things fall apart tragedy essay

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Things Fall Apart as a Tragedy | Okonkwo as a Tragic Hero

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What is a tragedy.

Greeks were the ones that used to write tragedies; some of them survived and reached to us; many were translated in English language. We read them and learn a lot of new things from those tragedies. Things Fall Apart also seems a complete tragedy; however, in Greeks, Oedipus Rex was the most famous tragedy. It is also the most discussed tragedy in the history of English literature. In fact, it was a favourite of Aristotle. He mentions it in his book Poetics..

Aristotle is of the considered opinion that a tragedy is an imitation of an action. He further mentions in poetics that poetry is divided into two types; one of them is serious, hence, tragedy is always serious. It should be complete and has a certain magnitude. Further the tragedy causes catharsis of emotions and feelings of pity and fear. Needless to mention that he answered to the objections that Plato raised against the poets while saying that it is a pure lie. Aristotle calls tragedy one of the best methods of learning.

Ingredients of Tragedy

From the above said definition of tragedy, that Aristotle provided in his book Poetics, characteristics of a tragedy, apart from imitation of nature, are:

Mostly, we judge plays in view of the definition of a tragedy; however, subsequently when novels replaced dramas the critics started making judgements on the novels on the basis of the definition of tragedy provided by Aristotle. Thus, there is no difference between a drama and a novel so far as the primary purpose of a tragedy is concerned. A novel can also fulfil the requirements in the same way a play does.

Tragedy should be Serious:

It is worth mentioning here that serious does not mean to portray everything without comic elements. Dr. Faustus is a play that contains some comic elements, which we call comic relief yet it is the best tragedy followed by Aristotle’s tragedies.

A Certain Magnitude

In simple words, by magnitude Aristotle means the length. He is of the view that a tragedy should be long enough to make people realise the consequences. Primary purpose of the tragedy is the catharsis, hence, if a writer discusses things in detail then he achieves the primary purpose of a tragedy. Things Fall Apart has a certain magnitude, hence, it is a complete tragedy.

Catharsis of Emotions of Pity and Fear

Primary purpose of a tragedy is catharsis of emotions; hence, it is the main and the most important requirement of a tragedy. Aristotle sees tragedy as an effective way of teaching the people, hence, he mentions some of the important things to choose while portraying a tragic hero. He mentions so to fulfil the primary purpose of a tragedy.

Things Fall Apart and Tragedy of Okonkwo

A hero should not be wicked as there is no tragedy in seeing an evil person falling from prosperity to adversity because he deserves it. If he is too innocent, the readers will not be able to justify his tragic downfall and instead of arousing the feeling of piety and fear it will just shock the readers. Okonkwo entirely fits this condition. He is not too bad to be a tragic hero nor too good. Ultimately, he falls from prosperity to adversity. The writer of the novel puts this characteristic in him to completely make Things Fall Apart a complete tragedy.

Hamartia and Tragedy of Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart

It is necessary for catharsis; without it there is no catharsis; it also completes a tragedy. A hero must have hamartia, due to which he suffers. Hamartia is an error in the character. A mistake,which is committed in passion or because of a moral flaw.

It was his fear due to which he takes part in killing Ikemefuna. When he returns from exile, he finds missionaries at the climax. He tries to deal with them single handedly but fails to save his culture from destruction. After settling in life and earning respect, he becomes haughty and rash. Resultantly, he suffers with the penalty of his life. He suffers and causes the arousal of feelings of piety and fear. Catharsis is based on the tragedy of Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart.

Conclusion of Things Fall Apart as a Tragedy

In a nutshell, Okonkwo is a noble man, who has a good reputation and reverence in the vicinity. He is a person, who is known in nine nearby villages. Everyone respects him and admires his nobleness. Moreover, he is not a wicked man as we know that he has got this reputation by the dint of his hard work. We find him a person, who is at the peak and spending a flourishing life with his family. He is not the innocent one. He is not a pious man and has some errors. Okonkwo is a mixture of good and evil as required by Aristotle for catharsis of pity and fear.

We can admire Okonkwo for his best qualities, such as his hard working capacity, his vigilance and his bravery but at the same time we don’t like him as he is hasty, harsh and strict to his family, beats his wives and deals everything with heavy hands. In short, Things Fall Apart is a tragedy for Okonkwo and also for Umofian society.

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Things Fall Apart

Chinua achebe.

Ask LitCharts AI: The answer to your questions

Welcome to the LitCharts study guide on Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart . Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides.

Things Fall Apart: Introduction

Things fall apart: plot summary, things fall apart: detailed summary & analysis, things fall apart: themes, things fall apart: quotes, things fall apart: characters, things fall apart: symbols, things fall apart: theme wheel, brief biography of chinua achebe.

Historical Context of Things Fall Apart

Other books related to things fall apart.

• Full Title: Things Fall Apart
• When Written: 1957
• Where Written: Nigeria
• When Published: 1958
• Literary Period: Post-colonialism
• Genre: Novel / Tragedy
• Setting: Pre-colonial Nigeria, 1890s
• Climax: Okonkwo's murder of a court messenger
• Antagonist: Missionaries and White Government Officials (Reverend Smith and the District Commissioner)
• Point of View: Third person omniscient

Extra Credit for Things Fall Apart

Joseph Conrad: “A Bloody Racist”. Chinua Achebe delivered a lecture and critique on Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness , calling Conrad “a bloody racist” and provoking controversy among critics and readers. However, Achebe's criticism of Conrad has become a mainstream perspective on Conrad's work and was even included in the 1988 Norton critical edition of Heart of Darkness .

Achebe as Politician. Achebe expressed his political views often in writing, but he also involved himself actively in Nigerian politics when he became the People's Redemption Party's deputy national vice-president in the early 1980's. However, he soon resigned himself in frustration with the corruption he witnessed during the elections.

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Things Fall Apart

Introduction to things fall apart, summary of things fall apart, major themes in things fall apart,  major characters in things fall apart, writing style of things fall apart, analysis of literary devices in things fall apart, related posts:, post navigation.

Things Fall Apart

by Chinua Achebe

Discussion Topic

The causes of Okonkwo's downfall in "Things Fall Apart."

The causes of Okonkwo's downfall in "Things Fall Apart" include his inflexible adherence to traditional values, fear of appearing weak, and inability to adapt to changing social and cultural dynamics. His impulsive actions, driven by pride and a need to assert his masculinity, ultimately lead to his alienation and tragic end.

characters: Okonkwo

themes: Colonialism

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Who are the experts? Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team.

Educator since 2012

I have been teaching English and remedial reading for 11 years.

Who is responsible for Okonkwo's downfall in "Things Fall Apart"?

