following Year 1, FinCEN converted the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projected 10-year cumulative employment growth rates for 2022-2032 for the NAICS code mostly closely associated with a given industry available. Additionally, inflation data from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis was utilized to estimate annual wage growth given the opportunity cost of training is assumed to be equivalent to the wage of employees. Utilizing these inputs, and summing costs across all industries expected to be affected, FinCEN estimates that the aggregate initial year training costs would be approximately $51.0 million dollars and the undiscounted aggregate training costs in each of the subsequent years would range between approximately $23.2 and $31.5 million.

FinCEN notes that fewer than five percent of unique comments received made specific reference to the training costs that the rule would necessitate and fewer still provided comments pertaining to the RIA estimates of training costs. While one commenter suggested that the uniformity of the rule would reduce the burden of preparing training materials relative to the current variety of Residential Real Estate GTO thresholds and applications, the majority of training cost-related comments simply noted that training costs would impose a burden and might separately lead to higher labor costs if new personnel require compensation for additional reporting compliance related subject-matter expertise. There were, however, some commenters who expressed a belief that the amount of time needed for—and frequency of—training needed to adequately prepare staff for compliance would be higher. While FinCEN is declining to responsively adjust its estimates of training-related time costs for reasons, among others, that are further discussed below, FinCEN is responsive to certain other commenters who expressed a perceived value to having a greater range of potential burden estimates to compare: had FinCEN adopted the suggested alternative training time costs, the aggregate annual training burden would have been either $81.5 million in year 1  [ 78 ] or $101.9 million  [ 79 ] in year 1, or between $63.5 and $130.8 million in a given year. [ 80 ]

In its NPRM analysis, FinCEN recognized that the rule would impose certain costs on businesses positioned to provide services to non-financed transfers of residential real property even in the absence of direct participation in a specific reportable transfer, including the costs of preparing informational material and training personnel about the proposed rule generally as well as certain firm-specific policies and procedures related to reporting, complying, and documenting compliance. Because this training burden was applied uniformly across all potentially affected occupational categories represented in the reporting cascade, which is already a conservative assumption given that some cascade tiers are, in practice, more likely to become the reporting person than others, FinCEN considered time burden ( print page 70286) values (75 minutes for initial, 30 minutes for refresher) that would average across the expected variation in training by occupational category a reasonable approach. Furthermore, these training costs, as estimated in the NPRM, pertain only to those contemplated activities identified (developing general understanding of the rule and firm-specific compliance policies and procedures) and were not intended to reflect additional reporting-technology and form-specific training costs. Costs of training that are specific to the Real Estate Report will be separately estimated as a function of the RIA in the NPRM for the Real Estate Report; therefore, it would not have been appropriate to have included those training costs in the current final rule estimates as that would result in accounting for the same expense twice.

The total costs associated with reporting a given reportable transfer will likely vary with the specific facts and circumstances of the transfer. For instance, the cost of the time needed to prepare and file a report could differ depending on which party in the cascade is the reporting person, because parties receive different compensating wages. The costs associated with the time to determine who is the reporting person will also vary by the number of potential parties who may assume the role and thus might be parties to a designation agreement. Additionally, the time required to prepare a report will likely vary with the complexity of the beneficial ownership of the transferee and, for example, the level of the transferee entity's preexisting familiarity with the concepts of beneficial ownership information as defined for FinCEN purposes.

FinCEN continues to estimate an average per-party cost to determine the reporting person of 30 (15) minutes for the party that assumes the role if a designation agreement is (not) required and 15 minutes each for all non-reporting parties (assuming each tier in the cascade corresponds to one reporting person). Therefore, the range of potential time costs associated with determining the reporting person is expected to be between 15 to 90 minutes. Recently, FinCEN received updated information from parties currently reporting under the Residential Real Estate GTOs indicating that the previously estimated time cost of 20 minutes for that reporting requirement was less than half the average time expended per report in practice. Based on this feedback, the filing time burden FinCEN anticipates for the rule accordingly incorporates a 45-minute estimate for the collection and reporting of the subset of Real Estate Report required information that is similar to information in reports filed under the Residential Real Estate GTOs, although FinCEN recognizes that certain transfers may require significantly more time. Mindful of these outliers, FinCEN estimates an average 2 hour per reportable transfer time cost to collect and review transferee and transfer-specific reportable information and related documents, and an average 30 minute additional time cost to reporting.

Table 3—Reporting Costs

Estimated per transaction reporting costs		Non-reporting party		Reporting party
Primary business categories	Fully loaded hourly wage	Designation		Designation-related		Designation-independent
		Time (hours)	Total	Time (hours)	Total	Time (hours)	Total
Title Abstract and Settlement Offices	$79.35	0.25	$19.84	0.25	$19.84	2.75	$218.21
Direct Title Insurance Carriers	106.49	0.25	26.62	0.25	26.62	2.75	292.85
Other Activities Related to Real Estate	81.74	0.25	20.43	0.25	20.43	2.75	224.78
Offices of Lawyers	153.84	0.25	38.46	0.25	38.46	2.75	423.07
Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers	81.74	0.25	20.43	0.25	20.43	2.75	224.78

Based on the range of expected reportable transfers and the wages associated with different persons in the potential reporting cascade, FinCEN anticipates that the rule's reporting costs may be between approximately $174.6 million and $466.5 million.

In its original NPRM analysis, FinCEN stated an expectation that reporting persons would generally be able to rely on technology previously purchased and already deployed in the ordinary course of business (namely, computers and access to the internet) to comply with the proposed reporting requirements, and therefore no line item of incremental expected IT costs was ascribed to reporting. Certain commenters expressed that this expectation would be unrealistic because their current business practices rely on software for tracking and internal controls processes, for example, that would need to be updated in light of the rule's reporting requirements. However, FinCEN did not receive any comments that would enable it to quantify the expected burden associated with these software upgrades that commenters described. In the absence of readily generalizable cost estimates, it is therefore not feasible to update reporting costs responsively, though FinCEN acknowledges that, as a consequence, its aggregate burden estimates can, at best, function as a lower-bound expectation of the total costs of the rule.

FinCEN continues to expect that the rule would impose recordkeeping requirements on reporting persons as well as, in certain cases, members of a given reportable transfer's cascade that are not the reporting person. The primary variation in expected recordkeeping costs would flow from the conditions under which the reporting person has assumed their role. Additional variation in costs may result from differences in the dollar value assigned to the reporting person's time costs as a function of their primary occupation.

If the reporting person assumes that role as a function of their position in the reporting cascade, this would imply that no meaningfully distinct person involved in the transfer provided the preceding service(s). In this case, the reporting person's recordkeeping requirements would be limited to the retention of compliance documents ( i.e., a copy of the transferee's certification of beneficial ownership information) for a period of five years in a manner that preserves ready availability for inspection as authorized by law. Recordkeeping costs would therefore include those associated with creating and/or collecting the necessary documents, storing the records in an accessible format, and securely disposing of the records after the required retention period has elapsed. FinCEN anticipates that over the full recordkeeping lifecycle, each reportable ( print page 70287) transfer would, on average, require one hour of the reporting person's time, as well as a record processing and maintenance cost of ten cents. Because FinCEN expects that records will primarily be produced and recorded electronically and estimates its own processing and maintenance costs at ten cents per record, it has applied the same expected cost per reportable transfer to reporting persons. In aggregate, this would result in recordkeeping costs between approximately $63.6 million and $130.8 million associated with one year's reportable transfers.

Table 4—Estimated Recordkeeping Costs

Estimated per transaction recordkeeping costs		Non-reporting party		Reporting party
Primary business categories	Fully loaded hourly wage	Designation-related		Designation-related		Designation-independent
		Time (minutes)	Total *	Time (minutes)	Total *	Time (hours)	Total * (unadjusted)
Title Abstract and Settlement Offices	$79.35	5	$6.71	5	$6.71	1	$79.45
Direct Title Insurance Carriers	106.49	5	8.97	5	8.97	1	106.59
Other Activities Related to Real Estate	81.74	5	6.91	5	6.91	1	81.84
Offices of Lawyers	153.84	5	12.92	5	12.92	1	153.94
Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers	81.74	5	6.91	5	6.91	1	81.84
* Total Recordkeeping cost estimates include both labor (wages) and technology costs ($0.10).

