bipolar disorder essay

Understanding Bipolar Disorder: An In-Depth Essay

Imagine living in a world where emotions oscillate between exhilarating highs and crippling lows. Where one moment, you feel invincible, and the next, you are engulfed in a darkness so profound it seems suffocating. Welcome to the complex and enigmatic realm of bipolar disorder.

At some point in our lives, we all experience fluctuations in our moods. However, for individuals with bipolar disorder, these mood swings are extreme, unpredictable, and can have devastating consequences. It is a mental health condition that possesses the power to disrupt lives, strain relationships, and challenge society’s understanding.

In this in-depth essay, we will delve into the intricate facets of bipolar disorder, unraveling its definition, prevalence, and impact. We will explore the different types of the disorder and investigate the causes and risk factors that contribute to its development.

Furthermore, we will examine the symptoms associated with bipolar disorder and the diagnostic criteria used to identify it. We will highlight the challenges faced by individuals with bipolar disorder and the effects this condition can have on personal relationships. Additionally, we will confront the societal stigma and misunderstandings that permeate the public’s perception of bipolar disorder.

Treatment and management play a critical role in the lives of those with bipolar disorder, and we will explore the medication options, therapeutic approaches, and lifestyle changes that can provide support and stability.

To navigate such a vast and complex topic, it is important to understand how to approach writing an essay on bipolar disorder. We will discuss strategies for choosing a focus, structuring your essay, addressing controversial topics, and providing reliable sources.

This essay aims to shed light on the intricacies of bipolar disorder, debunk myths, and promote understanding and empathy. By gaining knowledge and insights into this often-misunderstood condition, we can facilitate a more inclusive and compassionate society. Join us on this journey of discovery as we strive to comprehend the multifaceted nature of bipolar disorder.

Overview of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a chronic mental health condition that affects a person’s mood, energy levels, and ability to function effectively. It is characterized by extreme shifts in mood, ranging from manic episodes, where individuals experience heightened euphoria and energy, to depressive episodes, where they feel overwhelming sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities.

What is Bipolar Disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a complex condition that involves various biological, genetic, and environmental factors. It affects approximately 2.8% of U.S. adults, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. The onset of bipolar disorder usually occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood, although it can manifest at any age.

During manic episodes, individuals may exhibit symptoms such as increased talkativeness, racing thoughts, impulsivity, inflated self-esteem, and a decreased need for sleep. They may engage in risky behaviors, such as excessive spending or substance abuse. On the other hand, depressive episodes are characterized by symptoms like persistent sadness, fatigue, sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide.

Types of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is further categorized into several subtypes:

1. Bipolar I Disorder: This is the most severe form of the illness, involving manic episodes lasting for at least seven days or requiring hospitalization. Depressive episodes lasting for two weeks or more often accompany these manic episodes.

2. Bipolar II Disorder: In this type, individuals experience recurring depressive episodes but have hypomanic episodes that are less severe than full-blown mania. These hypomanic episodes do not usually lead to significant impairment in functioning.

3. Cyclothymic Disorder: Cyclothymic disorder is a milder form of bipolar disorder where individuals have frequent, but less intense, mood swings. They experience hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms that persist for at least two years, with brief periods of stability.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is not fully understood. However, research suggests that a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors contribute to its development. Individuals with a family history of bipolar disorder or other mood disorders are at a higher risk.

Other factors that may influence the development of bipolar disorder include abnormal brain structure and function, neurotransmitter imbalances, hormonal imbalances, and high levels of stress. Substance abuse or traumatic experiences may also trigger the onset or exacerbation of symptoms.

Understanding the different types of bipolar disorder and the contributing factors can help demystify this complex condition. By recognizing the signs and seeking appropriate diagnosis and treatment, individuals with bipolar disorder can lead fulfilling lives and manage their symptoms effectively.

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a complex mental health condition characterized by distinct symptoms that significantly impact an individual’s daily life. Accurate diagnosis of bipolar disorder is crucial to ensure appropriate treatment and support. In this section, we will explore common symptoms of bipolar disorder, the diagnostic criteria used for its identification, and how it is distinguished from other mental health conditions.

Common Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

The symptoms of bipolar disorder can vary depending on the specific episode and its severity. During manic episodes, individuals often experience an intense euphoria, increased energy levels, and a heightened sense of self-esteem. They may engage in risky behavior, such as excessive spending or engaging in dangerous activities. Rapid speech, racing thoughts, and impulsivity are also commonly observed.

Conversely, depressive episodes are characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities. Individuals may experience changes in appetite and sleep patterns, difficulties concentrating, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide. Fatigue, a lack of motivation, and a general feeling of emptiness are also common symptoms.

Diagnostic Criteria for Bipolar Disorder

To diagnose bipolar disorder, healthcare professionals refer to the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). According to the DSM-5, the presence of manic, hypomanic, and depressive episodes is necessary for a bipolar disorder diagnosis.

For a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, an individual must have experienced at least one manic episode, lasting for a minimum of seven days or requiring immediate hospitalization. Depressive episodes may or may not occur alongside the manic episodes.

In bipolar II disorder, individuals experience at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, which is characterized by milder manic symptoms that do not cause significant impairment in functioning.

Cyclothymic disorder, a milder form of bipolar disorder, is diagnosed when an individual experiences numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms over a two-year period.

Distinguishing Bipolar Disorder from other Mental Health Conditions

Differentiating bipolar disorder from other mental health conditions can be challenging due to overlapping symptoms. Depression alone, for example, may resemble the depressive episodes experienced by individuals with bipolar disorder. However, bipolar disorder is distinguished by the presence of manic or hypomanic episodes, which are not present in unipolar depression.

Other conditions such as borderline personality disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may exhibit symptoms similar to bipolar disorder, further complicating the diagnostic process. Thorough evaluation by a mental health professional is essential to accurately differentiate bipolar disorder from other conditions and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Understanding the symptoms and diagnostic criteria of bipolar disorder helps in early identification and intervention, leading to improved outcomes for individuals living with this complex condition. Seeking professional help and support is crucial for accurate diagnosis and developing an effective management plan to mitigate the impact of bipolar disorder on daily life.

Impact of Bipolar Disorder on Individuals and Society

Bipolar disorder not only affects the lives of individuals diagnosed with the condition but also has a significant impact on their personal relationships, daily functioning, and society as a whole. In this section, we will explore the effects of bipolar disorder on personal relationships, the challenges faced by individuals with the condition, and societal stigma and misunderstandings surrounding bipolar disorder.

Effects of Bipolar Disorder on Personal Relationships

Living with bipolar disorder can strain personal relationships. The extreme mood swings, impulsivity, and erratic behavior exhibited during manic episodes can be confusing and distressing for partners, family members, and friends. Loved ones may struggle to understand the sudden changes in mood and energy levels, leading to strained communication and emotional instability within the relationship.

During depressive episodes, individuals with bipolar disorder may withdraw from social interactions, isolate themselves, and have difficulty expressing their needs and emotions. This can result in feelings of loneliness and isolation, further impacting the dynamics of personal relationships.

Challenges Faced by Individuals with Bipolar Disorder

Individuals with bipolar disorder face numerous challenges that affect their daily lives. The unpredictability of mood swings can make it difficult to maintain stable employment or pursue educational goals. Managing relationships, parenting responsibilities, and financial stability may also become more challenging due to the episodic nature of the condition.

Additionally, the presence of comorbid conditions, such as anxiety disorders or substance abuse, further compounds the difficulties faced by individuals with bipolar disorder. The stigma associated with mental illness may also create barriers in accessing proper treatment and support, exacerbating the challenges they encounter.

Societal Stigma and Misunderstandings

Despite growing awareness and understanding of mental health, societal stigma and misunderstandings surrounding bipolar disorder still persist. Many people hold misconceptions that individuals with bipolar disorder are simply “moody” or “unstable.” Such stigmatization can lead to social exclusion, discrimination, and a reluctance to seek help.

Moreover, the portrayal of bipolar disorder in popular culture and media often exaggerates the extreme behaviors associated with the condition, further perpetuating misconceptions and reinforcing stereotypes. This portrayal not only contributes to societal misunderstandings but also hinders individuals with bipolar disorder from openly discussing their experiences and seeking support.

Reducing stigma and promoting understanding are crucial steps towards creating a compassionate society that supports individuals with bipolar disorder. Educating the public about the true nature of bipolar disorder, highlighting the strengths and resilience of individuals living with the condition, and providing resources for support and education can help combat these misconceptions.

By acknowledging the impact of bipolar disorder on personal relationships, understanding the challenges faced by individuals with the condition, and challenging societal stigma, we can foster an environment that promotes empathy, acceptance, and support for those affected by bipolar disorder.

Treatment and Management of Bipolar Disorder

Effective management of bipolar disorder is essential for individuals to lead stable and fulfilling lives. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, therapeutic approaches, and lifestyle changes. In this section, we will explore the different options available for treating bipolar disorder.

Medication Options for Bipolar Disorder

Medication plays a crucial role in managing bipolar disorder and stabilizing mood swings. Mood-stabilizing medications are commonly prescribed, such as lithium, which has proven efficacy in reducing the frequency and severity of manic and depressive episodes. Other mood stabilizers, such as valproate or lamotrigine, may also be prescribed.

Antipsychotic medications can be used to manage acute manic or depressive symptoms. They help regulate neurotransmitters in the brain, reducing the intensity of mood episodes. Antidepressant medications may be prescribed cautiously in combination with mood stabilizers to address depressive symptoms, considering the risk of triggering manic episodes.

It is important for individuals to work closely with healthcare professionals to find the most suitable medication regimen, as each individual’s response to medication varies. Regular monitoring and adjustments may be necessary to achieve optimal symptom management.

Therapeutic Approaches for Bipolar Disorder

Therapeutic interventions, such as psychotherapy, play an integral role in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can help individuals identify and modify negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with the disorder. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) focuses on stabilizing daily routines and addressing interpersonal issues that may trigger mood episodes.

Family-focused therapy involves educating and involving family members in the treatment process, enhancing communication, and providing support to both the individual with bipolar disorder and their loved ones. For those experiencing difficulties with medication adherence, psychoeducation can be beneficial in promoting understanding about the disorder and the importance of treatment.

Lifestyle Changes to Support Mental Health

In addition to medication and therapy, adopting certain lifestyle changes can be beneficial in managing bipolar disorder. Regular exercise has been shown to improve overall mood, reduce stress, and promote better sleep patterns. A balanced and nutritious diet can also contribute to physical and mental well-being.

Establishing a consistent sleep schedule is crucial, as disrupted sleep patterns can trigger mood episodes. Practicing good sleep hygiene, such as creating a calming bedtime routine and maintaining a comfortable sleep environment, is recommended.