Okonkwo , as much as he may be deemed a villian, was indeed a victim of colonization. Achebe's primary purpose, in my opinion, in writing Things Fall Apart was to highlight the evils of colonization.

Okonkwo was a leader of his people. Whether or not those who colonized his village believed he was morally right or wrong makes no difference -- the fact remains that the Igbo culture was debased and annhilated. Without the colonization of his village, Okonkwo would not have "fallen." He was a truly steadfast and stubborn man, but some would perhaps say he was the strongest for not giving in so easily to the newcomers.

Cite this page as follows:

Palmer, Rochella. "The causes of Okonkwo's downfall in "Things Fall Apart."" edited by eNotes Editorial, 4 Apr. 2011, https://www.enotes.com/topics/things-fall-apart/questions/the-causes-of-okonkwo-s-downfall-in-things-fall-3117499.

Educator since 2015

10,622 answers

I am currently an adjunct professor at Community College of Beaver County, which is located just outside of Pittsburgh, where I teach introductory early childhood education classes several evenings a week.

Is Okonkwo responsible for his own downfall?

One could argue that Okonkwo's intolerance, masculinity, and inability to adapt to the changing nature of his tribe with the arrival of the Christian missionaries results in his downfall. Okonkwo's fear of becoming a lazy, titleless man like his father influences his personality and outlook on life. Okonkwo develops into an aggressive man who is stubborn and afraid to show affection. Okonkwo ends up destroying his family and ruins his chances of becoming a revered member of his tribe because of his intolerance and explosive anger.

First, Okonkwo kills Ikemefuna despite the village priest's warning for him to not participate in the boy's death, which ruins his relationship with Nwoye . Okonkwo then destroys his chances of becoming a revered elder in his tribe by accidentally killing an unarmed boy. Okonkwo is banished for seven years as punishment for killing the unarmed boy. When Okonkwo returns to his tribe after seven years, he cannot adapt to how Umuofia has changed, and he despises the Christian missionaries. After being arrested and beaten by the Europeans as punishment for burning down a church, Okonkwo calls for his clan to fight the white missionaries. When European messengers arrive to break up the assembly, Okonkwo ends up killing a messenger in a fit of rage. Rather than suffer the consequences of his actions, Okonkwo commits suicide by hanging himself. Overall, Okonkwo's inability to control his anger and adapt to the changing nature of his tribe contribute to his downfall.

Southern, Curt. "The causes of Okonkwo's downfall in "Things Fall Apart."" edited by eNotes Editorial, 25 Mar. 2018, https://www.enotes.com/topics/things-fall-apart/questions/the-causes-of-okonkwo-s-downfall-in-things-fall-3117499.

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I currently teach middle school history and have taught at various K–12 levels over the last 13 years.

Naturally, the previous thoughts were accurate.  For me, I place focus on how Okonkwo perceives life when he returns to the village.  I would say that when Okonkwo comes back to the village to find life has changed, the conditions that caused this change has to have some level of responsibility for causing him to react and interpret the world the way he does.  Certainly, his downfall is due in part to the changing world and values of the Ibo and the presence of Colonial society interfering in the traditional setting in which Okonkwo asserted belief.   We can blame Okonkwo for not being able to fully able to react properly or understand the nature of the change around him.  Yet, one has to feel a certain amount of empathy for him in not be able to process the imposition of Christianity, the presence of Western values that undermined the traditional Ibo ways, as well as the idea that the bonds of collectivity and solidarity that once used to rule the village have been supplanted with individualism and materialism.  Certainly, he should have understood these forces in a more constructive manner.  Yet, upon his return to the village, the stunning level of change was one that impacted him greatly and for this, I am not certain that I am able to assign to him all the blame for his downfall.

Kannan, Ashley. "The causes of Okonkwo's downfall in "Things Fall Apart."" edited by eNotes Editorial, 31 Aug. 2010, https://www.enotes.com/topics/things-fall-apart/questions/the-causes-of-okonkwo-s-downfall-in-things-fall-3117499.

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A case can be argued for a "yes" or a "no" answer for this question, I believe.

The choices Okonkwo makes are largely responsible for his downfall. He is determined not to be like his father, who was considered weak, so this is a huge motivating factor in everything he does. He mistreats his children and his wives, and he kills Ikemefuna even though he has been warned by the tribal elders not to have anything to do with this killing. He does not want to appear weak, so he kills a boy he has come to love like a son. He beats his wife and accidentally shoots the son of a tribal elder, so he is banished for 7 years. While he is banished, he continues to make poor choices, and when he returns to his native village after his banishment, he is the cause for his son converting to Christianity and finally, he decapitates a court messenger and commits suicide. All of these are bad choices. The final choice of commiting suicide makes him unclean and alienates him from his tribe forever because suicide angers the earth goddess.

For the opposite point of view, one could argue that the forces against Okonkwo are overwhelming and they are the cause for his life "falling apart." Okonkwo fails to adapt to change, stubbornly adhering to old ways that do not seem to work anymore and because of this, he is in constant conflict with people, his family, his gods, the colonizers.

What do you think?

Hunt, Lynne. "The causes of Okonkwo's downfall in "Things Fall Apart."" edited by eNotes Editorial, 31 Aug. 2010, https://www.enotes.com/topics/things-fall-apart/questions/the-causes-of-okonkwo-s-downfall-in-things-fall-3117499.

Although Okonkwo is a successful, proud leader of Umuofia, he is afraid of being viewed as weak or becoming like his effeminate father, Unoka . Okonkwo's hypermasculinity and fear of being viewed as weak influence his aggressive demeanor, which leads to several costly decisions, resulting in his downfall. Initially, Okonkwo disrupts the Week of Peace by severely beating his wife, which offends the earth goddess. Okonkwo then disobeys the Oracle by taking part in Ikemefuna's death. Okonkwo was Ikemefuna's surrogate father, and the boy became an integral part of their family. Tragically, the Oracle declares that Ikemefuna must be sacrificed, and Okonkwo is instructed to not play a role in his death. Since Okonkwo fears being viewed as weak, he disobeys the Oracle by killing Ikemefuna.

Following Ikemefuna's death, Nwoye becomes distant from his father, and Okonkwo remains callous and insensitive. Okonkwo then accidentally kills Ezeudu's son when his gun goes off during a funeral and is exiled for seven years. Once Okonkwo returns to Umuofia, he cannot adjust to the rapidly changing culture. With the introduction of Christianity and the presence of white missionaries, Umuofia has dramatically transformed. Okonkwo believes that his clan is losing its traditional way of life and cannot control his anger. Okonkwo reacts with violence by decapitating a white messenger and commits suicide before he can be arrested by agents of the colonial government. Overall, Okonkwo's inflexible, aggressive nature influences his violent decisions, which prove to be costly and lead to his demise.

