research paper ideas gender roles

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100 Gender Research Topics For Academic Papers

Gender research topics are very popular across the world. Students in different academic disciplines are often asked to write papers and essays about these topics. Some of the disciplines that require learners to write about gender topics include:

Sociology Psychology Gender studies Business studies

When pursuing higher education in these disciplines, learners can choose what to write about from a wide range of gender issues topics. However, the wide range of issues that learners can research and write about when it comes to gender makes choosing what to write about difficult. Here is a list of the top 100 gender and sexuality topics that students can consider.

Controversial Gender Research Topics

Do you like the idea of writing about something controversial? If yes, this category has some of the best gender topics to write about. They touch on issues like gender stereotypes and issues that are generally associated with members of a specific gender. Here are some of the best controversial gender topics that you can write about.

How human behavior is affected by gender misconceptions
How are straight marriages influenced by gay marriages
Explain the most common sex-role stereotypes
What are the effects of workplace stereotypes?
What issues affect modern feminism?
How sexuality affects sex-role stereotyping
How does the media break sex-role stereotypes
Explain the dual approach to equality between women and men
What are the most outdated sex-role stereotypes
Are men better than women?
How equal are men and women?
How do politics and sexuality relate?
How can films defy gender-based stereotypes
What are the advantages of being a woman?
What are the disadvantages of being a woman?
What are the advantages of being a man?
Discuss the disadvantages of being a woman
Should governments legalize prostitution?
Explain how sexual orientation came about?
Women communicate better than men
Women are the stronger sex
Explain how the world can be made better for women
Discuss the future gender norms
How important are sex roles in society
Discuss the transgender and feminism theory
How does feminism help in the creation of alternative women’s culture?
Gender stereotypes in education and science
Discuss racial variations when it comes to gender-related attitudes
Women are better leaders
Men can’t survive without women

This category also has some of the best gender debate topics. However, learners should be keen to pick topics they are interested in. This will enable them to ensure that they enjoy the research and writing process.

Interesting Gender Inequality Topics

Gender-based inequality is witnessed almost every day. As such, most learners are conversant with gender inequality research paper topics. However, it’s crucial to pick topics that are devoid of discrimination of members of a specific gender. Here are examples of gender inequality essay topics.

Sex discrimination aspects in schools
How to identify inequality between sexes
Sex discrimination causes
The inferior role played by women in relationships
Discuss sex differences in the education system
How can gender discrimination be identified in sports?
Can inequality issues between men and women be solved through education?
Why are professional opportunities for women in sports limited?
Why are there fewer women in leadership positions?
Discuss gender inequality when it comes to work-family balance
How does gender-based discrimination affect early childhood development?
Can sex discrimination be reduced by technology?
How can sex discrimination be identified in a marriage?
Explain where sex discrimination originates from
Discuss segregation and motherhood in labor markets
Explain classroom sex discrimination
How can inequality in American history be justified?
Discuss different types of sex discrimination in modern society
Discuss various factors that cause gender-based inequality
Discuss inequality in human resource practices and processes
Why is inequality between women and men so rampant in developing countries?
How can governments bridge gender gaps between women and men?
Work-home conflict is a sign of inequality between women and men
Explain why women are less wealthy than men
How can workplace gender-based inequality be addressed?

After choosing the gender inequality essay topics they like, students should research, brainstorm ideas, and come up with an outline before they start writing. This will ensure that their essays have engaging introductions and convincing bodies, as well as, strong conclusions.

Amazing Gender Roles Topics for Academic Papers and Essays

This category has ideas that slightly differ from gender equality topics. That’s because equality or lack of it can be measured by considering the representation of both genders in different roles. As such, some gender roles essay topics might not require tiresome and extensive research to write about. Nevertheless, learners should take time to gather the necessary information required to write about these topics. Here are some of the best gender topics for discussion when it comes to the roles played by men and women in society.

Describe gender identity
Describe how a women-dominated society would be
Compare gender development theories
How equally important are maternity and paternity levees for babies?
How can gender-parity be achieved when it comes to parenting?
Discuss the issues faced by modern feminism
How do men differ from women emotionally?
Discuss gender identity and sexual orientation
Is investing in the education of girls beneficial?
Explain the adoption of gender-role stereotyped behaviors
Discuss games and toys for boys and girls
Describe patriarchal attitudes in families
Explain patriarchal stereotypes in family relationships
What roles do women and men play in politics?
Discuss sex equity and academic careers
Compare military career opportunities for both genders
Discuss the perception of women in the military
Describe feminine traits
Discus gender-related issues faced by women in gaming
Men should play major roles in the welfare of their children
Explain how the aging population affects the economic welfare of women?
What has historically determined modern differences in gender roles?
Does society need stereotyped gender roles?
Does nature have a role to play in stereotyped gender roles?
The development and adoption of gender roles

The list of gender essay topics that are based on the roles of each sex can be quite extensive. Nevertheless, students should be keen to pick interesting gender topics in this category.

Important Gender Issues Topics for Research Paper

If you want to write a paper or essay on an important gender issue, this category has the best ideas for you. Students can write about different issues that affect individuals of different genders. For instance, this category can include gender wage gap essay topics. Wage variation is a common issue that affects women in different countries. Some of the best gender research paper topics in this category include:

Discuss gender mainstreaming purpose
Discuss the issue of gender-based violence
Why is the wage gap so common in most countries?
How can society promote equality in opportunities for women and men in sports?
Explain what it means to be transgender
Discuss the best practices of gender-neutral management
What is women’s empowerment?
Discuss how human trafficking affects women
How problematic is gender-blindness for women?
What does the glass ceiling mean in management?
Why are women at a higher risk of sexual exploitation and violence?
Why is STEM uptake low among women?
How does ideology affect the determination of relations between genders
How are sporting women fighting for equality?
Discuss sports, women, and media institutions
How can cities be made safer for girls and women?
Discuss international trends in the empowerment of women
How do women contribute to the world economy?
Explain how feminism on different social relations unites men and women as groups
Explain how gender diversity influence scientific discovery and innovation

This category has some of the most interesting women’s and gender studies paper topics. However, most of them require extensive research to come up with hard facts and figures that will make academic papers or essays more interesting.

Students in high schools and colleges can pick what to write about from a wide range of gender studies research topics. However, some gender studies topics might not be ideal for some learners based on the given essay prompt. Therefore, make sure that you have understood what the educator wants you to write about before you pick a topic. Our experts can help you choose a good thesis topic . Choosing the right gender studies topics enables learners to answer the asked questions properly. This impresses educators to award them top grades.

What is gender equality?

Equality between the sexes is a huge part of basic human rights. It means that men and women have the same opportunities to fulfil their potential in all spheres of life.

Today, we still face inequality issues as there is a persistent gap in access to opportunities for men and women.

Women have less access to decision-making and higher education. They constantly face obstacles at the workplace and have greater safety risks. Maintaining equal rights for both sexes is critical for meeting a wide range of goals in global development.

Inequality between the sexes is an interesting area to study so high school, college, and university students are often assigned to write essays on gender topics.

In this article, we are going to discuss the key peculiarities of gender equality essay. Besides, we have created a list of the best essay topic ideas.

What is the specifics of gender equality essay?

Equality and inequality between the sexes are important historical and current social issues which impact the way students and their families live. They are common topics for college papers in psychology, sociology, gender studies.

When writing an essay on equality between the sexes, you need to argue for a strong point of view and support your argument with relevant evidence gathered from multiple sources.

But first, you’d need to choose a good topic which is neither too broad nor too narrow to research.

Research is crucial for the success of your essay because you should develop a strong argument based on an in-depth study of various scholarly sources.

Equality between sexes is a complex problem. You have to consider different aspects and controversial points of view on specific issues, show your ability to think critically, develop a strong thesis statement, and build a logical argument, which can make a great impression on your audience.

If you are looking for interesting gender equality essay topics, here you will find a great list of 100 topic ideas for writing essays and research papers on gender issues in contemporary society.

Should you find that some topics are too broad, feel free to narrow them down.

Powerful gender equality essay topics

Here are the top 25 hottest topics for your argumentative opinion paper on gender issues.

Whether you are searching for original creative ideas for gender equality in sports essay or need inspiration for gender equality in education essay, we’ve got you covered.

Use imagination and creativity to demonstrate your approach.

Analyze gender-based violence in different countries
Compare wage gap between the sexes in different countries
Explain the purpose of gender mainstreaming
Implications of sex differences in the human brain
How can we teach boys and girls that they have equal rights?
Discuss gender-neutral management practices
Promotion of equal opportunities for men and women in sports
What does it mean to be transgender?
Discuss the empowerment of women
Why is gender-blindness a problem for women?
Why are girls at greater risk of sexual violence and exploitation?
Women as victims of human trafficking
Analyze the glass ceiling in management
Impact of ideology in determining relations between sexes
Obstacles that prevent girls from getting quality education in African countries
Why are so few women in STEM?
Major challenges women face at the workplace
How do women in sport fight for equality?
Women, sports, and media institutions
Contribution of women in the development of the world economy
Role of gender diversity in innovation and scientific discovery
What can be done to make cities safer for women and girls?
International trends in women’s empowerment
Role of schools in teaching children behaviours considered appropriate for their sex
Feminism on social relations uniting women and men as groups

Gender roles essay topics

We can measure the equality of men and women by looking at how both sexes are represented in a range of different roles. You don’t have to do extensive and tiresome research to come up with gender roles essay topics, as we have already done it for you.

Have a look at this short list of top-notch topic ideas .

Are paternity and maternity leaves equally important for babies?
Imagine women-dominated society and describe it
Sex roles in contemporary western societies
Compare theories of gender development
Adoption of sex-role stereotyped behaviours
What steps should be taken to achieve gender-parity in parenting?
What is gender identity?
Emotional differences between men and women
Issues modern feminism faces
Sexual orientation and gender identity
Benefits of investing in girls’ education
Patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes in family relationships
Toys and games of girls and boys
Roles of men and women in politics
Compare career opportunities for both sexes in the military
Women in the US military
Academic careers and sex equity
Should men play larger roles in childcare?
Impact of an ageing population on women’s economic welfare
Historical determinants of contemporary differences in sex roles
Gender-related issues in gaming
Culture and sex-role stereotypes in advertisements
What are feminine traits?
Sex role theory in sociology
Causes of sex differences and similarities in behaviour

Gender inequality research paper topics

Examples of inequality can be found in the everyday life of different women in many countries across the globe. Our gender inequality research paper topics are devoted to different issues that display discrimination of women throughout the world.

Choose any topic you like, research it, brainstorm ideas, and create a detailed gender inequality essay outline before you start working on your first draft.

Start off with making a debatable thesis, then write an engaging introduction, convincing main body, and strong conclusion for gender inequality essay .

Aspects of sex discrimination
Main indications of inequality between the sexes
Causes of sex discrimination
Inferior role of women in the relationships
Sex differences in education
Can education solve issues of inequality between the sexes?
Impact of discrimination on early childhood development
Why do women have limited professional opportunities in sports?
Gender discrimination in sports
Lack of women having leadership roles
Inequality between the sexes in work-family balance
Top factors that impact inequality at a workplace
What can governments do to close the gender gap at work?
Sex discrimination in human resource processes and practices
Gender inequality in work organizations
Factors causing inequality between men and women in developing countries
Work-home conflict as a symptom of inequality between men and women
Why are mothers less wealthy than women without children?
Forms of sex discrimination in a contemporary society
Sex discrimination in the classroom
Justification of inequality in American history
Origins of sex discrimination
Motherhood and segregation in labour markets
Sex discrimination in marriage
Can technology reduce sex discrimination?

Most controversial gender topics

Need a good controversial topic for gender stereotypes essay? Here are some popular debatable topics concerning various gender problems people face nowadays.

They are discussed in scientific studies, newspaper articles, and social media posts. If you choose any of them, you will need to perform in-depth research to prepare an impressive piece of writing.

How do gender misconceptions impact behaviour?
Most common outdated sex-role stereotypes
How does gay marriage influence straight marriage?
Explain the role of sexuality in sex-role stereotyping
Role of media in breaking sex-role stereotypes
Discuss the dual approach to equality between men and women
Are women better than men or are they equal?
Sex-role stereotypes at a workplace
Racial variations in gender-related attitudes
Role of feminism in creating the alternative culture for women
Feminism and transgender theory
Gender stereotypes in science and education
Are sex roles important for society?
Future of gender norms
How can we make a better world for women?
Are men the weaker sex?
Beauty pageants and women’s empowerment
Are women better communicators?
What are the origins of sexual orientation?
Should prostitution be legal?
Pros and cons of being a feminist
Advantages and disadvantages of being a woman
Can movies defy gender stereotypes?
Sexuality and politics

Feel free to use these powerful topic ideas for writing a good college-level gender equality essay or as a starting point for your study.

No time to do decent research and write your top-notch paper? No big deal! Choose any topic from our list and let a pro write the essay for you!

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How To Write An Essay On Gender Roles Topics

There is one basic rule any student should always follow when creating essays of this kind. This is meeting the requirements of the traditional structure of the academic paper. Here is how it will look like in your case:

Introduction: Make sure to create an eye-catching beginning of your paper. The best thing to come up with a nice introduction is to pick up the most controversial option among various interesting women's studies topics. This way, you will grab the interest of the reader right from the start. By the way, it is important to be brief and come up with a striking thesis at the end of your introduction.
Main part: Here comes the main info you want to share with the audience. As a rule, you will need to find several powerful arguments about gender roles, feminism, or other related topics. You are expected to come up with convincing arguments that will support the facts, discovered during your research. Moreover, you can share your own understanding of gender power, the issues related to this area in modern society, as well as provide some recommendations on how to solve them.
Conclusion: This is a brief summary of your paper. Avoid writing about any new facts in this part but just sum up your research facts and ideas.
Bibliography. The last part of your academic paper is a list of sources you’ve used for creating an essay. Don’t forget to add a bibliography list to your paper to get the best scores for your assignment.

Gender Roles And Issues Topics

Gender roles have been constantly changing. This means you can find tons of ideas to write a brilliant essay about gender roles and their development throughout the years.

Men And Women Roles In Childcare
Women’s Roles In The 20th Century
The Psychology Of Gender
Women’s Rights
Gender Roles And Employment
Women’s Roles During The Industrial Revolution
Gender Roles In Building A Career
The Concepts Of Gendered Society
Gender-related Issues In The Modern World
Psychological Differences Between Men And Women
Women’s Roles In The Ancient World
Women’s Roles In The Middle Ages
Women In Combat
Women In Non-traditional Roles
The Theories Of Gender Development
The Basic Concepts Of Gender Identity
Men And Women In Politics
Traditional Feminine Traits
Differences In The Behavior Of Men And Women
The Attitude In Different Societies Towards Women
Importance Of Girl’s Education
The Pros And Cons Of Changing Gender Roles

Women-Related Studies Topics: Abortions

Abortion has been among the most controversial topics for years. Moreover, it continues to be one of the burning issues in modern society, too. In case you are looking for a modern, sharp, and disputable idea for your academic paper, feel free to choose a topic about abortion.

Abortion Rights In The USA
The Risks Of Abortion
Pros And Cons Of The Right Of Abortion
Abortion Rights In Asia
Abortion Rights In Europe
Sex-selective Abortion
Women’s Movements Related To Abortion
Abortion: Cases And Controversies
Abortion Policies: A Global Review
The Times When Abortion Was A Crime
Abortion And Politics
The Modern Ways Of Birth Control
Abortion And Democracy
Abortion In Judaism
The Abortion Question
Psychological Conditions After Abortion
Abortion And Depression
Abortion And Further Pregnancies
The Benefits Of Reproductive Freedom
Defense Of Abortion
Abortion And Ethics
Abortion In India
Fertility Control In Different Countries
Fertility And Abortion
Abortion: Public Opinion
Abortion From Doctor’s Retrospective

Gender Stereotypes Research Paper Topics

Although we live in a developed society, there are still lots of gender stereotypes thousands of people believe in. Many of these stereotypes are related to gender, as well as relationships in families. You can create a gender stereotypes research paper using one of the following ideas.

Patriarchal Stereotypes In Family Relationships
Gender Stereotypes In The Advertisement
Gender Stereotypes On TV
Gender Stereotypes In The Gaming Industry
Gender Stereotypes In Different Countries
Sei Shonagons Pillow Book Analysis
The Psychology Of Stereotyping
Dominance Stereotypes
Ways To Fight Gender Stereotypes
Gender Stereotype Activation: Basic Concepts
Gender-role Stereotyping And Career Aspirations
Gender Role Stereotyping In Children's Imaginary Friends
Gender Stereotypes Dynamics
Stereotyping And Discrimination
Gender Stereotypes In Different Age Groups
Stereotypes About Same-sex Marriages
Adoption Of Sex-role Stereotyped Behaviors
Sex-role Stereotypes

Women's Rights Topics: Gender Inequality

Gender inequality has been an issue in most countries for centuries. However, in many societies, this problem still continues to be sharp. Therefore, one of the topics on gender inequality might become an excellent choice for many students.

