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The Study of Growth and Performance in Local Chicken Breeds and Varieties: A Review of Methods and Scientific Transference

Affiliations.

1 Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
2 Animal Breeding Consulting, S.L., University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
3 Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IFAPA), 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
PMID: 34573456
PMCID: PMC8466095
DOI: 10.3390/ani11092492

A review of the scientific advances in the study of the growth and performance in native chicken breeds and varieties over the past 20 years was performed. Understanding the growth patterns of native breeds can only be achieved if the constraints characterizing these populations are considered and treated accordingly. Contextually, the determination of researchers to use the same research methods and study designs applied in international commercial poultry populations conditions the accuracy of the model, variability capturing ability, and the observational or predictive performance when the data of the local population are fitted. Highly skewed sex ratios favouring females, an inappropriate census imbalance compensation and a lack of population structure render models that are regularly deemed effective as invalid to issue solid and sound conclusions. The wider the breed diversity is in a country, the higher the scientific attention paid to these populations. A detailed discussion of the most appropriate models and underlying reasons for their suitability and the reasons preventing the use of others in these populations is provided. Furthermore, the factors conditioning the scientific reception and impact of related publications used to transfer these results to the broad scientific public were evaluated to serve as guidance for the maximization of the success and dissemination of local breed information.

Keywords: growth curves; native breeds and varieties; nonlinear modelling; poultry.

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Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

Vol 16 (12), 2017

Research Article

Growth performance of native chickens in the grower phase fed methionine and lysine-supplemented cafeteria standard feed.

Received: August 17, 2017; Accepted: November 02, 2017; Published: November 15, 2017

Copyright: © 2017. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

How to cite this article

Introduction, materials and methods.

Table 1:	Composition (%) and nutrient content (% DM) of experimental diets during the growth phase (6-14 weeks)

Table 2:	Growth performance of native chickens (6-14 weeks) given feed with different methionine and lysine levels

superscript on the same line indicates significant difference (p<0.05)


Fig. 1:	Relationship between diet treatment and feed intake of native chickens aged 6-14 weeks


Fig. 2:	Relationship between diet treatment and body weight of native chickens aged 6-14 weeks

•	The addition of methionine and lysine to 0.23 and 0.55%, respectively, in the feed provided better growth than cafeteria standard feed and feed with standard protein as recommended by the NRC for laying hens
•	Higher feed consumption was seen for birds fed diets supplemented with methionine and lysine, resulting in better ratio

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

Acknowledgments.

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Swennen, Q., P.A. Geraert, Y. Mercier, N. Everaert and A. Stinckens et al ., 2011. Effects of dietary protein content and 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid or DL-methionine supplementation on performance and oxidative status of broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr., 106: 1845-1854. CrossRef Direct Link
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Si, J., J.H. Kersey, C.A. Fritts and P.W. Waldroup, 2004. An evaluation of the interaction of lysine and methionine in diets for growing broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3: 51-60. CrossRef Direct Link
Cafe, M.B. and P.W. Waldroup, 2006. Interactions between levels of methionine and lysine in broiler diets changed at typical industry intervals. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: 1008-1015. CrossRef Direct Link
Domingues, C.H.D.P., S. Sgavioli, M.F.F.M. Praes, K.F. Duarte and D.M.C. Castiblanco et al ., 2012. Lysine and methionine + cystine for -molting phase. Brazil. J. Poult. Sci., 14: 159-232.
Maynard, L.A., J.K. Loosli, H.F. Hintz and R.G. Waener, 1979. Animal Nutrition. 7th Edn., McGraw-Hill, New York, Pages: 620.
Wahyu, J., 2003. Ilmu Nutrisi Unggas. Gajah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Zuprizal, 2006. Nutrisi unggas. Jurusan Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak, Fakultas Peternakan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, (In Indonesian).
Suryawan, A., P.M. O’Connor, J.A. Bush, H.V. Nguyen and T.A. Davis, 2009. Differential regulation of protein synthesis by amino acids and insulin in peripheral and visceral tissues of neonatal pigs. Amino Acids, 37: 97-104. CrossRef Direct Link
Zhai, W., M.W. Schilling, V. Jackson, E.D. Peebles and Y. Mercier, 2016. Effects of dietary lysine and methionine supplementation on Ross 708 male broilers from 21 to 42 days of age (II): Breast meat quality. J. Applied Poult. Res., 25: 212-222. CrossRef Direct Link
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Sustainable growth through thai native chicken farming: lessons from rural communities.

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Loengbudnark, W.; Chankitisakul, V.; Duangjinda, M.; Boonkum, W. Sustainable Growth through Thai Native Chicken Farming: Lessons from Rural Communities. Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7811. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177811

Loengbudnark W, Chankitisakul V, Duangjinda M, Boonkum W. Sustainable Growth through Thai Native Chicken Farming: Lessons from Rural Communities. Sustainability . 2024; 16(17):7811. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177811

Loengbudnark, Wipas, Vibuntita Chankitisakul, Monchai Duangjinda, and Wuttigrai Boonkum. 2024. "Sustainable Growth through Thai Native Chicken Farming: Lessons from Rural Communities" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7811. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177811

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v.99(4); 2020 Apr

Comparative study of indigenous chickens on the basis of their health and performance

Kingsley k. duah.