If the reporting person has instead assumed that role as the result of a designation agreement, the rule would impose additional recordkeeping requirements on both the reporting person and at least one other member of the reporting cascade. This is because the existence of a designation agreement implies the existence of one or more distinct alternative parties to the reportable transfer that provided a preceding service or services as described in the cascade. While the final rule only stipulates that “all parties to a designation agreement” would also be anticipated to incur recordkeeping costs, FinCEN expects the minimum number of additional parties required to retain a readily accessible copy of the designation agreement for a five-year period would, in practice, depend on the number of alternative reporting parties servicing the transfer in a capacity that precedes the designated reporting person in the cascade, as it would otherwise be difficult to demonstrate the prerequisite sequence of conditions were met to establish the “but for” of the requirement. Conservatively assuming that each service in the cascade is provided by a separate party, this would impose an incremental recordkeeping cost on at least two parties per transfer and at most five. Because FinCEN estimates of reporting costs already assign the costs of preparing a designation agreement to the reporting person (when a transfer includes a designation agreement), the incremental recordkeeping costs it estimates here pertain solely to the electronic dissemination, signing, and storage of the agreement. This is assigned an average time cost of five minutes per signing party to read and sign the designation agreement, as well as a ten-cent record processing and maintenance cost per transfer. Thus, designation agreement-specific recordkeeping costs are expected to include a time cost of 10-50 minutes (assuming one party signing per tier of the cascade) and $0.20-$0.50 per reportable transfer that involves a designation. This corresponds to expected annual aggregate costs ranging from approximately $10.9 million to $36.1 million. FinCEN notes that it assumes that rational parties to a reportable transfer would not enter into a designation agreement if the expected cost of doing so, including compliance with the recordkeeping requirements, were not elsewhere compensated in the form of efficiency gains or other offsetting cost savings associated with other components of compliance with the rule, such as training or reporting costs. As such, the estimates provided here should only be taken to reflect a pro forma accounting cost.

Several commenters expressed concern that in addition to the technological costs associated with new or upgraded software, they would face certain non-monetary costs in the form of increased technology and cybersecurity related risk. Because FinCEN is not requiring reporting persons to retain copies of filed Real Estate Reports, it is not clear how the incremental data that would be retained ( i.e., a copy of the beneficial ownership information certification and, if one exists, a copy of the designation agreement) could be meaningfully distinguished from other records a reporting person might retain in connection with the same reportable transfer for purposes of estimating a standalone burden of increased risk.

To implement the rule, FinCEN expects to incur certain operating costs that would include approximately $8.5 million in the first year and approximately $7 million each year thereafter. These estimates include anticipated novel expenses related to technological implementation, [ 81 ] stakeholder outreach and informational support, compliance monitoring, and potential enforcement activities, as well as certain incremental increases to pre-existing administrative and logistical expenses.

While such operating costs are not typically considered part of the general economic cost of a rule, FinCEN acknowledges that this treatment implicitly assumes that resources commensurate with the novel operating costs exist. If this assumption does not hold, then operating costs associated with a rule may impose certain economic costs on the public in the form of opportunity costs from the agency's forgone alternative activities and those activities' attendant benefits. Putting that into the context of this rule, and benchmarking against FinCEN's actual appropriated budget for fiscal year 2023 ($190.2 million), [ 82 ] the corresponding opportunity cost would resemble forgoing approximately 4.5 percent of current activities annually.

In the NPRM, FinCEN analyzed the expected impact of three policy alternatives to the proposed rule and invited public comment regarding the ( print page 70288) viability and preferability of these alternatives.

First, instead of the designation option included in the proposed rule, FinCEN could have required the reporting person to be determined strictly by the reporting cascade, leaving it to the parties to a covered transfer to determine which service provider would meet the highest tier of the cascade and consequently be required to report without any option to select whichever party in the reporting cascade is best-positioned to file the report. FinCEN expects that rational parties would prefer to assign the reporting obligation to the party who can complete the report most cost-effectively. An alternative reporting structure that does not allow the parties to designate a reporting person responsible for the report would therefore be less cost-effective than the approach proposed in the NPRM, unless the reporting cascade would always assign the reporting requirement to the party with the lowest associated compliance costs. Because FinCEN expects that parties to the covered transfer may be better situated to determine which party can complete the required report in the most cost-effective manner, FinCEN declined to propose a standalone reporting cascade. FinCEN did not receive any comments indicating that it was mistaken in its assumptions, nor did it receive any comments indicating a preference for the designation option to be removed.

As a second alternative, FinCEN could have proposed to impose the full traditional SAR filing obligations and AML/CFT program requirements on the various real estate professionals included in the proposed reporting cascade instead of the narrower requirement that only one participant party would be required to file a Real Estate Report. While imposing full AML/CFT program requirements on all real estate professionals would have almost certainly served to mitigate the illicit finance risks in the residential real estate sector, FinCEN considered that the costs accompanying this alternative would be commensurately more significant and would likely disproportionately burden small businesses. Such weighting of costs towards smaller entities was expected to increase transaction costs associated with residential real property transfers both directly via program-related operational costs and indirectly via the potential anticompetitive effects of program costs and was therefore considered a less viable alternative than the streamlined reporting obligation proposed. FinCEN did not receive any comments indicating that it was mistaken in its expectations about the economic impact of this alternative or its lesser desirability.

Finally, as a third alternative, FinCEN could have required the reporting person to certify the transferee's beneficial ownership information instead of allowing them to rely upon the transferee entity or trust to certify to the reporting person that the beneficial ownership information they have provided is accurate to the best of their knowledge. FinCEN anticipated that this alternative would likely be accompanied by a number of increased costs, including a potential need for longer, more detailed compliance training; lengthier time necessary to collect and review documents supporting the reported transferee beneficial ownership information required; and increased recordkeeping costs. FinCEN also considered that there might also be costs associated with transfers that would not occur if, for example, a reporting person was unwilling or unable to certify the transferee's information. Furthermore, FinCEN was concerned about the potential anticompetitive effects that might arise if certain reporting persons are better positioned to absorb the risks associated with certifying transferee beneficial ownership information, as it was foreseeable that smaller businesses could be at a disadvantage. FinCEN did not receive any comments indicating that it was mistaken in its expectations about the economic impact of this alternative or comments from potentially affected transferees that they would prefer the reporting person to provide certification instead.

E.O. 12866 and its amendments direct agencies to assess the costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, and public health and safety effects; distributive impacts; and equity). [ 83 ] E.O. 13563 emphasizes the importance of quantifying both costs and benefits, reducing costs, harmonizing rules, and promoting flexibility. E.O. 13563 also recognizes that some benefits are difficult to quantify and provides that, where appropriate and permitted by law, agencies may consider and discuss qualitatively values that are difficult or impossible to quantify. [ 84 ]

Because annual residential real estate transaction volume can vary significantly from year to year and is sensitive to a host of macroeconomic factors (some of which cannot easily be modeled with reasonable accuracy), estimates that rely on average values of current data projected over extended periods of time into the future may be of limited informational value. Nevertheless, FinCEN has prepared certain annualized cost estimates as recommended in OMB circular A-4. [ 85 ] Using the midpoint of the estimated range of expected costs in year one of compliance  [ 86 ] and in subsequent years, [ 87 ] FinCEN estimates that the net present value of costs associated with a five-year time horizon is $2.21 billion ($2.46 billion) using a 7 precent (3 percent) discount rate, respectively. This equates to annualized costs of $538.4 million ($538.0 million) using the same discount rates.

This rule has been designated a “significant regulatory action;” accordingly, it has been reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).

When an agency issues a rulemaking proposal, the RFA  [ 88 ] requires the agency either to provide an initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) with a proposed rule or to certify that the proposed rule would not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. In its NPRM, FinCEN asserted that, although the rule might apply to a substantial number of small entities, [ 89 ] it ( print page 70289) was not expected to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of them. [ 90 ] The preliminary basis for this expectation, at that stage, included FinCEN's attempts to minimize the burden on reporting persons by streamlining the reporting requirements and providing for an option to designate the reporting obligation. Accordingly, FinCEN certified that the proposed rule would not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. [ 91 ]

Having considered the various possible outcomes for small entities under the reporting requirements at the proposal stage  [ 92 ] and having taken the public comments received in response to the NPRM into consideration, FinCEN continues to believe that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, [ 93 ] and therefore that certification remains appropriate and a Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (FRFA) is not required. Changes made from the NPRM to the final rule reinforce this conclusion. The final rule contains additional exceptions for low-risk transfers and otherwise clarifies the scope of transactions to which the rule will apply, and also adopts a reasonable reliance standard with respect to information provided to reporting persons. As a result, FinCEN expects that the final rule will result in a more narrowly scoped burden in general than the proposed rule that was certified at the NPRM stage. [ 94 ] FinCEN expects that small entities affected by the final rule would experience a proportionate share of this reduction in burden when compared to the proposed rule, resulting in a more limited burden for small entities under the final rule when compared to the proposed rule, noting again that the proposed rule was itself certified as not having a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.