Gender-neutral Language
The Issue Of Gender Inequality In The Modern World
How To Fight Gender Inequality
Gender Inequality Policies
Primary Source Analysis On Gender Ain't A Woman
Racial And Gender Inequality In African Countries
The Modernization Of Gender Inequality In Brazil
Class, Race, Gender, And Inequality
The Indications Of Inequality Between The Sexes
Inequality And Education
Inequality At The Workplace
Factors Causing Gender Inequality
Inequality In Business
Sexuality And Politics

Gender Studies Research Topics: Psychology Of Gender

The psychology of gender is one of the most interesting topics for discussion. You will definitely find lots of the newest research on this issue and will be able to write a fresh and up-to-date academic paper.

Camel And Cactus Test
Femme Invisibility
Benevolent Sexism
Determining The Relations Between Different Sexes
Gender-parity In Parenting
Sex-role Theory In Sociology
Men And Women In Sports
Impact Of Discrimination On The Development Of Boys And Girls
Lack Of Female Leaders In Politics
Women Without Children: Issues And Opportunities
Discrimination In Marriage
Technology And Gender Psychology
Modern Gender Norms
The Future Of Gender Norms
The Role Of Motherhood In The Lives Of Women
How To Solve A Work-home Conflict Of Modern Women

Gender Reassignment Studies Topics

Gender reassignment is becoming common in the modern world. But are there any issues for changing gender in different societies? What makes people change their sex or sexual preferences? You can freely describe these issues in your essay and get top grades for your assignment.

Heterosexual Transvestites
Homosexuals In Military
Polysexual In The Modern World
Transsexuals: Basic Concepts And Features
Who Are Transgenders?
Origin Of Sexual Orientation
Why Do People Become Transgenders?
Transgender Identities
Socializing Transgenders
Bisexuals In A Modern Society
Gender Reassignment In Muslim Cultures
Sex Reassignment And Personal Identity
Rethinking Gender And Therapy

Powerful Gender Research Topics

There are many controversial topics you can write about in your academic paper. For example, same-sex marriages, legalization of prostitution, sexuality, and many others.

Legalization Of Prostitution
Same-sex Adoption Rights
Same-sex Marriage
Signs Of Sexuality
Gender-based Violence
Human Trafficking
Healthy Relations Between Sexes
Types Of Abuse And How To Stop It
The Role Of Women In The Modern World
The Problem Of Gender Diversity
Determining Sexual Orientation
Psychology Of Gender
Men Vs. Women: Who Is Stronger?
Types Of Sexual Orientations
Gender And Mental Health

How To Write A Gender-Related Academic Paper

There is nothing new that choosing a research topic for women gender studies is not easy. However, picking up the most fitting option among hundreds of gender and feminist research paper topics is only half of the job you need to do complete your assignment. So, what else are you expected to do to get the best scores in a class?

Create an essay with a flawless structure
Do advanced research via different channels
Write in a proper voice and tone
Use up-to-date and impressive facts and arguments
Represent the best examples to support your ideas
Split your main ideas into paragraphs in a logical and well-structured way
Express your own views wisely and properly
Use a particular voice and tone
Avoid any grammar, punctuation, and spelling mistakes
Make sure not to have any typos
Add a polished and correct bibliography
Use only modern and reliable sources
Make your introduction shine
Create a great summary with no new facts and ideas
Use proper formatting

Following all these rules often seem amazingly difficult for many learners. In case you are one of them, no worries. The secret truth is that lots of diligent students often pay for essay online . And you can do that, too! This way, you will get a brilliant essay created by skilled and professional writers with absolutely no effort.

References:

Writing tips for beginners
The best research techniques
The history of feminism
Influential women in wellness
Women during the American Civil War
The role of women during the industrial revolution
Books about women

569 Gender Essay Topics & Research Topics on Gender

Looking for gender research topics for your paper? Look no further! In this awesome list, you will find here plenty of research questions about gender, essay topics, discussion ideas, and more. Check it out!

🏆 Best Essay Topics on Gender

⭐ catchy gender essay topics, 👍 good gender research topics & essay examples, 🌶️ hot gender studies research topics to write about, 🎓 most interesting gender research titles, 💡 simple gender issues topics for research paper, 📌 easy gender essay topics, ❓ research questions about gender, 🔥 interesting research topics on women’s issues, ✅ gender studies topics to write about.