∗ Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Edward K. Essuman

† Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31 Ho, Ghana

Vida G. Boadu

‡ Department of Hospitality and Tourism Education, University of Education, Winneba, Kumasi, Ghana

Osca S. Olympio

Worlah akwetey.

Three hundred crossbred chickens (at age of 11 wk) were randomly housed in 15 open-sided deep litter pens with 20 chickens in each pen under completely randomized design for a period of 9 wk. Before evaluating their hematobiochemical and carcass characteristics, the birds were provided with grower mash ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Blood samples were taken from each genotypic group ( nanaff , Nanaff , and NanaFf ), when the birds were 18 and 20 wk old, respectively, for the evaluation of hematobiochemical parameters. At the end of the trial, 15 chickens from each of the 3 genotypic groups were randomly selected and slaughtered to determine the carcass parameters. The findings from the study revealed that except for total cholesterol, spleen, and neck weight, there was no significant genotypic effect ( P > 0.05) on hematobiochemical and carcass parameters measured. The nanaff genotype birds had significantly higher ( P < 0.05) cholesterol levels than both Nanaff and NanaFf genotype birds, both of which did not differ significantly. The Nanaff had significantly ( P < 0.05) higher spleen and neck weight than both the nanaff and NanaFf . The latter 2 did not differ significantly ( P > 0.05). Also, hematobiochemical assays of all the birds were within normal range. From a health point of view, the indigenous naked neck genotype seems superior because its fat and cholesterol contents were low. Thus, it is strongly recommended that there should be a conscious effort to develop and commercialize the naked-neck and frizzled birds especially in developing countries.

Introduction

Crossbreeding has been a noteworthy device for the advancement of present-day types of chickens and could in like manner be used to enhance the rural chicken. Crossbreeding methodology typically includes a 2-route cross between an enhanced exotic and a local breed, with the point of joining the better creation limit of the previous with the later flexibility to a harsh environmental condition Khawaja et al., (2016) . Adeleke et al., (2011) in their study also reported improved performance and viability traits in reciprocal effects in crosses involving local chickens and exotic broiler breeder. This phenomenon in poultry is thought to originate from sex-linked genes (such as naked-neck: Na , frizzled: F and dwarf: dw ). It has been established that these genes ( Na , F ) are highly tolerant to the tropical condition and can produce high number of good quality eggs and carcass with low production and handling costs. This depicts that the dam line is very important in practical poultry breeding.

Thus, to improve the productivity and efficiency of the indigenous birds within their local environments, it is necessary to preserve desirable genes, for example, disease resistance genes, and advance them ( Sonaiya et al., 1999 ). Kral and Suchy (2000) reported that important information is provided by serum biochemical and hematological parameters on the immune status of animals, and this type of information is required for diagnostic and management function and could equally be integrated into breeding programs for the genetic advancement of native chickens.

Islam et al., (2004) stated that a critical examination of normal hematological parameters of birds is especially vital in diagnosing the diverse metabolic and pathological disorders. As a diagnostic tool, it can be used to evaluate the health status of an individual and a flock. Characteristically, hematological changes are useful for the determination of various conditions of the body and also for the determination of environmental stress, pathological, and nutritional factors. Owing to these factors, in recent years, researchers and veterinarians, as well as poultry farmers, have found avian physiology to be of great importance ( Islam et al., 2004 ).

Hematological and serum biochemistry assay of animals suggests the physiological disposition of the animals to nutrition ( Madubuike and Ekenyem, 2006 ). Esonu et al., (2001) had stated that hematological constituents reflect the physiological responsiveness of the animals to its internal and external environment. The effects of various feed on the hematology and serum biochemistry of livestock have been studied by many scientists ( Annougi and Folorunso, 2003 , Olayeni et al., 2006 , Kumar et al., 2014 , Parveen et al., 2017 ) and concluded that feed affects animal physiology ( Madubuike and Ekenyem, 2006 ).

According to Machebe et al., (2010) , the quality and quantity of ration given to an animal affects its physiological condition. Total serum protein has been reported as an indication of the protein retained in the animal body ( Esonu et al., 2001 , Parveen et al., 2017 ). Ladokun et al., (2008) in a study of the hematological and serum biochemical indices of NaNa and normally feathered ( nana ) chicken realized that the nana feathered bird had a higher (not significant) value of total protein albumin, globulin, and cholesterol.

Comparatively little research and development work have been carried out on rural poultry, despite the fact that they are usually more numerous than the commercial chickens in most developing countries. In light of this, it is imperative to compare the hematological and biochemical parameters of 3-way crossbred chickens with reciprocal f1 crossbred chickens.

Materials and methods

All research was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.