Nevertheless, while further steps to accommodate or discuss small entity concerns may not be a strict requirement, FinCEN is mindful of the small-business-oriented views and concerns voiced during the public comment period and has not precluded taking additional steps, as feasible, to facilitate implementation of the final rule in a manner that minimizes the perceived or realized competitive disadvantages a small business or other affected small entity may face. This includes, but may not be limited to, targeted outreach and production of training materials such as FAQs or a Small Entity Compliance Guide, in addition to the more broadly available support services as previously discussed in Section III.A and Section VI.A.iv.b.

Having considered the various possible outcomes for small entities under the reporting requirements at the proposal stage and having taken the public comments received in response to the NPRM into consideration for the final rule, FinCEN continues to certify that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.

Section 202 of the UMRA  [ 95 ] requires that an agency prepare a statement before promulgating a rule that may result in expenditure by state, local, and Tribal governments, or the private sector, in the aggregate, of $184 million or more in any one year. [ 96 ] Section 202 of the UMRA also requires an agency to identify and consider a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives before promulgating a rule. FinCEN believes that the preceding assessment of impact  [ 97 ] satisfies the UMRA's analytical requirements.

The new information collection requirements contained in this rule ( 31 CFR 1031.320 ) have been approved by OMB in accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., under control number 1506-0080. The PRA imposes certain requirements on Federal agencies in connection with their conducting or sponsoring any collection of information as defined by the PRA. Under the PRA, an agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB control number. The rule includes three information collection requirements: Real Estate Reports, which will be submitted to FinCEN, and, depending on the circumstances of the transfer, a designation agreement and/or a certification form for beneficial ownership information, neither of which will be submitted to FinCEN but which must be retained for five years.

Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements: The provisions in this rule pertaining to the collection of information can be found in paragraph (a) of 31 CFR 1031.320 . The information required to be reported by the rule will be used by the U.S. Government to monitor and investigate money laundering in the U.S. residential real estate sector. The information required to be maintained will be used by Federal agencies to verify compliance by reporting persons with the provisions of the rule. The collection of information is mandatory.

OMB Control Number: 1506-0080

Frequency: As required

Description of Affected Public: Residential Real Estate Settlement Agents, Title Insurance Carriers, Escrow Service Providers, Other Real Estate Professionals

Estimated Number of Responses: 850,000  [ 98 ]

Estimated Total Annual Reporting and Recordkeeping Burden: 4,604,167 burden hours  [ 99 ]

Estimated Total Annual Reporting and Recordkeeping Cost: $630,976,662.47  [ 100 ]

OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs has designated this rule as meeting the criteria under 5 U.S.C. 804(2) for purposes of Subtitle E of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement and Fairness Act of 1996 (also known as the Congressional Review Act or CRA). [ 101 ] Under the CRA, such rules generally may take effect no earlier than 60 days after the rule is published in the Federal Register . [ 102 ]

• Administrative practice and procedure
• Authority delegations (Government agencies)
• Banks and banking
• Buildings and facilities
• Business and industry
• Condominiums
• Cooperatives
• Citizenship and naturalization
• Electronic filing
• Fair housing
• Federal home loan banks
• Federal savings associations
• Federal-States relations
• Foreign investments in US
• Foreign persons
• Foundations
• Holding companies
• Home improvement
• Indian—law
• Indians—tribal government
• Insurance companies
• Investment advisers
• Investment companies
• Investigations
• Legal services
• Law enforcement
• Low and moderate income housing
• Money laundering
• Mortgage insurances
• Real property acquisition
• Record retention
• Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
• Small businesses
• Trusts and trustees
• US territories

For the reasons set forth in the preamble, chapter X of title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations is amended by adding part 1031 to read as follows:

Authority: 12 U.S.C. 1829b , 1951-1959 ; 31 U.S.C. 5311-5314 , 5316-5336 ; title III, sec. 314 Pub. L. 107-56 , 115 Stat. 307; sec. 701 Pub. L. 114-74 , 129 Stat. 599; sec. 6403, Pub. L. 116-283 , 134 Stat. 3388.

(a) General. A reportable transfer as defined in paragraph (b) of this section shall be reported to FinCEN by the reporting person identified in paragraph (c) of this section. The report shall include the information described in paragraphs (d) through (i) of this section. The reporting person may reasonably rely on information collected from others under the conditions described in paragraph (j). The report required by this section shall be filed in the form and manner, and at the time, specified in paragraph (k) of this section. Records shall be retained as specified in paragraph (l) of this section. Reports required under this section and any other information that would reveal that a reportable transfer has been reported are not confidential as specified in paragraph (m) of this section. Terms not defined in this section are defined in 31 CFR 1010.100 .

(b) Reportable transfer. (1) Except as set forth in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, a reportable transfer is a non-financed transfer to a transferee entity or transferee trust of an ownership interest in residential real property. For the purposes of this section, residential real property means:

(i) Real property located in the United States containing a structure designed principally for occupancy by one to four families;

(ii) Land located in the United States on which the transferee intends to build a structure designed principally for occupancy by one to four families;

(iii) A unit designed principally for occupancy by one to four families within a structure on land located in the United States; or

(iv) Shares in a cooperative housing corporation for which the underlying property is located in the United States.

(2) A reportable transfer does not include a:

(i) Grant, transfer, or revocation of an easement;

(ii) Transfer resulting from the death of an individual, whether pursuant to the terms of a decedent's will or the terms of a trust, the operation of law, or by contractual provision;

(iii) Transfer incident to divorce or dissolution of a marriage or civil union;

(iv) Transfer to a bankruptcy estate;

(v) Transfer supervised by a court in the United States;

(vi) Transfer for no consideration made by an individual, either alone or with the individual's spouse, to a trust of which that individual, that individual's spouse, or both of them, are the settlor(s) or grantor(s);

(vii) Transfer to a qualified intermediary for purposes of 26 CFR 1.1031(k)-1 ; or

(viii) Transfer for which there is no reporting person.

(c) Determination of reporting person. (1) Except as set forth in paragraphs (c)(2), (3) and (4) of this section, the reporting person for a reportable transfer is the person engaged within the United States as a business in the provision of real estate closing and settlement services that is:

(i) The person listed as the closing or settlement agent on the closing or settlement statement for the transfer;

(ii) If no person described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section is involved in the transfer, then the person that prepares the closing or settlement statement for the transfer;

(iii) If no person described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section is involved in the transfer, then the person that files with the recordation office the deed or other instrument that transfers ownership of the residential real property;

(iv) If no person described in paragraphs (c)(1)(i) through (iii) of this section is involved in the transfer, then the person that underwrites an owner's title insurance policy for the transferee with respect to the transferred residential real property, such as a title insurance company;

(v) If no person described in paragraphs (c)(1)(i) through (iv) of this section is involved in the transfer, then the person that disburses in any form, including from an escrow account, trust account, or lawyers' trust account, the greatest amount of funds in connection with the residential real property transfer;

(vi) If no person described in paragraphs (c)(1)(i) through (v) of this section is involved in the transfer, then the person that provides an evaluation of the status of the title; or ( print page 70291)

(vii) If no person described in paragraphs (c)(1)(i) through (vi) of this section is involved in the transfer, then the person that prepares the deed or, if no deed is involved, any other legal instrument that transfers ownership of the residential real property, including, with respect to shares in a cooperative housing corporation, the person who prepares the stock certificate.

(2) Employees, agents, and partners. If an employee, agent, or partner acting within the scope of such individual's employment, agency, or partnership would be the reporting person as determined in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, then the individual's employer, principal, or partnership is deemed to be the reporting person.

(3) Financial institutions. A financial institution that has an obligation to maintain an anti-money laundering program under this chapter is not a reporting person for purposes of this section.

(4) Designation agreement. (i) The reporting person described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section may enter into an agreement with any other person described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section to designate such other person as the reporting person with respect to the reportable transfer. The person designated by such agreement shall be treated as the reporting person with respect to the transfer. If reporting persons decide to use designation agreements, a separate agreement is required for each reportable transfer.