Gender-Based Violence in South Africa
The Social Construction of Gender
Preventing Gender-Based Violence
Gender-Based Violence and Its Effects: Literature Review
The Social Construction of Gender Roles
Gender and Sexuality: Essay Example
Gender Roles in The Tempest
Gender Inequality Issue and Solutions Gender equality is a key human right that should be enjoyed by everyone. All people – regardless of their gender – should be able to enjoy the same rights and opportunities.
Gender Inequality in the Workplace The global fight against gender inequality in the workplace can be successful if appropriate initiatives and interventions are taken at the organizational level.
Elizabethan Era Gender Roles in Shakespeare Plays Searching for an essay on gender roles in Shakespeare’s plays? Here is an excellent essay sample on the topic! Use it for inspiration.
“Lanval”: Summary & Analysis of Gender Roles and Courtly Love “Lanval” is one of Marie de France’s lais in which the idea of love is discussed from the specific perspective according to which women and men are equal in their love.
Gender Roles Effects on Children Development Many aspects of children education affect their development. One of these aspects is the way in which they are taught about gender roles.
Gender Roles in Medea – Stereotypes & Resistance With the help of Medea and Jason, the main characters of the play “Medea”, Euripides presented individuals as complex creatures who carry both women’s and man’s characteristics.
Horizontal and Vertical Gender Segregation in Employment Gender segregation refers to unequal distribution of men and women in the occupational structure. Vertical segregation refers to placing men at the top of occupational hierarchies.
Gender Stereotyping in the “Pretty Woman” Movie The movie Pretty Woman, starring Julia Roberts and Richard Gere, created quite a bit of stirring among the feminist supporters of the country.
Impact of Fashion on Gender and Sexual Identity Fashion has long been used to communicate gender and sexuality. Clothing is a powerful way of expressing identity and communicating with the outside world.
Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Culture In the contemporary society, gender and sexuality forms the basis for recognition. In effect, social construction defines that males and females are different creatures.
Gender Roles in “Wide Sargasso Sea” by Jean Rhys The impacts of colonialism and civilisation on the society in the Jean Rhys’ novel, Wide Sargasso Sea and specifically regarding its impact on gender roles in society.
Gender Stereotypes in Western and Eastern Culture Stereotypes claim that the girls from the east are well behaved. They are shy and respectful, quiet and smart.
Gender Discrimination and Performance in the Workplace While talking about the gender discrimination, both sexes are considered although on discrimination the female are mainly on the receiving end.
Gender Differences in Delinquency Research shows that gender is the most influential correlate for juvenile delinquency. In other words, males tend to commit more crimes than women.
Gender-Neutral Toilets in Schools Schools with both gender-expansive and transgender students are often endeavoring to create an enabling environment that addresses the needs of such a diverse population.
Postmodern Feminism and Its Theory of Gender as Social Construction Post modern feminists argue that there are no natural building blocks between genders. It is the society that structures human being in a particular way to keep differences.
Gender and Grade Point Average: Statistical Analysis This research paper aims to assess the relationship between Grade Point Average and gender by applying correlation analysis with stratified sampling.
Gender Roles in “The Handmaid’s Tale” by Atwood Margaret Atwood’s “The Handmaid’s Tale” is a novel illustrating a dystopian system in which fertile women become the maids of couples who cannot conceive.
Gender Discrimination in Society and Social Media: Solutions The paper finds out to what extent discriminatory attitudes are present in different societies and how much social media induce them.
Changing Gender Roles in Families This essay analyzes two articles on family gender roles and argues that the changing gender roles in modern society is rapidly being driven by single parent family controversy.
Women: Gender Inequality and Discrimination This paper explains whether innate gender differences exist and how they determine the abilities, choices, and aptitudes that differentiate men from women.
Social Construction of Gender and Sexual Dichotomy Gender is usually divided into two sexes, namely male and female, in modern society. Traditionally, gender is determined by various physiological features, such as genitalia.
Gender Representation in Akira Kurosawa’s Films This paper is intended to analyze one of the most controversial topics of Kurosawa’s films, specifically gender representation.
Social Learning and Gender Schema Theories The paper states that social learning theory and gender schema theory, studying the same subject, provide their perceptions of gender-role development.
Gender & Feminism in A Doll’s House The paper uses a combination of gender focus and reader-response approaches and argues that in “A Doll’s House” women’s self-sacrifice is viewed as a regular responsibility.
The Issue of Gender-Separated Sports Gender-separated sports provide better opportunities for all gender involved while also respecting gender-related patterns of building social relations.
Gender in The Great Gatsby & The Yellow Wallpaper The complexities of men and women in the texts were examined and evaluated on the basis of sexuality and relationship and the inferences would be supported by the text itself.
Speech of Emma Watson: Gender Equality The paper discusses the process of Emma Watson makes the first speech called United Nations Address on Gender Equality, focusing on gender equality.
Women and Gender Roles in “Antigone” by Sophocles Sophocles’ “Antigone” tells a story of a woman who disobeys the order of the ruler of Thebes who decided to leave the body of her brother unburied on the battlefield.
Gender Discrimination Issues and Interventions Women should be encouraged to more actively protect their labor rights, do not be afraid to apply to the prosecutor’s office, the state labor inspectorate, or the court.
Gender Lightbulb Moment in Personal Experience The sex-role stereotyping and gender bias can be countered by educating people on the importance of diversity.
Gender, Racial Discrimination, and Exclusion in Toni Morrison’s “Paradise” “Paradise” addresses the issue of racism by narrating a story about African Americans who move to the town of Ruby, in which people repeat certain mistakes.
Performative Acts and Gender Constitution The rationale for Butler’s idea that gender represents actions that are norms and traditions of our society reflects cultural and historical experience.
Gender Roles Within Greek Society Gender roles in Greek society were determined by social and cultural traditions, position of women in society and their significance as citizens.
Gender Discrimination in “Disgrace” by J.M Coetzee J.M Coetzee’s book “Disgrace” that has been examined in this paper explores the nature of gender discrimination meted on women in South Africa.
Gender Differences in Using the English Language This paper investigates gender differences in using the English language to understand the attitudes of men and women when they choose the way of pronunciation and vocabulary.
Modern Issues of Gender Studies The study of gender entails consideration of men and women in the society. The subject defines the notion of gender and how society has been shaping the concept over the time.
Biology and Culture of Gender Color Stereotypes This paper attempts to answer this question and determine whether the indicated color genders are biologically based or culturally embedded.
Women and Men Empowerment for Gender Equality The current world has emphasized women empowerment that has led to men’s disempowerment. It is important to involve men in the intervention of gender equality.
Sex and Gender as a Social Phenomenon The paper establishes the differences between sex and gender; defines the term of gender identity; interprets gender from the viewpoint of every sociological angle.
Single Parenthood Households and Gender-Related Issues In contemporary society, single parenthood has become common. Marriages between two couples are no longer popular.
Gender and Sexual activity: Literature Review This literature review focus on various perspectives of gender and sexuality in the context of different arenas of social groups.
Role of Mass Media in Gender Issues This paper discusses the role of mass media in the presentation of gender and examines standards from various media sources to demonstrate how some news stories develop.
Is Gender a Culturally or Biologically Perscribed Role? The concept of gender as a product of culture or biology has been debated and analyzed by various researchers. The result of this debate has further polarized the topic.
How Gender Stereotypes Affect Society Gender stereotypes are harmful because they only teach men and women to act in certain ways; they confine people to a set of behaviors associated with their gender.
Susan Glaspell’s ‘Trifles’ – Gender Oppression and Justice The drama Trifles by Susan Glaspell revolves around the murder of John Wright, a farmer described by his peers as an honest and hard-working man.
Impact of Globalization on Norms and Experiences around Gender Inequality is one of the most prolonged global debates that have refused to go away despite the great strides made through globalization
Influence of Culture and Gender on Personality Disorders Diagnosis The ongoing polemics is believed to have a positive influence on the functioning and finding new approaches while treating personality disorders.
Marriage and Inequalities With Gender The issue of bridging gender equality has been the center of debate in the 21 century. The role of women in society could no longer be underestimated.
Stereotypes of Gender Roles The paper details the scientific justification, impacts, development, prevention strategies, and how gender role stereotypes can be addressed.
Multiculturalism as a Threat to Gender Equality To make democratic states realize that tolerance must not equal acceptance and that the specifics of a particular culture must not be projected onto another one.
Aspects of Parenting and Gender Roles For children to develop a healthy understanding of gender roles, it is essential that parents choose the right approach to their formation.
Addressing the Issue of Gender Equality Gender equality is one of the core problems of the current century. It means providing equal conditions for men and women
Personal Awareness: Gender Identity Personal awareness is an important aspect of life cause it empowers a person on how to make cognizant decisions. Friends, family and society have a profound impact on personality.
Gender-Neutral Upbringing: Reasonable and Possible? The gender-neutral upbringing gains popularity. The paper finds out if it is reasonable to set the goal of gender-neutrality and if it can ever be accomplished.
Race and Gender Stereotypes in Literature Literary texts are used to advance gender and race-related stereotypes. In this paper, the author examines three literary texts: Araby, The Hound of the Baskervilles and The False Gems.
Gender Divide and Solidarity in Susan Glaspell’s ‘Trifles’ Trifles is an one-act play written by Susan Glaspell which crux of the story is the murder of John Wright, and the subsequent investigation of this event by other characters.
Objective Social Structure: Race, Gender, and Class The vast majority of social divisions take place based on race, gender, and class, where one or all three categories are imposed on individuals.
Sally Haslanger’s “Gender and Race” Review In Sally Haslanger’s philosophical essay ‘Gender and Race: (What) are they? (What) do we want them to be?’ the author utilizes an analytical approach to gender and race.
Gender Inequality in French Hospitality Industry The study scrutinizes the French hotel and tourism sector and the concerns and challenges women encounter in management roles and compares them to the trends.
Societal and Gender Construction Affecting Incidents of Domestic Violence The paper intends to explore how societal and gender construction can affect the incidences of domestic violence.
Influence of Gender on Life and Sexism Sexism is a negative phenomenon meaning that individuals face various opportunities and attitudes based on their genders.
Gender Roles: “What’s That Smell in the Kitchen” by Piercy “What’s That Smell in the Kitchen” by Marge Piercy is a poem that speaks against gender-stereotyped roles in society. It considers as a feminist literary piece of the 20th century.
Is Gender Natural or Acquired? Gender may be categorized as both natural and acquired since one has the ability to transform from one gender to another.
Gender Inequality and Feminism in a TV Series Gender inequality indicators measure quantifiable aspects of biases against women or men. It is the women who suffer the most from gender discrimination.
Cinderella and Girl: Feminist and Gender Critique Anne Sexton, in her poem Cinderella focuses on the position of women in society on the material of the well-known fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm.
Role of Gender Stereotypes in Advertising The paper states that it is of great significance to understand the reasons behind the advertisers’ attachment to socially constructed gender differences.
Gender Issues in the Leadership of the Organization Traditional stereotypes of women as being less suited for leadership roles is also one of the reasons why gender has been linked to leadership.
Japanese vs. American Male Gender Roles American males perceived their women as weak and powerless creatures requiring protection, whereas the Japanese male stereotypes envisioned their women as being subordinate to men.
Gender Roles in Cartoons Most people believe that children can use the portrayals of gender in cartoons arrangement to establish their roles of their gender and to understand their roles in their culture.
Factors Contributing to the Gender Pay Gap in the UK The gender pay gap still exists; this essay will discuss what causes the gap and human resource strategies to eliminate the inequalities in remunerations.
Sexuality and Gender-Related Behavior During Adolescence The paper analyzes identity development in adolescence, the neurological shifts that occur at this age, as well as other changes characteristic.
Gender Differences in Agressive Behavior The belief that violence is observed mostly in men than in women in the daily observations has a stable base in the records of crime and also in the common perception about gender.
Gender and Cultures in Conflict Resolution The conflict resolution measures should not solely end conflicts, but should also help to restore the fighting communities together.
Rethinking Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination The paper focuses on the theory of egoism and when to apply the theory in the work environment to avoid sexual discrimination.
Gender Expectations in the Disney Film “The Little Mermaid” This article will show that the Disney’s work magnifies the evolving roles of women in society, and despite the existing tensions and backlash, women are integrating successfully into the society.
Sexuality in “Love Beyond Gender” by Alysia Abbott The question of sexuality has always been an ongoing issue for human society. Sexual interest impacts the life of an individual and predetermines the choice of a partner.
Role of Gender in Society In today’s society, equality is an issue that has not been fully achieved and integrated in the society, and hence gender roles are very distinguishable
Gender in Sophocles’ Tragedy Antigone One such tragedy is Antigone, written by Sophocles; it features a strong female character in opposition to an oppressive, politically bound male.
The Gender Pay Gap in Australia The existence of a gender gap is a severe problem for economic equality in a democratic society. This paper tests the idea that a gender pay gap exists using Australian workers.
Gender Roles and Inequalities in Advertisement The perfume for men, Dior Sauvage, was released in 2019, and an advertising campaign supported it with Johnny Depp.
Sexism and Gender Inequality in Sport The paper reviews an example of sexism and gender inequality and academic scholarship on the topic. Women athletes have faced gender inequality and sexism.
Themes of Feminism & Gender in A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Ibsen is considered one of the most successful play writers of the 19th century. He has a large body of work in various genres of literature.
Gender Discrimination Topic for Research Gender discrimination is a social phenomenon based on cultural practices that set a glass ceiling to women in many aspects of life.
Unveiling the Gender Gap: Feminist Theory in Sociology Feminist theory in sociology shifts the emphasis from men to women and from social structure to the lived experiences of individuals.
Gender Pay Gap From Feminist Perspective Feminists are in the best position to comprehend and articulate the causes of the problems women face in society, which include the gender pay gap.
Gender and Race in Langston Hughes’ Poetry of the Spanish Civil War Langston Hughes was a crucial figure in the 1920s Harlem Renaissance, which blossomed black intellectual, literary, and creative life in several American cities, particularly Harlem.
Gender Role Differences and Immigration Gender roles have played a considerable role in the ways that women were assimilated in the process of immigration.
The Issue of Gender Discrimination Related to Business and Society In this paper, the issue of gender discrimination will be analyzed based on how the deteriorated relationships taking root from societal issues affect all sides of the conflict.
Gender Identity Development This paper discusses the development of one’s gender identity from an early age and the different factors that affected that development.
Gender Inequality in Security Sector The assumption of gender composition in the security sector has been linked with the apparent norm that women cannot work in the military.
How Society Influences the Gender Roles Society should reconsider some of the gender roles to close the gap and give people equal opportunities to thrive and explore.
Gender Bias During the Hiring Process Gender bias in hiring has been a problem that many organizations have dealt with, as many employers prefer to hire men because of the notion that they are more committed.
“Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment” by Kabeer Gender inequality is an issue that has led to endless debates with different people proposing diverse solutions to ensure equality is exercised.
Nature-Nurture Debate of Gender Identity The paper states that what determines the gender of an individual, nature or nurture, was of interest to people long before the advent of gender studies.
The Movie”Smurfs”: The Problem of Gender Roles The gender roles in the Smurfs are polarized and fixed between male and female stereotypes, which is a mentality of the past.
What Makes an Ideal Society? Revolutionary Ideas for Gender Equality The article is relevant because it demonstrates how a perfect society can be achieved by first realizing social change, as it was done before the women’s movements.
Gender Gaps in Student Academic Achievement The following research paper will focus on the issue discussed by Tsai et al. in “Gender gaps in student academic achievement and inequality.”
Gender Relations in Roman Society The aspect of gender relations in Rome involves some peculiarities which help to perceive the whole essence of the Roman culture.
Shifting Gender Norms in Isabel Allende’s The House of the Spirits The questions of gender equality and the role of women in family and society are central for Isabel Allende’s novel The House of the Spirits that was first published in 1982.
Gender Equality in Jackson’s “The Lottery” The issue of gender relationships has been widely discussed in the literature, and Jackson’s “The Lottery” is one of the strongest examples of the gender inequality problem.
Gender Stereotypes in Families: Parental Influence on an Adolescent’s Career Choice Gender stereotypes are still persistent in societies that often seem to be egalitarian. These stereotypes are transmitted to younger generations that copy their parents’ role models.
Does the Gender Pay Gap Still Exist? Although a lot of people believe that in the modern world, the gender pay gap is closing fast, in fact, the real state of things is quite the opposite–the discrepancy is as wide as it has ever been.
The Color of Sex: Postwar Histories of Race and Gender The article “The Color of Sex: Postwar Photogenic Histories of Race and Gender in National Geographic Magazines” disclosed how the images of people of color are formed by the popular culture.
Gender Dynamics in Development This essay opens with the indication of how serious gender dynamics affect life. Gender issues must be understood if development goals are to be realized.
The Relationship Between Gender and GPA The impact of students’ socio-demographic characteristics on their overall academic performance is the subject of the current paper.
Contemporary Gender Equality Challenge This essay investigates the issues associated with gender equality on both individual and community levels and identifies the possible responses to those challenges.
Gender Roles in the Boys Don’t Cry Movie Boys Don’t Cry is a famous movie directed by Kimberly Peirce. It explores the influence of rigid gender-based behavioral expectations on a person’s well-being and safety.
Gender Diversity in Organizations A strategy to combat gender bias in the workplace is now in place. Equalization of opportunities and access to resources for both genders has become a key method of this approach.
Issues of Sex and Gender in Society Today All issues related to gender have been rather acute and debated since early times. One can deftly manipulate people for the sake of one’s benefit.
Gender Roles in Married at First Sight and Other Media Sources Every society and culture have different gender role expectations. This paper focuses on the comparison of the media sources’ assumptions about genders.
The Politics of Gender and Race in the Ilbert Bill Controversy The Ilbert Bill is an essential contribution to the study of women. It was one of the first attempts to eliminate racial discrimination under the Indian Criminal Code.
“Women’s Assessments of Gender Equality Critique” by Kurzman This article explains how women’s assessment of gender equality does not continually match with the worldwide indices of gender inequality.
Gender Stereotyping in Audi’s Used Car Ad Audi’s Used Car Ad was chosen because it sparked outrage on Chinese social media and worldwide because of the severe misogyny and stereotyping.
Gender-Oriented Products: Branding and Marketing Marketing of gender-oriented products should be more gender-neutral oriented because to be efficient in the market, the brand needs to meet the changing social requirements.
Woman and Gender Equality in Canada With the modernization of society, there is a need for additional measures to ensure the rights of women all over the country.
The Importance of Gender in Marketing The behaviour of the consumer is the activity aimed directly on the reception, consumption and the arrangements of products and services, including processes of decision-making.
Gender Hierarchy in English Language This paper shows how the asymmetry in male and female terms in the English language preserves gender hierarchy and male control.
Gender Bias Issues: Types of Gender Bias in the Workplace and Their Impact on Productivity Issues of gender bias have been identified as critical in organizational theory and behavior. Today there are more calls for equal treatment of both men and women in organizations.
Gender Stereotypes in Families: Parents’ Gender Roles and Children’s Aspirations Psychologists have paid significant attention to gender stereotypes, and many important trends have been identified and evaluated. Researchers use various methodologies.
Behavioral Learning Approach and Gender-Role Behavior Individuals learn particular behaviors when influenced by various environmental factors associated with specific macro- and micro-social contexts.
Sex, Gender, and Inequalities In this paper, gender binarism, sexism, institutionalized gender, and sex patterns in the society are assessed. It is important in reviewing the differences between gender and sex.
Chip ‘n Dale Rescue Rangers: Gender Roles The domination of the female gender in the cartoon Chip ‘n Dale Rescue Rangers is presented with the expression of the males’ agreement to subject to that domination.
Gender: The Social Roles of Men and Women The paper states that the term “gender” describes how society and culture make distinctions between men and women based on things like sex.
Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Characteristics of Pain in Spain Culture plays an important role in people’s approach to sickness and healthcare. Providing culturally appropriate medical services is pivotal to meeting Spanish patients’ needs.
Understanding Different Gender Roles and the Impact on Marketing There are traditional and nontraditional gender roles that determine how male and female models are used in commercials.
The Issue of Gender Inequality in Kenya Kenya is one of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa with oppressive conditions, most preferably the gender inequality and marginalization of a specific proportion of the populace.
Gender Bias in Sports Commentary Observations The analysis of the ESPN coverage of sporting events shows that, although women are portrayed mostly equally, they generally receive less media attention than men.
Gender Roles in a Modern Society Throughout the history of humanity, a woman has been assigned the role of being dependent on a man and, to some extent, subordinate to him.
Gender in Traditional Superhero Costumes The traditional superhero costumes reinforce gender and sexuality by emphasizing the need for men to be well-built and the women to reveal their upper body and legs.
Gender and Sexuality in Modern Society The topic of gender and sexuality emphasized how anthropology is connected to modern society and the world as it provides a cultural perspective on women’s role in society.
Gender Differences in Aggression The propensity in women toward verbal aggression rather than a physical one as a quick way of resolving conflict in men is a notable difference.
Gender Inequality in Social Inequality This topic was chosen because the problem of gender inequality has existed for a long time and is being solved with varying success.
Gender Equality Strategies in Education Global organizations make substantial efforts to solve the problem of gender inequality, which remains relevant despite the improvements made.
Discussion of Gender Roles in Modern World During human history, gender stereotypes have been widespread, and the community has defined the person’s role based on gender.
Gender Equality in the Media Workforce Gender equality has come a long way since what it had been 40 years ago that’s why denying the progress is pointless, as many changes were made, for the better.
Gender Bias in the Aviation Industry The findings of the court of appeal in the case of Cello Diaz versus Pan American World Airways, was significant towards employment equity.
Global Misunderstanding of the Idea of Feminism and Gender Equality Global misunderstanding of the idea of feminism and gender equality in education leads to devastating consequences that cannot be allowed.
Researching of Gender and Work-Life Balance When linking organizational performance to work-life balance, it is crucial to mention that stress-free individuals can generally be less prone to not being in control of their output.
Gender Pay Gap Problem Overview This paper aims to discuss why the gender pay gap is an important issue that needs to be addressed by the HRM globally.
Perkin-Gilman’s Feminist Theory and View on Gender Discrimination In “The Yellow Wallpaper”, Gilman depicts in novel structure how the house turns into a women’s jail and how being shut in could lead to mental distress in women.
Culture, Gender, and Price in Consumer Behavior Customers’ mindset and behavior are defined by cultural background, gender, and price of products, generating the approximate image of purchases.
Gender, Social Structure and Division of Labor In every community, there is a gender structure that provides bodies with inequality through the sex category.
The Problems of Gender Inequality This paper tells that gender inequality is a serious issue, which affects everyone. It starts with the stereotype of males’ superiority and turns into numerous problems.
Factors that Contribute to the Housework Gender Gap The problem of the housework gender gap affects almost any adult American, which explains a number of biased sources of information about it.
Comparison of Gender Differences in Communication Considering a number of biological, evolutionary, social, and historical aspects, men and women tend to prove different psychological and behavioral patterns.
Images and Messages Patterns About Gender Given by Advertisers in Mass Media The use of gender stereotypes in advertisements by the mass media has elicited a lot of problems. Advertisements are seen as perpetrators of inequality and social prejudice.
Female Gender and Changes over the Last 150 Years The main problem of the female gender is that we are living in the so-called “gender prison” because a set of biological characteristics pre determines our behavior.
Gender Roles and Psychological Health The emergence of traditional gender roles and the images of masculinity and femininity can be regarded as an attempt to organize society and create stable social structures.
Social Experiment: Informal Norms of Gender Issues The social experiment presents a contradiction between the socially-accepted norms and the understanding of equality between men and women.
Gender Studies: The Queer of Color Theory The queer of color theory “seeks to disrupt binarism and normalcy in social institutions and structures” in terms of persons of different races.
The Fifth Element: Gender and Sexuality in Cinema The work learns gender and sexuality in the context of the movie The Fifth Element that will add a better understanding of popular mistakes and stereotypes used by cinematographers.
ANOVA Research: Person’s Gender and Level of Education A one-way repeated measures ANOVA will be appropriate for a research because this test allows for comparing the means of a variable of the same sample when these means were measured.
Gender Stereotypes Developed Within Families The researchers hypothesized that parents’ views on gender roles as well as their stereotypes would be adopted by their children.
Gender Display in TV Shows, Movies and News From the television to the movies going to the news, men have always been at the forefront, eventually overshadowing women in the media industry.
The Gender Dysphoria Concept Gender dysphoria is a condition that manifests in a mismatch between a person’s biological sex and gender identity.
Gender-Neutral Schools in Sweden Boys and girls should be treated equally from the very start. Some schools in Sweden have utilized this approach to ensure that any unfairness is avoided.
Examples of Employment Discrimination: Gender, Age, Race, & Others Discrimination in the workplace can be detrimental since it leads to depression and other psychological disorders that affect employees’ productivity.
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence The media frequently sensationalizes domestic violence against women and diverts attention from the perpetrator, according to international reporting on violence against women.
Gender Inequality in “The Yellow Wallpaper”, “A Rose for Emily”, and “Trifels” The paper focuses on analyzing A Rose for Emily, written by William Faulkner, The Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Susan Glaspell’s Trifles.
Children and Gender: Growing Up Trans by Frontline PBS Review
Cultural Impact on Gender and Sexuality
Gender Equality: Language and Literature
Gender Norms’ Impact on Men and Women
Critical Areas in Women and Gender Studies
Gender Equality Cannot Be a Universal Concept
Age and Gender Stratification in Older Adults
Gender, Generations, and Communications
Gender Differences and Self-Esteem in Exact Sciences
The Problem of Gender Identity in Sports
“Glass Ceiling” in the Theory of Gender Studies
Gender, Sexuality, Power Relations, and Social Expectations
Does Gender Affect the Type of Law Violation?
Gender Inequality at Google Inc.
Gender, Philosophy, and Religion in the Axial Age
Gender Pay Gap for Women: The Main Causes
Gender Stereotyping at Workplaces
Nursing Attitudes toward Trans and Gender-Nonconforming Pediatric Patients
Discussion of Gender and Society Themes in Films
Role of Ideology and Institutions in Gender Inequality
Discusses of the Role of Gender in the Employment
Gender and Entrepreneurship Relations
Gender Discrimination as an Ethical Issue
“Gender Wage Gap”: The Pay Disparity Issue
Intersectionality of Religion with Gender, Race, and Class
Gender Identity in Life-Span Development
Gender Norms, Roles, and Stereotypes: Act Analysis
Embracing Equality: Gender in Medieval Europe
Sex and Gender Beyond the Binaries
Dominant Parenting Styles: Gender-Differentiated Parenting Revisited
Gender-Assigned Social Norms: Male Socialization Experiences
Gender Stigmas: From the Past to the Present
Ethical Dilemma of Worldwide Gender Equality
Human Rights and Gender Issues: “The Love Suicides at Amijima” & “Tale of Kieu”
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: An Etiquette Without Gender Discrimination Terms
Issues in Sports: Gender Equality
Gender Non-Conforming or Transgender Children Care
Gender Gap in Financial Literacy
Race and Gender in Public Relations
Gender in “The Chrysanthemums” by John Steinbeck
Gender and the Rights of Women in Morocco and Saudi Arabia
Gender in the Saudi Arabian Educational Setting
Gender Discrimination and Intervention Program
Gender Identification in Coed Dormitories
The Gender Stereotypes in the Workplace
Gender Studies and Feminization in Education
The Five-Factor Theory, Personality, and Gender
Gender Discrimination and Equality Promotion at Work
Income Inequality Based on Gender
Gender Dysphoria: Classification, Causes and Treatment
Gender is a Role, not a Biological Sex, and it is Cultural
Gender is an Often Culturally-Prescribed Role
Gender Equality in Britain in the 20th Century
How Gender Norms and Stereotypes Contribute to Inequality in Society
Untraditional Gender Roles Distribution
A Critical Analysis of Gender Dynamics in Glaspell’s ‘Trifles’
Gender Dynamics in American Slavery
Plato vs. Wollstonecraft on Education and Gender Relations
Gender: Navigating State, Religion and Gender
The Role of Gender in Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Chapter 5 “Gender” of “The Family” by Cohen
Gender Roles in Dual-Income Families
Racial Formation and Gender Performance in “13th”
The Autism-Gender Relationship Analysis
How Societies Construct Gender Identities, Sexual Practices, and Gendered Bodies
The Gender-Based Pay Inequality Factors
Gender and Students’ Performance
Gender Intersectionality: Fighting Discrimination
The Gender Pay Gap and Coping Strategies
Gender Socialization During the First 12 Years of Life
Heart Disease Risk Profiles and Gender Differences
“Gender Disparity in Students’ Choices…” by Zhang et al.
Gender Diversity Within and Beyond School Contexts
Career-Related Decision-Making and Gender Differences
Analyzing Gender Bias in the Fire Department
Forum: Gender and Gender Roles
The Role of Gender in Social and Moral Development
Embracing Gender Identity: Pursuing a Fulfilling and Authentic Life
Gender and Sexuality and Their Role in Life
Smoking and Gender Factors of Lung Cancer
Discussion: Race, Gender, and Science
Gender Identity and Correctional Institutions
Global Gender Inequality and Its Main Trends
Gender and Sexuality in the United States History
Gender Differences in Schizophrenia
Gender, Labor, and Power in the Global Apparel Industry by Jane L. Collins
Shifting Gender Politics in Fashion and Textiles
Gender and Racial Equality Barriers in the Workplace
The Influence of Gender and Power Disparities on the Workplace
Sociology of Race, Gender, Identity, and Sexuality
Gender Inequality for Men and Women
The Types of Law Violations: Gender Effects
Race, Sex, and Gender in Cultural Anthropology
Gender as a Social Construct and Related Issues
Gender Equality in Daily Life: Fictional Works Analysis
The Gender Concept and Its Impact on Health and Wellness
The US History, Markets, Geography, and Gender Politics
Gender Inequality Among Women in Canada
The Gender-Based Marketing and Its Negative Sides
Importance of Gender Reveal Ultrasound
The Gender Pay Gap Problem: Why Women Earn Less
Society’s Conception of Gender Roles in Media
Health Care Disparities: Race and Gender
Issues Associated With Gender and Incarceration
The Gender Influence on the Language of Communication
Gender Stereotypes in Academic and Family Settings
Gender Stereotype in Advertisement
What Will Happen When AI Picks Up Social Biases About Gender?
Gender Stereotypes Have Changed by Eagly et al.
Housing Discrimination Across Race, Gender, and Felony History
Racial and Gender Macroaggression in the White College Campus
Aspects of Society in Relation to Gender and Sex
Gender Differences in Development of Schizophrenia
Economic Inequality Between Genders
Race and Gender in 17th-18th Century American Colonies
Gender Roles in the Buddhist Culture
Historical Review of Gender Inequality in the USA
Disability: Social Origin and the Role of Aging, Gender, and Race
Ethics: Discourses of Love and Gender
Toxic Masculinity and Gender Equality in the US
Telephone Culture and Role of Gender Differences
What About Gender Is Most Interesting to Sociologists?
Social Work Assignment: Gender, Money, and the Charity Organization Society
Issues of Female Gender in Modern World
Gender Roles in Advertisements
Discussion of Race and Gender Identity
Ethnicity, Race, and Gender as Social Constructs
Gender in Workplace and Induction Case Study
Gender Ideology in the 1930s by Alice Kessler-Harris
Women in Business and Gender Diversity Policy
Gender and Sexual Scripts in the American Culture
Gender Identity Evolution and Its Results
Gender Disparity in Citations in High-Impact Journal Articles
Social Constructs of Race and Gender
Data, Technology, Gender, and Society
Gender Roles in Trifles Play by Susan Glaspell
Gil’s Idea of the Paradoxical Body and Gender Constitution and Concerning Black Identity
The Labels Adolescents Use to Describe Their Gender Identity
Discussion of the Gender Wage Gap
Discussion of Sex, Gender, and Culture
Futurama Series Speaks Against Gender Stereotypes
Fair Treatment of Both Genders and John Rawls’ Theory of Justice
Intersection of Disability Justice, Race, and Gender
Intersectionality of Race and Gender
Gender Differences in the Dream Content of Children and Adolescents
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Citizenship
Gender, Emotional Labor, Harm, and Safety
Absurd of Predetermined Gender Roles in Literature
Gender and Ethnic Diversity in Leadership
Gender Equality: Do Women Have Equal Rights?
The Inclusivity of Language: Gender Issues
Gender Diversity: Impact on the Organizational Performance
Intersectionality in Gender and Sexual Differences
Gender Stereotypes and Their Role in Advertising
Gender Education: Sociological Review
The Gender-Neutral Conceptualization of Parenting
Gender Quotas in Saudi Arabia: Unpacking the Political Conditions
How Gender, Race, and Class Impact Criminality Levels
Sex and Gender Equality in a Personal Worldview
The Problem of Gender Stereotypes
Gender Norms and Contemporary Culture
Gender and Ethnic Diversity in Healthcare
Gender Pay Gap in the Modern Society
Expanding Reach: Addressing Gender Barriers in COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout
Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents
Gender, Power, Privilege, and Feminism in the USA
Gender Impact on Societies Worldwide
Occupational Gender Segregation and Its Causes
Gender Equality as Smart Economics’ Policy Agenda
Marketing and Interaction Through Social Media Platforms and Gender Inequalities
Comparing Opposite Views on Gender: National Organization for Women vs: Concerned Women for America
Social Construction of Race and Gender in the United States and Brazil
Discussion of Gender Bias in Research
Social Construction of Gender. Sociology in Modules
Gender Messages From Social Institutions: Family, School, and Mass Media
Gender-Role Attitudes: Society Values & Standards
Gender and Communication in “Modern Family” by Lloyd
Doing Genders: Social Constructs of Gender
Vision of Gender Stratification in an Advertisement
Relationship Between Gender and Death Anxiety
Families, Gender Relations and Social Change in Brazil
Gender Differences in Early Development
Implications of Current Gender Expectations
Sexism & Gender Wage Gap: Deconstructing the Myths
Racial and Gender Disparities Among Evicted Americans
Gender Differences in Public Health
Integration of Gender Equality in Organizational Management
“Gender Gap in Academic Seminar Questions” by Pells
Gender Representation in American Pop Culture
Gender Inequality Articles by Beaumont vs. Eigenberg
Age and Gender Discrimination in the Workplace
Evolution, Not Revolution: Gender Law and Women Rights in Saudi Arabia
Qualitative Research on the Gender Perception of E-Commerce
Gender and Racial Socialization
Gender Inequality in Ohio’s Education and Labor Market
Gender Differences in the Treatment and Outcomes of Patients With ACSs
The Effects of Gender on Child Obesity
Gender Pay Gap: Making Change With Civil Disobedience
Sexual Agency: The Gender Politics of Campus Sex
Gender Effect on the Growth of Nursing as a Knowledge-Based Profession
Oppressive Gender Norms and Roles
Gender-Related Barriers to E-commerce Adoption in the UAE
Intersectionality of Gender With Race, Culture, and Politics
Representing Islam: Racial and Gender Identities
Analyzing the Relationship Between Gender and Victimization
Job Limitation and Gender Sensitivity
Gender, Race, and Trade Unions
Queer Representation of Gender and Sexual Non-Conformity
Gender: Do People Choose Their Sexual Orientation?
Gender Equality: Men as Daycare Professionals
Gender and Sexual Labeling
“Is Gender Equality the Silent Killer of Marriages?” Article Analysis
“Development of Gender Labeling” by Etaugh
Trans Individuals’ Sexual and Gender Identities
Household Composition and Gender Differences
Factors of the Gender Pay Gap
‘Sex Under Pressure: Jerks, Boorish Behavior, and Gender Hierarchy’ by S. A. Anderson
Challenging Gender Norms: Personal Experience
Gender Norms in Different Cultures
Racial and Gender Diversity in Hollywood
Gender Issues in the Us Correctional System
Gender Inequality in Modern Societies and Its Reasons
Racial and Gender Issues in Modern Society
Gender Identity in Athletics: “The Battle Over Title IX and Who Gets to Be a Woman in Sports”
Hispanic Community: Alcohol & Substance Abuse Among the Female Gender Population
Gender Stratification and Divorce Trends
The Article About Gender Gap and Delinquency
Autonomy in Harmonizing Gender Relations
Gender, Sex, and Sexuality in the U.S.
The Impact of Gender on Pay and Their Gap
Sociological Issues About Social Class and Poverty, Race and Ethnicity, Gender
Gender Is a Culturally Prescribed Role, Rather Than a Biological Sex
Racial, Ethnic and Gender Categories in the U.S. Census
“Gender and Education” by David, Ball, Davies, and Reay
Childhood Gender Analysis: Factors Influencing Gender Perception
Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults
Gender Conflict in “Sweat” by Zora Neale Hurston
Primetime TV Shows and Gender Portrayals
Impact of Gender and Sexuality on Advertisement
Finding the Link Between Gender and Sexuality
Gender in Perception of Barriers to E-commerce in UAE
Gender as a Role, Cultural and Not Biological
Gender and Cultural Factors in Risky Behavior Among Adolescents in the US and Asia
Formation of Sexual Identity, Sexual Customs and Gender Bodies
As Sociologists, is it Possible for us to Make Comparisons on the Basis of Gender?
The Role of a Gender in the Media
Influence of Gender and Race on Our Life Experiences
Gender & Politics in Post- Modernist Society
Gender Representation: Term Definition
Identities, Gender & Sexuality: Linguistic Anthropology
What Ideas About Gender & Sexuality Are Communicated by Contemporary Fashion Images?
Gender Ideology in the U.S. and Japan
Transnationalism Issues: Migration and Gender
Representation of Australian Indigenous Sex and Gender
Gender Construction and Heterosexism
Gender Socialization of Children
The Issue of Gender Pay Discrimination in Canada
Gender Differences in Depressive Symptoms
Religious and Biological Approaches of Gender and Nature
Gender Mainstreaming For Effective Development Of Our Company
Interrelation of Gender and Contemporary Society: Madonna
Communicative Features of Gender-Neutral Language
The Problem of Gender Identity Disorder
Leadership and Gender Relations Analysis
Gender Symbols Usage in International Family-Oriented Marketing
Gender Inequality in Democratic Welfare States
Misconceptions of Gender and Migration Issues
Gender, Race and Class in American Television
Advertising and Gender Roles
Development of Voting Rights of Religious, Socioeconomic Groups, Gender, and Racial Minorities
Gender Question in O’Connor and Williams’ Novels
Race and Gender: Dimensions of Power
Gender and Sexuality in “The Exorcist” Film
Gender as a Social Process: Theoretical Foundation
Discrimination Against Racial and Gender Minorities
Gender Studies: Feminine Men and Masculine Women
Gender Differences in Financial Knowledge
Value of Genders in Society: Agents of Socialization
Gender Stereotyping in American Media
Gender Norm Violation Study: Evaluating Impact on the Society
Economic Benefits of Gender Equality in the European Union
The Concept of Gender Socialization and Ageism
Gender Studies. “A Cyborg Manifesto” by Haraway
Gender Issues and the U.S. Constitutional Law: Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes et al.
Race and Gender in Public Relations Field
Chapter 12 of Introduction to Women’s and Gender Studies by Gills & Jacobs
Gender Pay Gap as a Serious Social Issue
Gender Stereotypes of the US Women
Gender Stereotypes: Data Presentation Strategy
Data Analysis Proposal: Gender Stereotypes
Gender Stereotypes: Research Question
Issue of Gender Discrimination in Different Societies
Gender Roles and Social Groups
Narration and Gender: Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge, Burney’s Evelina, Winterson’s Sexing the Cherry
Gender Stereotypes in Family and Academic Settings
Diversity and Society: Race, Ethnicity and Gender
Gender Stereotypes and Employment’ Correlation
Gender Identities Within the Farm Family
Gender Differences in Mate Selection
Preventative Care Depending on Age and Gender
Gender Differences in Managerial Behavior
Gender Equity and Social Justice in Schoolchildren
Gender-Based Social Responsibilities and Structure
Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Children
Community Health Status: Development, Gender, Genetics
Gender Stereotypes in Family: Research Methods
Male Gender Role in the Chinese Workplace
Homonationalism and Gender Identity in Catholicism
Global Sense: Female Leadership and Gender Equity
Gender-Based Discrimination during Surgical Training
Gender Inequality as an International Issue
Gender Equality and Women’s Rights
Gender Stereotyping in Athletic Management
Gender Roles in “Herland” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Emotion Perception and Gender Factor in Stress
Gender Stereotypes Formation in Children
Parents’ Gender Roles and Children’s Aspirations
Sexism and Gender: Culture and Conflict Reflection
Pauli Murray’s Advocacy for Civil and Gender Rights
Gender Stereotypes’ Effects Career and Mental Health
Gender, Race and Sexuality Issues in Society
Gender Mainstreaming of European Union Institutions
Gender in Fiction and Sociological Literature
Gender Stereotyping among Children
Women’s Views on Long-Existing Gender Stereotypes
Racial Gender Inequality in the United States
Promotion and Gender: Scenario Analysis
Women’s Stereotypes of Gender Roles Distribution
Gender Stereotypes in Women’s Opinion Study
The Gender Differences Concept
Gender in Arab Politics, State and Business
Age and Gender in Childhood Obesity Prevention
Gender Stereotypes and Misunderstanding
Gender Stereotyping Experiment: The Level of Gender Stereotyping in Society
Gender Changes in the Film “Far from Heaven” by Todd Haynes
Gender Inequality in India and Iran Politics
Do Child Toys Restrict Criteria for Gender?
Gender Studies: Same-Sex Marriage
Gender Bias in the Workplace Environment
Female Gender Bias in College
Role of Gender in Cartoons and Commercials
Gender in the 21st Century: Fighting Dangerous Stereotypes
The Role of Gender in Interactions via Social Media
Articles on Gender, its Development, and Cultural Aspects
Theoretical Foundation of Gender as a Culturally-Prescribed Role
Gender Studies: Feminism Varieties
Understanding Human Rights: Labor Rights in a Globalizing World and Gender Rights
Gender Identity: Promotion of Equality for Sexual Orientation
Global Inequality: Gender, Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Gender Studies: Same Sex Marriages
Are Females the Only Gender Discriminated Against?
Are Gender Roles and Relationships More Equal in Modern Family Life?
What Are Examples of Gender Issues?
What Are the Main Issues of Gender Equality?
What Are Examples of Gender Inequality?
Are Gender Roles Damaging Society?
Why Does Gender Stratification Exist?
How Has the Representation of Gender Changed in Coca-Cola Adverts From the 1940s to the Present Day?
How Gender Roles Has Changed Over the Last Centuries?
How Can We Solve Gender Problems?
How Is Gender a Development Issue?
What Are the Issues and Concerns of Gender in Terms of Education?
How Does Your Race, Religion, Nationality, Gender, Culture and Family Define You?
What Are the Emerging Issues and Challenges Concerning Gender?
What Are the Gender Issues in the Philippines?
How Does Graham Greene Explore Gender Representation in Brighton Rock?
What Is the Difference Between Sex and Gender?
Does Men’s Fashion Reflect Changes in Male Gender Roles?
Does Mulan Overthrow Oppressive Gender Norms?
Is Gender Diversity Good for Business?
What Does Gender Representation Mean?
Did the First World War Represent an Irrevocable Crisis of Gender in the UK?
How Is Gender Represented in Advertisements?
What Are the Stages of Gender Transition?
Can Additional Training Help Close the ADHD Gender Gap?
Are Gender Stereotypes Perpetuated in Children’s Magazines?
Are Gender Roles Defined by Society or by Genetics?
What Are the Three Gender Identities?
What Is Gender Identity and Why Is It Important?
How Does Bullying Affect People Based on Gender or Race?
Women’s Rights in Conflict Zones
The Role of Women in STEM Fields
Prevalence of Violence against Women in the US
Strategies for Equality in Leadership and Politics
How Can Women Achieve Work-Life Balance?
Women’s Empowerment and Economic Development
Gender-Related Factors Influencing Women’s Earnings
Healthcare Access, Quality, and Reproductive Rights of Women
Gender Stereotypes’ Impact on Women’s Opportunities
The Overlapping Identities and Challenges of Diverse Women.
Intersectionality and Experiences of Gender
The Struggle for Equality and LGBTQ+ Rights
Comparison of Gender-Specific Challenges and Stigmas
Strategies for the Elimination of Gender Wage Gap
How Access to Healthcare Relates to Reproductive Justice
Why Are Women Underrepresented in Positions of Power?
Toxic Masculinity and its Harmful Effects on Men and Society
Gender Disparities and Promotion of Inclusivity in Schools
The Influence of Culture and Media on Gender Roles and Socialization
Gender Discrimination, Harassment, and Bias in the Workplace