Avoiding or minimizing the use of alcohol and recreational drugs is important, as these substances can negatively interact with medication and exacerbate mood symptoms. Building a strong support system, including seeking support from support groups or engaging in individual counseling, can provide valuable emotional support.

While bipolar disorder presents unique challenges, it is a treatable condition. By finding the right combination of medication, therapeutic approaches, and lifestyle changes, individuals with bipolar disorder can stabilize their moods, reduce the severity and frequency of episodes, and lead fulfilling lives. A comprehensive treatment approach that addresses the complex biological, psychological, and social aspects of the disorder is key to managing and mitigating the impact of bipolar disorder on daily functioning. Collaborating with healthcare professionals and accessing necessary support systems are vital steps towards successful management of this condition.

Writing an Essay on Bipolar Disorder

Writing an essay on bipolar disorder allows for a deeper exploration of this complex topic. However, it is important to approach the subject with sensitivity, accuracy, and a focus on providing valuable information. In this section, we will discuss key considerations when writing an essay on bipolar disorder.

Choosing a Focus for the Essay

Bipolar disorder encompasses a wide range of topics, so it is essential to narrow down your focus based on your interests and the scope of your essay. Consider exploring specific aspects of bipolar disorder, such as its impact on creativity, the relationship between bipolar disorder and substance abuse, or the experiences of individuals living with bipolar disorder.

Structuring the Essay

Organizing your essay in a logical manner is crucial for conveying information effectively. Consider using the introduction to provide an overview of bipolar disorder and set the context for the essay. Each subsequent section can delve deeper into specific aspects, such as symptoms, diagnosis, impact on relationships, treatment options, and societal understanding. Conclude your essay by summarizing key points and highlighting the significance of promoting awareness and support for individuals with bipolar disorder.

Addressing Controversial Topics

Bipolar disorder is a complex and multifaceted subject that may touch upon controversial areas. When discussing topics such as medication use, alternative therapies, or the link between creativity and bipolar disorder, it is important to present balanced viewpoints supported by credible sources. Acknowledge differing perspectives and engage in evidence-based discussions while considering potential biases or limitations in existing research.

Providing Reliable Sources

To ensure the credibility and accuracy of your essay, consult reputable sources that provide evidence-based information on bipolar disorder. Peer-reviewed academic journals, government health websites, and renowned mental health organizations are reliable sources of information. Remember to properly cite your sources using a recognized citation style, such as APA or MLA, to give credit to the original authors and avoid plagiarism.

Writing an essay on bipolar disorder provides an opportunity to educate and inform readers about this complex condition. By selecting a focused topic, structuring your essay logically, addressing controversies with balanced viewpoints, and using reliable sources, you can create an informative and compelling piece that contributes to understanding and promoting empathy for those with bipolar disorder. It is imperative to approach the topic with sensitivity and respect, recognizing the impact it has on individuals, their relationships, and society as a whole.In conclusion, bipolar disorder is a complex and multifaceted mental health condition that significantly impacts individuals and society as a whole. This in-depth essay has provided a comprehensive understanding of bipolar disorder, covering various aspects such as its definition, prevalence, and impact on personal relationships. We explored the different types of bipolar disorder and the causes and risk factors associated with its development.

Furthermore, we delved into the symptoms and diagnostic criteria used for identifying bipolar disorder while highlighting the importance of distinguishing it from other mental health conditions. The essay also shed light on the challenges faced by individuals with bipolar disorder, including the strain on personal relationships and the societal stigma surrounding the condition.

The treatment and management of bipolar disorder were extensively discussed, emphasizing the significance of medication options, therapeutic approaches, and lifestyle changes to support mental health. By adopting a comprehensive treatment approach, individuals with bipolar disorder can stabilize their moods and lead fulfilling lives.

Moreover, this essay provided insights into writing an essay on bipolar disorder, guiding readers on choosing a focus, structuring the essay effectively, addressing controversial topics, and providing reliable sources. By following these principles, writers can effectively promote awareness and understanding of bipolar disorder.

It is crucial to recognize the impact of bipolar disorder and combat societal misunderstandings and stigmas. By fostering empathy, educating the public, and providing support systems, we can create an inclusive and compassionate society that supports and empowers individuals living with bipolar disorder.

In conclusion, understanding bipolar disorder is integral to promoting mental health and fostering a more informed and accepting society. By spreading knowledge, reducing stigma, and advocating for appropriate support and resources, we can work towards creating a world where individuals with bipolar disorder can lead fulfilling and meaningful lives.

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• Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).

When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (less extreme than mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy or unusually irritable. These mood swings can affect sleep, energy, activity, judgment, behavior and the ability to think clearly.

Episodes of mood swings may occur rarely or multiple times a year. While most people will experience some emotional symptoms between episodes, some may not experience any.

Although bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, you can manage your mood swings and other symptoms by following a treatment plan. In most cases, bipolar disorder is treated with medications and psychological counseling (psychotherapy).

Bipolar disorder care at Mayo Clinic

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There are several types of bipolar and related disorders. They may include mania or hypomania and depression. Symptoms can cause unpredictable changes in mood and behavior, resulting in significant distress and difficulty in life.

• Bipolar I disorder. You've had at least one manic episode that may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes. In some cases, mania may trigger a break from reality (psychosis).
• Bipolar II disorder. You've had at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but you've never had a manic episode.
• Cyclothymic disorder. You've had at least two years — or one year in children and teenagers — of many periods of hypomania symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms (though less severe than major depression).
• Other types. These include, for example, bipolar and related disorders induced by certain drugs or alcohol or due to a medical condition, such as Cushing's disease, multiple sclerosis or stroke.

Bipolar II disorder is not a milder form of bipolar I disorder, but a separate diagnosis. While the manic episodes of bipolar I disorder can be severe and dangerous, individuals with bipolar II disorder can be depressed for longer periods, which can cause significant impairment.

Although bipolar disorder can occur at any age, typically it's diagnosed in the teenage years or early 20s. Symptoms can vary from person to person, and symptoms may vary over time.

Mania and hypomania

Mania and hypomania are two distinct types of episodes, but they have the same symptoms. Mania is more severe than hypomania and causes more noticeable problems at work, school and social activities, as well as relationship difficulties. Mania may also trigger a break from reality (psychosis) and require hospitalization.

Both a manic and a hypomanic episode include three or more of these symptoms:

• Abnormally upbeat, jumpy or wired
• Increased activity, energy or agitation
• Exaggerated sense of well-being and self-confidence (euphoria)
• Decreased need for sleep
• Unusual talkativeness
• Racing thoughts
• Distractibility
• Poor decision-making — for example, going on buying sprees, taking sexual risks or making foolish investments

Major depressive episode

A major depressive episode includes symptoms that are severe enough to cause noticeable difficulty in day-to-day activities, such as work, school, social activities or relationships. An episode includes five or more of these symptoms:

• Depressed mood, such as feeling sad, empty, hopeless or tearful (in children and teens, depressed mood can appear as irritability)
• Marked loss of interest or feeling no pleasure in all — or almost all — activities
• Significant weight loss when not dieting, weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite (in children, failure to gain weight as expected can be a sign of depression)
• Either insomnia or sleeping too much
• Either restlessness or slowed behavior
• Fatigue or loss of energy
• Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
• Decreased ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness
• Thinking about, planning or attempting suicide

Other features of bipolar disorder

Signs and symptoms of bipolar I and bipolar II disorders may include other features, such as anxious distress, melancholy, psychosis or others. The timing of symptoms may include diagnostic labels such as mixed or rapid cycling. In addition, bipolar symptoms may occur during pregnancy or change with the seasons.

Symptoms in children and teens

Symptoms of bipolar disorder can be difficult to identify in children and teens. It's often hard to tell whether these are normal ups and downs, the results of stress or trauma, or signs of a mental health problem other than bipolar disorder.

Children and teens may have distinct major depressive or manic or hypomanic episodes, but the pattern can vary from that of adults with bipolar disorder. And moods can rapidly shift during episodes. Some children may have periods without mood symptoms between episodes.

The most prominent signs of bipolar disorder in children and teenagers may include severe mood swings that are different from their usual mood swings.

When to see a doctor

Despite the mood extremes, people with bipolar disorder often don't recognize how much their emotional instability disrupts their lives and the lives of their loved ones and don't get the treatment they need.

And if you're like some people with bipolar disorder, you may enjoy the feelings of euphoria and cycles of being more productive. However, this euphoria is always followed by an emotional crash that can leave you depressed, worn out — and perhaps in financial, legal or relationship trouble.

If you have any symptoms of depression or mania, see your doctor or mental health professional. Bipolar disorder doesn't get better on its own. Getting treatment from a mental health professional with experience in bipolar disorder can help you get your symptoms under control.

When to get emergency help

Suicidal thoughts and behavior are common among people with bipolar disorder. If you have thoughts of hurting yourself, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately, go to an emergency room, or confide in a trusted relative or friend. Or contact a suicide hotline. In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline , available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use the Lifeline Chat . Services are free and confidential.

If you have a loved one who is in danger of suicide or has made a suicide attempt, make sure someone stays with that person. Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. Or, if you think you can do so safely, take the person to the nearest hospital emergency room.

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The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but several factors may be involved, such as:

• Biological differences. People with bipolar disorder appear to have physical changes in their brains. The significance of these changes is still uncertain but may eventually help pinpoint causes.
• Genetics. Bipolar disorder is more common in people who have a first-degree relative, such as a sibling or parent, with the condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing bipolar disorder.

Risk factors

Factors that may increase the risk of developing bipolar disorder or act as a trigger for the first episode include:

• Having a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, with bipolar disorder
• Periods of high stress, such as the death of a loved one or other traumatic event
• Drug or alcohol abuse

Complications

Left untreated, bipolar disorder can result in serious problems that affect every area of your life, such as:

• Problems related to drug and alcohol use
• Suicide or suicide attempts
• Legal or financial problems
• Damaged relationships
• Poor work or school performance

Co-occurring conditions

If you have bipolar disorder, you may also have another health condition that needs to be treated along with bipolar disorder. Some conditions can worsen bipolar disorder symptoms or make treatment less successful. Examples include:

• Anxiety disorders
• Eating disorders
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• Alcohol or drug problems
• Physical health problems, such as heart disease, thyroid problems, headaches or obesity

More Information

• Bipolar disorder and alcoholism: Are they related?

There's no sure way to prevent bipolar disorder. However, getting treatment at the earliest sign of a mental health disorder can help prevent bipolar disorder or other mental health conditions from worsening.