Southern, Curt. "The causes of Okonkwo's downfall in "Things Fall Apart."" edited by eNotes Editorial, 10 Nov. 2019, https://www.enotes.com/topics/things-fall-apart/questions/the-causes-of-okonkwo-s-downfall-in-things-fall-3117499.

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Writer and educator with an MA in the study of English Literature.

Did Okonkwo's pride and fears significantly contribute to his downfall?

While Okonkwo does end up taking his own life, the question of his personal responsibility for this particular fate is a complex and interesting one.

Achebe’s protagonist certainly possesses some character flaws that lead to a variety of setbacks and punishments and drive his son away, but to answer the question of Okonkwo’s responsibility for his downfall, we have to look at the specific nature of that downfall.

To inform an answer to this question, we might pause to consider what may have happened to Okonkwo if the British had never come to Umuofia and the Igbo region. His chances of losing Nwoye seem vastly increased when the Christians come offering an alternative life for the boy. And Okonkwo's ultimate act of murder seems to be almost entirely generated by the circumstances created by the British arrival (as missionaries and as government/municipal agents, too).

If we can find some reason to think that Okonkwo’s fate would have been different if the British never came, then we need to qualify any responsibility we place on Okonkwo individually for his downfall. In other words, if Okonkwo’s downfall is partially the result of a British occupation, Okonkwo’s downfall is not solely of his own making.

Again, Okonkwo has flaws. He is incapable of showing any emotion but fear. Internally he is deeply afraid of showing weakness lest he appear to be weak like his father, Unoka. Okonkwo is also quick to anger. All of these traits eventuate into transgressions as Okonkwo kills Ikemefuna (when he does not need to), breaks the peace of the Week of Peace, and drives his son Nwoye away from the family.

In this last example we have perhaps the best rationale for arguing that Okonkwo is responsible for his downfall, because the loss of Nwoye is part of the general loss of cultural integrity that Okonkwo (violently) resists and that essentially defines his doom.

Were Okonkwo a different man, he could have nurtured Nwoye at least enough to keep him in the family. But, having driven his son away, protagonist Okonkwo speeds on the dissolution of his community. It is this very dissolution that he wants to fight against.

Okonkwo nearly recognizes this notion after his last encounter with Nwoye, gazing into the fire and brooding on what has come to pass.

“Suppose when he died all his male children decided to follow Nwoye’s steps and abandon their ancestors? Okonkwo felt a cold shudder run through him at the terrible prospect, like the prospect of annihilation.”

The beginnings of this annihilation can be attributed in no small part to Okonkwo's emotional limitations and his insistence on shaping Nwoye into a certain kind of man.

Nwoye is driven away, in large part, because Okonkwo’s “whole life was dominated by fear, the fear of failure and weakness,” and so he could not be kind or gentle or forgiving with a son who needed exactly these things.

Yet, without the significant presence of the British and the alternative life they offered to Okonkwo’s son, there seems good reason to presume that Okonkwo’s fate could have been different.

His fear and his pride do certainly contribute to the breaking apart of his family unit. His unyielding nature causes him to contribute to the dissolution of his community identity and community integrity in this way.

In the end, though, we also have to wonder if his pride and fear were entirely unfounded and absolutely negative and therefore should be seen only as weaknesses in his character. They are weaknesses, in some contexts and instances, but they are strengths in others. If the British effectively created a context where these traits became weaknesses, should we blame Okonkwo solely for his downfall?

Bergman, Bruce. "The causes of Okonkwo's downfall in "Things Fall Apart."" edited by eNotes Editorial, 21 Mar. 2016, https://www.enotes.com/topics/things-fall-apart/questions/the-causes-of-okonkwo-s-downfall-in-things-fall-3117499.

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I'm named after the son of a plumber, "The American Dream" Dusty Rhodes.

I presume that you are talking about Okonkwo, the protagonist of Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart , and how his own fears and his immense pride contribute to his eventual downfall. Okonkwo's issues stem largely from his pride and his inability to be flexible in the face of the great changes that sweep over his village due to the pervasive influence of colonial forces. Okonkwo lives by and exemplifies exaggerated traditional tribal values that become antiquated in a postcolonial Nigeria. He desires to be a strong, dominant warrior, and he fears being perceived as weak and feminine. He values masculinity to the point in which it becomes detrimental for his life and well being. He is incapable of changing; Okonkwo is too proud to adapt to his changing environment, and this eventually leads to his downfall.  

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Brice, Dusty. "The causes of Okonkwo's downfall in "Things Fall Apart."" edited by eNotes Editorial, 30 Jan. 2016, https://www.enotes.com/topics/things-fall-apart/questions/the-causes-of-okonkwo-s-downfall-in-things-fall-3117499.

Popular Questions

Last updated on February 29, 2024, 10:49 am (UTC)

What is the significance of the proverb in Things Fall Apart: "The sun will shine on those who stand before it shines on those who kneel under them"?

Last updated on February 4, 2024, 10:44 am (UTC)

What are the exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution in Things Fall Apart?

Last updated on February 29, 2024, 10:43 am (UTC)

What does the phrase "those whose palm-kernels were cracked by a benevolent spirit should not forget to be humble" mean in Things Fall Apart?

Last updated on December 10, 2023, 3:37 am (UTC)

In Things Fall Apart, why does Okonkwo commit suicide and what is the final message?

Last updated on December 10, 2023, 12:16 am (UTC)

What is the moral lesson of Things Fall Apart?

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Things Fall Apart

Why things fall apart anonymous.

“The white man is very clever…He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart.”

Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart is a prime example of African literature that demonstrates the clash between cultures and peoples that occurred across the African continent as a consequence of European colonialism. The novel is set in the 1890’s in the lower region of Nigeria and creatively paints a picture of the complex social institutions and traditions of Ibo culture prior to its contact with Europeans. The consequences of this contact are quickly revealed as Achebe artistically introduces the reader to the changes that have taken place on various levels among the Ibo people indigenous to the region. The author’s choice of the title “Things Fall Apart” was not simply a creative decision but a message on the book’s cover alluding to the changes that take place in the novel—a culture and people quite literally fall apart because of their contact with white European missionaries and colonialists during the late nineteenth century.

The way in which Achebe has constructed his novel demonstrates the motivation behind his work and his desire to create an accurate representation of one of many indigenous ethnic...