Experimental Birds

Three hundred crossbred chickens (at age of 11 wk) were randomly housed in 15 open-sided deep litter pens with 20 chickens in each pen under Completely Randomized Design for a period of 9 wk (from October to December, 2009). In total, there were one hundred (100) heterozygous naked necks ( Nanaff ), one hundred (100) double heterozygous frizzled naked necks ( NanaFf ) and one hundred (100) normal feathered birds ( nanaff ). The birds used were the offspring of crosses between local heterozygous naked neck ( Nana ) and heterozygous frizzled ( Ff ) males and hybrid commercial Lohmann females. The heterozygous naked neck ( Nana ) and heterozygous frizzled ( Ff ) were crossed with normal feathered ( nanaff ) Lohmann Brown Classic layers in 2 separate matings producing offspring that were heterozygous for the naked neck gene ( Nanaff ), heterozygous for the frizzled gene ( nanaFf ) and those that had normal Feathers ( nanaff ) in the first filial (F1) generation. The F1 heterozygous naked neck males were then mated to the F1 heterozygous frizzled females in a reciprocal cross to produce NanaFf , nanaFf , Nanaff and nanaff in the F2 generation in both matings.

The naked neck ( Nanaff ), frizzled ( nanaFf ), normal Feathered ( nanaff ) and double heterozygous frizzled-naked neck birds ( NanaFf ) of the second filial generation (F2) were selected and mated producing homozygous naked neck ( NaNaff ), heterozygous naked neck ( Nanaff ), homozygous frizzled ( nanaFF ), heterozygous frizzled ( nanaFf ), normal Feathered ( nanaff ) and frizzled naked neck birds ( NaNaFf , NanaFF , NanaFf and NaNaFF ) as the third filial (F3) generation. Heterozygous naked neck ( Nanaff ), double heterozygous frizzled naked neck ( NanaFf ) and normal Feathered ( nanaff ) birds of the F4 generation were selected for this research work.

Management of the Birds

Housing and feeding.

The birds were kept in an open-sided partitioned deep litter house with a stock density of 0.15 m 2 /bird for 9 wk. There were 15 pens in all with each pen housing 20 chickens. Feed (commercial grower diet) and water were supplied ad libitum in 2.5 kg capacity hanging feeders and 10 L capacity plastic fountain drinkers, respectively. The feed and nutrient compositions are shown in Table 1 ( Akate Farm & Trading Co. Ltd., 2009 ).

Table 1

Feed and nutrient composition of diet fed to birds.

Feed ingredient	Quantity (g/kg)
Maize	680
Wheat bran	90
Concentrate	60
Cottonseed cake	70
Fishmeal	80
Oyster shell	20
Nutrients
Metabolizable energy (MJ/kg)	115
Crude protein	160
Crude fat	40
Lysine	7.5
Methionine	3.5
Calcium	10
Cystine	3
Phosphorous	4.5

Medication and Vaccination

The schedule used for medication and vaccination was as follows: week 1, 2, and 4, the vaccine given was HB1, Gumboro and Doxin 200, and Lasota, respectively. The method of administration was through drinking water.

Hematological Parameters Measured

At week 18, blood samples from 9 birds (3 birds per genotypic group) randomly selected from each treatment was taken. After 2 wk, another sample was also taken from randomly selected birds from each treatment. At each sampling period, blood from the wing vein of each chicken was taken with the use of a 23-gauge needle fixed to a 3 mL syringe ( Campbell, 1995 ). After the removal of feathers around the wing vein, a sterile cotton swab soaked in 70% ethanol was used to dilate the vein slightly before bleeding. Blood samples were obtained by puncturing the bronchial veins on the underside of the web of the wing. Blood samples taken were quickly transferred into appropriate blood tubes pretreated with EDTA and thoroughly shaken to mix both blood sample and EDTA ( Jain, 1993 ). The sample glass tubes were submerged in an icebox filled with ice cubes to prevent deterioration of the samples ( Ritchie et al., 1994 ). An assay of the blood samples was carried out at the KNUST Hospital Laboratory, Ghana. Preparation for a single blood cell for each type of blood cell was done using blood films. They were fixed and stained with the use of Wright-Giemsa's staining method. Manual counts on total red and white blood cells were carried out using hemocytometer ( Campbell, 1995 ). Packed cell volume ( PCV ) was measured with a standard technique using microhematocrit capillary tubes. The samples were centrifuged at 500 rpm (revolutions per minute) for 3 min in a macrocentrifuge to generate serum for biochemical analysis. Hemoglobin concentration ( Hb ) was also determined with the use of cyanmethemoglobin method. Erythrocyte indices (mean value of corpuscular volume, mean value of corpuscular hemoglobin [ MCH ], and mean value of corpuscular hemoglobin concentration [ MCHC ]) were also determined. The results obtained were computed for total red blood concentration, PCV, and Hb concentration, respectively ( Ritchie et al., 1994 ).