(ii) A designation agreement shall be in writing, and shall include:

(A) The date of the agreement;

(B) The name and address of the transferor;

(C) The name and address of the transferee entity or transferee trust;

(D) Information described in in paragraph (g) identifying transferred residential real property;

(E) The name and address of the person designated through the agreement as the reporting person with respect to the transfer; and

(F) The name and address of all other parties to the agreement.

(d) Information concerning the reporting person. The reporting person shall report:

(1) The full legal name of the reporting person;

(2) The category of reporting person, as determined in paragraph (c) of this section; and

(3) The street address that is the reporting person's principal place of business in the United States.

(e) Information concerning the transferee —(1) Transferee entities. For each transferee entity involved in a reportable transfer, the reporting person shall report:

(i) The following information for the transferee entity:

(A) Full legal name;

(B) Trade name or “doing business as” name, if any;

(C) Complete current address consisting of:

( 1 ) The street address that is the transferee entity's principal place of business; and

( 2 ) If such principal place of business is not in the United States, the street address of the primary location in the United States where the transferee entity conducts business, if any; and

(D) Unique identifying number, if any, consisting of:

( 1 ) The Internal Revenue Service Taxpayer Identification Number (IRS TIN) of the transferee entity;

( 2 ) If the transferee entity has not been issued an IRS TIN, a tax identification number for the transferee entity that was issued by a foreign jurisdiction and the name of such jurisdiction; or

( 3 ) If the transferee entity has not been issued an IRS TIN or a foreign tax identification number, an entity registration number issued by a foreign jurisdiction and the name of such jurisdiction;

(ii) The following information for each beneficial owner of the transferee entity:

(B) Date of birth;

(C) Complete current residential street address;

(D) Citizenship; and

(E) Unique identifying number consisting of:

( 1 ) An IRS TIN; or

( 2 ) Where an IRS TIN has not been issued:

( i ) A tax identification number issued by a foreign jurisdiction and the name of such jurisdiction; or

( ii ) The unique identifying number and the issuing jurisdiction from a non-expired passport issued by a foreign government; and

(iii) The following information for each signing individual, if any:

(D) Unique identifying number consisting of:

( ii ) The unique identifying number and the issuing jurisdiction from a non-expired passport issued by a foreign government to the individual;

(E) Description of the capacity in which the individual is authorized to act as the signing individual; and

(F) If the signing individual is acting in that capacity as an employee, agent, or partner, the name of the individual's employer, principal, or partnership.

(2) Transferee trusts. For each transferee trust in a reportable transfer, the reporting person shall report:

(i) The following information for the transferee trust:

(A) Full legal name, such as the full title of the agreement establishing the transferee trust;

(B) Date the trust instrument was executed;

(C) Unique identifying number, if any, consisting of:

( 1 ) IRS TIN; or

( 2 ) Where an IRS TIN has not been issued, a tax identification number issued by a foreign jurisdiction and the name of such jurisdiction; and

(D) Whether the transferee trust is revocable;

(ii) The following information for each trustee that is a legal entity:

( 1 ) The street address that is the trustee's principal place of business; and

( 2 ) If such principal place of business is not in the United States, the street address of the primary location in the United States where the trustee conducts business, if any; and

( 1 ) The IRS TIN of the trustee;

( 2 ) In the case that a trustee has not been issued an IRS TIN, a tax identification number issued by a foreign jurisdiction and the name of such jurisdiction; or

( 3 ) In the case that a trustee has not been issued an IRS TIN or a foreign tax identification number, an entity registration number issued by a foreign jurisdiction and the name of such jurisdiction;

(E) For purposes of this section, an individual trustee of the transferee trust is considered to be a beneficial owner of the trust. As such, information on individual trustees must be reported in accordance with the requirements set forth in paragraph (e)(2)(iii) of this section;

(iii) The following information for each beneficial owner of the transferee trust:

(A) Full legal name; ( print page 70292)

(D) Citizenship;

(F) The category of beneficial owner, as determined in paragraph (j)(1)(ii) of this section; and

(iv) The following information for each signing individual, if any:

(f) Information concerning the transferor. For each transferor involved in a reportable transfer, the reporting person shall report:

(1) The following information for a transferor who is an individual:

(i) Full legal name;

(ii) Date of birth;

(iii) Complete current residential street address; and

(iv) Unique identifying number consisting of:

(A) An IRS TIN; or

(B) Where an IRS TIN has not been issued:

( 1 ) A tax identification number issued by a foreign jurisdiction and the name of such jurisdiction; or

( 2 ) The unique identifying number and the issuing jurisdiction from a non-expired passport issued by a foreign government to the individual;

(2) The following information for a transferor that is a legal entity:

(ii) Trade name or “doing business as” name, if any;

(iii) Complete current address consisting of:

(A) The street address that is the legal entity's principal place of business; and

(B) If the principal place of business is not in the United States, the street address of the primary location in the United States where the legal entity conducts business, if any; and

(iv) Unique identifying number, if any, consisting of:

(A) An IRS TIN;

(B) In the case that the legal entity has not been issued an IRS TIN, a tax identification number issued by a foreign jurisdiction and the name of such jurisdiction; or

(C) In the case that the legal entity has not been issued an IRS TIN or a foreign tax identification number, an entity registration number issued by a foreign jurisdiction and the name of such jurisdiction; and

(3) The following information for a transferor that is a trust:

(i) Full legal name, such as the full title of the agreement establishing the trust;

(ii) Date the trust instrument was executed;

(iii) Unique identifying number, if any, consisting of:

(A) IRS TIN; or

(B) Where an IRS TIN has not been issued, a tax identification number issued by a foreign jurisdiction and the name of such jurisdiction;

(iv) For each individual who is a trustee of the trust:

(B) Current residential street address; and

(C) Unique identifying number consisting of:

(v) For each legal entity that is a trustee of the trust:

( 1 ) The street address that is the legal entity's principal place of business; and

( 2 ) If the principal place of business is not in the United States, the street address of the primary location in the United States where the legal entity conducts business, if any; and

( 1 ) An IRS TIN;

( 2 ) In the case that the legal entity has not been issued an IRS TIN, a tax identification number issued by a foreign jurisdiction and the name of such jurisdiction; or

( 3 ) In the case that the legal entity has not been issued an IRS TIN or a foreign tax identification number, an entity registration number issued by a foreign jurisdiction and the name of such jurisdiction.

(g) Information concerning the residential real property. For each residential real property that is the subject of the reportable transfer, the reporting person shall report:

(1) The street address, if any;

(2) The legal description, such as the section, lot, and block; and

(3) The date of closing.

(h) Information concerning payments. (1) The reporting person shall report the following information concerning each payment, other than a payment disbursed from an escrow or trust account held by a transferee entity or transferee trust, that is made by or on behalf of the transferee entity or transferee trust regarding a reportable transfer:

(i) The amount of the payment;

(ii) The method by which the payment was made;

(iii) If the payment was paid from an account held at a financial institution, the name of the financial institution and the account number; and

(iv) The name of the payor on any wire, check, or other type of payment if the payor is not the transferee entity or transferee trust.

(2) The reporting person shall report the total consideration paid or to be paid by the transferee entity or transferee trust regarding the reportable transfer, as well as the total consideration paid by or to be paid by all transferees regarding the reportable transfer.

(i) Information concerning hard money, private, and other similar loans. The reporting person shall report whether the reportable transfer involved credit extended by a person that is not a financial institution with an obligation to maintain an anti-money laundering program and an obligation to report suspicious transactions under this chapter.

(j) Reasonable reliance —(1) General. Except as described in paragraph (j)(2) of this section, the reporting person may rely upon information provided by other persons, absent knowledge of facts that would reasonably call into question the ( print page 70293) reliability of the information provided to the reporting person.

(2) Certification when reporting beneficial ownership information. For purposes of reporting information described in paragraphs (e)(1)(ii) and (e)(2)(iii) of this section, the reporting person may rely upon information provided by the transferee or a person representing the transferee in the reportable transfer, absent knowledge of facts that would reasonably call into question the reliability of the information provided to the reporting person, if the person providing the information certifies the accuracy of the information in writing to the best of the person's knowledge.

(k) Filing procedures —(1) What to file. A reportable transfer shall be reported by completing a Real Estate Report.

(2) Where to file. The Real Estate Report shall be filed electronically with FinCEN, as indicated in the instructions to the report.