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Things Fall Apart Literature Essay Grade 11 – Questions and Answers

Things Fall Apart Literature Essay Grade 11 – Questions and Answers:

Things Fall Apart Essay Questions and Notes for Grade 11:

Watch: Things Fall Apart | Essay Topic Breakdown

Things Fall Apart Book Summary

Things Fall Apart is set in a fictional group of Igbo villages called Umuofia, around the beginning of the twentieth century. The first half of the novel is dedicated to an almost anthropological depiction of Igbo village life and culture through following the life of the protagonist Okonkwo. Okonkwo is the greatest wrestler and warrior alive in the nine villages and beyond. He has dedicated his life to achieving status and proving his strength to avoid becoming like his father Unoka – a lazy, improvident, but gentle man. Weakness is Okonkwo’s greatest fear. After men in another village kill a woman from Umuofia, a boy named Ikemefuna is given to Umuofia as compensation and lives in Okonkwo’s compound until the Gods decide his fate. Ikemefuna quickly becomes part of Okonkwo’s family; he is like a brother to Okonkwo’s son Nwoye and is secretly loved by Okonkwo as well. Over the next three years, the novel follows Okonkwo’s family through harvest seasons, religious festivals, cultural rituals, and domestic disputes. Okonkwo is shown to be more aggressive than other Igbo men and is continually criticized and rebuked by the village for his violence and temper. When the Oracle of the Hills and Caves decides that Ikemefuna must be killed, Okonkwo is warned by a respected elder to have no hand in the boy’s death because Ikemefuna calls him ‘father’. However, afraid of being thought weak, when Ikemefuna runs to Okonkwo in hope of protection, Okonkwo delivers the fatal blow. Ikemefuna’s brutal death deeply distresses Nwoye who becomes afraid of his father.

At the end of Part One, Okonkwo accidentally kills a clansman at a funeral after his faulty gun explodes and is exiled to his motherland, Mbanta. During his exile, British missionaries arrive in Mbanta and establish a church. Nwoye, disillusioned with his own culture and Gods after Ikemefuna’s death, is attracted to Christianity and is an early convert. This is a heartbreaking disappointment to Okonkwo. When Okonkwo and his family return from exile after seven years they find that the missionaries and colonial governors have established Umuofia as the center of their new colonial government. Clashes of culture and morality occur, and as the British make the Igbo more dependent on them through introducing trade and formal education, the Igbo way of life is continually undermined. When a Christian convert unmasks an  egwugwu  during a tribal ritual, a sin amounting to the death of an ancestral spirit, the  egwugwu  burn down the village church. The men who destroyed the church are arrested and humiliated by the District Commissioner, and Okonkwo beheads a court messenger at a village council in rebellion. When none of his clansmen rise with him against the British, Okonkwo realizes his culture and way of life is lost and commits suicide in despair. Suicide is a crime against the Earth Goddess,  Ani , so Okonkwo is left to rot above ground in the Evil Forest, like his father Unoka – a shameful fate he spent his life desperate to avoid. The final paragraph, written from the perspective of the District Commissioner, reduces Okonkwo’s life to a single sentence about his death in his planned book  The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of The Lower Niger . Achebe has filled an entire novel with evidence of the complexity and sophistication of Okonkwo’s individual and social life and the District Commissioner’s casual dismissal and belittling of him causes us to flinch with horror and dismay. This is a metaphor for the reduction of Igbo culture in the eyes of its colonizers. 

The title gives away the plot of the novel and anticipates the collapse of Okonkwo and his society.  Things Fall Apart  is about the connection between the tragic downfall of Okonkwo, who fate and temperamental weakness combine to destroy, and the destruction of his culture and society as the Igbo way of life is assailed by forces they do not understand and are unprepared to face. 

Things Fall Apart Character Analysis

Okonkwo is a man who values masculinity, strength, and respect above all else. He is seen as a leader within his clan and his family, which includes three wives and a number of children. A man of action, Okonkwo overcomes his poor background and achieves great success. Unoka, Okonkwo’s father, was lazy and a poor provider, and Okonkwo is driven to be everything his father was not. Okonkwo’s rigidity causes great harm, first within his family—the killing of Ikemefuna and the rift with Nwoye—and then within society. Okonkwo is unable to adapt when the white man/missionaries come to his village. He commits suicide rather than adhere to the rules of the changed society.

Unoka is viewed by Okonkwo and the clan as lazy, although he was also a gifted musician and a gentle man. Rather than working, Unoka preferred to play his flute and drink wine. He was seen as a coward because he was afraid of war. He had poor harvests because he was unwilling to put in the effort to care for the land. When Unoka died, he was in debt to all of his neighbors.Okonkwo cannot see his father’s good qualities and hates him. He lives his life with the intention of avoiding anything his father enjoyed.

Ikemefuna comes to the clan as a form of payment for a murder that one of his tribesmen committed. The elders place Ikemefuna with Okonkwo, who puts his first wife in charge of the boy. Ikemefuna misses his family but comes to feel at home in Umuofia. He becomes popular within the family, particularly with Okonkwo’s oldest son, Nwoye. Okonkwo is also fond of Ikemefuna, though he does not reveal his feelings and eventually participates in Ikemefuna’s murder.

Nwoye seems to have adopted some of Unoka’s traits, which upsets Okonkwo. Okonkwo worries that Nwoye will grow up behaving as his grandfather behaved. Because of his concern, Okonkwo is even harder on Nwoye and beats him regularly. Nwoye begins to change under the influence of Ikemefuna. When Ikemefuna is killed, Nwoye retreats into himself and is cut off from his father. With the arrival of the missionaries, Nwoye revives. He breaks away from his father and becomes a Christian convert.

Ekwefi is Okonkwo’s second wife. Ekwefi was attracted to Okonkwo when she saw him defeat Amalinze the Cat in wrestling. She could not marry him because he was too poor. After he achieves success, she leaves her husband and goes to Okonkwo, who takes her in with no questions. She is particularly close with her only child, Ezinma. After losing nine children, Ekwefi was a broken woman. When Ezinma lived beyond infancy, Ekwefi rejoiced. She treats her daughter more like an equal than a child. The loss of children has also created a connection to Okonkwo, who accepts behaviors from her that he does not from his other wives. He shows her more care and concern.

Ezinma is the only child of Okonkwo’s second wife, Ekwefi. She is particularly close to her mother. Okonkwo also favors Ezinma. He feels a connection to her and appreciates her boldness. Her behaviors and attitude make Okonkwo wish she were a boy. Ezinma feels a similar fondness for her father.

Obierika is the closest thing Okonkwo has to a confidant. Like Okonkwo, he has achieved status within the clan. He has multiple wives and children. He marries off one daughter, and his son is a wrestling champion. When Okonkwo is forced to leave Umuofia, Obierika cares for his land and property.Unlike Okonkwo, Obierika is more nuanced in his thinking and is able to express himself. He rebukes Okonkwo for participating in the murder of Ikemefuna, tells him to have patience with his children, and cautions him about the power of the missionaries. When Okonkwo dies, Obierika speaks up on his behalf and calls him a great man.