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StudyCorgi. (2021, September 9). 569 Gender Essay Topics & Research Topics on Gender. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/gender-essay-topics/

"569 Gender Essay Topics & Research Topics on Gender." StudyCorgi , 9 Sept. 2021, studycorgi.com/ideas/gender-essay-topics/.

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1. StudyCorgi . "569 Gender Essay Topics & Research Topics on Gender." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/gender-essay-topics/.

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StudyCorgi . "569 Gender Essay Topics & Research Topics on Gender." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/gender-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2021. "569 Gender Essay Topics & Research Topics on Gender." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/gender-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Gender were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on June 22, 2024 .

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112 Gender Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Gender is a complex and multifaceted aspect of human identity that influences every aspect of our lives. From the way we dress and behave to the roles we play in society, gender plays a significant role in shaping who we are and how we interact with the world around us. With such a wide-ranging and diverse topic, there are countless gender essay topics to explore and discuss. In this article, we will provide 112 gender essay topic ideas and examples to inspire your writing and research.

The impact of gender stereotypes on children's development
Gender inequality in the workplace
Gender representation in the media
The intersection of gender and race
Gender identity and sexual orientation
Transgender rights and activism
The history of the feminist movement
Masculinity in the modern world
The role of gender in politics
Gender and mental health
Gender-based violence and abuse
Gender and education
The gender wage gap
Gender and technology
The portrayal of gender in literature
Gender and body image
Gender and sports
Gender and healthcare
The impact of gender on parenting
Gender and language
Gender and religion
Gender and disability
Gender and aging
Gender and globalization
Gender and social class
Gender and environmental issues
Gender and war
Gender and peacebuilding
Gender and migration
Gender and entrepreneurship
Gender and leadership
Gender and the criminal justice system
Gender and social media
Gender and the arts
Gender and fashion
Gender and popular culture
Gender and body modification
Gender and social norms
Gender and social change
Gender and the family
Gender and marriage
Gender and divorce
Gender and friendship
Gender and sexuality
Gender and reproduction
Gender and parenting
Gender and childhood
Gender and adolescence
Gender and young adulthood
Gender and midlife
Gender and old age
Gender and health
Gender and physical health
Gender and reproductive health
Gender and mental illness
Gender and chronic illness
Gender and addiction
Gender and trauma
Gender and resilience
Gender and coping strategies
Gender and social support
Gender and healthcare access
Gender and healthcare disparities
Gender and healthcare quality
Gender and healthcare outcomes
Gender and healthcare costs
Gender and healthcare policy
Gender and healthcare reform
Gender and healthcare innovation
Gender and healthcare workforce
Gender and healthcare leadership
Gender and healthcare education
Gender and healthcare research
Gender and healthcare ethics
Gender and healthcare advocacy
Gender and healthcare activism
Gender and healthcare organizations
Gender and healthcare technology
Gender and healthcare communication
Gender and healthcare decision-making

These gender essay topic ideas and examples cover a wide range of issues and perspectives related to gender. Whether you are interested in exploring the impact of gender stereotypes on children's development or the intersection of gender and race, there is no shortage of topics to choose from. By delving into these gender essay topics, you can deepen your understanding of the complexities of gender and its influence on society.