If you've been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, some strategies can help prevent minor symptoms from becoming full-blown episodes of mania or depression:

• Pay attention to warning signs. Addressing symptoms early on can prevent episodes from getting worse. You may have identified a pattern to your bipolar episodes and what triggers them. Call your doctor if you feel you're falling into an episode of depression or mania. Involve family members or friends in watching for warning signs.
• Avoid drugs and alcohol. Using alcohol or recreational drugs can worsen your symptoms and make them more likely to come back.
• Take your medications exactly as directed. You may be tempted to stop treatment — but don't. Stopping your medication or reducing your dose on your own may cause withdrawal effects or your symptoms may worsen or return.
• Reilly-Harrington NA et al. A tool to predict suicidal ideation and behavior in bipolar disorder: The Concise Health Risk Tracking Self-Report. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016;192:212.
• Bipolar and related disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. http://www.psychiatryonline.org. Accessed Dec. 2, 2016.
• Bipolar disorder. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml. Accessed Dec. 2, 2016.
• Bipolar disorder. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder-tr-15-3679/index.shtml. Accessed Dec. 2, 2016.
• Bipolar disorder in children and teens. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder-in-children-and-teens-qf-15-6380/index.shtml. Accessed Dec. 2, 2016.
• Bipolar disorder. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Bipolar-Disorder. Accessed Dec. 2, 2016.
• AskMayoExpert. Bipolar disorder. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2016. Accessed Dec. 2, 2016.
• Suppes T, et al. Bipolar disorder in adults: Clinical features. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Dec. 2, 2016.
• Axelson D, et al. Pediatric bipolar disorder: Overview of choosing treatment. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Dec. 2, 2016.
• Birmaher B. Pediatric bipolar disorder: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and course. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Dec. 2, 2016.
• Picardi A, et al. Psychotherapy of mood disorders. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health. 2014;10:140.
• Fountoulakis KN, et al. The International College of Neuro-Psychopharmacology (CINP) treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder in adults (CINP-BP-2017), part 2: Review, grading of the evidence and a precise algorithm. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. In press. http://ijnp.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/11/05/ijnp.pyw100.long. Accessed Dec. 6, 2016.
• Beyer JL, et al. Nutrition and bipolar depression. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2016;39:75.
• Qureshi NA, et al. Mood disorders and complementary and alternative medicine: A literature review. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2013;9:639.
• Sansone RA, et al. Getting a knack for NAC: N-acetyl-cysteine. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience. 2011;8:10.
• Sylvia LG, et al. Nutrient-based therapies for bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2013;82:10.
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• Bipolar disorder in children: Is it possible?
• Bipolar medications and weight gain
• Bipolar treatment: I vs. II

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• Bipolar Disorder Symptoms and Traits

What Causes Bipolar Disorder?

• Is Bipolar Hereditary?
• How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder Treatments to Manage Symptoms
• When Your Loved One Has Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder Explained: Everything You Need to Know

What is bipolar disorder, living with bipolar disorder.

• Next in Bipolar Disorder Guide Bipolar Disorder Symptoms and Traits

Bipolar disorder refers to a group of mental health conditions characterized by sudden, dramatic changes in mood, energy, and behavior. Formerly known as manic depression, this condition causes mood episodes lasting days or weeks at a time and hinder day-to-day functioning, school or work performance, and relationships.

This article describes the symptoms , causes, and treatments for bipolar disorder and discusses how to cope if you’re diagnosed with this mental health condition.

FG Trade / Getty Images

Estimated to affect 4.4% of U.S. adults at some point in their lives, bipolar disorder causes distinct periods of extreme emotional states or episodes that can last for days or weeks. Episodes are characterized by manic or depressive behavior.

Manic Episodes

A manic episode is a phase of a week or more during which you have an elevated mood and energy most of the time for most days. In this phase, you may feel abnormally happy, agitated, restless, and don’t need much sleep.

In rare and severe cases, people experience hallucinations and delusions during manic episodes. In addition, some people experience hypomanic episodes—less severe manic episodes lasting four or more days.    

Everything You Should Know About Bipolar Disorder

Major depressive episodes.

A major depressive episode is a period of two or more weeks of depressive symptoms, such as sadness, hopelessness, lethargy (lack of energy), and apathy. These episodes can become severe, leading to suicidal thoughts. As with manic episodes, severe depressive episodes can lead to hallucinations or delusions.

What Are the Types of Bipolar Disorder?

Healthcare providers break down bipolar disorder into four primary types : bipolar 1, bipolar 2, cyclothymic disorder, and unspecified bipolar disorder.

Bipolar 1 Disorder

With bipolar 1 disorder, manic episodes last a week or become so severe that you require hospitalization. In most cases, bipolar 1 also causes depressive episodes. Some people have “mixed” episodes that feature both manic and depressive symptoms at the same time. Neutral periods—neither manic nor depressive—are also common with this type.

Bipolar 2 Disorder

Bipolar 2 disorder occurs when you experience one depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode (milder manic episodes that last four or more days). In between these are symptom-free periods. Those with bipolar 2 disorder often have other mental health conditions, such as anxiety or depression.

Cyclothymic Disorder (Cyclothymia)

Cyclothymic disorder is a milder type of bipolar disorder that causes regular mood swings. Ranging between those of mild depression and hypomania, the symptoms aren’t severe enough to be considered clinically depressive or hypomanic episodes.

Unspecified Bipolar Disorder

Unspecified bipolar disorder is when you have extreme mood fluctuations, but the symptoms aren’t as bad as those of bipolar 1 or 2. Still, with this type, the symptoms are significant enough to affect daily functioning, relationships, and work or school.

Bipolar Disorder Symptoms

Dramatic and intense changes in your mood, emotions, behaviors, and activity level are the primary signs of bipolar disorder. These shifts tend to be noticeable to others and impact your relationships, performance at work or school, or daily functioning.

The symptoms you experience depend on whether you’re having a manic or depressive episode.

Manic Episode Symptoms

During manic episodes, emotion and activity levels are elevated. Manic episode symptoms include the following:

• Abnormal giddiness or happiness 
• Changing topics when speaking 
• Distractibility
• Feeling energetic despite insufficient sleep
• Increased irritability or agitation
• Racing, uncontrollable thoughts
• Recklessness or risky, impulsive behaviors
• Restlessness, increased activity
• Talking faster or more often

Major Depressive Episode Symptoms

In contrast to manic episodes, during a depressive episode, you feel “low” in terms of energy, mood, and emotion. Symptoms of this type include combinations of the following:

• Despair, thoughts about death or suicide
• Difficulty falling or staying asleep or sleeping excessively
• Difficulty with routine tasks
• Feeling sad, hopeless, or anxious
• Forgetfulness, slowed speech, not knowing what to say
• Loss of energy or motivation 
• Loss of interest in activities
• Restlessness

When to Call 911

If you have bipolar disorder, go to an emergency room (ER) if you experience:

• Suicidal thoughts 
• Thoughts about hurting yourself or others
• Hallucinations or delusions
• Lithium toxicity symptoms: nausea, vomiting, dizziness, changes in vision, and slurred speech

Researchers don’t know what exactly causes bipolar disorder. The consensus is that genetic factors, brain chemistry and structure, and environmental factors all play a role in this condition.  

Genetic Factors

Though more work is needed, researchers have linked genetics with an increased risk of developing bipolar disorder. This condition is heritable, making family history a risk factor; people with a parent or sibling with the condition are more likely to have it.

Brain Chemistry and Structure

Using imaging techniques, researchers have found differences between the brains of those with and without bipolar disorder. Some research shows that people with bipolar disorder have smaller subcortical structures (associated with mood and cognition) and a thinner cortex (the outer layer of the brain).

In addition, researchers have linked imbalances in certain neurotransmitters (brain chemicals), particularly dopamine and serotonin, to bipolar disorder.

Environmental Factors

Stressful or traumatic life events and certain behaviors can also raise your risk of developing bipolar disorder. Examples of traumatic events found to trigger attacks include childbirth, losing a job or a loved one, divorce, misusing or overusing drugs or alcohol, or traumatic head injuries.

How Is Bipolar Disorder Diagnosed?

To diagnose bipolar disorder, a healthcare provider will ask about your medical history, current medications, symptoms, and your family’s mental health history. You’ll also undergo a physical exam and, in some cases, blood tests to rule out other potential causes of bipolar disorder symptoms, such as hypothyroidism, stroke, and substance use disorder. 

A healthcare provider or a mental health specialist, like a psychiatrist or psychologist , will perform a mental health evaluation. They will diagnose bipolar disorder and identify the type based on criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).     

Diagnosing Bipolar 1 Disorder

According to the DSM-5, to be diagnosed with bipolar 1 disorder, you must have had at least one manic episode. This may be followed or preceded by a hypomanic or major depressive episode. While hypomanic or major depressive episodes can occur in bipolar 1, they are not required for a diagnosis.

In bipolar 1 disorder, manic episodes last at least one week or are severe enough to require hospitalization. A healthcare provider will look for at least three (or four if you experience irritability) of the following to diagnose you with bipolar 1 disorder:

• An inflated self-esteem or sense of grandiosity
• Difficulty concentrating; being easily distracted
• Increased activities, agitation, toe-tapping, pacing, or other unnecessary movements
• Increased engagement in unusually risky or self-destructive activities    
• Racing thoughts; thoughts in flight
• Reduced need for sleep

Diagnosing Bipolar 2 Disorder

A diagnosis of bipolar 2 disorder is made based on four criteria:  

• A current or past episode of hypomania and at least one major depressive episode 
• Never having a manic episode 
• No other psychological or neurological issues can explain the symptoms
• The mood changes cause impairments in social, personal, and professional life and daily functioning

"Hypomania" is defined as at least four days of manic symptoms that aren’t as severe or numerous as with a full manic episode. Major depressive episodes are defined as having daily or nearly daily symptoms for at least two weeks. According to the DSM-5, these are diagnosed when you display five of the following criteria:

• Agitation, toe-tapping, or pacing
• A lack of interest or enjoyment in life
• Decreased ability to concentrate
• Depression, sadness
• Fatigue, insufficient energy
• Inappropriate guilt or lack of self-worth
• Thinking about suicide without making a concrete plan (suicidal ideation)
• Weight loss without dieting, weight gain, decrease or increase in appetite

Diagnostic Criteria for Cyclothymic Disorder

In the DSM-5, among the criteria for cyclothymic disorder are the following:

• You have neutral, asymptomatic periods for no more than three months at a time.
• Symptoms arise independent of substance use disorder. 
• Symptoms hinder your ability to function and impact your work, school, home, or social life.
• Symptoms are inconsistent with bipolar 1 or 2 or another mental health condition.
• You experience two or more years of hypomania and depressive episodes if an adult and at least one year of symptoms if a child.

Bipolar Disorder Treatment

Treating bipolar disorder typically involves adopting multiple strategies, including medications, counseling, and lifestyle changes.

Medications

Antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and atypical antipsychotics are medication types that healthcare providers consider. A healthcare provider may prescribe selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a class of antidepressants, for depression associated with bipolar disorder. However, these can cause what is known as cycling—rapid mood shifts—so healthcare providers prescribe them with caution.