Questions and Answers

Essay questions:, 1. question: how does chinua achebe use the character of okonkwo to explore the theme of masculinity in “things fall apart”.

Answer: Achebe uses Okonkwo as the embodiment of traditional Igbo masculinity taken to its extreme, which is central to the novel’s exploration of this theme. Okonkwo’s understanding of masculinity is deeply influenced by his desire to be the opposite of his father, Unoka, who he perceives as weak and effeminate. Okonkwo equates masculinity with strength, aggression, and an absence of emotion . For example, his decision to participate in the killing of Ikemefuna, despite being advised against it, stems from his fear of appearing weak in the eyes of others. His rigid adherence to these qualities defines his relationships with his family and his community.

Achebe portrays Okonkwo’s obsession with masculinity as both a personal and cultural force. On a personal level, it drives Okonkwo to significant achievements, such as becoming a respected warrior and wealthy farmer, but it also causes him immense internal conflict. He suppresses any sign of emotion or vulnerability, which he associates with weakness and femininity. This suppression leads to his violent temper and harsh treatment of his wives and children. For instance, his relationship with his son Nwoye is strained because Okonkwo sees in Nwoye the same qualities of gentleness and sensitivity that he despises in his father. Okonkwo’s fear of weakness makes him overly harsh and uncompromising, pushing Nwoye further away.

In a broader cultural context, Okonkwo’s interpretation of masculinity reflects the traditional patriarchal values of Igbo society , where men are expected to be strong providers and protectors. However, Achebe also critiques this rigid masculinity by showing its destructive consequences. Okonkwo’s inability to adapt to changing circumstances, such as the arrival of the missionaries, is partly due to his rigid adherence to these traditional notions of masculinity. His downfall is a direct result of his refusal to embrace any form of change or compromise, leading to his isolation and ultimate tragedy. Through Okonkwo’s story, Achebe explores how an unyielding attachment to traditional masculinity can lead to personal and cultural destruction.

2. Question: In “Things Fall Apart,” how does the introduction of Christianity affect the Igbo community?

Answer: The introduction of Christianity in “Things Fall Apart” acts as a catalyst for profound changes within the Igbo community, leading to both division and transformation. When the missionaries first arrive, they are seen as strange and insignificant, preaching a religion that seems incompatible with the deeply rooted beliefs of the Igbo people. However, as they begin to attract converts, especially those marginalized or dissatisfied with the traditional ways, the presence of Christianity starts to erode the fabric of Igbo society. Nwoye, for example, is drawn to Christianity because it offers him a sense of peace and an escape from the rigid expectations of his father, Okonkwo, and the harsh realities of his culture. His conversion represents a broader shift as more people begin to question and abandon their traditional beliefs.

As Christianity gains a foothold, it challenges the existing social and religious order of the Igbo. The missionaries, with their different worldview, begin to undermine the authority of the tribal elders and the customs that have long governed the community. For instance, the missionaries’ rejection of traditional practices such as the worship of ancestral spirits and the egwugwu ceremonies directly threatens the social cohesion of the Igbo people. The new religion creates a divide not only between the converts and the traditionalists but also within families, as seen with Okonkwo and Nwoye. This division weakens the unity of the community, making it more vulnerable to external influences and control.

Ultimately, the spread of Christianity serves as a precursor to the colonial conquest of the Igbo. The religious conversion of many Igbo people makes them more receptive to the changes brought by the British colonial administration, including new laws, economic systems, and education. The introduction of Christianity is not just a religious shift but a cultural invasion that gradually dismantles the traditional Igbo way of life. By the time Okonkwo returns from exile, he finds that the Umuofia he once knew has changed irreversibly. The Igbo community’s dependence on the new colonial structures, introduced under the guise of religion and trade, leads to the loss of their cultural identity and autonomy. Achebe uses the introduction of Christianity to illustrate the complexities of cultural change and the devastating impact of colonialism on indigenous societies.

3. Question: Discuss the role of fate in Okonkwo’s downfall in “Things Fall Apart.”

Answer: The concept of fate is intricately woven into the narrative of “Things Fall Apart,” particularly in the life of the protagonist, Okonkwo. From the beginning, Okonkwo is portrayed as a man determined to overcome the perceived failures of his father, Unoka. He believes that his destiny is entirely within his control and that through hard work and adherence to traditional values, he can secure a successful future. However, despite his efforts, Okonkwo is repeatedly confronted by events that are beyond his control, suggesting that fate plays a significant role in his eventual downfall. His life is marked by a series of unfortunate incidents that seem to be predestined, such as the accidental killing of a clansman during a funeral, which leads to his exile.

Okonkwo’s exile to Mbanta is a turning point that highlights the limitations of human control over fate. Despite his achievements and efforts to adhere to the values of his society, he is forced into exile for a crime that was unintentional, emphasizing the power of fate over human actions. This period of exile not only separates him from his ambitions in Umuofia but also coincides with significant changes in Igbo society brought by the arrival of the missionaries. During his exile, Okonkwo becomes increasingly isolated, and the world he knew begins to change in ways he cannot influence. The arrival of the British colonialists and the spread of Christianity further diminish his power, illustrating how fate, combined with external forces, can alter the course of a person’s life.

Ultimately, Okonkwo’s tragic end is a culmination of both his own choices and the inescapable fate that he tries so desperately to resist. His suicide, which is considered an abomination in Igbo culture, represents his final act of defiance against a world that he can no longer control or understand. Okonkwo’s life, which he believed was directed by his own will, ends in a manner that mirrors the fate of his father, whom he sought to avoid emulating. In the end, Okonkwo’s downfall is not just the result of his temperamental flaws but also the workings of fate, which, despite his efforts, brings him to the very fate he feared. Achebe uses Okonkwo’s story to explore the tension between human agency and fate, suggesting that while individuals may strive to shape their destinies, there are larger forces at play that ultimately determine their outcomes.

4. Question: How does Chinua Achebe depict the clash between traditional Igbo culture and colonialism in “Things Fall Apart”?

Answer: In “Things Fall Apart,” Achebe masterfully portrays the clash between traditional Igbo culture and the forces of colonialism as a tragic and inevitable conflict. The novel is set during a period of profound change in Nigeria, as European missionaries and colonial administrators begin to impose their values, religion, and governance on the indigenous population. Achebe depicts the Igbo society as one with rich traditions, complex social structures, and deep spiritual beliefs. However, these aspects of Igbo life are gradually eroded by the arrival of the British, whose influence introduces new ideologies and disrupts the harmony of the community. This cultural clash is evident in various aspects of Igbo life, including religion, governance, and social norms.