(3) When to file. A reporting person is required to file a Real Estate Report by the later of either:

(i) the final day of the month following the month in which the date of closing occurred; or

(ii) 30 calendar days after the date of closing.

(l) Retention of records. A reporting person shall maintain a copy of any certification described in paragraph (j)(2) of this section. In addition, all parties to a designation agreement described in paragraph (c)(4) of this section shall maintain a copy of such designation agreement.

(m) Exemptions —(1) Confidentiality. Reporting persons, and any director, officer, employee, or agent of such persons, and Federal, State, local, or Tribal government authorities, are exempt from the confidentiality provision in 31 U.S.C. 5318(g)(2) that prohibits the disclosure to any person involved in a suspicious transaction that the transaction has been reported or any information that otherwise would reveal that the transaction has been reported.

(2) Anti-money laundering program. A reporting person under this section is exempt from the requirement to establish an anti-money laundering program, in accordance with 31 CFR 1010.205(b)(1)(v) .

(n) Definitions. For purposes of this section, the following terms have the following meanings.

(1) Beneficial owner —(i) Beneficial owners of transferee entities. (A) The beneficial owners of a transferee entity are the individuals who would be the beneficial owners of the transferee entity on the date of closing if the transferee entity were a reporting company under 31 CFR 1010.380(d) on the date of closing.

(B) The beneficial owners of a transferee entity that is established as a non-profit corporation or similar entity, regardless of jurisdiction of formation, are limited to individuals who exercise substantial control over the entity, as defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(d)(1) on the date of closing.

(ii) Beneficial owners of transferee trusts. The beneficial owners of a transferee trust are the individuals who fall into one or more of the following categories on the date of closing:

(A) A trustee of the transferee trust.

(B) An individual other than a trustee with the authority to dispose of transferee trust assets.

(C) A beneficiary who is the sole permissible recipient of income and principal from the transferee trust or who has the right to demand a distribution of, or withdraw, substantially all of the assets from the transferee trust.

(D) A grantor or settlor who has the right to revoke the transferee trust or otherwise withdraw the assets of the transferee trust.

(E) A beneficial owner of any legal entity that holds at least one of the positions in the transferee trust described in paragraphs (n)(1)(ii)(A) through (D) of this section, except when the legal entity meets the criteria set forth in paragraphs (n)(10)(ii)(A) through (P) of this section. Beneficial ownership of any such legal entity is determined under 31 CFR 1010.380(d) , utilizing the criteria for beneficial owners of a reporting company.

(F) A beneficial owner of any trust that holds at least one of the positions in the transferee trust described in paragraphs (n)(1)(ii)(A) through (D) of this section, except when the trust meets the criteria set forth in paragraphs (n)(11)(ii)(A) through (D). Beneficial ownership of any such trust is determined under this paragraph (n)(1)(ii), utilizing the criteria for beneficial owners of a transferee trust.

(2) Closing or settlement agent. The term “closing or settlement agent” means any person, whether or not acting as an agent for a title agent or company, a licensed attorney, real estate broker, or real estate salesperson, who for another and with or without a commission, fee, or other valuable consideration and with or without the intention or expectation of receiving a commission, fee, or other valuable consideration, directly or indirectly, provides closing or settlement services incident to the transfer of residential real property.

(3) Closing or settlement statement. The term “closing or settlement statement” means the statement of receipts and disbursements prepared for the transferee for a transfer of residential real property.

(4) Date of closing. The term “date of closing” means the date on which the transferee entity or transferee trust receives an ownership interest in residential real property.

(5) Non-financed transfer. The term “non-financed transfer” means a transfer that does not involve an extension of credit to all transferees that is:

(i) Secured by the transferred residential real property; and

(ii) Extended by a financial institution that has both an obligation to maintain an anti-money laundering program and an obligation to report suspicious transactions under this chapter.

(6) Ownership interest. The term “ownership interest” means the rights held in residential real property that are demonstrated:

(i) Through a deed, for a reportable transfer described in paragraph (b)(1)(i), (ii), or (iii) of this section; or

(ii) Through stock, shares, membership, certificate, or other contractual agreement evidencing ownership, for a reportable transfer described in paragraph (b)(1)(iv) of this section.

(7) Recordation office. The term “recordation office” means any State, local, Territory and Insular Possession, or Tribal office for the recording of reportable transfers as a matter of public record.

(8) Signing individual. The term “signing individual” means each individual who signed documents on behalf of the transferee as part of the reportable transfer. However, it does not include any individual who signed documents as part of their employment with a financial institution that has both an obligation to maintain an anti-money laundering program and an obligation to report suspicious transactions under this chapter.

(9) Statutory trust. The term “statutory trust” means any trust created or authorized under the Uniform Statutory Trust Entity Act or as enacted by a State. For the purposes of this subpart, statutory trusts are transferee entities.

(10) Transferee entity. (i) Except as set forth in paragraph (n)(10)(ii) of this section, the term “transferee entity” means any person other than a transferee trust or an individual.

(ii) A transferee entity does not include:

(A) A securities reporting issuer defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(i) ; ( print page 70294)

(B) A governmental authority defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(ii) ;

(C) A bank defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(iii) ;

(D) A credit union defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(iv) ;

(E) A depository institution holding company defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(v) ;

(F) A money service business defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(vi) ;

(G) A broker or dealer in securities defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(vii) ;

(H) A securities exchange or clearing agency defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(viii) ;

(I) Any other Exchange Act registered entity defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(ix) ;

(J) An insurance company defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(xii) ;

(K) A State-licensed insurance producer defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(xiii) ;

(L) A Commodity Exchange Act registered entity defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(xiv) ;

(M) A public utility defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(xvi) ;

(N) A financial market utility defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(xvii) ;

(O) An investment company as defined in section 3(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 ( 15 U.S.C. 80a-3(a) ) that is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under section 8 of the Investment Company Act ( 15 U.S.C. 80a-8 ); and

(P) Any legal entity controlled or wholly owned, directly or indirectly, by an entity described in paragraphs (n)(10)(ii)(A) through (O) of this section.

(11) Transferee trust. (i) Except as set forth in paragraph (n)(11)(ii) of this section, the term “transferee trust” means any legal arrangement created when a person (generally known as a grantor or settlor) places assets under the control of a trustee for the benefit of one or more persons (each generally known as a beneficiary) or for a specified purpose, as well as any legal arrangement similar in structure or function to the above, whether formed under the laws of the United States or a foreign jurisdiction. A trust is deemed to be a transferee trust regardless of whether residential real property is titled in the name of the trust itself or in the name of the trustee in the trustee's capacity as the trustee of the trust.

(ii) A transferee trust does not include:

(A) A trust that is a securities reporting issuer defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(i) ;

(B) A trust in which the trustee is a securities reporting issuer defined in 31 CFR 1010.380(c)(2)(i) ;

(C) A statutory trust; or

(D) An entity wholly owned by a trust described in paragraphs (n)(11)(ii)(A) through (C) of this section.

Andrea M. Gacki,

Director, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network.

1.  Section 6101 of the AML Act, codified at 31 U.S.C. 5318(h) , amended the BSA's requirement that financial institutions implement AML programs to also combat terrorist financing. This rule refers to “AML/CFT program” in reference to the current obligation contained in the BSA.

2.   31 U.S.C. 5312(a)(2)(U) .

3.   See 31 U.S.C. 5311 . Section 6003(1) of the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 defines the BSA as section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act ( 12 U.S.C. 1829b ), Chapter 2 of Title I of Public Law 91-508 ( 12 U.S.C. 1951 et seq. ), and 31 U.S.C. chapter 53 , subchapter II. AML Act, Public Law 116-283 , Division F, section 6003(1) (Jan. 1, 2021). Under this definition, the BSA is codified at 12 U.S.C. 1829b and 1951-1960 , and 31 U.S.C. 5311-5314 and 5316-5336 , including notes thereto. Its implementing regulations are found at 31 CFR Chapter X .

4.   31 U.S.C. 5311(1) .

5.  Treasury Order 180-01, Paragraph 3(a) (Jan. 14, 2020), available at https://home.treasury.gov/​about/​general-information/​orders-and-directives/​treasury-order-180-01 .

6.   31 U.S.C. 5318(h)(1)(A)-(D) .

7.   31 U.S.C. 5318(g) .

8.   31 U.S.C. 5312(a)(2)(U) .

9.   31 U.S.C. 5318(g)(1)(A) .