Serum Biochemical Parameters

For biochemical analysis, the sera obtained as described above were frozen, and the frozen plasma was allowed to thaw and pipetted into a dry clean bottle and stored at −20°C. Using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 500 nm, total protein, albumin, and total cholesterol were analyzed. The level of globulin was calculated as the difference between total plasma protein and albumin ( Campbell, 1995 ).

Live Weight and Carcass Indices

At the end of the 19th wk, 3 chickens per replicate (45 chickens in all) were randomly selected and slaughtered. Birds were slaughtered using the killing cone method. The birds were put in a plastic cone with their heads facing down (inverted). The cone was to keep the birds still, and an extremely sharp knife was used to cut the jugular vein and the carotid artery of the birds' neck and allowed to bleed out. After scalding in hot water (90°C) for about a minute, the feathers were manually plucked, and the carcasses were washed with clean running water. Each carcass was cut into parts after evisceration for carcass evaluation. The internal organs, such as heart, kidney, and gizzard, were all weighed separately and recorded.

Statistical Analysis

The data were analyzed using the linear model below;

Carcass Parameters:

where Yijk = Observation for a given variable.

μ = Overall general means common to all observations.

Gk = Genetic effect due to jth genotype ( k = 1, 2, 3).

Eijk = random error effects peculiar to each observation.

ANOVA was performed by using Genstat (2009) statistical package (GenStat Release 12th Edition), and means were separated using the LSD test at 5% significance level.

Results and discussion

Hematological and serum biochemical indices of crossbred chicken, hematological parameters.

The mean hematological and serum biochemical values of Nanaff (heterozygous naked neck), nanaff (normally feathered birds), and NanaFf (double heterozygous frizzled naked neck) genotype chicken are shown in Table 2 . The results of the hematological characteristics of the 3 different genotypes at both 18 and 20 wk of age showed no significant differences ( P > 0.05) in mean values of Hb, PCV, red blood concentration, white blood cells ( WBC ), MCH, mean value of corpuscular volume, and MCHC. The results of the present study are in agreement with the hematological values reported by Oke et al., (2007) , where no significant ( P > 0.05) genotypic effect was observed between the naked neck and normal feathered chicken. However, research findings reported by Khawaja et al., (2013) reveals that erythrocyte number, Hb, and PCV increases with advancement of the age of the chicken (4–48 wk). This is possibly because of the positive relationship between blood volume and age advancement as reported by Islam et al., (2004) . Other factors that have been reported to influence hematological parameters in birds include age, sex, season, and nutrition.

Table 2

Mean hematological values of the 3 genotypes (i.e., nanaff, Nanaff, and NanaFf).

Age (wk)	Genotype	Parameter
Age (wk)	Genotype	Hb (g/dL)	WBC (×10 /μL)	RBC (×10 /μL)	PCV (%)	MCV (fL)	MCH (pg)	MCHC (g/dL)	Platelet (×10 /μL)
18	nanaff	13.53	13.37	2.92	36.73	126.13	46.39	36.55	9.33
	Nanaff	13.93	14.02	3.02	37.77	125.20	46.23	37.18	10.67
	NanaFf	12.60	13.42	2.72	35.83	132.03	46.86	35.45	10.00
	L.s.d.	1.61	1.39	0.44	7.25	10.49	4.48	6.08	1.49
	S.e.d.	0.66	0.57	0.18	3.00	4.30	1.83	2.49	0.61
	-value	0.196	0.488	0.306	0.814	0.298	0.939	0.788	0.171
20	nanaff	12.23	13.42	2.62	32.17	123.17	46.73	38.03	10.00
	Nanaff	14.03	14.14	3.02	36.43	121.07	46.50	38.47	11.33
	NanaFf	12.60	13.36	2.71	32.73	120.77	46.27	38.30	9.00
	L.s.d.	2.89	1.30	0.58	7.04	8.45	4.68	1.89	2.40
	S.e.d.	1.18	0.53	0.24	2.88	3.45	1.91	0.77	0.98
	-value	0.339	0.326	0.282	0.340	0.760	0.971	0.855	0.135

Abbreviations: L.s.d, least significant difference; Hb, hemoglobin; MCH, mean value of corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean value of corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean value of corpuscular volume; P , probability value; PCV, packed cell volume; RBC, red blood concentration; S.e.d, standard error of deviation.

The observed hematological values of blood cells of the 3 different genotypes of the tested chickens in this study revealed that all the mean values of blood cells fell within expected blood values for the normal growth of chickens, and they were within the range of values reported by Pollock et al., (2001) . This is an indication that the health conditions of the 3 chickens' genotypes investigated could be classified as conditions for normal growth of chickens. Thus, the naked neck and frizzling genes have no effect on the hematological parameters which determine chicken health.

An increase in hemoglobin concentration could be related to an increase in metabolic activity necessary to satisfy the energy demands for maintenance under stress conditions. According to Pollock et al., (2001) , a hemoglobin concentration below 7 g/dL is evidence of sign of anemia in chickens. It could, therefore, be inferred that none of the various genotypes proved to be anemic because they all had hemoglobin concentrations above 7 g/dL as depicted in Table 2 .