Mood-stabilizing drugs, such as Lithobid (lithium) and Depacon (valproate), are indicated alongside SSRIs and help ease or shorten the length of mood episodes. A provider may also prescribe medications to address insomnia (sleep problems) and anxiety, which often accompany bipolar disorder.

Medication Side Effects

The side effects of medications depend on the type you’re taking. For bipolar disorder, the most common of these are unintended weight gain, sedation, restlessness, and changes in metabolism. 

Psychotherapy and Counseling

Psychotherapy and counseling involve talk therapy with a psychiatrist, therapist, or trained counselor. This work aims to identify and change problematic behaviors, thoughts, or emotions that set off episodes. Another alternative is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which focuses on changing thought patterns.

Lifestyle Changes

Alongside medical treatments or therapy, lifestyle changes can help you manage bipolar disorder, including:

• Relax : Activities like yoga or meditation may help ease anxiety and help with symptoms.
• Stay active : Regular exercise improves sleep and helps with stress, among other benefits.
• Dietary changes : Poor diet is associated with an increased risk for bipolar disorder and a reduced risk of co-occurring conditions. 
• Avoid substances : Drinking alcohol, smoking tobacco, or using recreational drugs can all increase the risk of bipolar symptoms.
• Education : Understand the symptoms of bipolar disorder and keep track of events or things that trigger symptoms; know your medications and their side effects.

Living with bipolar disorder means finding a support system , developing coping mechanisms, and managing the shifts in your mood and behaviors. Strategies that can help include:

• Adding structure to your daily activities
• Enlisting loved ones and/or family members in your care
• Ensuring you’re getting regular exercise and enough sleep
• Making sure to take part in enjoyable activities, staying connected to friends, family, and the local community
• Seeking out social support from online or in-person support groups, social media, or message boards
• Seeking treatment, developing a treatment plan with your healthcare provider
• Tracking and logging your symptoms, medications, and triggers

Bipolar disorder causes dramatic and lasting mood and behavior shifts. People with the condition go through high-energy manic episodes and often also experience depressive episodes. Because of its effects on behavior, bipolar disorder can significantly impact your professional, academic, and/or personal life. If you suspect you or someone you care for has this condition, talk to a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment.

American Psychiatric Association.  What are bipolar disorders?

MedlinePlus. Bipolar disorder .

National Institute of Mental Health. Bipolar disorder: definition . 

National Institute of Mental Health. Bipolar disorder: overview .

National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI). Bipolar disorder .

MedlinePlus. Lithium toxicity . 

Rowland TA, Marwaha S. Epidemiology and risk factors for bipolar disorder . Ther Adv Psychopharmacol . 2018 26;8(9):251-269. doi:10.1177/2045125318769235.

Abé C, Liberg B, Klahn AL, Petrovic P, Landén M. Mania-related effects on structural brain changes in bipolar disorder – a narrative review of the evidence.  Mol Psychiatry . 2023;28(7):2674-2682. doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02073-4

Lee JG, Woo YS, Park SW, Seog DH, Seo MK, Bahk WM. Neuromolecular etiology of bipolar disorder: possible therapeutic targets of mood stabilizers .  Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci . 2022;20(2):228-239. doi:10.9758/cpn.2022.20.2.228

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 changes: implications for child serious emotional disturbance . Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2016. Table 12, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Bipolar I Disorder Comparison.

Perugi G, Hantouche E, Vannucchi G.  Diagnosis and treatment of cyclothymia: the "primacy" of temperament .  Curr Neuropharmacol . 2017;15(3):372-379. doi:10.2174/1570159X14666160616120157

Marzani G, Neff AP. Bipolar disorders: evaluation and treatment .  Am Fam Physician.  2021;103(4):227-239

Bauer IE, Gálvez JF, Hamilton JE, et al. Lifestyle interventions targeting dietary habits and exercise in bipolar disorder: A systematic review .  J Psychiatr Res . 2016;74:1-7. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.12.006

By Mark Gurarie Gurarie is a freelance writer and editor. He is a writing composition adjunct lecturer at George Washington University.  

Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Bipolar Disorder — Treatment, Symptoms, and Prevention Strategies for Bipolar Disorder

Treatment, Symptoms, and Prevention Strategies for Bipolar Disorder

• Categories: Bipolar Disorder

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Published: Jan 30, 2024

Words: 585 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

Introduction, treatment options, medication management, psychotherapy, manic episodes, depressive episodes, prevention strategies, early identification and intervention, lifestyle changes, education and awareness.

• “Bipolar Disorder”. National Institute of Mental Health , 2021, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml.
• “Bipolar Disorder”. Mayo Clinic, 2021, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355955.
• McIntyre, Roger S., et al. “The Effectiveness and Safety of Long-term Medications for Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.” The Lancet Psychiatry, vol. 3, no. 5, 2016, pp. 405-415., doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00597-5.
• “Bipolar Disorder and Therapy”. GoodTherapy, 2018, https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/issues/bipolar-disorder.

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Bipolar I and Bipolar II: It’s Time for Something New for a Better Understanding and Classification of Bipolar Disorders

Kyooseob ha.

1 Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

2 Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Clinic, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea

Tae Hyon Ha

3 Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Clinic, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea

Kyung Sue Hong

4 Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea

As Prof Malhi and his colleagues have appropriately pointed out, bipolar II disorder has an unstable status in the classificatory system. From its introduction in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition , it has been separated as a distinct diagnostic entity and simultaneously regarded as a disorder with a milder form of mania.

Instead of dividing the disorders into bipolar I and bipolar II, Dr Malhi and his colleagues propose “bipolar disorder” as a single disorder entity and suggest a multidimensional approach comprising duration, severity, and impairment. Their proposal is based on the observation that (1) bipolar II disorder has little clinical and biological research evidence as a valid, distinct syndrome; (2) bipolar II disorder lacks specific treatment; and (3) overdiagnosis of bipolar II disorder can lead to the unnecessary risk of improper and excessive management.

Certainly, Dr Malhi’s proposal makes sense in some aspects, especially considering the instances of diagnostic change in some cases from bipolar II to bipolar I disorder as time goes on and the disease evolves. Although we agree with Prof Malhi’s proposal, problems still remain and are as follows:

The issue related to misdiagnosis originating from ambiguous diagnostic boundaries will still exist even if we adopt a single bipolar disorder or multidimensional approach. If we lower the threshold from 4 days to 2 days of hypomania, the issue of overdiagnosis could even be intensified. 1 In fact, underdiagnosis of bipolar disorder is a more problematic mental health issue than overdiagnosis in most regions of the world including Asia, and the consequences of underdiagnosis are not smaller than the risk of unnecessary management due to overdiagnosis. 2

Prof Malhi proposes to consider duration, severity, and impairment independently in the multidimensional threshold for mania. We agree with Prof Malhi’s assertion to include impairment as one of the criteria. We propose that “frequency” should also be taken into consideration. The issue still unsolved is that these variables are very much interrelated. Current descriptive psychiatry has not yet developed valid methodologies for measuring impairment as a function of the duration, frequency, and severity of bipolar disorder.

Another important point is that the course or prognosis of bipolar disorder is determined by the duration, severity, frequency, or impairment not only of manic episodes but also of depressive episodes. 3 , 4 Although the points of differentiation between bipolar I and II in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition , come from the severity and duration of manic episodes, it is depressive episodes that draw attention of the clinicians who diagnose or manage bipolar II disorder, in which the depressive phase is longer, more severe, more frequent, and more debilitating than the hypomanic phase. In the past, before the introduction of the concept of bipolar II disorder, bipolar disorder was mainly regarded as “manic” disorder in most Asian countries. It was only after the introduction of bipolar II disorder that most clinicians in Asia started to pay attention to the diverse nature and manifestations of depressive episodes and hypomania of bipolar disorders. Increased attention to the depressive phase in turn increased awareness of subclinical mood fluctuation, rapid cycling, mixed state, and various comorbid conditions such as anxiety, obsessive compulsive symptoms, and addictive behaviors. All these changes have led clinicians to understand bipolar disorder from a longitudinal perspective more than before. The introduction of bipolar II disorder also brought changes in the view of mood disorders as a spectrum from unipolar depression to unipolar depression with possible bipolarity, bipolar II disorder, and to bipolar I disorder.

It is true that clinicians have been motivated to explore hypomanic episodes among depressive patients when they found clinical characteristics suggesting bipolar II disorder, that is, earlier age of onset, highly cyclic nature, variable duration of depressive episodes, lifetime trait of seasonality and premenstrual syndrome, circadian preference, and higher comorbid conditions including anxiety and personality traits, which is different from major depressive disorder and also from bipolar I disorder. 5 – 8 Without such thorough exploration, many patients with hypomania were diagnosed as having major depressive disorder with various comorbid conditions, which resulted in poor treatment response. A proportion of patients with hypomania were diagnosed as borderline or other cluster B personality disorders in Asia, where resources for appropriate psychotherapeutic intervention were extremely limited. It is unknown whether clinicians will continue to vigorously explore the possible hypomanic episodes without the separate existence of bipolar II disorder.

Most psychiatric research has been aimed at exploring interdisease commonalities or intradisease heterogeneities. Actually, there are many biological studies reporting overlapping or similar results between bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, between depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and so on. It is also true that a single medication has effectiveness for several mental disorders. Like many of the other interdisease commonalities stated earlier, bipolar I and bipolar II disorders share clinical and biological characteristics, which does not necessarily mean or indicate that the two conditions belong to a single disease entity and are unclassifiable. Biological studies suggesting quantitative or qualitative differences between bipolar I and II disorders are also growing. 9 – 12 Neglecting intradisease heterogeneity could be more problematic than neglecting interdisease commonality. If we combine two heterogeneous groups into a single bipolar disorder, we might miss important biological signals or characteristics.

We fully agree with Prof Malhi’s premise and opinion that we need to research and modify the concept, definition, and diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorders. We fully agree that it is time for something new. However, the breakthrough should not be limited to the discussion related to the manic–hypomanic distinction, which would inevitably be ambiguous. Prof Malhi’s proposal and current discussion tells us that it is time to promote studies focusing on bipolar II disorder per se, to explore its intrinsic nature of a longitudinal course, and other characterizing features including family history, personality, seasonality, comorbidities, and others that were suggested by previous studies. Clinical trials specifically targeting bipolar II disorder are also warranted. These approaches would provide a better solution to what Prof Malhi raised in his paper than discarding the concept of bipolar II disorder.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

119 Bipolar Disorder Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on bipolar disorder, ✍️ bipolar disorder essay topics for college, 👍 good bipolar disorder research topics & essay examples, 🎓 most interesting bipolar disorder research titles, 💡 simple bipolar disorder essay ideas, ❓ bipolar disorder research questions.