One of the most significant areas of conflict is religion. The introduction of Christianity presents a direct challenge to the Igbo religious practices, which are deeply intertwined with their social and cultural identity. The missionaries, led by characters such as Mr. Brown and Reverend Smith, actively seek to convert the Igbo people, often by condemning their traditional beliefs as pagan and inferior. This not only creates a rift between the converts and those who adhere to the traditional ways but also undermines the authority of the village elders and the spiritual leaders, such as the egwugwu. The destruction of the village church by the egwugwu, followed by the arrest and humiliation of the village leaders by the District Commissioner, symbolizes the violent clash between the two cultures and the inevitable decline of traditional Igbo society.

The clash between Igbo culture and colonialism also extends to the political and social structures of the community. The British colonial government imposes new laws and administrative systems that are alien to the Igbo way of life. The Igbo, who have traditionally governed themselves through a system of councils and kinship ties, are suddenly subjected to the authority of the colonial administration, which does not respect or understand their customs. This is evident in the way the District Commissioner handles disputes and punishes dissent, often disregarding the Igbo methods of conflict resolution. The colonialists’ introduction of a cash economy and trade further disrupts the traditional communal way of life, leading to the fragmentation of the society as individuals become more concerned with personal gain than with communal well-being. Achebe’s depiction of the clash between these two cultures highlights the destructive impact of colonialism on indigenous societies and underscores the deep sense of loss experienced by those whose way of life is irrevocably altered.

5. Question: Analyze the significance of the title “Things Fall Apart” in the context of the novel.

Answer: The title “Things Fall Apart” is profoundly significant in the context of the novel, as it encapsulates the central theme of disintegration—both on a personal level for the protagonist, Okonkwo, and on a broader scale for Igbo society. From the outset, the title foreshadows the collapse of the traditional structures and values that have long governed the lives of the Igbo people. This sense of impending doom is intricately tied to the arrival of European colonialists and the introduction of Christianity, which begin to unravel the social, religious, and political fabric of the community. The title suggests that the changes brought by these external forces are not just disruptive but catastrophic, leading to a complete breakdown of the way of life that has sustained the Igbo for generations.

On a personal level, the title reflects the tragic downfall of Okonkwo , whose life becomes a microcosm of the larger collapse of Igbo society. Okonkwo is a man who has built his life on the principles of strength, hard work, and adherence to tradition. However, as the novel progresses, it becomes clear that the very foundations of his life are crumbling. His rigid adherence to traditional values becomes a source of conflict in a world that is rapidly changing, and his inability to adapt leads to his alienation and eventual suicide. The phrase “things fall apart” aptly describes the unraveling of Okonkwo’s life as he loses his status, his family’s respect, and finally, his will to live. His demise is symbolic of the broader disintegration of the Igbo culture under the pressures of colonialism and the loss of autonomy.

On a broader cultural level, the title also speaks to the inevitable disintegration of the Igbo society in the face of colonial encroachment. The arrival of the British and the spread of Christianity introduce new values and systems that conflict with the established order, leading to the fragmentation of the community. The traditional ways of governance, religious practices, and social cohesion are gradually eroded as the Igbo people become increasingly divided and powerless against the colonial administration. The final chapters of the novel, where the District Commissioner reduces Okonkwo’s life to a mere footnote in his book, underscore the complete disregard for the complexity and richness of Igbo culture. The title “Things Fall Apart” thus captures the essence of the novel’s exploration of cultural disintegration and the profound sense of loss that accompanies it. Achebe uses the title to highlight the tragic consequences of colonialism and the inevitable collapse of societies that are unable to withstand the forces of change.

6. Question: What is the role of women in Igbo society as portrayed in “Things Fall Apart”?

Answer: In “Things Fall Apart,” Achebe presents a nuanced portrayal of the role of women in Igbo society, highlighting both their subordinate status and their essential contributions to the community. Women in Igbo culture are often depicted as occupying roles that are secondary to men, with their primary responsibilities centered around domestic duties, child-rearing, and supporting their husbands. This is evident in the way Okonkwo treats his wives, whom he considers his property, and in his preference for male children, whom he views as the carriers of his legacy. However, Achebe also reveals the crucial and multifaceted roles that women play in Igbo society, roles that extend beyond the domestic sphere.

Despite their secondary status, women are integral to the spiritual and cultural life of the Igbo community. The reverence for female deities, such as the earth goddess Ani, underscores the recognition of feminine power within the spiritual realm. Ani, as the goddess of fertility and morality, holds significant influence over the community’s agricultural practices and the well-being of the people. Moreover, women like Chielo, the priestess of Agbala, wield considerable spiritual authority, as seen when she takes Ezinma, Okonkwo’s daughter, to the shrine of Agbala without any male interference. This spiritual role contrasts sharply with the limited power women hold in the social and political spheres, suggesting a duality in the way femininity is perceived in Igbo culture—respected in the spiritual domain but constrained in everyday life.

Furthermore, Achebe uses the experiences of female characters to highlight the social dynamics and gender relations within Igbo society. The women in the novel, particularly Okonkwo’s wives, are depicted as resilient and resourceful, managing their households and ensuring the survival of their families under often challenging circumstances. The practice of polygamy, while demonstrating the subordinate position of women, also reveals the complexities of female relationships and the ways in which women navigate their roles within the family structure. For instance, the bond between Ekwefi and her daughter Ezinma showcases the deep emotional connections that exist despite the patriarchal constraints. Through these depictions, Achebe illustrates that while women may be marginalized in certain aspects of Igbo society, they are also vital to its functioning and continuity. The portrayal of women in “Things Fall Apart” thus reflects the complexities of gender roles in traditional societies, where women’s contributions are both indispensable and underappreciated.

7. Question: How does the relationship between Okonkwo and his son Nwoye evolve throughout “Things Fall Apart”?

Answer: The relationship between Okonkwo and his son Nwoye is one of the most complex and strained relationships in “Things Fall Apart,” reflecting the broader themes of generational conflict and the clash between tradition and change. From the outset, Okonkwo is deeply disappointed in Nwoye, whom he perceives as weak and lacking in the masculine qualities that he values most. Okonkwo’s harsh treatment of Nwoye is driven by his fear that his son will turn out to be like his father, Unoka, whom he despises for his laziness and lack of ambition. This fear leads Okonkwo to push Nwoye to conform to traditional expectations of masculinity, often through physical punishment and emotional distance. Nwoye, in turn, grows increasingly alienated from his father, struggling to reconcile his own feelings with the rigid expectations imposed on him.