Serum Biochemical Components

At the 18th wk, the mean values of total protein, albumin, cholesterol, and globulin of the genetic groups were not significantly influenced ( P > 0.05) by the different genotypes ( Table 3 ). These findings are in consonance with the reports of earlier works by Ladokun et al., (2008) in a study of hematological and serum biochemical indices of an indigenous naked neck and normal feathered chickens. Also, when the birds were 20 wk old, the mean values of total protein, albumin, and globulin of the different genetic groups were not significantly affected ( P > 0.05). However, the normal feathered genotype had a significantly higher ( P < 0.05) cholesterol content (4.067 mmol/L) than the heterozygous naked neck (3.467 mmol/L) and the double heterozygous frizzled naked neck (3.533 mmol/L), but the heterozygous naked neck and the double heterozygous frizzled naked neck showed no significant differences ( P > 0.05). This suggests that the presence of Na gene in a single state significantly decreased total cholesterol level in Nana compared with the nana genotype.

Table 3

Mean serum biochemical values of the 3 genotypes (i.e., nanaff, Nanaff, and NanaFf) at 18 and 20 wk of age.

Age (wk)	Genotype	Parameter
Age (wk)	Genotype	Total protein (g/L)	Albumen (g/L)	Globulin (g/L)	Cholesterol mmol/L
Eighteen (18)	nanaff	46.07	29.03	17.03	4.20
	Nanaff	50.93	33.40	17.53	3.90
	NanaFf	42.47	25.80	16.67	4.00
	L.s.d.	16.18	13.02	5.46	1.34
	S.e.d.	6.61	5.32	2.23	0.55
	-value	0.478	0.413	0.923	0.86
Twenty (20)	nanaff	49.03	28.90	20.43	4.07
	Nanaff	61.76	38.47	21.97	3.47
	NanaFf	54.27	27.07	19.80	3.53
	L.s.d.	13.50	11.95	2.62	0.43
	S.e.d.	5.70	4.89	1.07	0.18
	-value	0.089	0.117	0.195	0.027

a,b means within column bearing different superscripts are significantly different.

Abbreviations: L.s.d, least significant difference; P , probability value; S.e.d, standard error of deviation.

The results show that all the mean values of the serum biochemical components considered fitted within the range of values reported by Pollock et al., (2001) with the exception of total protein and albumen values for the naked neck birds. Galal et al., (2007) recorded a nonsignificantly ( P > 0.05) higher total plasma protein in normal-size heterozygous naked neck birds compared with normal feathered ones. They explained that the higher value was because of the acute phase of an immune response (hyperactive of immunity system), where the liver cells produced and secreted acute phase protein, which gives protection to birds against infection or any invasion. The high total plasma protein shows the important role of globulin in terms of immunity. A higher globulin level may indicate a higher level of immunity and may help to reduce the negative effects associated with malnutrition ( Ladokun et al., 2008 ). In addition, the study revealed that none of the various genotypes was suffering from liver disease, exudation because of severe skin lesions (burns) and excess fluid therapy because from Table 3 , all the parameters fitted within the normal range as reported by Margaret (2001) .

Live Weight and Carcass Parameters of Crossbred Chicken

Live weights, bled, defeathered, dressed, and chilled weights.

Results of live weight, bled weight, defeathered weight, dressed, and chilled weights of chickens as affected by the type of gene are presented in Table 4 . There were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) between the means of the live, bled, defeathered, dressed, and chilled weights of the chicken with the 3 genotypes. The absence of significant difference between the Nanaff , nanaff , and NanaFf gene birds in this study disagrees with the findings of Adedeji et al., (2006) , who recorded a significantly ( P < 0.05) higher body weight among naked neck birds at 15 wk of age compared with normal feathered ones. Azharul et al., (2005) reported that crossbred chickens performed better in terms of growth performances in the intensive system under rural condition compared with a pure breed. They emphasize that the body weight gain is mainly related to the feed consumption and to the feed efficiency, which depends on the physiological condition of the birds, climatic change, and other factors.

Table 4

Mean live weight and weights of carcass parameters of the 3 genotypes (i.e., nanaff , Nanaff , NanaFf ).

Genotype	Parameter (g)
Genotype	LW	BW	DFW	DW	CW	NW	BsW	BMW	DrW	TW	WW	GW	HW	SW
nanaff	1,730	1,671	1,497	1,317	1,053	81.1	248.0	167.3	386.5	192.1	151.4	42.1	6.87	3.67
Nanaff	1,767	1,697	1,573	1,373	1,060	95.5	246.5	169.9	385.0	194.7	152.0	47.7	6.87	4.07
NanaFf	1,687	1,610	1,510	1,300	1,053	83.4	245.5	174.0	400.9	192.9	153.7	45.7	7.47	2.67
L.s.d.	146.90	145.60	137.8	122.7	119.4	9.87	29.40	23.56	45.05	23.84	13.81	5.59	1.050	0.751
S.e.d.	72.80	72.10	68.30	60.80	59.20	4.89	14.57	11.67	22.32	11.81	6.85	2.77	0.52	0.37
-value	0.551	0.468	0.493	0.882	0.991	0.011	0.986	0.845	0.737	0.975	0.943	0.135	0.419	0.002

Abbreviations: BMW, breast muscle weight; BsW, breast weight; BW, bled weight; CW, chilled weight; DFW, defeathered weight; DrW, drumstick weight; DW, dressed weight; GW, gizzard weight; HW, heart weight; L.s.d, least significant difference; LW, live weight; NW, neck weight; P , probability value; S.e.d, standard error of deviation; SW, spleen weight; TW, thigh weight; WW, wing weight.