• The Link Between Bipolar Disorder and Creativity
• Mental Health Counseling in Bipolar Disorder
• Psychodynamic Approach: Creativity and Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder in the Criminal Justice System
• Differences Between Features of Bipolar Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Abnormal Psychology: Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder From Theoretical Perspective
• Bipolar Disorder as a Prevalent Mental Health Issue In the US the incidence is at 2.8%. BD affects a person’s mood, forcing them to go through periods of manic anxiety and extreme depression.
• Bipolar vs. Borderline Disorder in a Female Patient The female patient has non-standard behavior. She is prone to excessive activity, delusional thoughts and actions, and promiscuous sexual relations.
• Bipolar Disorder: Description, Episodes, and Types Bipolar Disorder is a serious mental condition that affects one’s ability to retain mental stability and well-being in a negative way.
• Bipolar Disorder Symptoms and Treatment Bipolar disorder (BPD), also known as manic depression, denotes a mental disorder characterized by significant mood fluctuations and can be life-threatening.
• Bipolar Disorder Description, Causes, and Treatment Bipolar disorder is a mentally based disease that mainly affects an individual’s reaction to different situations.
• Bipolar Disorder Phenomenon in Medicine The bipolar disorder phenomenon, which is regarded by the modern medical community as another epidemic, requires special attention and resources.
• Bipolar I: Manic-Depressive Disorder Medical Synopsis & Treatment The paper discusses that bipolar I disorder is a severe mental issue that requires medical examination and treatment to live a good-quality life.
• Bipolar Mental Disorder and Its Impact on an Individual This paper will look at the impact BD has on an individual and the treatment options available for such people.
• Brain Disease: Bipolar Disorder The selected topic for this essay is bipolar disorder. This discussion gives a detailed analysis of this brain disease affecting a large number of people across the globe.
• Mental State Deterioration in Bipolar Disorder Patients Bipolar Disorder (BD) is considered one of the major causes of morbidity in the western world, particularly due to the frequent episode recurrence.
• Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: Key Issues Bipolar disorder among children have some peculiarities and differ from symptoms of adult patients. The article proposes specific treatment measures and interventions for children.
• Bipolar Disorder: The Diagnosis and Treatment Bipolar disorder is a complex condition that affects almost 3% of the adult population in the US. It is characterized by abrupt changes in mood from depression to mania.
• Risk Factors of Bipolar Disorder The risk factors involved in the development of bipolar affective disorder (BAD) can include a multitude of components.
• Bipolar Disorder: Brief History of the Patient This paper discusses Mia is a 21-year-old student who has bipolar disorder. Discussion of her treatment and what measures were accepted.
• Peculiarities of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a complex mental illness that preconditions changes in mood, emotional swings, and the emergence of manic episodes.
• Bipolar Disorder: Term Definition Bipolar disorder is an episodic or chronic mental disorder that causes unusual, extreme, and rapid-cycling changes in energy, mood, concentration, and activity
• Bipolar Disorder: Symptoms and Treatment Bipolar disorder is sometimes referred to as manic-depression. It is a kind of illness that affects the brain, causing unusual changes in mood and levels of activities.
• General Analysis of the Types of Bipolar Disorder Going by the severity of the modal episodes experienced by a victim, the disorder is divided into three types. The three main types are bipolar one, bipolar two and Cyclothymia.
• Definition, Causes, and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder The disease creates mood disorders, low-level depressive episodes and elevated modal episodes that are psychologically referred to as mania.
• Medical Analysis of Bipolar Disorder Previously known as manic depression, bipolar disorder is a psychological condition which affects moods causing them to swing to extremes.
• Bipolar Disorder: The Childhood and Adult Etiology The theory of bipolar disorder provides a framework for integrating the disparate research into six types of potential etiological factors.
• Mental Illness and Work: Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder, previously termed manic depressive psychosis, is a serious mental illness characterized by mood swings with episodes of both elevated and depressed moods .
• Bipolar Disorder: Risk Factors Analysis The research studies conducted on BAD can be categorized into two major subcategories regarding their approach to the issue
• Hypersomnia Subtypes, Sleep and Relapse in Bipolar Disorder Kaplan et al.’s “Hypersomnia subtypes, sleep and relapse in bipolar disorder” identifies subtypes of the disease, which promotes the clarification of its definition.
• Bipolar Disorder, Its Types, Symptoms, Treatments Psychologists believe that bipolar disorder is a critical condition that can encourage patients to engage in risky behaviors. Sometimes the affected patients might become suicidal.
• Postpartum Bipolar Disorder and Depression The results of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire screening of a postpartum patient suggest a bipolar disorder caused by hormonal issues and a major depressive episode.
• Bipolar Disorder or Manic Depression Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by unusual mood changes that shift from manic to depressive extremes. In the medical field, it`s called manic depression.
• Bipolar Disorder and Its Three Types The bipolar disorder condition is usually characterized by mood swings. The patient will experience periods of both mania and depression.
• Bipolar Disorder I, II, and Cyclothymic Disorder In this paper, the researcher seeks to analyze types, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the bipolar disorder.
• Bipolar Disorder: Symptoms, Factors and Treatment Bipolar disorder is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by changing moods and energy levels that affect the ability of the patients’ memory to function normally.
• Bipolar Disorder in Medical and Societal Views The objective of this research paper is to analyze the symptoms, causes, and ways of diagnosing bipolar disorder from different points of view.
• Bipolar Disorder: Diagnosis and Treatment Bipolar disorder (formerly manic depression) is a serious and common psychiatric disorder affecting a person’s mood.
• Bipolar or Manic-Depressive Disorder Bipolar disorder is a brain illness that causes sudden changes in an individual’s mood, levels of activity, energy, as well as the ability to perform mundane tasks.
• Bipolar Disorder, Its Symptoms, Causes, Therapy This paper aims at reviewing and summarizing the information on symptoms of bipolar disorder, its possible causes, and the ways to improve the mental state of patients.
• Bipolar Disorder’ Symptoms and Treatments in Psychiatry The bipolar disorder is an austere, cerebral illness. This paper discusses the signs and symptoms, treatments, as well as management objectives of the bipolar disorder.
• Co-Occurrence of ADHD and Bipolar Disorder The relationship between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder has received a lot of attention.
• The General Concept of Bipolar Disorder It is a serious mental problem because it leads to one or more abnormal episodes known as mania if critical, and hypo mania if milder.
• About Bipolar Disorder: Mind, the Mental Health Charity
• The Types, Symptoms, and Treatment of the Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder and Cognitive Functioning and Behavior
• Alleviating Bipolar Disorder Through Lithium
• Bipolar Disorder and Its Stages
• Abnormal Psychology Bipolar Disorder
• The Problems Arising With the Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder: Causes, Contexts, and Treatments
• Understanding Suicidal Tendencies Through Bipolar Disorder
• What Are the Effects of Bipolar Disorder Mindset?
• Bipolar Disorder and the Creative Genius
• Young Adults Schizophrenia Bipolar Disorder
• Circuits Regulating Pleasure and Happiness in Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder From Ethical, Legal, and Cultural Perspectives
• The Cultural, Legal, and Ethical Consideration of Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder Can Affect Men and Women Equally
• The Causes and Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder in Preschool-Aged Children
• Bipolar Disorder and Genetic Predisposition
• Comparing Two Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
• The Link Between Child Abuse and Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder: Mind and Mental Health
• The Link Between Bipolar Disorder and Suicide
• Bipolar Disorder and Manic Depressive Illness
• Personality Structure and Attachment in Bipolar Disorder
• Intensive Psychotherapy With Bipolar Disorder
• Suicidal Ideation Not Necessarily Associated With Bipolar Disorder
• The Relationship Between Bipolar Disorder and Alcohol
• Bipolar Disorder and Its Effects Through the Lifespan
• Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments of Unipolar and Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder and Mood Swings
• How Bipolar Disorder Affects Your Mood and Transmuting Sleep?
• Bipolar Disorder: The Causes, Effects and Treatment of Manic Depression
• Family-Focused Treatment vs. Individual Treatment for Bipolar Disorder
• The Causes and Symptoms of the Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder Studies and Clinical Relations
• The Link Between Creativity and Bipolar Disorder
• Improving Treatment Outcomes for Bipolar Disorder
• Elevated Familial Cardiovascular Burden Among Adolescents With Familial Bipolar Disorder
• The Characteristics, Symptoms, and Treatment of the Bipolar Disorder, a Mental Illness
• Bipolar Disorder and Mood Stabilizers
• Understanding Bipolar Disorder and Evaluating the Possible Causes and Treatments
• The Standard Stabilizing Drugs Used for Bipolar Disorder
• Distinguishing ADHD and Bipolar Disorder
• Mental Capacity and Decision Making in Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder and the Symptoms
• Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder
• Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: Fact or Fiction?
• Bipolar Disorder and Dogs: Manic Depression
• Acquainting Yourself With Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder and Its Effect on Children
• Are Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Neuroanatomically Distinct?
• How Does Bipolar Disorder Affect the Lives of Those Who Suffer From It?
• Does Crisis-Induced Intermittency Explain Bipolar Disorder Dynamics?
• What Goes Through the Mind of Someone With Bipolar Disorder?
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• What in the Brain Causes Bipolar Disorder?
• Does Holden Caulfield From “The Catcher in the Rye” by J.D. Salinger Suffer From Bipolar Disorder?
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• What Are the Effects of Bipolar Disorder?
• How Does Bipolar Disorder Affect Children and Adolescents in School?
• What Would Digital Early Intervention for Bipolar Disorder Look Like?
• How Is Bipolar Disorder Treated?
• What Are the Social Effects of Bipolar Disorder?
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• Is It Hard to Live With Someone With Bipolar Disorder?
• What Are the Long-Term Effects of Bipolar Disorder?
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• Does Bipolar Disorder Affect Behavior and Social Skills on the Internet?
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• Are Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Implicated in Histaminergic Dysregulation in Bipolar Disorder?
• How Does Bipolar Affect You Socially?
• Does Bipolar Disorder Decrease Intelligence?
• What Part of the Brain Is Affected by Bipolar Disorder?
• How Does Bipolar Affect a Person in Everyday Life?

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Bipolar Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment, Essay Example

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Bipolar Disorder is a mental disorder characterized by severe elevations of mood and fluctuations in activity and energy levels. Bipolar Disorder affects the ability of the victim to perform day-to-day activities. The mood swings caused by the disorder are classified by severity and the accompaniment of psychosis.  When the moods of the victim are incredibly high, the condition is classified as mania. During hypomania, the individual gets extremely happy and energetic. The effects mostly affect behavior, judgment, activity, sleep and the individual’s ability to think usually. During manic, the victim lacks sleep and may often avoid eye contact with other people. The victim may end up harming themselves and in some extreme cases, committing suicide. The causes of Bipolar Disorder have never been well understood. However, it is believed that social, genetic and environmental factors play a role. Substance abuse and anxiety disorders are commonly associated with the condition. This paper expounds on the causes, symptoms, risk factors and prevention techniques of the disorder.