10.   31 U.S.C. 5318(g)(5)(B)(i)-(iii) .

11.   See AML Act, section 6202 ( codified at 31 U.S.C. 5318(g)(D)(i)(1) ). Section 6102(c) of the AML Act also amended 31 U.S.C. 5318(a)(2) to give the Secretary the authority to “require a class of domestic financial institutions or nonfinancial trades or businesses to maintain appropriate procedures, including the collection and reporting of certain information as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe by regulation, to . . . guard against money laundering, the financing of terrorism, or other forms of illicit finance.” FinCEN believes this authority also provides an additional basis for the reporting requirement adopted in this final rule.

12.  As the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) noted in July 2022, “[d]isparities with rules surrounding legal structures across countries means property can often be acquired abroad by shell companies or trusts based in secrecy jurisdictions, exacerbating the risk of money laundering.” International bodies, such as the FATF have found that “[s]uccessful AML/CFT supervision of the real estate sector must contend with the obfuscation of true ownership provided by legal entities or arrangements[.]” FATF, “Guidance for a Risk Based Approach: Real Estate Sector” (July 2022), p. 17, available at https://www.fatf-gafi.org/​content/​dam/​fatf-gafi/​guidance/​RBA-Real-Estate-Sector.pdf.coredownload.pdf ; see, e.g., U.S. v. Delgado, 653 F.3d 729 (8th Cir. 2011) (drug trafficking, money laundering); U.S. v. Fernandez, 559 F.3d 303 (5th Cir. 2009) (drug trafficking, money laundering); Complaint for Forfeiture, U.S. v. All the Lot or Parcel of Land Located at 19 Duck Pond Lane Southampton, New York 11968, Case No. 1:23-cv-01545 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 24, 2023) (sanctions evasion); Indictment and Forfeiture, U.S. v. Maikel Jose Moreno Perez, Case No. 1:23-cr-20035-RNS (S.D. Fla. Jan. 26, 2023) (bribery, money laundering, conspiracy); Motion for Preliminary Order of Forfeiture and Preliminary Order of Forfeiture, U.S. v. Colon, Case No. 1:17-cr-47-SB (D. Del. Nov. 18, 2022) (drug trafficking, money laundering); U.S. v. Andrii Derkach, 1:2022-cr-00432 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 2022) (sanctions evasion, money laundering, bank fraud); Doc. No. 10 at p. 1, U.S. vs. Ralph Steinmann and Luis Fernando Vuiz, 1:2022-cr-20306 (S.D. Fla. July 12, 2022) (bribery, money laundering); U.S. v. Jimenez, Case No. 1:18-cr-00879, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 77685, 2022 WL 1261738 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 28, 2022) (false claim fraud, wire fraud, money laundering, identity theft); Complaint for Forfeiture, U.S. v. Real Property Located in Potomac, Maryland, Commonly Known as 9908 Bentcross Drive, Potomac, MD 20854, 8:2020-cv-02071 (D. Md. July 15, 2020) (public corruption, money laundering); Final Order of Forfeiture, U.S. v. Raul Torres, Case No. 1:19-cr-390 (N.D. Ohio Mar. 30, 2020) (operating an animal fighting venture, operating an unlicensed money services business, money laundering); U.S. v. Bradley, Case No. 3:15-cr-00037-2, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 141157, 2019 WL 3934684 (M.D. Tenn. Aug. 20, 2019) (drug trafficking, money laundering); Indictment, U.S. v. Patrick Ifediba, et al., Case No. 2:18-cr-00103-RDP-JEO, Doc. 1 (N.D. Ala. Mar. 29, 2018) (health care fraud); Redacted Indictment, U.S. v. Paul Manafort, Case 1:18-cr-00083-TSE (E.D. Va. Feb. 26, 2018) (money laundering, acting as an unregistered foreign agent); U.S. v. Miller, 295 F. Supp. 3d 690 (E.D. Va. 2018) (wire fraud); U.S. v. Coffman, 859 F. Supp. 2d 871 (E.D. Ky. 2012) (mail, wire, and securities fraud); U.S. v. 10.10 Acres Located on Squires Rd., 386 F. Supp. 2d 613 (M.D.N.C. 2005) (drug trafficking); Atty. Griev. Comm'n of Md. v. Blair, 188 A.3d 1009 (Md. Ct. App. 2018) (money laundering drug trafficking proceeds); State v. Harris, 861 A.2d 165 (NJ Super. Ct. App. Div. 2004) (money laundering, theft); U.S. Department of Justice, Press Release, “Associate of Sanctioned Oligarch Indicted for Sanctions Evasion and Money Laundering: Fugitive Vladimir Vorontchenko Aided in Concealing Luxury Real Estate Owned by Viktor Vekselberg” (Feb. 7, 2023), available at https://www.justice.gov/​usao-sdny/​pr/​associate-sanctioned-oligarch-indicted-sanctions-evasion-and-money-laundering ; U.S. Department of Justice, Press Release, United States Reaches Settlement to Recover More Than $700 Million in Assets Allegedly Traceable to Corruption Involving Malaysian Sovereign Wealth Fund (Oct. 30, 2019), available at https://www.justice.gov/​opa/​pr/​united-states-reaches-settlement-recover-more-700-million-assets-allegedly-traceable ; U.S. Department of Justice, Press Release, “Acting Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces $5.9 Million Settlement of Civil Money Laundering And Forfeiture Claims Against Real Estate Corporations Alleged to Have Laundered Proceeds of Russian Tax Fraud” (May 12, 2017), available at https://www.justice.gov/​usao-sdny/​pr/​acting-manhattan-us-attorney-announces-59-million-settlement-civil-money-laundering-and .

13.  As explained in the notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) issued on February 16, 2024, while other investigative methods and databases may be available to law enforcement seeking information concerning persons involved in non-financed transfers of residential real property, the information obtained through such investigative methods or the databases themselves are often incomplete, unreliable, and diffuse, resulting in misalignment between those methods or sources and the potential risks posed by the transfers. For example, the non-uniformity of the title transfer processes across states and the fact that the recording of title information is largely done at the local level complicates and hinders investigative efforts. To presently verify how many non-financed purchases of residential real property a known illicit actor has made, law enforcement may have to issue subpoenas and travel to multiple jurisdictions—assuming that they are known—to obtain the relevant information. Law enforcement is also likely to experience difficulty in finding beneficial ownership information for legal entities or trusts not registered in the United States which have engaged in non-financed transfers of residential real estate. Furthermore, existing commercial databases do not collect much of the information that is the focus of this rule, such as that involving funds transfers. In these respects, a search of Real Estate Reports would be a far more efficient and complete mechanism. See FinCEN, NPRM, “Anti-Money Laundering Regulations for Residential Real Estate Transfers,” 89 FR 12424 , 12430 (Feb. 16, 2024).

14.   See 31 U.S.C. 5326 ; 31 CFR 1010.370 ; Treasury Order 180-01 (Jan. 14, 2020), available at https://home.treasury.gov/​about/​general-information/​orders-and-directives/​treasury-order-180-01 . In general, a GTO is an order administered by FinCEN which, for a finite period of time, imposes additional recordkeeping or reporting requirements on domestic financial institutions or other businesses in a given geographic area, based on a finding that the additional requirements are necessary to carry out the purposes of, or to prevent evasion of, the BSA. The statutory maximum duration of a GTO is 180 days, though it may be renewed.

15.  Global Financial Integrity, “Acres of Money Laundering: Why U.S. Real Estate is a Kleptocrat's Dream” (Aug. 2021), p. 26, available at https://gfintegrity.org/​report/​acres-of-money-laundering-why-u-s-real-estate-is-a-kleptocrats-dream/​ . According to its website, Global Financial Integrity is “a Washington, DC-based think tank focused on illicit financial flows, corruption, illicit trade and money laundering.” See Global Financial Integrity, “About,” available at https://gfintegrity.org/​about/​ .

16.   See supra note 13.

17.   See FinCEN, Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, “Anti-Money Laundering Regulations for Real Estate Transactions,” 86 FR 69589 (Dec. 8, 2021).

18.  Through the proposed reporting cascade hierarchy, a real estate professional would be a reporting person required to file a report and keep records for a given transfer if the person performs a function described in the cascade and no other person performs a function described higher in the cascade. For example, if no person is involved in the transfer as described in the first tier of potential reporting persons, the reporting obligation would fall to the person involved in the transfer as described in the second tier of potential reporting persons, if any, and so on. The reporting cascade includes only persons engaged as a business in the provision of real estate closing and settlement services within the United States.