Gizzard Weight, Spleen, and Heart Weight

The Nanaff genotype was not significantly ( P > 0.05) higher in gizzard weight (47.7 g) compared with the nanaff (42.1 g) and NanaFf (45.7 g) genotype as established in Table 4 . This is in agreement with the findings of Galal et al., (2007) , who recorded no significant difference between the heterozygous naked neck and normal feathered birds. The heart weight of NanaFf chicken recorded was not significantly ( P > 0.05) heavier than those of both the Nanaff and nanaff chicken. There was no significant ( P > 0.05) difference between the spleen weight of the frizzled-naked neck and the normally feathered chicken, but both had significantly ( P < 0.05) lower spleen weights than those of the naked neck chicken. This is in agreement with the findings of Galal et al., (2007) , who reported that the heterozygous naked neck genotype had significantly higher relative thymus and spleen weights compared with normal type. They suggested that the presence of the naked neck gene in a single state increased the relative weights of the lymphoid organs in the chicken. Fathi et al., (2013) also stated that the F gene is localized in the feather follicle, and this influences the internal organs (spleen, gizzard, heart, and alimentary canal) by causing abnormalities in the internal organs and structural abnormality in the feathers.

Drumstick, Thigh, Wing, Neck, Breast, and Breast Muscle Weight

Frizzled-naked neck chicken had drumstick weight (400.9 g) that was not significantly different ( P > 0.05) from the weights recorded by the other genotypes. Thigh weights of the naked neck (194.7 g) and frizzled-naked neck chicken (192.9 g) were also not significantly higher than those of normal feathered chicken (192.1 g). However, wing weights of the naked neck (152.0 g) and frizzled-naked neck chicken (153.7 g) seemed to be slightly higher than those of normal feathered chicken (151.4 g), but the observed differences in wing weights among the 3 genotypes were not statistically different ( P > 0.05).

The breast weights for the 3 genotypes were 248.0, 246.5, and 245.5 g, respectively, for normal feathered, naked neck, and frizzled-naked neck chicken, and there were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) among the 3 genotypes. The lack of significant differences among these chicken cuts (parts) was earlier reported by Patra et al., (2002) . Also, the breast muscle weight recorded in this study was not significantly higher than that of the normal feathered chicken.

Neck weight for naked neck chicken (95.5 g) was significantly higher ( P < 0.05) compared with the neck weights of normal feathered (81.1 g) and frizzled-naked neck chicken (83.4 g). The normal feathered and frizzled-naked neck had similar ( P > 0.05) neck weights. This observation agrees with the findings of Kgwatalala et al., (2013) , who recorded a significantly higher neck weight for naked neck compared with the normal feathered birds. The main effect of the naked neck gene is the reduction of the whole feather coverage especially in the neck which is approximately 20 to 30% ( Galal, 2000 ). The heavier neck weight associated with the Na gene could be attributed to the feather reduction associated with this gene, consequently saving more protein for muscle weight as reported by other researchers ( Adedeji et al., 2006 , Galal et al., 2007 ). According to Reddy et al., (2015) , reduced feather coverage helps to improve and enhance heat dissipation and consequently alleviate the effects of heat on chickens reared in hot climates. In addition, reduced feathering saves on the amount of protein required to form feathers, and such protein that would have been used to form feather would now be used for meat tissue development.

The naked neck and frizzling genes have no effect on the hematological parameters which determine chicken health. From a health point of view, the indigenous naked neck genotype seems superior because its fat and cholesterol contents were low. Thus, it is strongly recommended that there should be a conscious effort to develop and commercialize the naked-neck and frizzled birds especially in developing countries.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the management and staff of Akate Farms and Trading Company, especially to Adomako Kweku (now a lecturer at KNUST).

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"Advances in Indigenous/Native Chicken Science" is a scholarly journal that focuses on cutting-edge research related to indigenous or native chicken breeds from all over the world. The journal offers a platform for scientists, researchers, and experts to share their in-depth knowledge and insights on breeding, genetics, nutrition, health, and management of these unique and valuable birds. The primary objective of the journal is to promote sustainable and innovative approaches to native chicken production and improve the livelihoods of people who rely on these fowls for food and income.