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Amazing Gender Dissertation Topics – A List of Well-Researched Topics

Published by Owen Ingram at January 2nd, 2023 , Revised On June 10, 2024

The concept of gender describes the differences in characteristics, behaviours, and responsibilities between males and females. Gender studies explore the complicated concerns that arise from the interaction of men and women.

It is essential that you thoroughly understand the subject before you begin writing your dissertation . You must choose an interesting topic for your thesis in order to get a decent grade. As you progress through your dissertation, an excellent topic will provide you with direction and help you jump-start the process.

Below is a list of excellent gender studies dissertation topics you can learn and research. We provide a wide range of topics for you to use as is or modify as you wish. Getting a great grade on your dissertation has never been simpler.

Gender Dissertation Topics Ideas & Examples

Are multicultural companies fostering racial unity and, as a result, gender disparities?
Will women’s empowerment result in oppositional gender discrimination?
A balanced examination of women’s freedom and participation in large corporations and competitive sports
How correct were our forefathers in changing the power imbalance toward patriarchy?
Examine the disadvantaged status of rural women and the tainted treatment of infertile women
Is racism or superstition more prevalent in Africa: the effect of gender discrimination?
The impact of children in homes with a purely patriarchal society
Explore the disparities in women’s perspectives in industrialised and developing nations
Examine the dynamics of female objectification in films throughout the world
The criminal syndicate’s inhumane treatment of women
Gender diversity’s role in creativity and scientific discovery
How can cities be made safer for women and girls?
The role of schools in teaching children gender-appropriate behaviours
Feminism in social interactions brings women and men together as groups
Why are females more vulnerable to sexual abuse and exploitation?
Examine the glass ceiling in management and the role of ideology in shaping sex relations
Obstacles to females’ access to decent education in UK nations
The effects of gender differences on the human brain
How can we teach boys and girls that they have the same rights as females?
Discuss gender-neutral management methods
Promotion of equal sporting opportunities for men and women
The real-life materialisation of the YouTube beauty community
Stress and eating pathology in transgender adolescents: a feminist scientific investigation
Gender discrimination’s implications and effects on the human brain
Identifying and examining patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes in family relationships
What factors make it difficult for girls in African and Asian nations to obtain a quality education?
Toy segregation and sex education: should boys and girls be treated differently?
What is feminism’s role in strengthening social relationships between men and women?
Plaintiffs’ role in restoring legal arguments for same-sex marriage
Understanding gender subjectivity in the lesbian culture somewhere over the rainbow nation
The lesbian and gay movement’s agitation and the countermovement’s response in the United Kingdom
Addressing the global decline in women’s political participation, both formally and informally
Stereotypical images of women’s effects on implied cognition
The social construction of multiple births in the 20th century
How the working woman deals with social binaries
Why should parents support the education of girls?
What aspects of sex discrimination exist?
What factors lead to workplace inequality?
What motivates discrimination against women in developing nations?
How do misconceptions about gender impact behaviour?
What functions do films play in challenging gender stereotypes?
Is there a way to end gender inequality through education?
Women’s childhood trauma as a result of nationalist subjectivity
Youth, gender, and citizenship in women’s colleges during World War I: “What can a woman do?”
What parental actions should be taken to achieve gender parity?
Absence of women in leadership positions
Telling the truth of refugee and immigrant women: witnessing memory
The experiences of males in traditionally feminine jobs
How the Work-life balance of men and women has changed after the feminist movement
A feminist viewpoint on women’s divorce counselling
A behaviour guide for feminist family therapists
The debate over black feminist theory
An analysis of the anti-violence campaign by black feminists
Sex segregation and emotional labour in women’s and men’s workplaces
Women and men are on par: Workplace discrimination, gender roles, and public policy
The ramifications for oneself of equating a slender feminine ideal with success in life
Influences of the media, as well as social and individual differences, on women’s body esteem
In the direction of a theory of women’s body image resilience
In college women, body image and appearance management practices
Review of body image and eating disorders in older persons
Premenstrual syndrome and our female criminal companions: a feminist problem
Why do women commit suicide at lower rates than men?
Men being harmed by women is a significant societal issue
Differences between men’s and women’s hourly wages
A comparison of the career growth of male and female managers
The Representation of Non-Binary Identities in Contemporary Cinema
Race and Gender in Online Hate Speech
The Rise of Men’s Rights Activism and its Impact on Gender Equality
Exploring the Gender Gap in Leadership Positions within Tech Companies
The Influence of Social Media on Body Image and Gender Norms
The Lived Experiences of Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sports
Parental Leave Policies and Their Impact on Gender Equality in the Workplace
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Perpetuating Gender Bias
The Impact of Austerity Measures on Women’s Social and Economic Security
The Link Between Gender and Educational Attainment in Developing Countries
Is Masculinity in Crisis? Redefining Masculinity in the 21st Century
The Global Fight for Reproductive Rights and Access to Abortion Services
The Future of Work and its Implications for Gender Equality
The Role of Gender in Peacebuilding and Conflict Resolution Processes
The Impact of Gender on Access to Higher Education in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

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How to Pick a Great Gender Dissertation Topic:

Thinking about what you want in a topic before looking at the list is crucial. Selecting a topic that interests you or piques your curiosity will make the research process easier. Check out the guidelines below on how to select and narrow a dissertation topic .

As you begin your brainstorming process, note all the options you can think of for your gender essay themes. To learn what will fascinate the audience the most, keep up with the most recent news and trends.

Even if certain subjects could be debatable, you can list them and study them afterward. Most importantly, pick a subject you are passionate about to make the process enjoyable. Out of the cases on the list, pick the one you believe is the most appropriate.

Focus on a certain subject area so you may proceed the right way. To make your dissertation engaging to the audience, it is important to be detailed and original with your topic. Do extensive study on the subject you plan to write about. To gather the most recent information about your subject, browse the internet, the newspaper, and books.
Once you have decided on a topic, frame it as a query. It will be simpler to conduct the necessary research if you define the issue as a question. Additionally, the topic will assist you in realising the solutions you want.

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To find gender dissertation topics:

Study recent gender debates.
Examine gaps in research.
Explore cultural, and social aspects.
Analyse historical context.
Consider intersectionality.
Opt for a topic resonating with your passion and academic field.

Gender Roles - List of Essay Samples And Topic Ideas

Gender roles refer to societal norms dictating the types of behaviors which are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for people based on their actual or perceived sex. Essays might delve into the historical evolution of gender roles, their impact on society, and the challenges and implications of shifting gender norms in modern times. We’ve gathered an extensive assortment of free essay samples on the topic of Gender Roles you can find in Papersowl database. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

Gender Roles in “A Doll House” by Henrik Ibsen

In Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House. Ibsen forces its readers and audience to question the different gender roles the two important characters have which are by society and how they were treated during the time of the 19th century. Gender has played a big role in history, literature and in people lives. There are expectations each gender has throughout their lives. The unique play which realistically tackles the issue of the woman question, double standards in gender roles, and money. […]

The Yellow Wallpaper Victorian Era Gender Roles

The Civil War had just recently come to a close bringing about many changes in American culture. The archaic class system had been shaken, leaving the wealthy and middle class void of social standards and in search of a new identity. In an act of desperation, Americans adopted European culture, a culture tyrannized by men, as their own. In the 1890s short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman tells the story of a woman who is diagnosed with hysteria […]

Social Expectations Behavior of Men and Women

Gender roles are defined as the social expectations about the typical and appropriate behavior of men and women. Female gender roles include communal traits and behaviors, which focus on emotional sensitivity, interpersonal skills, and expressivity. Male gender roles include the expectation that boys and men exhibit traits that focus on self-orientation, independence, and assertiveness. There are exceptions in gender roles when it comes to occupational choice, cognitive skills, and hobbies. Society is torn when it comes to gender roles because […]

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Romeo and Juliet Gender Roles

The society of Verona had major differences among the way men and women should act. Men were expected to be masculine and carry themselves with honor and pride; while women were expected to please their men and hold their own opinions. However, Romeo and Juliet defied the standard gender roles that was put on them by their society. Men in Verona during this time induced a strong sense of power over women. Whereas, women were looked at as possessions who […]

Traditional Gender Roles Since the 1800’s and 1900’s

Traditional gender roles have and are changing dramatically over the years since the 1800's and 1900's. Roles you thought were strictly just for men or women have taken a turn and we are seeing roles adjust. Throughout this essay, I will discuss what were some traditional genders roles that men and women were accustom to, how they morph into today's roles, the policy's placed for these changes and most importantly the pros and cons it comes with it. Before I […]

Gender Inequality and Feminism

Gender inequality is a concept which has been occurring over a number of years and due to gender differences it fuels up gender inequality, which gave rise to gender socialization. Gender socialization is the process of learning gender roles which emerge from society and nowadays social media, throughout this process men and women learn their roles in society. The most common attribute we ascribe to women is that they can be vulnerable and sensitive, on the other hand, men hear […]

Gender Roles in “A Handmaids Tale” by Margaret Atwood

The concept of gender is one that has been a heated topic for many years. There are many different theories on what gender is, and how it should be used and treated in society. Judith Butler argues in her piece Performative Acts and Gender Constitution that gender is not something that one is born with, but it is instead a performance. She writes about the importance of identity, and the divide between sex, gender, and race. While many believe gender […]

Gender Roles in Marriage

Despite all of the changes the American society has endured, still the traditional roles of men and women in marriage triumph with the men reinforcing it and the women willingly accepting it due to the fact that it is seen as a part of the male dominating culture. The man is still considered the breadwinner of the family, and the female as the caretaker of the children and household. Meanwhile in the modern day and age both the husband and […]

The Role of Women and Stereotypes in the Greek Society in the Odyssey by Homer

The Odyssey is a classic poem by Homer ha revolves around the narrative of Odysseus an ancient Greek hero. Homer describes a full twenty-year journey that Odysseus spends fighting the Trojan War and traveling back to his family. The most significant theme is the nature and the role of women in Greek society. According to the story, men during the period were dominant and made most of the rules. However, Homer defies and illustrates the disparity in the role of […]

Gender Roles: Attitudes and Behavior

Over the years gender roles have had specific definitions created by society. Gender roles determine how males and females should think, speak, and dress. Also, gender roles can be defined as the behaviors and attitudes expected of male and female members of a society by that society. Gender roles are already developed before you are even born, you're are taught during childhood and usually goes on through adulthood. There is such a wide variation in modern gender roles that are […]

Perspective on Gender Roles and Identity in Family

Since the beginning of time, gender roles have been a major part of what made up the general rules of society. Gender roles can be seen in every aspect of living such as workplace, marriage, schools and the way society functions. As much as gender roles dominate in society, the rules of gender roles dominate even more in marriages. In heterosexual marriages, when men and women are married, gender roles are expressed more than in just regular societal situations. The […]

Domestic Violence and Traditional Feminist Philosophy and Beliefs

Throughout the country a majority of domestic violence programs are based off the traditional feminist philosophy and beliefs. The feminist approach is defined as an approach that aims to understand gender inequality(source). The approach examines women’s and men’s social roles, experiences, interests, chores, and politics with a goal to empower the oppressed (source). Although this belief is meant to be a positive movement for all women and fight against domestic violence it is not completely ethical to just use that […]

Gender Roles and Educational Differences Among Various Societies Around the World

Throughout history, it is has become evident that societies hold differing views towards men and women. While this may not always be intentional, people among various cultures are often looked upon differently and are set to different expectations due to their gender. When considering gender inequality, unequal rights to education is a problem faced by girls worldwide. Girls around the world are denied education daily due to child labor, early marriage, and conflict between nations. In Pakistan, Kenya, and even […]

Paradigms of Gender Roles in Stream of Consciousness and Grief

Written in response to not only the death of her parents, but also the impending death of the Victorian Era with the looming Modern era, the death of a generation in World War I, and the death of Western patriarchal gender roles; simply ascribing Virginia Woolf’s To The Lighthouse as a eulogy to the death of her parents would be the greatest understatement of the century. Following of course Woolf’s own understated treatment of death and time in the text. […]

Gender Roles on the Culture of American Medicine

Introduction Social constructs are embedded in the everyday lives of people. Constructs can range from a vast majority of things within different cultures throughout the world. Women have gone through a history of steps in order to get to a place where they can be equal to men and even now, there are gender differences between men and woman that are still prevalent today. Woman have gone a long way from the woman's suffrage movement since the 1800s. Women have […]

Gender Roles during the Great Depression and the Cold War

A role or behavior learned by a person as appropriate to their gender which is determined by the prevailing cultural norms is called a gender role. Both men and women have been told how to behave, dress, and even present themselves to the public. An example of gender roles in society is women are supposed to be feminine, graceful, polite, nurturing, emotional, take care of kids, cook, clean; while men are supposed to be muscular, aggressive, tall, take care of […]

Love in Henrik Ibsen’s “A Doll’s House”

Henrik Ibsen's controversial play, "A Doll House", conveys the story of a wife's struggle to obtain her self identity and freedom in escaping the social norms of an irrational system of the nineteenth-century. The protagonist of the play, Nora Helmer, represents dependency and submissiveness, which signifies the oppression of women...exemplifying the conventional feminine standard during the period. On the contrary, her husband, Torvald Helmer is characterized as an alpha male. He is fiercely assertive and independent, but even as a […]

Gender Roles and Identity in Children

Gender roles have always been a focused topic throughout cultural history. Theoretical and empirical work on family gender roles focuses on the process in which parents convey behavior to their children. The family unit and gender roles that are played can directly affect society. There are people who believe there is a role set for them. Traditional American culture has identified a male as the head of the house hold. He is to be considered the Breadwinner . The female […]

Changing Gender Roles in Marriage, Society, and Workplace

Abstract Gender roles play a significant role in our life because it shapes how we think about the society we live in and the people around us. Women have been stereotyped to take care of house business and in the upbringing of kids. Gone are the days this happened now women are taking over what's so-called men's work. Men fear to have a female Boss from what I've heard most men don't like when their Boss is a female they […]

Modernist Take on Gender Roles

Throughout history, the relationships between mother and daughter have been frayed by woman's liberation. Many mothers have an old fashioned, traditional opinion about what a woman should be in society. The short story "Girl", by Jamaica Kincaid, is an example of this particular relationship in action. The theme(s) in "Girl" strongly suggests that a woman should be domesticated and that there is a certain way that she should act, in addition to the role that she must fulfil according to […]

Yemen Presentation: Gender Roles and Statuses

Gender inequality is among the biggest problems in the country of yemen. It is socially accepted that women are nothing more than indulgent mothers, sisters, and wives who perform household duties while men are perceived as the providers responsible for the health and wellbeing of their families. Women in Yemen are plagued by disadvantages and discrimination due to their sex. In yemen culture, women do not have equal rights to men and they have always been considered inferior to men […]

Gender Identity & Roles

Abstract From birth, we as humans are grouped into two categories: male and female. Gender is the first and most basic way to define a person, not only in terms of physical attributions, but also through roles structured by culture and society. Gender roles are social constructs developed by cultures that put various expectations on each sex. They set a standard of what behavior is appropriate for a person according to whether they are male or female. These roles represent […]

Gender Roles in Hayes and Poe

Throughout history, women have battled discrimination and inequality inside and outside of the home. Women were generally seen as worthy only as housewives who took part in chores, such as cooking and cleaning. A woman's perspective did not hold any value, and she was not allowed to do what men were allowed to do, like vote or own land. According to unfpa.org, it says, Gender equality is the measurable equal representation of women and men...they have equal value and should […]

Shakespeare and Gender: Traditional Gender Roles

Shakespeare portrays gender in interesting ways throughout his work by defying traditional gender roles. Many women in Shakespearean plays are strong and rational while their male counterparts are lost, irrational and carried away by their emotions. Examples of this dynamic appear in Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth. It would appear Shakespeare believed gender to be a role that people could choose to play in a variety of ways. A comedy usually contained romantic couples whose story ended in marriage. The […]

Gender Roles in Things Fall Apart

The role of women has always been surrounded by controversy, some people believe women should get married, have children and take care of the household. Others believe women should have the choice between working a nine to five job, being a stay at home mom or both. Things Fall Apart was written by African writer Chinua Achebe in 1959, it came from the stories that Achebe’s mother used to tell him about the Igbo people. Things Fall Apart tells the […]

Gender Roles in Society Essay

Gender is a critical aspect of social inequality. Gender has been defined as a means to “serve to reduce assumed parallels between biological and psychological sex or at least make explicit any assumptions of such parallels (Unger 1976, p. 1086). Gender inequality is a prevalent issue in society as a whole, and America is no exception. It is a sociological construct which carves the path in which men and women will live their lives, affecting a broad range of choices […]

Men Succumb to Societal Pressures

Going off to college can be a pivotal moment in a young man’s life– he is away from home, has more independence, has to make new friends, etc. Once a young man is placed in a new environment surrounded by other men, they may feel obligated to “prove” themselves masculine through conventional masculine norms that may have adverse effects to their mental health. The fact that many men succumb to societal pressures to act anti-feminine, self-reliant, aggressive, etc., is important […]

Jane Eyre Gender Roles

The Victorian Era was a period of time where both women and men were treated differently based on their sexuality. Men were recognized as the superior ones in a household and the ones who did all the heavy labor. Women, on the other hand, were usually housewives that were constantly told what to do. Women never really had much of an opinion towards anything that went on in their lives, everyone pretty much expected them to listen to what they […]

A Doll’s House Gender Roles

Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House was a realistic prose drama written in 1879 that portrayed the social constraints women of the 19th century experienced in their daily lives. The controversial social themes in this work embodied the struggle of women to conform to humiliating societal expectations. In the play, the dynamic character Nora, who is first characterized as a trophy wife, begins to recognize the web of lies and deception prevalent in her household. Through the symbol of the tarantella […]

Gender Roles in the Great Gatsby

Looking at F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby through a feminist lens shows us how women in the twenties were portrayed within literature. Fitzgerald shows this by including gender roles, patriarchy controls, and double standards between the sexes. He shows these ideas though the lives of his characters such as Tom, Daisy, Nick, Jordan, George, and Myrtle. Fitzgerald is one of the best feminist writers of his time, he did not realize the impact that he would have on society.Throughout […]

Additional Example Essays

Is Sexual Orientation Determined At Birth?
Gender Inequality in the Workplace
Victorian gender roles in The Picture of Dorian Gray
Feminist Critique in Pygmalion
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How to Write an Essay About Gender Roles

Understanding gender roles.