19.   31 U.S.C. 5312(a)(2)(U) ; see FinCEN, NPRM, “Anti-Money Laundering Regulations for Residential Real Estate Transfers,” 89 FR 12424 , 12427 (Feb. 16, 2024).

20.   See 31 U.S.C. 5318(g) .

21.   See California Bankers Ass'n v. Shultz, 416 U.S. 21 (1974); U.S. v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435 (1976).

22.   15 U.S.C. 6802(e)(5) .

23.   See FinCEN NPRM, “Anti-Money Laundering Regulations for Residential Real Estate Transfers,” 89 FR 12424 , 12447-12448 (Feb. 16, 2024).

24.   See, e.g., In re Grand Jury Subpoenas, 906 F.2d 1485, 1488 (10th Cir. 1990) (collecting cases).

25.   See; U.S. v. Sindel, 53 F.3d 874, 876 (8th Cir. 1995); U.S. v. Blackman, 72 F.3d 1418, 1424-25 (9th Cir. 1995); U.S. v. Ritchie, 15 F.3d 592, 602 (6th Cir. 1994); U.S. v. Leventhal, 961 F.2d 936, 940 (11th Cir. 1992); U.S. v. Goldberger & Dubin, P.C., 935 F.2d 501, 505 (2d Cir. 1991); In re Grand Jury Subpoenas, 906 F.2d 1485, 1492 (10th Cir. 1990).

26.   31 CFR 1010.230(b)(2) .

27.  Discussed below in Section III.C.2.b.

28.   31 U.S.C. 5321 .

29.   31 U.S.C. 5322 .

30.   31 U.S.C. 5321 ; 31 CFR 1010.821 .

31.   See FinCEN, “Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) Statement on Enforcement of the Bank Secrecy Act” (Aug. 18, 2020), available at https://www.fincen.gov/​sites/​default/​files/​shared/​FinCENEnforcementStatement_​FINAL508.pdf .

32.  The BOI Reporting Rule implements the CTA's reporting provisions. In recognition of the fact that illicit actors frequently use corporate structures to obfuscate their identities and launder ill-gotten gains, the BOI Reporting Rule requires certain legal entities to file reports with FinCEN that identify their beneficial owners. See FinCEN, “Beneficial Ownership Information Reporting Requirements,” 87 FR 59498 (Sept. 30, 2022). Access by authorized recipients to beneficial ownership information collected under the CTA are governed by other FinCEN regulations. See FinCEN, “Beneficial Ownership Information Access and Safeguards,” 88 FR 88732 (Dec. 22, 2023).

33.   See FinCEN, NPRM, “Beneficial Ownership Information Reporting Requirements,” 86 FR 69920 (Dec. 8, 2021).

34.  The CTA is Title LXIV of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, Public Law 116-283 (Jan. 1, 2021) (the NDAA). Division F of the NDAA is the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020, which includes the CTA. Section 6403 of the CTA, among other things, amends the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) by adding a new section 5336, Beneficial Ownership Information Reporting Requirements, to subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code.

35.   See 31 CFR 1010.380(b)(1)(i) .

36.   31 CFR 1010.380(d)(3)(ii) .

37.  In a 1031 Exchange, real property held for productive use in a trade or business or held for investment is exchanged for other business or investment property that is the same type or kind; as a result, the person conducting the exchange is not required to realize taxable gain or loss as part of the exchange. To avoid the exchange being disqualified, a qualified intermediary may be used to ensure that the exchanger avoids taking premature control of the proceeds from the sale of the relinquished property or, in a reverse 1031 Exchange in which the replacement property is identified and purchased before the original property is relinquished, ownership of the replacement property.

38.  The current Residential Real Estate GTO threshold is $300,000 for all covered jurisdictions, except for in the City and County of Baltimore, where the threshold is $50,000.

39.   See 29 CFR 1.6045-4 (Information reporting on real estate transactions with dates of closing on or after January 1, 1991).

40.   See FinCEN, “Beneficial Ownership Information Access and Safeguards,” 88 FR 88732 (Dec. 22, 2023).

41.  FinCEN, “Notice of a New System of Records,” 88 FR 62889 (Sept. 13, 2023).

42.   U.S. v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435 (1976).

43.   E.O. 12866 , 58 FR 51735 (Oct. 4, 1993), section 3(f)(1); E.O. 14094 , 88 FR 21879 (Apr. 11, 2023), section 1(b).

44.   See Section VI.A.1.

45.  Broadly, the anticipated economic value of a rule can be measured by the extent to which it might reasonably be expected to resolve or mitigate the economic problems identified by such review.

46.   See Section VI.A.2.

47.   See Section VI.A.3.

48.   See Section VI.A.4.

49.   See Section VI.A.5.

50.   See FinCEN, NPRM, “Anti-Money Laundering Regulations for Residential Real Estate Transfers,” 89 FR 12424 (Feb. 16, 2024).

51.  Office of Management and Budget, Circular A-4 (Nov. 9, 2023), available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/​wp-content/​uploads/​2023/​11/​CircularA-4.pdf .

52.   See National Association of Realtors, “Anti-Money Laundering Voluntary Guidelines for Real Estate Professionals” (Feb. 16, 2021), p. 3, available at https://www.narfocus.com/​billdatabase/​clientfiles/​172/​4/​1695.pdf .

53.   See Section III.C.5.c.

54.  FinCEN, “Customer Due Diligence Requirements for Financial Institutions,” 81 FR 29398 (May 11, 2016).

55.  Reportable real estate for purposes of IRS Form 1099-S includes, for example, commercial and industrial buildings (without a residential component) and non-contingent interests in standing timber, which are not covered under the rule.

56.   See Matthew Collin, Florian Hollenbach, and David Szakonyi, “The impact of beneficial ownership transparency on illicit purchases of U.S. property,” Brookings Global Working Paper #170, (Mar. 2022), p. 14, available at https://www.brookings.edu/​wp-content/​uploads/​2022/​03/​Illicit-purchases-of-US-property.pdf .

57.  Zillow, Transaction and Assessment Database (ZTRAX), available at https://www.zillow.com/​research/​ztrax/​ .

58.   See Redfin, “Investors Bought 26% of the Country's Most Affordable Homes in the Fourth Quarter—the Highest Share on Record,” (Feb. 14, 2024), available at https://www.redfin.com/​news/​investor-home-purchases-q4-2023/​ .

59.   See Section III.C.2.e.

60.  FinCEN notes that while most trusts are not reporting companies under the BOI Reporting Rule, a reporting company would be required to report a beneficial owner that owned or controlled the reporting company through a trust.

61.  FinCEN notes that while the U.S. Census Bureau does produce annual statistics on the population of certain trusts (NAICS 525—Funds, Trusts, and Other Financial Vehicles), such trusts are unlikely to be affected by the rule and thus their population size is not informative for this analysis.

62.   See, e.g., Cristian Badrinza and Tarun Ramadorai, “Home away from home? Foreign demand and London House prices,” Journal of Financial Economics 130 (3) (2018), pp. 532-555, available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/​science/​article/​abs/​pii/​S0304405X18301867?​via%3Dihub ; see also Caitlan S. Gorback and Benjamin J. Keys, “Global Capital and Local Assets: House Prices, Quantities, and Elasticities,” Technical Report, National Bureau of Economic Research (2020), available at https://www.nber.org/​papers/​w27370 .

63.   See Matthew Collin, Florian Hollenbach, and David Szakonyi, “The impact of beneficial ownership transparency on illicit purchases of U.S. property,” Brookings Global Working Paper #170, (Mar. 2022), p. 14, available at https://www.brookings.edu/​wp-content/​uploads/​2022/​03/​Illicit-purchases-of-US-property.pdf .

64.   See U.S. Census Bureau, Rental Housing Finance Survey (2021), available at https://www.census.gov/​data-tools/​demo/​rhfs/​#/​?s_​year=​2018&​s_​type=​1&​s_​tableName=​TABLE2 .

65.   See U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, “Officers, Directors, and 10% Shareholders,” available at https://www.sec.gov/​education/​smallbusiness/​goingpublic/​officersanddirectors .

66.   See, e.g., U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Instructions to Item 2.01 on Form 8-K; see also 17 CFR 210.3-14 .