Bipolar Disorder

There are three main categories of Bipolar Disorder. The first category is Bipolar I Disorder. Bipolar I Disorder is characterized by manic episodes that occur and cause severe symptoms to the victim. Manic episodes in Bipolar I Disorder last for a minimum of seven days. If the episode was depressive, it might last for a minimum of fourteen days. The severity of the conditions requires the victim to be hospitalized immediately. For Bipolar II Disorder, the individual may suffer more hypomanic episodes as opposed to the long manic episodes of Bipolar I Disorder. The third category is cyclothymia characterized by numerous periods of hypomania accompanied by depressive symptoms that last for a minimum of two years. When cyclothymia occurs in children and adolescents, the depressive symptoms may last for at most one year. Apart from the three main categories, there are other types of bipolar disorder whose symptoms which are not very common.

Possible causes of Bipolar Disorder

The main cause of Bipolar Disorder is still poorly understood. However, researchers have associated it with a combination of environmental, genetic and biochemical factors that affect either the norepinephrine, serotonin or dopamine which are the main neurotransmitters of the brain (Nordqvist, 2017).

Other researchers have associated Bipolar Disorder with genetic factors related to other disorders such as epilepsy and schizophrenia. Some chromosomes in the genes of the victims have also been associated with the disorder with no clarity whether the disorder is a variation another condition or independent. The condition is also triggered by social factors such as emotional trauma and stressful life events.

Risk Factors associated with Bipolar Disorder

There are several factors considered to trigger the occurrence of Bipolar Disorder in an individual. These factors include:

Age. Bipolar disorder commonly attacks people between the fifteen and thirty years of age. Although it may attack a person on any age, Bipolar Disorder is not as common in children and old people as it is in the people at the age of about twenty-five years. When it occurs to old people, the condition often accompanies neurological disorders such as stroke.

Gender. The cyclothymia type of Bipolar disorder has higher incidences in women than men. Cases of mixed states and rapid cycling associated with the disorder are also more common in women (Merikangas K.R, 2011) than in men. Similarly, men suffering from the condition tend to be victims of drug and substance abuse than it happens with women.

Family history. People from families with cases of Bipolar and psychiatric disorders such as major depression, ADHD, anxiety disorders, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia tend to be more vulnerable to the condition than others.

Signs and symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

Unique symptoms characterize each of the three main categories of Bipolar Disorder. The symptoms, however, remain the same regardless of the intensity of the disorder as explained below.

Bipolar I disorder. For this category, the victim is subject to a manic episode commonly followed or preceded by a major depressive episode or hypomania. In extreme cases, the individual may experience psychosis as a result of prolonged episodes of mania. The individuals, therefore, may have abnormal behaviors such as speaking rapidly in uncontrollable tone, having no attention and racing thoughts. These behaviors can extend to hypersexuality, agitation and urge to perform activities that are goal oriented. The individual ends up not working or socializing as expected. If the condition is not noted early, it may last for periods not less than six months. Due to the changes in the conventional thinking of the victim, they may have a decrease in the need to sleep, excessive speaking and making judgments that are impaired. The victims may also express violent behaviors after they experienced some appetite changes, psychomotor, mood changes or sleep disturbances

Bipolar II disorder. For this category, the individual experiences a hypomanic episode accompanied by a depressive period. Individuals with Bipolar II Disorder do not encounter manic episodes. Individuals with hypomanic episodes suffer similar disabilities like those in manic episodes. However, a hypomanic person can still socialize and work but with reduced psychotic capabilities such as hallucinations and delusions. The victim, therefore, does not need hospitalization like it would be for one with a manic episode. The person with hypomania usually has increased functioning capabilities which at times are thought to be defensive mechanisms practiced by the victims in opposition to depression. The conditions hardly advance to full-fledged manic episodes. Visible signs of hypomania include poor judgment by some of the victims and increased activity.

Persons with hypomania may often feel good due to the forgetfulness of actions they do to those around them. Some explain the experience as stressing and painful and may deny any recognition of their mood swings by friend and family. The event is not problematic unless it is accompanied by depression. When the victim experiences mercurial, volatile or uncontrollable mood swings for a long time, hospitalization would be essential to avoid any effects that would be because of the activities governed by the condition.

Cyclothymic disorder. Individuals with cyclothymic experience less severe depressions accompanied by hypomania. Individuals with depressions portray hopelessness, too much sleep, excessive and unfit guilt, little or no interest in activities which they previously enjoyed, quick excitability or excessive sadness. The victims may also feel fatigued, worthless, self-loathed, with no appetite or have suicidal thoughts. If the victim is not hospitalized, they may develop severe bipolar disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions. The condition commonly lasts for about two weeks and may lead to suicide if the individual is not carefully monitored.

Therapies and treatment

Bipolar disorder treatment involves administration of medicine and psychotherapy. Since the disorder is lifelong, the treatment may be continuous over a long period. The individual may at times need to try several medications before getting their most suitable one. The medications administered to Bipolar Disorder patients can be an antidepressant, atypical antipsychotic or a mood stabilizer. Typical examples include Lithium and Lamotrigine. Lithium is used to reduce the risk of the individual committing self-harm or suicide. Lamotrigine is used to treat bipolar depression especially when it is severe.

Psychotherapy is often done in combination with the administered medication. Psychotherapy is used to provide guidance, education, and support to the victim and their close associates who may monitor them. Some of the psychotherapy treatments include family-focused therapy, psychoeducation, cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal & social rhythm therapy (NIMH, 2017).

Prevention and Control

No way has been proved effective in the prevention of the bipolar disorder. However, it is essential to seek treatment and further guidance as soon as the disorder is suspected. When the condition is treated in its early stages, it is not common for it to get to critical stages (Kessler R.C., 2005). Even so, some strategies can help prevent the symptoms experienced from getting to their full-fledged levels.

Paying attention to suspected signs. If a pattern in the episodes or something triggering them is noticed, it is advisable to seek medical advice since the symptoms may be prevented from getting to full-blown levels.

Avoid drugs substance abuse. The abuse of drugs such as alcohol may impair the symptoms and at times even bring them back after they have been controlled.

Taking medications as directed. Individuals with Bipolar Disorder may be subjected to medication all they life. If they feel like the symptoms have disappeared, they may be tempted to stop the medication which may worsen effects or cause some seized symptoms to return.

Individuals suffering from any of the three main categories of Bipolar Disorder may experience declined cognitive functioning before the first hypomanic or manic episode, and the dysfunction may end up being permanent. During acute phases, the impairment may get more severe causing impaired psychosocial functioning when the episodes occur even with fully remitted moods. People with Bipolar I Disorder may have a higher degree of impairment compared to those with Bipolar II Disorder. The number of manic episodes experienced before proportional to the degree of impairment. It is therefore advisable to seek intervention as soon as an individual is suspected to have the disorder so that the cognitive impairment progression can be controlled. The overall effect of the condition will be easily managed when noted in its early stages.

(NIMH), T. N. (2017, October 12). Bipolar Disorder . Retrieved from Health and Education: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/index.shtml

Kessler R.C., D. O. (2005). Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders. N Engl J Med , 2516-2521.

Merikangas K.R, J. R.-M.-V. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry 241-51 , 4-8.

Nordqvist, C. (2017, July 7). Bipolar disorder: Causes, symptoms, and treatment. Retrieved from Medical News Today: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37010.php

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Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder

This essay will discuss the process and criteria for diagnosing bipolar disorder. It will cover the symptoms, diagnostic tests, and the challenges of distinguishing bipolar disorder from other mental health conditions. The piece will emphasize the importance of accurate diagnosis for effective treatment and management of the disorder. At PapersOwl, you’ll also come across free essay samples that pertain to Bipolar Disorder.

How it works

• 1 Bipolar Disorder
• 2 Bipolar Disorder Types
• 3 Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder
• 4 Effective Treatments
• 5 Conclusion
• 6 References

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a mental illness that impacts the individual suffers from various mood swings, energy levels, and interest in activities. Bipolar disorder can make everyday activities and life very difficult for the individual. Individuals that suffer from bipolar disorder can have emotional times that can occur at random in their lives. These types of mood swings are manic (mania), hypomanic and depressive. If bipolar disorder is left untreated, the disorder can worsen and become a very serious issue or even devastating by taking one’s life.

Individuals that suffer from chronic migraines can suffer from the same symptoms of bipolar disorder. This can make it difficult to diagnose bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder affects men and women equally. Also, individuals are diagnosed mostly between the ages of 15 and 25 years, however, the individual can be diagnosed anytime during his or her life (Nordqvist, 2017). Women are more likely to experience depressive symptoms as their first episode, while men are more likely to experience manic episodes (Chung Ross, 2007). Individuals that suffer from bipolar disorder can have results of lower wages, higher unemployment rates, missing work or school, higher divorce rates, hospitalization, and suicide (Leahy, 2007).

Bipolar Disorder Types

There are three identified types of bipolar disorders and another type known as a not otherwise specified type. The three types are Bipolar 1 Disorder, Bipolar 2 Disorder, Cyclothymic, and Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). Understanding the symptoms of bipolar disorder and depending on how long the symptoms last, can help identify which type of bipolar disorder the individual has. Individuals can have mood swings, with mania and then have depression at the same time, described as “highs” and “lows” and at times experience this at the same time. Also, having mood stability in between lasting months or years.

Hypomanic or mania is an experience of a “high” mood. Mania is more severe of the two. An individual that has severe mania usually experiences hallucinations and delusions, which can be mistaken for schizophrenia. Individuals that suffer from hypomania can function in social situations than individuals who suffer from mania. The individual that experiences a “high” mood causes them to be at a level that can be uncontrollable at times. For example, a “high” mood can go on spending sprees even though the individual does not have the funds. The symptoms of mania or hypomania are poor judgment, having a sense of a “weird feeling”, easily distracted or board, the individual feels unstoppable, aggressive behavior, engaging in dangerous behavior, rapid talking and racing thoughts. “Lows” are just as serious as the “highs”.

The “low” mood is depressive or known as depression. The “low” can have a devastating effect on the individual. For example, having a difficult time choosing clothing to wear for the day. Symptoms of depressive are feeling helpless, sadness, sleeping problems, anxiety, pain and physical problems, feeling everything in their life goes wrong and everything seems to be their fault, change in eating habits, weight loss or gain, fatigue and tiredness, individual does not enjoy activities or interest that brings them joy, irritation, underperforming, and thoughts of suicide. What factors contribute to someone getting bipolar disorder?

The cause of bipolar disorder has not been discovered. Contributing factors that are believed to an individual suffering from bipolar disorder are genetics, stress, or brain function and structure (“Bipolar Disorder”, 2017). If there is a family history of bipolar or depression it is most likely to be passed on. Due to how complex and diverse the illness is, it makes it very difficult to diagnose the illness correctly (Leahy, 2007).