Before diving into an essay about gender roles, it is important to understand what gender roles are and their impact on society. Gender roles are the societal norms dictating the types of behaviors which are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for people based on their actual or perceived sex or sexuality. Begin your essay by explaining the concept of gender roles and their historical context. Discuss how gender roles have evolved over time and vary across different cultures and societies. It's also crucial to explore the ways in which these roles are perpetuated and challenged, including through media, education, and family dynamics.

Developing a Thesis Statement

A strong essay on gender roles should be centered around a clear, concise thesis statement. This statement should present a specific viewpoint or argument about gender roles. For instance, you might explore the impact of gender roles on personal identity, analyze the role of media in shaping gender perceptions, or argue the need for a more fluid understanding of gender. Your thesis will guide the direction of your essay and provide a structured approach to your topic.

Gathering Supporting Evidence

To support your thesis, gather evidence from a variety of sources, including sociological studies, historical texts, and current media examples. This might include research on the psychological impact of gender roles, historical analyses of gender in different cultures, or examples of gender representation in films and literature. Use this evidence to support your thesis and build a persuasive argument. Be sure to consider different perspectives and address potential counterarguments.

Analyzing the Effects of Gender Roles

Dedicate a section of your essay to analyzing the effects of gender roles on individuals and society. Discuss the consequences of strict gender roles, including stereotypes, discrimination, and limitations on personal and professional opportunities. Explore how gender roles affect both men and women, and consider the intersectionality of gender with other aspects of identity, such as race, class, and sexuality.

Concluding the Essay

Conclude your essay by summarizing the main points of your discussion and restating your thesis in light of the evidence provided. Your conclusion should tie together your analysis and emphasize the importance of reevaluating and challenging traditional gender roles. You might also want to suggest areas for further research or action that could contribute to a more equitable understanding of gender.

Reviewing and Refining Your Essay

After completing your essay, review and refine it for clarity and coherence. Ensure that your arguments are well-structured and supported by evidence. Check for grammatical accuracy and ensure that your essay flows logically from one point to the next. Consider seeking feedback from peers, educators, or experts in gender studies to further improve your essay. A well-written essay on gender roles will not only demonstrate your understanding of the topic but also your ability to engage critically with societal norms and stereotypes.

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A Research Guide
Research Paper Topics

40 Ideas for Women Issues and Gender Research Paper Topics

Read also: A Guide to Buying Term Papers Online

The history of gender
The difference between sex and gender
Women erased from history: who they were and what they did?
Gender imbalance in China and India: the causes of it
Stereotype gender roles: why did society need them and does it need them now?
Sexual revolution and the concept of gender
Can gender be changed during a person’s life?
Intergender relations
The development and goal of gender studies
How many genders exist in humanity?
The #MeeToo movement and its consequences
Gender discrimination laws all over the world
What is sexism and gender discrimination?
Does the backwards discrimination exist?
Expected gender traits: nature versus nurture
The physiological differences and gender
Gender transitioning
Gender and family issues
Gender and sexual harassment
Sex, gender and leadership
Gender and parenting
Gender roles in media and literature
Feminism movement
Do men need to fight for their rights as feminist women do?
Does sex still sell? Gender in advertising
Gender and pornography. Fem-porn: does it exist?
Gender and prostitution
Cognitive differences between genders
Typically male and typically female nonverbal communication
Women and “glass ceiling”
Maternity and paternity leaves. Are they equally important for the baby?
Abortions, pregnancy and gender
Internal misogyny and misandry: causes and ways to overcome
Childfree movement and gender
Sexual behaviour, marriage strategies and gender
The toys segregation and sexual education: shall it still be different for boys and girls?
Gender dysphoria
Beauty standards and gender
Gender and power: male and female bosses
Sexual orientation and gender

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Home — Essay Samples — Sociology — Gender Roles — Gender Roles In Society

Gender Roles in Society

Categories: Gender Roles Society

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Published: Mar 13, 2024

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124 Gender Stereotypes Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Whether you are writing an argumentative paper or an essay about your personal experience, you’ll find something useful on this page. Check out this list of 120 gender stereotypes research titles put together by our experts .

💭 Top 10 Gender Bias Essay Topics

🏆 best gender stereotypes essay topics, 🎓 simple & easy gender stereotypes research titles, 📌 most interesting ideas for a gender stereotypes essay, ❓ research questions about gender stereotypes.

Gender roles and how they influence the society.
The gender pay gap in white collar occupations.
The harms of gender stereotyping in school.
Inequality between men and women in politics.
Differences in gender stereotypes in the East and West.
Gender representation in children’s media.
Breaking gender stereotypes through education.
Sexism and gender bias.
Traditional gender roles in Western society.
Gender discrimination in healthcare.
Gender Stereotypes in the “Frozen” and “Shrek” Movies The motivations of female characters in Disney movies are directly tied to the development of goals and ambitions because it is the source of these notions.
Gender Stereotypes in Advertisement In addition, I think that this example has a negative contribution and can become harmful for limiting gender stereotypes due to the downplaying of the importance of women.
Little Red Riding Hood: Breaking Gender Stereotypes On refusing marriage to the Roman prefect of the province, she was fed to Satan who came in the form of a dragon. By the time the wolf arrives, he cannot of course convince the […]
Gender Stereotypes in “Million Dollar Baby” Movie In order to enter the world of boxing, Maggie, the main heroine of Million Dollars Baby, had to overcome the adversities connected with gender stereotypes.
“The Blue Castle” by Lucy Maud Montgomery: Social Construction and Gender Stereotypes In the past decades, a female child in society had to be prepared for the roles of a mother and a wife to help her take care of the family when she gets married in […]
The Smurfette Principle: Gender Stereotypes and Pop-Culture After watching “The Little Mermaid”, and reading “The Cat in the Hat”, Sophie is left disgusted by the peripheral role that female characters play in the media.
How contemporary toys enforce gender stereotypes in the UK Children defined some of the physical attributes of the toys.”Baby Annabell Function Doll” is a likeness of a baby in that it that it has the size and physical features of a baby.
Gender Stereotypes Found in Media The chosen image represents one of the most common gender biases women are obliged to do the chores because it is not men’s responsibility.
Gender Stereotypes and Sexual Discrimination In this Ted Talk, Sandberg also raises a question regarding the changes that are needed to alter the current disbalance in the number of men and women that achieve professional excellence.
Gender Stereotypes About Women Still Exist Given the fact that this is a whole intellectual sphere, the capabilities of males and females are equilibrated to the greatest extent.
Media and Gender Stereotypes Against Females in Professional Roles Within the Criminal Justice The first and a half of the second episode were chosen as the pilot episode often reflects the essence of the entire show.
Disney Princesses as Factors of Gender Stereotypes This research focused on determining the impact of Disney Princesses on of preschool age girls in the context of the transmission of gender stereotypes.
Gender Stereotypes in Modern Society However, in this case, the problem is that because of such advertisements, men tend to achieve the shown kind of appearance and way of thinking.
Femininity and Masculinity: Gender Stereotypes In conclusion, it is necessary to admit that femininity and masculinity are two sides of the same medal, and neither should be neglected.
Sex and Gender Stereotypes: Similar and Different Points To conclude, the works by Devor and Rudacille touch upon the controversial topic of gender identification in the modern society. Nevertheless, both works are similar in their focus on the issues of sex, gender, sexuality, […]
Problem of Gender Stereotypes in Weightlifting The Change paper is a combination of all the recommendations that can be useful in dealing with the problem of gender stereotypes in weightlifting.
How Gender Stereotypes Affect Performance in Female Weightlifting One can therefore see that this decision reflected common perceptions among several stakeholders in the weightlifting industry and that the same is likely to occur in the future.
“Bimbos and Rambos: The Cognitive Basis of Gender Stereotypes” by Matlin W.M. According to this theory, there exists a relationship between the cognitive processes of the brain and the beliefs that the individual leans and takes up according to his or her upbringing. The media tends to […]
Gender Stereotypes and Human Emotions One of the easiest ways to check the connection between gender and emotions is to ask a person who prefers to demonstrate their emotions in public, a man or a woman.
Gender Stereotypes and Influence on People’s Lives However, the overall development in human thought enhances the advancement in the framework of people’s understanding of the world around them.
Gender Stereotyping Rates in the USA I do not feel that gender stereotypes in America are still strong because many women make more money than their husbands do nowadays, whereas men like to do housework and cook for their families.
Gender Stereotypes: Interview with Dalal Al Rabah Women need a passion to succeed, to be of influence, and to make a difference in the daily living of their loved ones.
Toxic Relationships and Gender Stereotypes According to the patient, they believe that a woman is responsible for the psychological climate and the psychological well-being of her husband.
Confronting Gender Stereotypes It is imperative to confront the careless use of male and female stereotypes in order to preserve decency, community, and the lives of children and teenagers.
Gender Stereotypes in Disney Princesses The evolvement of the princess image in the films of the studio represents the developing position of strong independent women in the society, but the princess stereotypes can harm the mentality of children.
Gender Stereotypes in the Classroom Matthews notes that the teacher provides the opportunity for his students to control the situation by shaping the two groups. To reinforce the existing gender stereotypes in the given classroom, Mr.
Dr. Stacy Smith’ View on Women Gender Stereotypes Stacy Smith, the author is unfortunate that despite the fact that population of men and women is equal, the womenfolk, the society is not really to accept this equality in assigning roles, even when a […]
Influence of activating implicit gender stereotypes in females The results revealed that the participants who were subjected to the gender based prime performed relatively poorly compared to their counterparts on the nature prime.
Towards Evaluating the Relationship Between Gender Stereotypes & Culture It is therefore the object of this paper to examine the relationship between gender stereotypes and culture with a view to elucidating how gender stereotypes, reinforced by our diverse cultural beliefs, continue to allocate roles […]
Gender Studies: Gender Stereotypes From what is portrayed in the media, it is possible for people to dismiss others on the basis of whether they have masculinity or are feminine.
Gender stereotypes of superheroes The analysis is based on the number of male versus female characters, the physical characteristic of each individual character, the ability to solve a problem individually as either male or female and both males and […]
Gender Stereotypes on Television Gender stereotyping in television commercials is a topic that has generated a huge debate and it is an important topic to explore to find out how gender roles in voice-overs TV commercials and the type […]
How Gender Stereotypes Are Portrayed On The Television Series
Hollywood is a Vessel for Enforcing Gender Stereotypes
Gender Stereotypes Of Early Childhood Education
Gender Stereotypes Among Children’s Toys
Color and Female Gender Stereotypes: What They Are, How They Came About and What They Mean
An Analysis of Gender Stereotypes in Boys Don’t Cry, a Film by Kimberly Peirce
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Gender Stereotypes : The Ugly Truth
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Female Development and the Impact of Gender Stereotypes
The Hidden Gender Stereotypes in the Animations the Little Mermaid and Tangled
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An Overview of Gender Stereotypes During Childhood
The Issue of Gender Stereotypes and Its Contribution to Gender Inequality in the Second Presidential Debate
The Impact of Gender Stereotypes in Commercial Advertisements on Family Dynamics
How Does Gender Stereotypes Affect Today ‘s Society
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The Importance Of Gender Stereotypes
How Do Gender Stereotypes Affect The Decisions Our Youth
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The Effects of Advertising in Reinforcing Gender Stereotypes
Gender Differences and Gender Stereotypes from a Psychological Perspective
An Analysis of Gender Differences and Gender Stereotypes
Female Discourse and Gender Stereotypes in Eliot’s Novel
As You Like It and Gender Stereotypes Based On Rosalind
Gender Stereotypes Of Harry Potter And The Sorcerer ‘s Stone
Gender Stereotypes in Achebe’s Dead Men’s Path
Gender Stereotypes And Stereotypes Of A Child ‘s Play Sets
Advertising and Gender Stereotypes: How Culture is Made
Gender Stereotypes Are Challenged By Children And Adolescence
Gender Stereotypes Of Advertising And Marketing Campaigns
Does Mainstream Media Have a Duty to Challenge Gender Stereotypes
A Social Constructivist Approach on the Heterosexual Matrix and Gender Stereotypes
Gender Stereotypes of Women in Society, Sports, and Workforce
The Factors That Influence Gender Roles, Gender Identity and Gender Stereotypes
Gender Stereotypes And Its Effect On Society
Are Gender Stereotypes Perpetuated In Children’s Magazines
Gender Stereotypes And Gender Discrimination
An Explanation of Gender Stereotypes from a Scene in the Movie, Tootsie
An Analysis of Gender Stereotypes in Today’s Society
Gender Stereotypes And The Credibility Of Newspaper Articles Associated
Gender Stereotypes And Behaviors Of Men And Women
Gender Stereotypes In Boys And Girls By Alice Munro
Media Affects How We View Gender Stereotypes
Media and Its Effects on Gender Stereotypes
How Does Advertising Reinforce Gender Stereotypes?
Are Gender Stereotypes Perpetuated in Children’s Magazines?
How Do Contemporary Toys Enforce Gender Stereotypes in the UK?
Can Gender Quotas Break Down Negative Stereotypes?
How Do Gender Stereotypes Affect Today’s Society?
Are Sexist Attitudes and Gender Stereotypes Linked?
How Does Ridley Scott Create and Destroy Gender Stereotypes in Thelma and Louise?
Does Mainstream Media Have a Duty to Challenge Gender Stereotypes?
How Does the Proliferation of Gender Stereotypes Affect Modern Society?
Why Do Children Learn Gender Stereotypes?
How Do Gender Roles and Stereotypes Affect Children?
Do Men and Women Differ in Their Gender Stereotypes?
How Are Gender Stereotypes Depicted in “A Farewell to Arms” by Hemingway?
What Are the Problems of Gender Stereotyping?
How Have Gender Stereotypes Always Been a Part of Society?
What Are the Factors That Determine Gender Stereotypes?
How Do Gender Stereotypes Warp Our View of Depression?
What Influences Gender Roles in Today’s Society?
How Do Jane Eyre and the Works of Robert Browning Subvert Gender Stereotypes?
What Is the Difference Between Gender Roles and Gender Stereotypes?
How Do Magazines Create Gender Stereotypes?
Where Did Gender Stereotypes Originate?
How Does the Society Shape and Stereotypes Gender Roles?
Why Do Gender Roles Change Over Time?
How Do Gender Stereotypes Affect Students?
What Is the Role of Family in Gender Stereotyping?
How Can Gender Stereotypes Be Overcome?
Can Stereotypes Be Changed?
How Does Culture Influence Gender Stereotypes?
How Can We Prevent Gender Stereotypes in Schools?
Sociological Perspectives Titles
Gender Roles Paper Topics
Ethics Ideas
Human Behavior Research Topics
Motherhood Ideas
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Parenting Research Topics
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Gender Development Research in Sex Roles : Historical Trends and Future Directions

Kristina m. zosuls.

School of Social and Family Dynamics, Program in Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 873701, Tempe, AZ 85287-3701, USA

Cindy Faith Miller

School of Social and Family Dynamics, Program in Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Diane N. Ruble

Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA

Carol Lynn Martin

Richard a. fabes.