The journal aims to disseminate research studies focused on native chickens to inform the general public about the significance of local fowl in maintaining diverse genetic resources and its impact on the economic standard of living of chicken raisers. The contributions of these fowls are significant and are often overlooked. Therefore, the journal serves as a platform for researchers, policymakers, raisers, and the general public to stay informed about the latest advancements made by like-minded researchers worldwide. We cordially invite researchers to submit their original works to this journal and welcome those interested in serving as reviewers to visit the link provided. Through this journal, we aim to foster a deeper understanding of the role of native chickens in the global agricultural industry.

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The journal is currently accepting original and unpublished manuscripts that cover a wide range of topics related to indigenous or native chickens. These topics include the survey of utilizations, which explores the various ways in which these chickens are used, as well as molecular and phenotypic characterization, which examines their genetic makeup and physical characteristics.

Other areas of interest include breeding, with a focus on improving the quality and productivity of these chickens, as well as feeds and feeding, which looks at the types of alternative feedstuffs that are best suited for their growth and development. Flock health management is also a key area of interest, as it examines the various diseases and conditions that can affect these chickens and how they can be treated.

Behavioral investigations are another area of focus, as they explore the social and behavioral patterns of these chickens and how they interact with each other and their environment. Production techniques such as housing design are also of interest, as they play a key role in ensuring the health and well-being of these chickens.

In addition to original research, the journal also accepts reviews and short communications for publication, provided they follow the set guidelines. If you have valuable insights or research related to indigenous or native chickens, this is an excellent opportunity to share your findings with a wider audience.

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People preferences towards characteristics and utilization of the native chicken (case study in Jeneponto and Soppeng Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia)

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A. Asnawi , M. Ridwan , S. Nurlaelah , A. A. Amrawaty , S. Baba , K. Kasim; People preferences towards characteristics and utilization of the native chicken (case study in Jeneponto and Soppeng Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia). AIP Conf. Proc. 5 June 2023; 2628 (1): 130020. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0144213

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One of the germplasm that exists in Indonesia and has the potential to be developed is native chicken. Its existence is very close to the community in rural areas because most of it is spread and reared by heredity in a traditional way. People#x2019;s preferences for the characteristics of native chickens and their use vary according to the needs of each market. This study aims to analyze people#x2019;s preferences for the characteristics of native chickens and their utilization. Case studies in Jeneponto and Soppeng regency. Data collection was carried out by means of Focus Group Discussions in the two areas. The number of participants is twenty people each consisting of farmers, traders, and consumers. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results showed that there were similarities and differences in people#x2019;s preferences from the two regions. The similarities can be seen in terms of its utilization in religious and traditional events, namely considering the fur color factor such as black and caramel (red, brownish yellow). In addition, the color of his leg is black and two different colors on both sides of his legs. For the purpose of being self-consumed in the two areas, there are no specific characteristics except the price according to the size of the body. In Jeneponto Regency, the utilization of native chicken for the purpose of being sold prefers black, red-black, and red-dotted colors, while in Soppeng Regency there is no specific color. In terms of utilization with the aim of being given as gifts to relatives, family and guests in the two regions, each of them does not have specific criteria. The use of different native chickens makes people#x2019;s preferences vary. This is what makes native chicken have its own value for the community and will not become extinct.

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Production and Marketing of Native Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus...

Production and Marketing of Native Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus Linn.) in Batangas and Iloilo Provinces in the Philippines

Thesis abstract:.

This study was conducted to examine the differences in production and marketing of native chickens between the provinces of Batangas and Iloilo, and to identify constraints to and opportunities for improving their production performances.

A total of 226 native chicken raisers were interviewed. In Batangas, 133 farmers were sampled in 40 barangays in five municipalities and one city. In Iloilo, 93 raisers were sampled in 39 barangays in nine municipalities and one city. A survey instrument, which was pre-tested in Quezon Province, was used to gather primary data. Key informants--assemblers, traders, retailers, consumers, local government units, and personnel from the Department of Agriculture (DA) and Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI)--were also interviewed. Secondary data were also collected from different institutions and agencies. Data gathered were encoded using Microsoft Excel. The Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) 11.5 was used to determine frequencies. A simple cost and return analysis of native chicken production on freerange system was done to determine the economics of production.

Results showed that the predominant system of raising native chickens in both provinces was the free-range with and without shelter provision. Farmers preferred to raise locally available native chicken genetic groups. Native chickens were being raised mainly for additional income and for home consumption. Feedstuff such as corn, paddy rice, chopped coconut meat, rice bran, cassava, and kitchen discards, singly or in home mixed forms, were popularly used by farmers as feeds. Farmers observed low egg production and slow growth due to lack of programs for genetic improvement. High incidence of mortality was reported as a consequence of the lack of a sound flock health program, including vaccination and medication. Marketing of both live native chickens and eggs was disorganized as prices were determined mostly by middlemen. Extension services rendered specifically for native chicken production by both the government and the private sector, including nongovernment organizations, were very limited.