The pivotal moment in their relationship occurs with the death of Ikemefuna , who has become like an older brother to Nwoye. Okonkwo’s decision to participate in Ikemefuna’s killing, despite the boy calling him “father,” marks a turning point for Nwoye. The trauma of losing someone he had grown to love and the realization that his father was involved in the murder shatters Nwoye’s faith in the traditional Igbo values that Okonkwo represents. Nwoye’s reaction to Ikemefuna’s death is one of silent rebellion ; he becomes more introspective and begins to distance himself emotionally from his father and the culture that condones such acts of violence. This event sows the seeds of Nwoye’s eventual conversion to Christianity, as he seeks solace in a belief system that offers him a sense of peace and understanding that he does not find in his own culture.

By the end of the novel, the relationship between Okonkwo and Nwoye is irreparably broken. Nwoye’s conversion to Christianity is a profound rejection of his father’s values and the traditional Igbo way of life. For Okonkwo, Nwoye’s conversion is the ultimate betrayal, symbolizing not only the loss of his son but also the disintegration of the cultural and familial bonds that he holds dear. This generational conflict underscores the broader theme of cultural change and the challenges that arise when traditional values are confronted by new ideologies. Nwoye’s rejection of his father’s world and Okonkwo’s inability to accept his son’s choices reflect the tensions between the old and the new, tradition and modernity, that are central to the novel. Achebe uses this strained relationship to explore the complexities of identity, loyalty, and the inevitable changes that occur as societies evolve.

8. Question: Discuss the role of the egwugwu in Igbo society and their significance in “Things Fall Apart.”

Answer: The egwugwu in “Things Fall Apart” represent a fundamental aspect of Igbo society, serving as both spiritual and judicial authorities within the community. The egwugwu are masked ancestral spirits, personified by the village elders, who preside over disputes and ensure that justice is administered according to traditional laws. Their presence in the novel highlights the deeply spiritual and ritualistic nature of Igbo culture, where the living maintain a strong connection with the spirits of their ancestors. The egwugwu ceremonies are not only a means of resolving conflicts but also a way of reinforcing the social and moral codes that govern Igbo life. Through these rituals, the community’s respect for tradition and the continuity of cultural practices are upheld.

The significance of the egwugwu extends beyond their role as judges; they symbolize the collective identity and cohesion of the Igbo people. The egwugwu embody the authority of the ancestors, representing the continuity of the community’s values and beliefs across generations. Their judgments are considered final and binding, reflecting the community’s adherence to traditional justice. The destruction of the egwugwu mask by a Christian convert is a pivotal moment in the novel, symbolizing the profound cultural conflict between the Igbo and the colonial forces. This act of desecration is not only an attack on a religious symbol but also an assault on the very foundations of Igbo society. The unmasking of the egwugwu signifies the irreparable damage inflicted on the cultural and spiritual integrity of the community by the encroaching colonial influence.

Furthermore, the clash between the egwugwu and the colonial authorities illustrates the broader theme of cultural disintegration in “Things Fall Apart.” The egwugwu, who once held unquestioned authority, are rendered powerless in the face of the colonial administration’s laws and the growing influence of Christianity. The burning of the church by the egwugwu is an act of resistance, but it ultimately leads to their downfall and the humiliation of the village leaders. The egwugwu’s defeat symbolizes the collapse of the traditional structures that once maintained order and cohesion within Igbo society. Achebe uses the egwugwu to highlight the tension between tradition and modernity, and the devastating impact of colonialism on indigenous cultures. Their role in the novel serves as a poignant reminder of the fragility of cultural identity in the face of external forces of change.

9. Question: What does Okonkwo’s suicide reveal about his character and the broader themes of “Things Fall Apart”?

Answer: Okonkwo’s suicide at the end of “Things Fall Apart” is a powerful and tragic conclusion to his character arc, revealing the depth of his despair and the ultimate failure of his life’s pursuits. Throughout the novel, Okonkwo is depicted as a man who is determined to overcome the perceived weaknesses of his father and achieve greatness in his community. He adheres strictly to the traditional values of Igbo society, valuing strength, masculinity, and respect above all else. However, as the novel progresses, Okonkwo is confronted with a rapidly changing world where these values are increasingly undermined by the forces of colonialism and Christianity. His suicide is a final act of defiance against a world that he can no longer control or understand, but it also reflects his deep sense of powerlessness and isolation.

Okonkwo’s decision to take his own life is significant not only because it is considered an abomination in Igbo culture but also because it represents the ultimate rejection of the very principles he has lived by. Throughout his life, Okonkwo has been driven by a fear of failure and weakness, constantly striving to assert his dominance and avoid the shame of being perceived as weak. His suicide, however, is seen by the Igbo as a cowardly and dishonorable act, akin to the fate of his father, Unoka, whom he despised. In this sense, Okonkwo’s death is deeply ironic; despite his efforts to distance himself from his father’s legacy, he ends up sharing a similar fate, dying in disgrace and leaving behind a legacy that is tarnished by his final act. This irony underscores the futility of Okonkwo’s rigid adherence to traditional values in a world that is no longer governed by those values.

On a broader level, Okonkwo’s suicide also symbolizes the collapse of Igbo society in the face of colonialism. Just as Okonkwo is unable to adapt to the changes brought by the British and the missionaries, so too is Igbo society unable to withstand the pressures of colonial rule. The final chapter of the novel, which shifts to the perspective of the District Commissioner, further diminishes Okonkwo’s significance, reducing his life and struggles to a mere footnote in the colonial narrative. This reduction of Okonkwo’s life to a single sentence in the Commissioner’s book, The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of The Lower Niger , serves as a metaphor for the dehumanization and marginalization of the Igbo people under colonial rule. Achebe uses Okonkwo’s suicide to highlight the tragic consequences of cultural disintegration and the loss of identity that accompanies the imposition of a foreign culture and system of governance. It is a powerful commentary on the devastating impact of colonialism on both individuals and entire societies.

10. Question: How does Achebe use the character of Nwoye to explore the theme of cultural change in “Things Fall Apart”?

Answer: Achebe uses the character of Nwoye as a lens through which to explore the theme of cultural change and the generational conflicts that arise in the face of such changes. Nwoye, the son of Okonkwo, is depicted as a sensitive and introspective boy who struggles to reconcile the harsh expectations of his father with his own internal inclinations. From a young age, Nwoye is drawn to stories and ideas that contrast with the rigid, masculine ideals imposed by his father. He finds solace in the songs and tales told by his mother, which are rich in emotion and empathy—qualities that Okonkwo despises. Nwoye’s growing discomfort with the traditional practices of his culture, particularly those that involve violence and brutality, such as the killing of twins and the death of Ikemefuna, sets the stage for his eventual rejection of the Igbo way of life.