The late 1960s through the 1970s marked an important turning point in the field of gender research, including theory and research in gender development. The establishment of Sex Roles in 1975 as a forum for this research represented an important milestone in the field. In this article, we celebrate the 35th anniversary of Sex Roles and, in particular, its contributions to the field of research on children’s and adolescents’ gender development. We examine the trends in research on gender development published in Sex Roles since its inception and use this analysis as a vehicle for exploring how the field has grown and evolved over the past few decades. We begin with a brief review of the history of this field of research since 1975. Then, we present a descriptive assessment of articles published on gender development in Sex Roles over time, and link this assessment to general trends that have occurred in the study of gender development over the past 35 years. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for the field of gender development. In particular, we highlight areas in which the journal could play a role in promoting more diversity in topics, methods, and ages employed in gender development research.

Introduction

Even before a child is born, processes of gender socialization begin as parents prepare for their child’s arrival: do the parents allow the ultrasound technologist to tell them the sex of their baby? Does knowing this information make a difference in how parents think about their unborn child? Once a child is born, parents remark, react to, and question the origins of their child’s behaviors—are they related to how they treat their child, or might they be related to their genes or personality? Developmental scientists are concerned with how and why behaviors emerge and change over time, and gender developmental scientists narrow their focus to the study of the origins of gendered behavior and gendered thinking. Gender development researchers, similar to other developmental researchers, focus on questions of change over time ( Ruble and Martin 1998 ). How early do children learn to identify themselves and others as males or females, and what are the consequences of learning to discriminate and label gender? At what point in development do girls and boys begin to diverge in their behaviors and interests, and why do these gender differences emerge? When do children develop a sense of male privileged status and when do they form negative attitudes about the other sex? These questions all concern basic processes underlying the origins and transmission of gender-role attitudes and structures, and are important to understanding broader issues related to the role of gender in shaping individuals, relationships, and social institutions.

These questions have also found their way into the journal Sex Roles. Since its first issue, the journal Sex Roles has published studies focused on children and adolescents. The presence of such articles in a journal more broadly devoted to the study of gender indicates a longstanding recognition of the importance of understanding the emergence and development of gender across development. Without having an understanding of developmental changes and of the patterns of change over time, scholars may only have a limited perspective on human behavior. Gender development researchers strive to fill these gaps in understanding.

In this article, we review both the broader history of research on gender development over the past few decades and more specifically address how this research has been represented in Sex Roles . In doing so, we celebrate the 35th anniversary of Sex Roles and, in particular, its contributions to the field of research on children’s and adolescents’ gender development. We believe that the 35th anniversary of Sex Roles provides a unique occasion to expand the mission and scope of the journal to more thoroughly incorporate ideas and research about gender development.

We examine the trends in research on gender development published in Sex Roles since 1975 and use this as a vehicle for exploring how the field has grown and evolved, and to highlight gaps in knowledge and research. We first provide a brief review of the history of this field of research since the journal’s inception. Then, we present a descriptive assessment of articles published on gender development in Sex Roles over time, and link this assessment to general trends that have occurred in the study of gender development over the past 35 years. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for the field of gender development and hope to influence what we see in the next 35 years (or more) of research in Sex Roles .

Milestones in the Study of Gender Development

The late 1960s through the 1970s marked an important turning point in the field of gender research. For example, in 1978, the current editor of this journal and her co-authors published one of the first textbooks on the psychology of women and gender roles ( Frieze et al. 1978 ). At that time, these areas were just emerging and the textbook represented an early and important effort to survey and integrate the existing literature. A recurring theme throughout the text was the white male bias that characterized the existing research and its interpretation. Furthermore, it provided a thorough discussion of the complexities surrounding the relative contributions of biological and social factors in understanding the psychology of women. Since that time, the field of gender studies has evolved and research on the development of gender-related behaviors and processes has grown considerably. In this section, we briefly review the developments in this field over the past few decades, with a particular focus on innovations in theory and research on gender development. In this section, we provide some perspective on the broader context of research and theory in the field that coincided with the establishment of Sex Roles as a forum for gender research.

A pivotal moment in the field of the psychology of gender occurred with the publication of Maccoby’s (1966) edited book, The Development of Sex Differences . The book focused on theories of gender development and contained several chapters that remain to this day the foundations of research and theory on children’s gender development (chapters by Hamburg and Lunde on hormonal influences on gender differences in behavior, Mischel’s chapter on social learning theory of gender development, and Kohlberg’s chapter proposing his cognitive developmental theory of gender development). These theoretical contributions gave direction to the study of gender in children.

In 1972, Money and Ehrhardt’s book, Man and Woman, Boy and Girl , advanced a provocative theory about gender identity and gender differentiation that continues to spark debate. Based on research with intersex patients, this book advanced the idea that social factors were more important than biological factors in gender identity and gender roles and brought nature-nurture issues to the forefront. The authors also promoted the notion of “gender role” as a term referring to the socially defined, outward manifestations of gender, and “gender identity” as one’s personal experienced sense of gender.

Chronologically, another important contribution was Maccoby and Jacklin’s (1974) book, The Psychology of Sex Differences. This book presented an unparalleled synthesis of research findings on gender differences in development. It was especially innovative because it challenged the idea that there were numerous differences between the genders; instead, it argued for only a few well-established differences. This book was also important for highlighting that within-gender differences are often larger than those between the genders (a point still lost in many of the popularized beliefs held today; for example, see Sax 2006 ). Maccoby and Jacklin’s conclusions stimulated further investigations on gender differences and similarities. Furthermore, the authors challenged the notion that parents are the primary agents of children’s gender socialization. Instead, they promoted the idea that children play an important and proactive role in the adoption of gender-stereotyped behaviors, and introduced the term “self-socialization” to describe these child-directed processes. The idea that children’s choices of whom to imitate plays a key role in their gender development sparked a new generation of research and debate on social and cognitive processes involved in children’s gender socialization. Their ideas also added a new dimension to research in the field by turning attention to group-level peer processes.

The 1970s marked a turning point in terms of how scholars thought about the concepts of sex and gender. Unger’s (1979) influential paper, Toward a Redefinition of Sex and Gender , asserted that the use of the term gender “serves to reduce assumed parallels between biological and psychological sex or at least to make explicit any assumptions of such parallels” (p. 1,086). Her ideas led scholars to become more selective in their use of the terms sex and gender and to avoid framing research in ways that might hint at biological determinism ( Poulin 2007 ). Terminology issues have continued to be raised in the field: some researchers proposed other usages because of concern that separating “sex” and “gender” may presuppose knowledge of the origins of behaviors (e.g., Deaux 1993 ).

Also during the 1970s, scholars started to move away from unidimensional and relatively simplistic models about the origins and meaning of gender differences and began to challenge conceptualizations of masculinity and femininity as representing bi-polar opposites. Most notably, in a conceptual breakthrough with both theoretical and methodological ramifications, Constantinople (1973) and Bem (1974) argued that males and females possess both masculine and feminine qualities. This idea revolutionized the measurement of these characteristics. Bem (1974) also argued that having both masculine and feminine qualities—that is, being psychological androgynous—was optimal for psychological adjustment. Her research laid the groundwork for subsequent research on gender identity and framed much research over the following years ( Marecek et al. 2003 ).

These ideas about multidimensionality were further emphasized in Huston’s (1983) chapter in the Handbook of Child Psychology . Huston encouraged researchers to conduct empirical investigations of links between domains of gender typing rather than to infer their existence, as researchers had been doing (e.g., make assumptions about a child’s gender identity based on toy preferences). To provide a framework for organizing existing theoretical constructs and describing different content areas, Huston presented a matrix of gender typing. This matrix helped focus theoretical debates and organize literature in the field. The matrix also has provided directions for new research.

Another important advancement in gender research has been the development and incorporation of meta-analytic methods. Meta-analysis allows for the systematic quantitative assessment of patterns across the findings of multiple studies and has had considerable impact on the study and understanding of many aspects of the psychology of gender ( Hyde and Linn 1986 ). Although not an experimental method, the application of meta-analysis to the study of gender differences has once again highlighted the limited nature of differences between the genders and has illuminated the conditions under which gender differences are more or less likely to appear (e.g., Else-Quest et al. 2006 ; Hyde et al. 1990 ). Meta-analyses are themselves not without limitations; they are non-experimental and thus limited in ability to draw cause-effect conclusions and tend to focus on mean differences rather than distributions (see Knight et al. 1996 ). Nonetheless, they provide important insights into gender development and gender differences.

Current Theoretical Trends and Debates

The field of gender development has been dominated by a few prevailing theoretical perspectives that have driven progress and debate in the field. Some of these competing perspectives have given rise to concepts (and related terms), methods, and research studies that have shaped the literature, including the research found in the pages of Sex Roles . In this section, we describe these contrasting perspectives and debates; however, we refer the reader to other sources for detailed discussions of the individual theories that are beyond the scope of what we can do in this article (e.g., Ruble et al. 2006 ).

Because developmental researchers are interested in the origins of behaviors, it is not surprising, that issues of nature and nurture are theoretically important and that great attention and fervor surround biological versus socialization approaches to understanding gender development ( Ruble et al. 2006 ). Biological arguments have long been advanced to justify gender inequality ( Shields 1975 ) and are often interpreted as deterministic. As such, there is much at stake when biological theories are proposed and research findings are interpreted. Nonetheless, with advancements in research methods and theories addressing biological mechanisms, this field of inquiry has gained acceptance and visibility ( Ruble et al. 2006 ). Current biological approaches do not imply determinism and instead emphasize the ways in which biological and social factors interact to produce behavior. Some of the most active research in this area has been on girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), a genetic disease in which the fetus is exposed to elevated levels of androgens. Researchers have found that girls with CAH tend to be masculinized in some aspects of their preferences and behaviors (e.g., Berenbaum and Snyder 1995 ). Studies of prenatal exposure to normal variations in hormones such as testosterone ( Cohen-Bendahan et al. 2005 ), and cross-species comparisons ( Alexander and Hines 2002 ; Wallen 1996 ) have also become increasingly sophisticated and common.

Another debate that has received considerable attention in the field has concerned socialization and cognitive approaches to gender development. Although this debate can be traced back to Kohlberg’s and Mischel’s chapters in Maccoby’s 1966 book, more recent reviews of empirical evidence has re-stimulated this discussion (e.g., Bandura and Bussey 2004 ; Bussey and Bandura 1999 ; Martin et al. 2002 , 2004 ). Both approaches emphasize socialization versus biological processes and highlight the shaping of children’s behavior to match cultural gender role norms. However, the socialization and cognitive perspectives differ in the degree to which they emphasize the role of the social environment, especially reinforcement and modeling of adults and peers, relative to cognitive developmental processes, such as the emergence of children’s gender identity and knowledge of gender stereotypes. Despite the disagreements over relative contributions of socialization and cognitive processes, there are a number of similarities in these approaches, and both groups of theorists have conducted studies of cognitive and socialization factors. For instance, Bussey and Bandura (1999) describe some cognitive information-processing mechanisms, such as selective attention, forming cognitive representations, and forming plans of action, that mediate observational learning. Cognitive theorists describe the ways in which children interpret and respond to messages provided by socialization agents, such as peers ( Ruble et al. 2006 ).

These controversies have been important for driving new research. For example, researchers have increased efforts to understand early origins of gender differences and have done so by focusing research on younger ages, when gendered cognitions and behaviors first emerge (e.g., Zosuls et al. 2009 ). More research has also turned to focusing on links among various cognitive and socialization processes, thus leading to more complex models and studies of gender development (for example, see Tobin et al. 2010 ).

Gender Development Research in Sex Roles

There is no doubt that the historic changes described above have influenced the research that appears in our scholarly journals. To explore these trends, we turn our attention to the patterns of publication on gender development within Sex Roles since 1975. Our aim is to provide a descriptive medium for presenting trends in the field (and this journal, in particular) rather than to present an empirical piece with analyses that are an end in themselves. In taking this approach, we intend to characterize the issues, methods, and age groups that have received attention in the published research, and identify areas that need additional emphasis. Furthermore, we discuss why conducting developmental investigations is enriching to the field of gender studies, both theoretically and methodologically.

Identifying Patterns in Sex Roles Articles

To accomplish our goals, we reviewed all articles published in Sex Roles since 1975 (through 2009) and identified 660 abstracts of Sex Roles articles that specifically focused on children and child development (for further inclusion criteria, see Appendix A ). We then categorized these articles based on the age of the participants in the study (see Fig. 1 ), the principal type of methodology used in the study (see Fig. 2 ), and the content. Given the large number of articles we compiled and the descriptive purpose of our categorizations, our classifications were based on text provided in the abstracts. Because articles often investigated more than one content area or topic, categorizations were not mutually exclusive.

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Percentage of articles by decade including each age grouping

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Percentage of articles by decade using each type of methodology

Issues of Terminology

One of the most challenging aspects of classifying the articles was deciphering the meaning of some terms. In fact, this exercise served to highlight conceptual developments in the field and we felt a discussion of terminology was in itself a revealing way to illustrate important conceptual issues. As the area of gender development has evolved and expanded, the terminology used has similarly expanded and sometimes the meaning terms have changed over time. For example, although the terms “sex-typing,” “gender-typing,” or “gender stereotyping,” and “gender identity” have been the most frequently used terms in the field, the definitions and operationalizations of these terms have changed over time. To address this definitional issue, we briefly review these terms, how they have been used, and how we decided to code them in our analyses.

A recent model of children’s gender self-socialization, the Gender Self-Socialization Model (GSSM; Tobin et al. 2010 ) provides a useful framework for distinguishing among the various constructs studied by gender researchers. Tobin et al. point out that “sex-typing” and “gender-typing” are used in many different ways. They may refer to (a) the demonstration of knowledge or beliefs about attributes associated with gender categories (i.e., gender stereotyping), (b) thoughts and feelings about oneself in relation to being a girl or boy (i.e., gender identity), and (c) the enactment of gendered behavior. In accordance with Tobin et al. (2010) , when classifying articles, we took into account what measures authors used and classified studies as investigating Stereotyping, Gender Identity, or Gender Differences.

Studies investigating masculinity and femininity as proposed by Bem (1981) were classified under Gender Identity because this classification is consistent with the intent of the authors of these studies. However, a problem with Bem’s measurement and conceptualization of gender identity is that it is not assessed in terms of subjective thoughts, feelings, and knowledge about oneself as a member of a gender category, but rather is inferred from self-reports of the degree to which one possesses certain gender stereotyped attributes ( Tobin et al. 2010 ). Thus, we attempted to be sensitive to the multiple types of assessment methods used to investigate gender identity, such as those defined by Perry and his colleagues (e.g., Egan and Perry 2001 ) and adopted by other researchers over the past decade or so (e.g., Smith and Leaper 2006 ).

We also found that the term “gender stereotyping” was used without indication of whether gender stereotypes were assessed in terms of personal stereotype beliefs, knowledge of cultural stereotypes, stereotyped judgments, or the enactment of stereotype-consistent behaviors. Such distinctions are important. For example, a child’s personal beliefs related to gender stereotypes (e.g., believing that girls are good at math) might not always be consistent with her knowledge of cultural gender stereotypes (e.g., knowing the cultural stereotype that girls are not good at math; Signorella et al. 1993 ). Judgments, perceptions, and attributions might be closely linked with stereotype knowledge and beliefs, but are nonetheless distinct from them. Behaviors, such as engaging in stereotyped activities or demonstrating stereotyped interactions styles, might also be linked with more cognitive variables, such as stereotype knowledge, but are also distinct from them. As such, applying the general term “gender stereotyping” without explicit indication of whether gender stereotyped beliefs, knowledge, or behaviors are being measured can cause confusion and more importantly, conflate conceptually distinct constructs. In our classification, we included knowledge and beliefs in the category of stereotyping but included behaviors under Gender Differences.

Content of Gender Development Research in Sex Roles

In this section, we examine the content of articles in Sex Roles and how it relates to the field more broadly. We focus on the content both in terms of the methods used and the topics covered in the articles.

How Much Attention Has Sex Roles Paid to Gender Development Issues?

Since its inception, Sex Roles has published a substantial number of articles focused on child and adolescent participants, although such articles made up on average only about 20% of the journal’s total publications. The child-focused articles were least represented in the 2000s, comprising only 15% of the publications in Sex Roles , compared to between 20% and 23% in other decades. The changes over time are somewhat surprising when compared to the field (see Ruble and Martin 1998 ). This decline seen in Sex Roles might possibly be due to an increase in the number of developmental journals since the 1990s and greater receptiveness of other journals to articles focusing on gender development.

The publications in Sex Roles represented a wide range of developmental stages from infancy to adolescence. On average, Adolescence was clearly the most studied age group, followed by Middle Childhood (43% and 31% on average, respectively), and the least frequently studied stage was Infants/Toddlers, especially in the 2000s (see Fig. 1 ). The paucity of research in Infants/Toddlers in Sex Roles likely does not reflect a general trend in the field as sophisticated infant paradigm procedures have been recently developed, allowing researchers to gain better sense of infants’ and toddlers’ understanding of gender (e.g., Serbin et al. 2001 , 2002 ). In contrast to Infant/Toddler studies, there was a steady increase across decades in articles focusing on Adolescence (see Fig. 1 ). This change may be due to increased interest in adolescents’ gender development in general but it may also be that some of the specific topics, such as body image, have garnered more attention in recent years because of societal focus on health and problems with obesity.