The study showed that higher margin can be obtained by raising native chickens under free-range without shelter provision. It also identified constraints to production; namely, poor genetic potential, seasonal availability of feeds, lack of vaccination and medication program, and disorganized marketing.

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The dynamics of population and production of Native Chicken under
A parameter in native chicken productivity is the growing population affected by the farming system that includes the male-to-female ratio. A suitable mating system and a proper male-to-female ratio are the success factors of producing fertile eggs. The number of native chickens in the area of study based on age and sex is presented in Figure 1.
Sustainable Growth through Thai Native Chicken Farming: Lessons from
Thai native chickens hold significant value in rural communities due to their adaptability and suitability for local rearing conditions. However, there are challenges in the commercial raising of these chickens. This study aimed to evaluate and promote the potential of Thai native chickens (Pradu Hang Dum) for commercial purposes and the development of sustainable native chicken farming. Out ...
(Pdf) Small-scale Native Chicken Production Systems in Mountain
This study was, therefore, conducted to determine the production potentials of native chickens in Western Visayas, Philippines. A total of 270 raisers were interviewed and 810 chickens were ...
Analysis of Consumers' Preferences and Price Sensitivity to Native Chickens
Looking at previous studies on the price of the native chicken, a study conducted by Han (1998) showed that the reason for preference for native chickens was due to its tastiness (52.0%) and because its chewiness differentiated it from broilers (63.6%), but 71.2% responded that the current price of native chickens was too expensive.
Comparative study of indigenous chickens on the basis of their health
The results of the present study are in agreement with the hematological values reported by Oke et al., (2007), where no significant (P > 0.05) genotypic effect was observed between the naked neck and normal feathered chicken. However, research findings reported by Khawaja et al., (2013) reveals that erythrocyte number, Hb, and PCV increases ...
PDF Production Practices of The Native Chicken Growers in Western Visayas
native chicken for 21.1 years on the average, whereas to the Guimaras respondents had been at it for only 14.3 years (Table 2). Native Chicken Production Practices Breeding. The native chicken raisers had an average of 16.2 heads of hens and 4.4 heads of roosters for breeding or an average of 1 rooster to 4 hens. In terms of female breeders, most
PDF Growth Performance of Philippine Native Chicken Fed Diet Supplemented
A total of 96 three-month old native chickens of two sexes were randomly distributed to the four treatments with 3 replicates and 4 chickens per replicate in a 2 x 4 factorial in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Under semi-confinement system, the dietary treatments consisted of 0, 5, 10, and 15% levels of TGLM supplementation for 13 weeks.
About the Journal
About the Journal. "Advances in Indigenous/Native Chicken Science" is a scholarly journal that focuses on cutting-edge research related to indigenous or native chicken breeds from all over the world. The journal offers a platform for scientists, researchers, and experts to share their in-depth knowledge and insights on breeding, genetics ...
People preferences towards characteristics and utilization of the
People#x2019;s preferences for the characteristics of native chickens and their use vary according to the needs of each market. This study aims to analyze people#x2019;s preferences for the characteristics of native chickens and their utilization. Case studies in Jeneponto and Soppeng regency.
PDF Exploring the Food and Cultural Significance of Native Chicken in
Native chicken has a brilliant contribution to culture, art, cuisine, science, and religion. Therefore, it necessitates being preserved. New cooking or value-added native chicken ... This research study intended to explore the food and cultural significance of native chicken. Specifically, it sought to gather information on the ...
An overview of carcass and meat quality traits of indigenous chickens
Indigenous chicken meat exhibits favourable fatty acid profiles including n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, and desirable physiochemical and sensory attributes compared to commercial broiler meat. However, further research is needed to explore the carcass and meat quality parameters, and histological traits of the meat from different indigenous chicken ...
Broiler and Indigenous Chickens: A Comparison through Biochemical
Liver function. ANOVA. MANOVA. In recent years, broiler farming has expanded much rapidly than t hat of indigenous. chickens all over the world to meet the demand o f animal protein. Serum ...
Production and Marketing of Native Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus
This study was conducted to examine the differences in production and marketing of native chickens between the provinces of Batangas and Iloilo, and to identify constraints to and opportunities for improving their production performances. A total of 226 native chicken raisers were interviewed.
Comparative study of indigenous chickens on the basis of their health
The results of the present study are in agreement with the hematological values reported by Oke et al., (2007), where no significant (P > 0.05) genotypic effect was observed between the naked neck and normal feathered chicken. However, research findings reported by Khawaja et al., (2013) reveals that erythrocyte number, Hb, and PCV increases ...
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF NATIVE CHICKEN (Gallus gallus domesticus Linn
The study established the prevalence of NCD in native chickens and evaluated the protection levels of vaccinated chickens. Blood serum samples were subjected to hemagglutination inhibition test.
(PDF) Phenotypic and Molecular Diversity of Native Chicken Genetic
Ph ylogenetic analysis of the six genetic groups o f native. chicken based on Nei's (1 972) genetic distance showed that Bolinao and Darag native chicken are of closer genetic. relationship as ...