Nwoye’s conversion to Christianity is a pivotal moment in the novel that highlights the appeal of the new religion to those who feel alienated by the traditional values of their society. Christianity offers Nwoye an escape from the rigid structures of Igbo culture and a sense of belonging that he has not found in his own community. The missionaries’ message of love, forgiveness, and peace resonates with Nwoye, who has been deeply affected by the traumatic events in his life, particularly the death of Ikemefuna, whom he loved as a brother. This conversion is more than just a religious shift; it represents Nwoye’s rejection of the values that his father holds dear and the beginning of a new identity for himself. Nwoye’s embrace of Christianity is symbolic of the broader cultural change occurring in Igbo society, where traditional beliefs are being challenged and replaced by new ideologies brought by the colonialists.

Through Nwoye’s character, Achebe explores the tensions between tradition and modernity and the complexities of cultural change. Nwoye’s rejection of his father’s world is not just a personal rebellion but a reflection of the larger societal shifts taking place in Umuofia and beyond. The generational conflict between Okonkwo and Nwoye underscores the challenges that arise when deeply ingrained cultural practices are confronted by new ideas and values. Nwoye’s conversion also illustrates the ways in which colonialism and Christianity provided an alternative framework for individuals who were dissatisfied with the existing social order. Achebe uses Nwoye’s journey to highlight the inevitability of cultural change and the profound impact it has on individuals and communities. Through Nwoye, the novel portrays the loss of traditional values and the creation of new identities in a rapidly changing world.

In a carefully planned essay of 350–400 words (11⁄2–2 pages) in length, critically discuss to what extent the title of the novel is reflected in Okonkwo’s life and the lives of the villagers.

In Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart , the title serves as a metaphorical prelude to the collapse of both the protagonist, Okonkwo, and the broader Igbo society. The phrase “things fall apart” is emblematic of the disintegration that occurs on multiple levels throughout the novel, reflecting the personal downfall of Okonkwo and the broader cultural disintegration of the Umuofia community under the pressures of colonialism and internal strife.

Okonkwo’s life is a microcosm of the novel’s central theme of collapse. From the beginning, Okonkwo is portrayed as a man of great ambition and determination, driven by an intense fear of failure and weakness, traits he associates with his father, Unoka. His entire existence is a struggle to establish and maintain his status as a successful and respected member of his society. However, despite his efforts, Okonkwo’s rigid adherence to traditional values and his unyielding nature lead to his eventual downfall. His participation in the killing of Ikemefuna, a boy who considered him a father, marks the beginning of his personal disintegration. This act of violence, motivated by Okonkwo’s fear of appearing weak, sets in motion a series of events that ultimately lead to his exile and loss of status. The return from exile reveals a changed Umuofia, one where the influence of British colonialism and Christianity has taken root, further isolating Okonkwo and exacerbating his sense of despair. His eventual suicide, an act considered abominable in Igbo culture, underscores the extent to which his life has fallen apart, mirroring the novel’s title.

The title also reflects the broader collapse of the Igbo society in Umuofia. The arrival of the British colonizers and missionaries introduces new religious, political, and social structures that gradually erode the traditional ways of life. The unity and cohesion of the Umuofia village are disrupted as more villagers convert to Christianity, attracted by the new faith’s promise of equality and its rejection of certain harsh traditional practices. This division weakens the community, making it more vulnerable to colonial domination. The final blow comes when Okonkwo, in a last desperate act of resistance, kills a colonial messenger, only to realize that the villagers are no longer willing to stand with him. The once proud and independent Igbo society has fragmented, unable to withstand the forces of change imposed by the colonizers.

In conclusion, the title Things Fall Apart is profoundly reflected in the lives of both Okonkwo and the villagers of Umuofia. Okonkwo’s personal journey from a respected leader to a tragic figure mirrors the broader disintegration of the Igbo society under the pressures of colonialism and cultural change. Achebe’s novel poignantly illustrates how the collision between tradition and modernity, individual ambition and communal values, leads to the inevitable collapse of both a man and his society.

Short Question:

Question 2:

Read the extracts below and then answer the questions that follow:

Okonkwo’s prosperity was visible in his household. He had a large compound enclosed by a thick wall of red earth. His own hut, or obi, stood immediately behind the only gate in the red walls. Each of his three wives had her own hut, which together formed a half moon behind the obi. The barn was built against one end of the red walls, and long stacks of yam stood out prosperously in it. At the opposite end of the compound was a shed for the goats, and each wife built a small attachment to her hut for the hens. Near the barn was a small house, the ‘medicine house’ or shrine where Okonkwo kept the wooden symbols of his personal god and of his ancestral spirits. He worshipped them with sacrifices of kola nut, food and palm-wine, and offered prayers to them on behalf of himself, his three wives and eight children.

So when the daughter of Umuofia was killed in Mbaino, Ikemefuna came into Okonkwo’s household. When Okonkwo brought him home that day he called his most senior wife and handed him over to her.

‘He belongs to the clan,’ he told her. ‘So look after him.’

‘Is he staying long with us?’ she asked.

‘Do what you are told, woman,’ Okonkwo thundered, and stammered, ‘When did you become one of the ndichie of Umuofia?’

And so Nwoye’s mother took Ikemefuna to her hut and asked no more questions.

As for the boy himself, he was terribly afraid. He could not understand what was happening to him or what he had done. How could he know that his father had taken a hand in killing a daughter of Umuofia? All he knew was that a few men had arrived at their house, conversing with his father in low tones, and at the end he had been taken out and handed over to a stranger. His mother had wept bitterly, but he had been too surprised to weep. And so the stranger had brought him, and a girl, a long, long way from home, through lonely forest paths. He did not know who the girl was, and he never saw her again.

• Briefly relate how Okonkwo’s visible prosperity (line 1) is the result of his upbringing and single-mindedness.
• Describe Okonkwo’s character as it is revealed in lines 1–11.
• Explain why Ikemefuna was brought to Okonkwo’s household.
• Refer to lines 15–19. What do you understand about the relationship between Okonkwo and his most senior wife (line 14)? (3)
• Ikemefuna could not understand what was happening to him or what he had done (lines 20–21). To what extent does Ikemefuna’s bewilderment reflect the way in which Okonkwo expects his wife to accept his decision? (3)
• Explain how the lonely forest paths (line 26) that Ikemefuna walks on his way to Umuofia are an ominous sign.

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Okonkwo's Death in "Things Fall Apart"

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Words: 667 |

Published: Jun 13, 2024

Words: 667 | Page: 1 | 4 min read

Table of contents

Introduction, body paragraph.

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