For the bipolar disorder to be properly diagnosed the following must be completed for correct accuracy. One of the first thing the individual who thinks he or she is suffering from bipolar disorder takes the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). This test helps the doctor, psychologist, and/ or psychiatrist help identify the bipolar symptoms the individual is suffering from.

A complete medical history and physical exam will need to be completed to rule out any potential illnesses that can show the same symptoms of bipolar disorder (Tracy, 2017). The following types of illnesses that can contribute to bipolar symptoms HIV, brain tumor, head injury, diabetes, epilepsy, lupus, multiple sclerosis, salt imbalance, and thyroid disorders (Tracy, 2017). Only a psychiatrist or psychologist can diagnose the individual with a bipolar disorder.

The psychiatrist or psychologist will use a criterion known as a Diagnostic and Statistics Manual, fifth edition known as (DSM-5) to help diagnose the individual correctly. This manual is a list of disorders. Today this manual is controversial to some medical professionals. Also, questioning the individual’s friends, family, and others that associate with the individual to find out about his or her behavior. The doctor may request blood work to rule out any type of substance abuse, however, the substance abuse may be used because the individual uses the drugs as an escape from the “low” symptoms.

For the individual to be diagnosed with Bipolar 1 Disorder the following symptoms must be present. The individual must have at least one manic and depression. Although, the individual in some cases may not need depression as a symptom. This depends on the severity of the manic episode. The individual’s manic episode needs to last at least seven days or be so severe that the individual becomes hospitalized (“Bipolar Disorder”, 2017).

When the individual experiences at least one hypomanic episode and one or more depressive, this is known as Bipolar 2 Disorder. The individual must experience hypomanic, which is less severe than manic. Also, the individual will experience mood swings that shift from “high” to “low” that will not reach the level of mania. Bipolar 2 Disorder individuals will experience less sleep, competitiveness, outgoing, and full of energy (Nordqvist, 2017).

Individuals are also more likely to experience with substance abuse to with the “lows”.

Cyclothymia is when the individual experiences hypomania and depression for at least two years (“Bipolar Disorder, 2017). The individual’s mood swings need to last at least half of the time and not stop for more than two months during the span of two years. Individuals that suffer from Cyclothymia will have normal mood periods that can last less than eight weeks. Cyclothymia is one of the hardest types of the three disorders to diagnose. This becomes difficult because cyclothymia has some of the same symptoms as bipolar 1 and 2 but the level of the episodes is lesser of the two.

Not Otherwise Specified disorder (NOS) is a condition when the individual experiences mood swings that are very quick and are within days of each other. The individual may not have all the related symptoms, or different episode levels to be diagnosed with a type of bipolar disorder. An individual can experience multiple episodes of hypomania but no depressive episodes. All these types of disorders and not otherwise specified have effective treatments for the individual.

Effective Treatments

Individuals that suffer from bipolar disorder can get the treatment they need. The types of effective treatment available are psychotherapy, medications, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and social support. Finding which treatment is best can change the individual’s life in little as three or four months. This is not always the case and sometimes can take longer.

Psychotherapy is a type of treatment that helps the individual reducing stress, improving self-well-being, and understanding how to identify patterns that can trigger symptoms and how to manage them better. Psychotherapy is also known as talk therapy. The therapy helps change the negative thoughts and how to manage those thoughts. While talk therapy is being used, the individual may be prescribed medications to help manage the type of bipolar disorder.

Certain medications can be very helpful depending on the type of bipolar disorder. Such medications as lithium, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, and antidepressants. Lithium and anticonvulsants are mood stabilizers. These medications can control mania and hypomanic episodes of “highs” and “lows” the individual experiences. Antipsychotics are used for individuals that have symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, and or mania. Sometimes this medication is paired with mood stabilizers. Individuals who suffer from depression may use this form of medication. This type of medication can help an individual who suffers from substance abuse. Antidepressants can be paired with other types of antidepressants to help the individual. Most individuals that take antidepressants will most likely take multiple medications with it. Making sure the right medication dose is prescribed to the individual, it is also important that the individual understands the side effects that associate with them.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is considered a very effective way to treat severe depression, mania, or both depression and mania together. This therapy method transmits small amounts of electrical impulses to the brain. This therapy method causes a quick seizure in the brain. ECT is again very effective but mainly used when no other treatment has helped the individual. Along with any treatment method, it is important the individual has the right social support.

One of the most important treatment is having the social support of friends, families, and people the individuals associate with on a day to day bases. This will help the individual be more comfortable getting the help that is needed to live a better life. Being supportive towards the individual that suffers from bipolar disorder, not only helps them but the people around the individual as well.

In conclusion, bipolar disorder is a mental illness that can make everyday life difficult for the individual. The individual can live a full productive life with the correct diagnoses, knowing which type of disorder the individual has, and the types of treatment available. The three types of bipolar disorders are Bipolar 1 Disorder, Bipolar 2 Disorder, Cyclothymia, and one known as Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). Taking the proper measures to get a complete diagnosis of the type of disorder the individual has by completing an MQD test, medical exam, family medical history, and blood test to rule out any other factors such as illness and or substance abuse. Once the diagnosis is complete the individual can get the proper treatment available to them from psychotherapy, medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and social support. Having the right diagnoses and treatment can really change the individual’s life to where he or she can live a much better life and those around the individual as well.

• American Psychiatric Association. (2017, January). What are bipolar disorders? Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/what-are-bipolar-disorders.
• Chung, H., Culpepper, L., De Webster, J. N., Grieco, R. L., Kaye, N. S., Lipkin, M., . . . Ross, R. (2007). Recognizing and understanding bipolar disorder. The Journal of Family Practice. 56, 5-10. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=b9573689-cbf3-4d6c-8014-3ce9e2849f24%40sessionmgr104.
• Leahy, R. L. (2007). Bipolar Disorder: Causes, Context, and Treatments. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(5), 417-424. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&sid=b9573689-cbf3-4d6c-8014-3ce9e2849f24%40sessionmgr104.
• Martin, B (2016, May 17). How is bipolar disorder diagnosed? Psych Central. Retrieved from https://psychcentral.com/lib/how-is-bipolar-disorder-diagnosed/.
• National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2017, August). Bipolar Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Bipolar-Disorder.
• Nordqvist, C. (2017, December 7). What should you know about bipolar disorder. Medical News Today. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37010.php.
• Parker, G., McCraw, S., & Fletcher, K. (2012). Cyclothymia. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 487-494. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=8&sid=b9573689-cbf3-4d6c-8014-3ce9e2849f24%40sessionmgr104.
• Purse, M. (2018, June 28). What is bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (NOS)? Verywell Mind. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/diagnosing-bipolar-disorder-not-otherwise-specified-379952.
• Tartakovsky, M. (2016, May 17). The 4 keys to managing bipolar disorder. Psych Central. Retrieved from https://psychcentral.com/lib/the-4-keys-to-managing-bipolar-disorder/.
• Tracy, N. (2017, July 11). Bipolar diagnosis and how to diagnose bipolar disorder. Healthy Place. Retrieved from https://www.healthyplace.com/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-diagnosis/bipolar-diagnosis-and-how-to-diagnose-bipolar-disorder.

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The Bipolar Disorder and Its Management Exploratory Essay

Introduction, signs and symptoms, causes of the disorder, diagnosis and treatment.

Bipolar disorder is a mental disorder characterized by intermittent moods and fitful energy levels thus affecting the ability of the patient to function normally. The disorder affects the neurons in the brain, hence causing uncoordinated functions of the brain. The functions of the brain rely upon the intermittent moods of depression and mania that characterize the disorder.

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) observes that, “manic-depression distorts moods and thoughts, incites dreadful behaviors, destroys the basis of rational thought, and too often erodes the desire and will to live … brings in its wake almost unendurable suffering and, not infrequently, suicide” (2002).

The disorder mostly affects adults although some cases in children occur due to the inheritable nature of the disorder. Prevalence studies by the American Psychiatric Association shows that, approximately 1.5% of the American adults suffer from bipolar disorder. Given the fact that the disorder is long-term, proper handling mechanisms is paramount to both the patients and health professionals. This essay explores the nature of the bipolar disorder and its management.

The bipolar disorder causes periodic episodes of depression and mania in patients. The intermittent depressive and manic episodes affect the physical and psychological functions of the patients causing them to have abnormal behaviors. During the depressive episode, the patient experiences low moods and loss of interests in the daily activities.

The signs and symptoms of depressive episode include anxiety, feeling of helplessness, loss of pleasure in activities, fatigue, petulance, sleep disturbance, suicidal feelings, and chronic pain amongst other clinical symptoms. “In severe cases, the individual may become psychotic, a condition also known as severe bipolar depression with psychotic features such as delusions or, less commonly, hallucinations, usually unpleasant” (Grier, & Wilkins, 2007, p.2).

The state of severe bipolar depression may last for about two weeks to several months in adults but in children, it may take several hours to days. Patients at the depressive episode have low mood and energy to perform usual activities.

During the manic episode, the patient experiences high mood with high energy levels in the body that results into increased body activity. The signs and symptoms of the manic episode include increased activity, extreme irritability, high energy levels, little sleep, aggressive, poor judgment and distractibility amongst other symptoms. If these signs and symptoms occur daily for a period of two weeks, then the patient is in the manic episode. The activity of the patient is due to the high energy levels that the body generates.

At some instances, patient may experience moderate effects of mania referred to as hypomania ; “ Hypomania may feel good to the person who experiences it and may even be associated with good functioning and enhanced productivity … ” (Simeonova, & Chang, 2005, p.5). Apart from depressive and manic episodes, a patient can also experience mixed episodes of the bipolar disorder and this complicates the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the disorder.

Scientists have discovered that a bipolar disorder occurs due to the combination of different factors. Many scientific studies suggest that the possible causes of the bipolar disorder are genetic, environmental, and physiological conditions. Genetic studies indicate that, “children with a parent or sibling who has bipolar disorder are four to six times more likely to develop the illness, compared with children who do not have a family history of bipolar disorder” (Simeonova, & Chang, 2005, p.624).

This implies that the bipolar disorder is genetic disease and that parents with the disorder predispose their kids to the same. Family history studies of the patients suffering from the bipolar disorder revealed that, at least one or more members of their families had suffered from some other psychiatric condition if not bipolar disorder. The prevalence of the disorder to certain families proves that it is a genetic disorder.

Further scientific studies have proved that environmental conditions also can cause bipolar disorder. Prospective and case studies reveal that the historical experiences of the patients determine their susceptibility to the bipolar disorder. “There have been repeated findings that between a third and a half of adults diagnosed with bipolar disorder report traumatic/abusive experiences in childhood, which is associated on average with earlier onset, a worse course, and more co-occurring disorders” (Simeonova, & Chang, 2005, p. 625).

These findings affirmed that interaction of the genetic and environmental conditions influence the susceptibility to the bipolar disorder. Case studies of adult patients showed that they experienced harsh environmental conditions as compared with those having with the genetic predisposition.