67.   See supra Section III.C.3.a for a description of the reporting cascade; see also proposed 31 CFR 1031.320(c)(1) .

68.   See Nam D. Pham, “The Economic Contributions of the Land Title Industry to the U.S. Economy,” ndp Consulting (Nov. 2012), p. 6, available at https://papers.ssrn.com/​sol3/​papers.cfm?​abstract_​id=​2921931 . This study was included as an appendix to a 2012 American Land Title Association comment letter submitted to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) on the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA).

69.  FinCEN notes that the capacity in which a reporting person facilitates a residential real property transfer may not always be in the capacity of their primary occupation. However, as analysis here relies on the U.S. Census Bureau's annual Statistics of U.S. Business Survey, which is organized by NAICS code, the following nominal primary occupations (NAICS codes) are used for grouping and counting purposes: Title Abstract and Settlement Offices (541191), Direct Title Insurance Carriers (524127), Other Activities Related to Real Estate (531390), Offices of Lawyers (541110), and Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers (531210). As noted in note 73, these NAICS codes are not the basis for hourly wage rate information used in this paragraph.

70.  The estimate of affected attorneys is calculated as ten percent of the total SUSB population of Offices of Lawyers. This estimate is based on the average from FinCEN analysis of U.S. legal bar association membership, performed primarily at the State level, identifying the proportion of (state) bar members that are members of the organization's (state's) real estate bar association. FinCEN considers this proxy more likely to overestimate than underestimate the number of potentially affected attorneys because, while not all members of a real estate bar association actively facilitate real estate transfers each year, it was considered less likely that an attorney would, in a given year, facilitate real estate transfers in a way that would make them a candidate reporting person for purposes of the proposed rule when such an attorney had not previously indicated an interest in real estate specific practice (by electing to join a real estate bar).

71.  NAICS Code 531210 (Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers).

72.  Fully loaded wages are scaled by a benefits factor. The ratio between benefits and wages for private industry workers is (hourly benefits (11.86))/(hourly wages (28.37)) = 0.42, as of December 2023. The benefit factor is 1 plus the benefit/wages ratio, or 1.42. See U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “ Employer Costs for Employee Compensation Historical Listing,” available at https://www.bls.gov/​web/​ecec/​ececqrtn.pdf . The private industry workers series data for December 2023 is available at https://www.bls.gov/​web/​ecec/​ececqrtn.pdf .

73.  Because available wage estimates are not available for each SUSB category at the 6-digit NAICS level, FinCEN has estimated average wages over the collection of occupational subcategories likely to be affected for each corresponding category at the next most granular NAICS-level available.

74.  Wage estimates presented here, and used throughout the subsequent analysis, reflect two forms of updating from the NPRM: (1) wage data has been updated to reflect the BLS publication of the May 2023 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates in April 2024, (2) responsive to public comments that the previous wage estimates (based on national mean wages) might contribute to an underestimate of time cost burdens, FinCEN is electing to conservatively adopt 90th-percentile values of occupational wages in place of mean hourly wage.

75.   See American Land Title Association, Home Closing 101, “Why 20% of Homeowners May Not Sleep Tonight,” (June 3, 2020),available at https://www.homeclosing101.org/​why-20-percent-of-homeowners-may-not-sleep-tonight/​ .

76.   See FinCEN, NPRM, “Anti-Money Laundering Regulations for Residential Real Estate Transfers,” 89 FR 12424 , 12446-12447 (Feb. 16, 2024).

77.  Based on the observation that the midpoint values of first year ($559.4 million), subsequent year ($532.2 million), and the midpoint of the midpoint values between first and subsequent years ($545.8 million) are all approximately $500 million. See also infra Section VI.B for a discussion of annualized cost.

78.  Based on a comment that the initial training should be 120 minutes (2 hours).

79.  Based on a comment that the initial training should be double what FinCEN estimated (150 minutes, or 2.5 hours).

80.  Based on a comment that training would take 60 minutes (1 hour) per transfer, where FinCEN applies the lowest wage rate to the lower bound estimate of total annual reportable transfers to obtain the lower bound and applies the highest wage rate to the upper bound estimate of total annual reportable transfers to obtain the upper bound.

81.  Technological implementation for a new reporting form contemplates expenses related to development, operations, and maintenance of system infrastructure, including design, deployment, and support, such as a help desk. It includes an anticipated processing cost of $0.10 per submitted Real Estate Report.

82.  FinCEN, “Congressional Budget Justification and Annual Performance Plan and Report FY 2024” (2023), available at https://home.treasury.gov/​system/​files/​266/​15.-FinCEN-FY-2024-CJ.pdf .

83.   E.O. 14094 sets the threshold that triggers regulatory impact analytical requirements at $200 million in expected annual burden.

84.   E.O. 13563 , 76 FR 3821 (Jan. 21, 2011), § 1(c) (“Where appropriate and permitted by law, each agency may consider (and discuss qualitatively) values that are difficult or impossible to quantify, including equity . . . and distributive impacts.”)

85.   See Office of Management and Budget, “Circular A-4—Subject: Regulatory Analysis,” (Sept. 17, 2003), available at https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/​omb/​circulars_​a004_​a-4/​ .

86.  The midpoint value of estimated first year costs is $559.4 million; see supra note 76.

87.  The midpoint value of estimated subsequent year costs is $532.2 million; see supra note 76.

88.   5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.

89.   See FinCEN, NPRM, “Anti-Money Laundering Regulations for Residential Real Estate Transfers,” 89 FR 12424 , 12458 (Feb. 16, 2024) (finding that “an upper bound of potentially affected small entities includes approximately 160,800 firms (by the following primary business classifications: approximately 6,300 Title and Settlement Agents, 800 Direct Title Insurance Carriers, 18,000 persons performing Other Activities Related to Real Estate, 15,700 Offices of Lawyers, and 120,000 Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers),” though “the point estimates differ non-trivially by how `small' is operationally defined, and do not do so unidirectionally across methodologies and data sources”).

90.   Id. at 12452.

91.   See U.S. Small Business Administration, “How to Comply with the Regulatory Flexibility Act,” p.44, n.144 (Aug. 2017), available at https://advocacy.sba.gov/​wp-content/​uploads/​2019/​07/​How-to-Comply-with-the-RFA-WEB.pdf (stating that “The Office of Advocacy believes that, given the emphasis in the law on public notice, the certification should also appear in the final rule even though there may have already been a certification in the proposed rule. Doing so will help demonstrate the continued validity of the certification after receipt of public comments”).

92.  When certifying at the NPRM stage, FinCEN discussed the basis on which its expectations were formed by considering the spectrum of potential burdens and costs a small business might incur as a result of the rule. This included considering the outcomes on businesses that would either incur no change in burden, a partial increase in burden, or the full increase in burden contemplated by the rule. In this analysis, FinCEN estimated that the incremental burden of complying with the rule would equate to an approximately 0%, 0.2%, or 0.5% increase in the average annual payroll expense of one employee, respectively, and was therefore unlikely to be significant.

93.   See supra note 91.

94.  While FinCEN has raised its estimate of the maximum anticipated cost per transaction (from $363.17 to $628.39 for reporting persons and from an aggregate of $103.43 to $116.84 for the maximally inclusive number of non-reporting persons per transfer), the number of transactions to which the burden would apply (and could thereby become a transfer a small business would be required to report should it not enter into a designation agreement) is reduced.

95.   See 2 U.S.C. 1532(a) .

96.  The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis reported the annual value of the gross domestic product (GDP) deflator in 1995 (the year in which UMRA was enacted) as 66.939; and in 2023 as 123.273. See U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Table 1.1.9. Implicit Price Deflators for Gross Domestic Product” (accessed June 5, 2024). Thus, the inflation adjusted estimate for $100 million is 123.273 divided by 66.939 and then multiplied by 100, or $184.157 million.

97.   See generally Section VI.A.

98.  This estimate represents the upper bound estimate of reportable transfers per year as described in greater detail above in Section VI.A.2.

99.  This estimate includes the upper bound estimates of the time burden of compliance, as described in greater detail above, with the reporting and recordkeeping requirements. See Section VI.A.4.ii and Section VI.A.4.iii.

100.  This estimate includes the upper bound estimates of the wage and technology costs of compliance, as described in greater detail above, with the reporting and recordkeeping requirements. See Section VI.A.4.ii and Section VI.A.4.iii.

101.   5 U.S.C. 804(2) et seq.

102.   5 U.S.C. 801(a)(3) .

[ FR Doc. 2024-19198 Filed 8-28-24; 8:45 am]

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