Another cause of the bipolar disorder is the physiological condition of the brain due to its structure. The comparative examination of brains shows that bipolar patients have relatively abnormal brain structure. Imaging studies reveal, “…the pattern of brain development in children with bipolar disorder was similar to that in children with ‘multi-dimensional impairment,’ a disorder that causes symptoms that overlap somewhat with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia” (NIMH, 2002).

The abnormal structure of the brain affects the physiological chemicals that are critical in normal functioning of the brain. For instance, insufficient neurotransmitters and neuron with defects contribute in causing the bipolar disorder.

The diagnosis and the treatment of the bipolar disorder require the concerted efforts of the family and psychiatrists. The family members should aid the psychiatrist by noting the clinical symptoms and providing the historical information for the psychiatrist to ascertain the cause of the disorder. “Anyone who is thinking about committing suicide needs immediate attention, preferably from a mental health professional or a physician …anyone who talks about suicide should be taken seriously” (NIMH, 2002).

Family members should note the conditions of the patient and report them to the psychiatrist who will conduct diagnostic procedures. For example, a psychiatrist may conduct brain scan and blood test to rule out complications of a tumor before considering the disorder as a bipolar disorder.

The psychiatrist will then evaluate the diagnostics tests and determine whether the condition is a bipolar disorder or not. Information concerning family history with regard to the disorder coupled with some clinical signs in most cases is enough to determine if the condition under investigation is bipolar disorder or not.

Since bipolar disorder is a long-term illness, the management of the disorder entails the use of chemotherapy and psychotherapy techniques.

Chemotherapy involves the use of medications that control and alleviates the devastating clinical symptoms. Usually, “…people with bipolar disorder continue treatment with mood stabilizers for extended periods of time and other medications are added when necessary, typically for shorter periods, to treat episodes of mania or depression that break through despite the mood stabilizer” (Simeonova, & Chang, 2005, p.628).

These medications are very important in regulating and stabilizing intermittent moods that characterize the bipolar disorder. Lithium and valproate are very effective drugs in stabilizing the mood of the patients for they are mood stabilizers.

Psychotherapy is another method used in treating bipolar disorder. Many psychiatrists have found out that psychotherapy can be very effective in stabilizing the mood of the patient. “Cognitive behavioral therapy, family focused therapy and psycho-education have the most evidence for efficacy in regard to relapse prevention, while interpersonal and social rhythm therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy appear the most effective in regard to residual depressive symptoms” (Grier, & Wilkins, 2007, p.10).

Cognitive behavioral therapy and psycho-education helps the patient to recognize and control the negative moods. Focused family therapy encourages the family members to create a homely environment that will not trigger moods swings of the patient. For effective treatment, family environment and medication are essential in management of the bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder is a neurological and psychological disorder that affects the normal functioning of the brain. Periodic moods changes characterize the disorder in that the patients experience manic and depressive episodes depending on the psychological condition. The signs and symptoms vary from low moods through intermediate moods to high moods.

Varied studies have shown that physiological, environmental, and genetic factors predispose an individual to the bipolar disorder. Although the disorder is a long-term illness, chemotherapy and psychotherapy has proved to be the current effective ways of managing the disorder. In the view of the technological advancement, scientists are still designing effective chemotherapy methods coupled with other clinical interventions that would help in managing the disorder in a better way.

Grier, E., & Wilkins, A. (2007). Bipolar Disorder: Educational Implication for Secondary Students. National Associations of Psychologists, 1-12.

National Institute of Mental Health. (2002). Bipolar Disorder . Web.

Simeonova, D., & Chang, K. (2005). Creativity in Familial Bipolar Disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research , 39 (7), 623-631.

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N.Y. Prisons Holding Mentally Ill People in Solitary, Lawsuit Says

A complaint filed by the Legal Aid Society and others accuses the state prison system of holding mentally ill and disabled people in isolation despite a law against the practice.

By Jan Ransom

Each time Stephanie Peña was placed alone in a prison cell the length and width of a parking spot, she could feel herself losing it.

Ms. Peña, 23 and living with post-traumatic stress and antisocial personality disorders, would recoil from the bloodstained mattress and the feeling of pests crawling over her as she slept. Desperate, she sometimes tried to harm herself just so her guards would let her out.

When New York banned the use of long-term solitary confinement in its prisons and barred the practice entirely for certain people, including mentally ill prisoners like Ms. Peña, it was hailed as a groundbreaking measure that would fundamentally change life behind bars.

But since the law took effect two years ago, prison officials have refused to implement it and have continued to hold incarcerated people with disabilities in solitary and in cells in specialized disciplinary units for most of the day, according to a class-action lawsuit filed on Tuesday in State Supreme Court in Brooklyn.

Ms. Peña is one of hundreds of prisoners who have been held in isolation or in solitary-like conditions for more than 17 hours at a time in violation of the new state law, according to the lawsuit filed by the Legal Aid Society, Disability Rights Advocates and the law firm Winston & Strawn.

“Solitary confinement is extremely harmful for people generally and, of course, for people with disabilities specifically,” said Stefen Short, a lawyer working on behalf of the Prisoners’ Rights Project of the Legal Aid Society. “Really what the agencies are doing here is flouting the will of the Legislature and by extension flouting the will of the people.”

Over the past two years, state legislators and oversight agencies have sounded the alarm in reports and letters to the New York Department of Correction and Community Supervision and the state’s Office of Mental Health, warning that the agencies were violating the law.

On any given month from May 2022 to April of this year, more than a quarter of the inmates in solitary had a diagnosed mental illness, according to the lawsuit, in violation of state law.

Representatives of the state prison system and Office of Mental Health said they could not discuss the suit because the agencies do not comment on pending litigation.

A spokesman for the prison system said officials had updated internal policies and added procedures last year to ensure that those held in segregated confinement meet all of the requirements under state law.

A spokesman for the Office of Mental Health, Justin Mason, said the department’s “top priority is ensuring that all New Yorkers have access to adequate mental health care, including those involved with the criminal justice system.”

He said the agency “is committed to treating those individuals entrusted to its care in the most clinically appropriate setting that is most likely to help them onto the path toward recovery.”

For years, advocates for incarcerated people had sought restrictions on the use of solitary confinement, citing research showing that prolonged isolation exacerbates mental illness, increases the risk of self-harm and suicide and leads to higher rates of death after release.

A survey in 2005 found that nearly half of the suicides in New York prisons had occurred in solitary, which the lawsuit described as “among the most extreme form of punishment which can be inflicted on human beings short of killing them.”

In 2021, legislators approved the law over fierce objection from the unions representing correction staff. The law barred the officials from placing any person with any disability in segregated confinement for any amount of time, and it also restricted the maximum length of time a person could be held in isolation to no more than 15 consecutive days.

Before the law was enacted, thousands of prisoners had been held in solitary or kept in their cells for 22 or 23 hours a day, sometimes for months or even years on end. They were forced to eat alone and prohibited from seeing other prisoners, working prison jobs or attending programs and other rehabilitative activities.

The new law required the state to create specialized disciplinary units for people with mental illness where they would receive intensive programming to address their behaviors, including at least seven hours of out-of-cell time. But the lawsuit said that people have instead been held in these cells for most of the day and with little access to services, in what amounted to solitary confinement “by another name.”

Prisoners in Residential Mental Health Treatment units were disciplined at the highest rates in the system, the lawsuit said, and they were assigned, on average, eight times more time in segregated confinement than the prison population as a whole.

Eric Lee, one of the nine plaintiffs named in the lawsuit, had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia as a child. But Mr. Lee, 32, who is serving 23 years to life in prison for murder and robbery, had been held in solitary confinement at the Shawangunk Correctional Facility for about two weeks. Later, at other prisons, he was kept in cells in alternative disciplinary units for 17 hours a day for months at a time.

During one stint in isolation while at Attica Correctional Facility, Mr. Lee, who had become desperate and paranoid, attempted to kill himself.

“Staring at a blank wall all day everyday just makes me want to give up,” he said, according to the lawsuit.

The Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, which operates the state’s 44 prisons, and the Office of Mental Health, which provides psychiatric services to thousands of prisoners, have also relied on policies that ensure some people who otherwise would have been shielded from solitary-like confinement were held under those conditions.

For example, the Office of Mental Health allows people who it does not deem to be “seriously mentally ill” to be held in solitary confinement. The agency has adopted a very narrow definition of serious mental illness, limiting it to just a small number of diagnoses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, rather than the full spectrum of mental health disabilities that are covered under the law, the lawsuit said.

Other psychiatric problems like post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and adjustment disorder are not considered serious mental illness, and prisoners with those conditions are not protected under the mental health agency’s interpretation of the law, the suit says.

In fact, despite her diagnoses, Ms. Peña had been held in solitary confinement several times since being sent to the Albion Correctional Facility in 2022. On several occasions, she said, she was disciplined for behavior that stemmed from her mental illness. But she should never have been held in solitary in the first place, the lawsuit said.

“It’s just seriously affected me,” Ms. Peña, a plaintiff in the case who was convicted of attempted robbery and remains in custody, said in a response sent through her lawyer. “I will never be the same.”

People with physical, medical and sensory disabilities have also been held illegally in solitary, the lawsuit said.

One man, Maurice Anthony, 42, is legally blind and was approved by the correction department to receive accommodations for his disability. Even so, he has been held in isolation for as many as 23 hours a day for various periods over the past three years. The only recreation he was permitted was by himself in a small semi-outdoor portion of his cell. More recently he has only been allowed one hour a day in a small 10-by-10 foot cage.

Isolation, Mr. Anthony said, is like being kept in a coffin.

Research has shown that solitary can be especially harmful for prisoners like Mr. Anthony, the lawsuit said, because it can worsen vision problems.

The lawsuit seeks a court injunction to prohibit prison officials from placing people with any type of disability in solitary, and to bar the correction department and the mental health agency’s use of policies that narrow the number of people protected under the law.

“They’ve been causing unimaginable harms,” said Joshua Rosenthal, supervising attorney with the nonprofit Disability Rights Advocates.

“There is no rationale,” he added, that the state could give “that would justify the torture of people with disabilities in this way.”

Jan Ransom is an investigative reporter on the Metro desk focusing on criminal justice issues, law enforcement and incarceration in New York. More about Jan Ransom

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Office of Cannabis Management: The head of New York State’s cannabis agency will step down at the end of his three-year term in September as part of an overhaul of the embattled agency , Gov. Kathy Hochul said.

A Thorny Mayoral Race: Zellnor Myrie, an Afro-Latino state senator from Brooklyn known for backing progressive causes, announced that he is moving to challenge  Mayor Eric Adams in next year’s Democratic primary in New York City.

Special House Election: Timothy Kennedy, a Democratic New York State senator, easily won a special House election  to replace a retiring congressman in western New York, narrowing the Republican majority in Washington.

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