What Have Been the Dominant Methods to Study Gender Development in Sex Roles ?

Although the studies in Sex Roles have used a wide range of methods, across all years the most frequently used method of study represented in Sex Roles was Survey methodology (66% on average). A number of articles also used Experimental (14% on average) and Observational (14% on average) methods; however, over time these methods were less represented (see Fig. 2 ). In addition, few articles used longitudinal or cross-sectional designs to make age comparisons and test developmental hypotheses. On average, 24% of studies involved cross-sectional or longitudinal designs, and these appeared to decrease across decades, with the 1970s and 1980s having the largest percentage and the 1990s and 2000s having a lower proportion of studies using such designs. Overall, the heavy reliance on non-experimental survey and interview methods and the lack of studies using longitudinal and cross-sectional designs may be problematic in that this tendency limits the goals and questions that can be the focus of study. For instance, debates surrounding the relative influence of biological, socialization, and cognitive factors in the emergence of gender stereotyped preferences and behaviors need to be addressed using methods that can test causal directions, including experimental methods and longitudinal designs. Furthermore, many topics that are important to theoretical development require the use of methods that may be time consuming, expensive, and complex, such as observation methods. The gender development field will need to focus more on these complicated methodologies to make further progress in answering these types of questions. Certainly, Sex Roles can be a leader in emphasizing these methods and in creating calls for special issues that focus on these methods.

Which Particular Issues of Gender Development Have Been Focused on in Sex Roles ?

In the following section, we use the latest version of the multidimensional matrix from the Handbook of Child Psychology ( Ruble et al. 2006 ) to organize the publication topics represented by gender development researchers in Sex Roles. We also use this endeavor to illustrate areas that have not been explored in any depth. This matrix addresses normative aspects of gender development and is organized around four gender-related constructs (e.g., concepts or beliefs) and six content areas (e.g., activities and interests) to create cells (identified with unique number and letter combinations) that contains specific research topics (e.g., gender constancy). Because this matrix has served as a precedent for organizing the literature and has also been modified and discussed over time in successive Handbook chapters ( Huston 1983 ; Ruble and Martin 1998 ; Ruble et al. 2006 ), it serves as a heuristic for describing trends. In Table 1 , we present a breakdown of the content areas and constructs, showing how many articles (and what percentage of the total number) fell into each cell of the matrix.

Classification of articles in the matrix of gender-typing ( Ruble et al. 2006 ): total number of articles (percentage of total articles)

Content area	Construct				Total
Content area	A. Concepts or beliefs	B. Identity or self-perception	C. Preferences	D. Behavioral enactment	Total
1. Biological/categorical sex	1A. 19 (3%)	1B. 4 (.6%)	1C. 4 (.6%)	1D. 0 (0%)	27 (4%)
2. Activities and interests	2A. 47 (7%)	2B. 13 (2%)	2C. 38 (6%)	2D. 40 (6%)	138 (21%)
3. Personal-social attributes	3A. 45 (7%)	3B. 75 (11%)	3C. 5 (.8%)	3D. 84 (13%)	209 (32%)
4. Gender-based social relationships	4A. 1 (.2%)	4B. 6 (.9%)	4C. 7 (1%)	4D. 10 (2%)	24 (4%)
5. Styles and symbols	5A. 3 (.5%)	5B. 23 (4%)	5C. 4 (.6%)	5D. 12 (2%)	42 (6%)
6. Values regarding gender	6A. 0 (0%)	6B. 5 (.8%)	6C. 39 (6%)	6D. 3 (.5%)	47 (7%)
Total	115 (17%)	126 (19%)	97 (15%)	149 (23%)	487 (74%)

Content areas and Constructs were from the latest version of the multidimensional matrix from the Handbook of Child Psychology ( Ruble et al. 2006 )

The articles in Sex Roles covered a wide range of broad content categories and constructs, although certain topics and constructs were consistently more dominant (see Table 1 ). Starting with content areas (the rows), by far more articles were written on two of the six content areas of the matrix—Activities and Interests (toys, occupations, etc.) and Personal-Social Attributes (roles, abilities, etc.)—than the other areas. Compared to the general patterns reported in the state-of-the-science review chapters on gender typing in the Handbook of Child Psychology , these two areas also received much attention from gender developmental scientists. However, there were notable differences between some of the less frequently appearing categories and trends in the broader field: Sex Roles published fewer studies on Gender-Based Social Relationships and on Biological/Categorical Sex when compared to the field in general. Given the strong socialization perspective of many readers of Sex Roles , it may not be that surprising that Sex Roles published few articles on Biological/Categorical Sex, but this topic has been very popular in the gender development literature because of its theoretical implications. Both Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental theory and gender schema approaches are based on ideas that understanding of basic gender knowledge facilitates and motivates learning about other aspects of gender (e.g., stereotypes) and engaging in gender-typed behaviors. Thus, three gender category topics that would fall under Biological/Categorical Sex (cell 1A) have received heavy research attention in developmental journals: understanding of gender identity, gender constancy (children’s understanding that gender is constant across time and situations), and infants’ abilities to discriminate gender (ability to distinguish males from females). On the other hand, research on Values Regarding Gender (attitudes, bias, discrimination, etc.) associated with gender has not been the focus of research attention by gender developmentalists, and this lack of attention has also been evident in Sex Roles . Given the feminist perspective on the importance of considering power and status, it may be somewhat surprising that so few child-focused articles appearing in Sex Roles have explored issues of gendered values.

An examination of constructs from the matrix (columns) shows that two of the four constructs—Identity/Self-Perception and Behavioral Enactment—were represented more often than others but the differences were relatively small. Concepts and Beliefs were well represented, but Preferences showed the lowest frequency of publication. These patterns are consistent with the amount of space devoted to these constructs in the Handbook of Child Psychology chapters, suggesting that the constructs of interest to gender developmental scientists have been mirrored in Sex Roles .

Also of interest are cells that were empty (e.g., concepts/belief about values; Cell 6A) or showed very low numbers of publications (concepts/beliefs about relationships; Cell 4A). When comparisons were made between the patterns of publication of gender development topics in Handbook of Child Psychology , the articles appearing in Sex Roles appeared to mirror the trends shown in the field more broadly with one major exception. Specifically, Sex Roles differed in the lack of publication of articles on topics related to identity/self perception associated with gender categories (Cell 1B). As described above, researchers have attended to this cell because of the implications for gender development more broadly, but this trend has not been demonstrated in Sex Roles .

Which Gender Development Topics Have Received Consistent Research Interest and Which Have Changed over Time?

In this section, we describe the findings using a more general classification strategy. That is, we classified articles based on major topic areas addressed in the literature on gender development. We identified topic areas using a bottom-up analysis of the articles in Sex Roles. Our topic areas are also consistent with the way in which topic areas are frequently grouped at conferences that cover gender development research, and thus reflects general research activity in the field. This approach allowed us to explore more fully and descriptively the interests of authors and editors of Sex Roles , which may diverge from the focus on topics represented in the developmental handbooks. We developed nine broad topic categories (see Table 2 ). The categories are discussed in terms of whether they have maintained consistent interest over time or have shown a change in research interest over time. We follow this review of the more prominent categories with a discussion of topics that have been relatively neglected across time and more specific content areas that deserve greater attention.

Topic categories by decade: total number of articles (percentage of articles)

Decade	Topic categories
Decade	Gender differences	Socialization	Stereotyping	Gender identity	Cross-cultural	Media	Individual differences/Adjustment	Intergroup processes	Biology
1970s	30 (61%)	15 (31%)	14 (29%)	7 (14%)	2 (4%)	2 (4%)	9 (18%)	2 (4%)	0 (0%)
1980s	103 (49%)	83 (40%)	59 (28%)	35 (17%)	21 (10%)	8 (4%)	23 (11%)	2 (1%)	0 (0%)
1990s	135 (63%)	71 (33%)	45 (21%)	33 (15%)	19 (9%)	21 (10%)	29 (14%)	2 (1%)	1 (.5%)
2000s	97(52%)	73 (39%)	38 (20%)	37 (20%)	32 (17%)	20 (11%)	62 (33%)	3 (2%)	0 (0%)

Percentages calculated as a proportion of the total number of child-focused articles in individual decades. The 1970s included the years 1975–1979 and the 2000s included the years 2000–2009

Topics that have Maintained Consistent Interest Over Time

A number of topic areas received consistent research attention across time. Here we describe them in order of their prominence.

Gender Differences

The most frequent category appearing across all years was Gender Differences (an article was coded into the Gender Differences category when the abstract mentioned a comparison between girls and boys in a specific area). On average, slightly over half of the articles published in Sex Roles examined differences between the genders, and this trend mirrored research in the field more broadly. It is noteworthy that there was a decrease in the number of these studies in Sex Roles from the 1990s to the 2000s (see Table 2 ), potentially showing a declining interest in this area of research. It is possible that Maccoby and Jacklin’s 1974 book on the psychology of gender differences initially spurred increased interest in this area that peaked in the 1990s, but that increasing criticisms pertaining to the methodology and conclusions drawn from gender differences research resulted in a decrease in studies focusing on such differences by the 2000s. Most notably, Hyde (2005) proposed the gender similarities hypothesis to counter the differences model that has been popular in science and the popular media. The gender similarities hypothesis proposes that males and females are similar on most psychological variables and that most differences are in the close to zero range when examining effect sizes. Further, Hyde (2007) has argued that more theoretical and research attention needs to focus on gender as a stimulus variable that influences how other people behave toward a person rather than as an individual difference variable. Thus, in recent years, researchers have been challenged to formulate more complex research goals and studies that directly address popular assumptions about the existence, origins, and stability (or malleability) of gender differences. It will be interesting to see if such challenges are addressed in future articles in Sex Roles .

Socialization

Over time, an average of about one-third of the articles in Sex Roles were focused on gender socialization (see Table 2 ), and almost half of these articles focused on socialization by parents. Socialization continues to be a popular topic of study in gender development ( Ruble et al. 2006 ). A range of parent factors were represented in these Sex Roles publications, from parents’ attitudes, expectations, and perceptions, to parents’ behaviors with their children, and how parental characteristics (e.g., maternal employment, gay/lesbian parents) affected children’s gender development. A fair number of studies also investigated adults more generally (e.g., adult networks in children’s lives, adults’ perceptions of children) and teachers as socialization agents, although these categories were more prevalent in the 1970s and 1980s. The emphasis on gender socialization by parents and other adults is consistent with the popularity of socialization theories that emerged in the late 1960s ( Mischel 1966 , 1970 ) and revised in the 1970s and 1980s ( Bandura 1977 , 1986 ; Mischel 1979 ).

Studies focused on peer socialization were also prevalent in the journal, representing on average almost 20% of the socialization articles across the decades. Somewhat more articles on peer socialization were published in the 1970s and the 2000s, perhaps a result of Maccoby’s work in the 1970s on peer socialization and later, from renewed focus and theorizing about the role of peers, such as Judith Harris’ (1995) group socialization theory, and Maccoby’s later work on the consequences of gender segregation ( 1998 ). The peer socialization category also included studies that related to peer bullying and aggression, and there appeared to be more articles on this topic in the 2000s in Sex Roles and in the field more broadly, coinciding with the popularity of new theories concerning gender differences in styles of aggression (e.g., relational aggression vs. physical aggression, Crick and Grotpeter 1995 ).

Two other socialization topics were relatively frequent in the 2000s. First, several articles examined the role of social contexts, such as the family or school environment or specific factors in the broader sociocultural context. This apparent trend toward emphasizing context is consistent with the growth of contextual theories and cultural perspectives over time (for example, see Bronfenbrenner and Morris 2006 ; Magnusson and Stattin 2006 ). Second, some studies investigated the ways in which properties of objects could lead children to develop distinct styles of play (e.g., Karpoe and Olney 1983 ; Serbin et al. 1990 ). This type of research reveals how adults’ choices of children’s toys and children’s own choices can indirectly affect girls’ and boys’ development of different interaction styles and skills and more research identifying these features and their affects could and should be published in Sex Roles.

Stereotyping

The next largest category represented in Sex Roles was Stereotyping, with approximately 25% of the studies across decades addressing some aspect of children’s stereotyping (see Table 2 ). It should be noted that studies that only concerned adult stereotyping (e.g., parents’ stereotyped beliefs) were classified under Socialization rather than Stereotyping. As a result, this category was restricted to children’s stereotype-related cognitions and behaviors. Not surprisingly, most of these studies concerned the domains of activities/interests and personal-social attributes, similar to our findings reported above for gender differences. Studies commonly investigated the links between stereotype knowledge/beliefs and children’s interests/behaviors. Such studies are necessary for resolving theoretical controversies regarding the importance of cognitions in the development of early gendered behaviors, and these types of studies have been popular in the broader field of gender development as well as being represented in Sex Roles . For example, Bradbard and Endsley (1983) found that when novel objects were labeled as being for the other gender (i. e., stereotype knowledge), preschoolers explored the objects less frequently, asked fewer questions, and were more likely to forget object names than when the objects were labeled for their own gender or both genders. Although there were a number of experimental gender-labeling studies like this conducted in the 1970s and 1980s, there have been no recent studies published in this area in Sex Roles. Such studies continue to be published in other child development journals ( Martin et al. 1995 ). This decline in Sex Roles is unfortunate as there are still a number of unanswered questions regarding mediating mechanisms, age trends, and individual differences that are essential for theoretical development and intervention efforts ( Miller et al. 2006 ).

Children’s attitudes regarding egalitarian gender roles were also included within the Stereotyping category, and a considerable number of studies were published in this area, which were coded within the matrix cell for gender attitudes. These studies represent the longstanding interest and established measures concerning attitudes about egalitarian gender roles both within Sex Roles and the broader field of gender development. Moreover, these attitudes were often studied in relation to parent socialization (i.e., how parents’ gender role attitudes relate to children’s gender role attitudes) and as factors influencing gender differences (i.e., how children’s gender role attitudes relate to their behaviors and interests).

This category also encompassed a number of articles that focused on how children process and respond to gendered information in the environment. Many of these studies were designed to investigate the effects of stereotypes on children’s perceptions, including their memory/recall of stereotype consistent and inconsistent information, social judgments, and expectancies. These studies were therefore focused on exploring the cognitive processes underlying gender development.

Gender Identity

Gender Identity was also a consistently appearing topic category across the decades. The largest number of articles on this topic concerned self-perceptions of traits and abilities. Those studies typically involved children’s self-ratings of masculinity/femininity using scales such as Bem’s Sex Role Inventory ( Bem 1974 ) and Spence’s Personal Attributes Questionnaire ( Spence et al. 1975 ). As mentioned previously, however, the studies using these measures did not specifically assess children’s own thoughts, feelings, and knowledge regarding their membership in a gender category ( Tobin et al. 2010 ). Rather, children were asked to indicate the extent to which they believe that certain gender-typed attributes characterize them and the researcher uses this information to classify children along masculine/feminine dimensions. Historically, this has been the methodology used in the adult literature and, until recently, researchers interested in children have also used this approach. Currently, however, child researchers have tended to assess gender identity by directly asking children about their personal feelings regarding being male or female such as asking children the degree to which they feel that they are typical members of their gender group and the extent to which they are content with being a member of their gender group (e.g., Egan and Perry 2001 ). However, there may be developmental constraints in collecting such data as younger children may not be able to reflect upon their personal feelings regarding being male or female.

Another central focus of research and debate on gender identity development has been Kohlberg’s concept of gender constancy and gender schema views on the importance of basic gender understanding ( Martin and Halverson 1981 ; Martin et al. 2002 ). Indeed, the second largest number of articles on Gender Identity concerned gender awareness, labeling, and constancy. These aspects of early gender identity have received less research attention in Sex Roles than in the field more broadly (as described above). Only a small handful of studies addressed children’s affective sense of themselves as male or female or the wish to be male or female. Articles published in the 2000s were more likely than earlier studies to investigate multiple dimensions of identity (e.g., Carver et al. 2003 ), thus representing current thinking about gender identity as a complex, multifaceted construct.

Aside from studies growing out of classic theories of gender identity development, another somewhat frequent sub-category concerned body image. This topic became especially noticeable in the publications in the 1990s and 2000s, likely coinciding with increased attention to and alarm in the popular media surrounding the issue of eating disorders and obesity. Indeed, during the same two decades, eating disorder symptomology also appeared as a topic in Sex Roles .

Topics that Showed Changes Over Time

Although we did not observe any dramatic changes in coverage of the various topics across decades, some did evidence an increase in research attention over time. Here we discuss them in order of their general prominence in the journal.

Increased Cross-cultural Research

One of the more noticeable changes across decades was an increase in publications in Sex Roles categorized as Cross-Cultural in the 2000s (see Table 2 ). This pattern is not surprising given that the recent editorial policy of Sex Roles emphasizes internationalization and the importance of understanding cultural context ( Frieze and Dittrich 2008 ). This increase in cultural articles is also consistent with the increasing attention to cultural differences and representation in the psychological and developmental literatures more generally. Theories about cultural differences have been adapted to provide a framework for describing gender differences ( Cross and Madson 1997 ) and researchers have increasingly called for the need to extend the study of gender differences and gender development. Prior to 2000, most of the studies categorized as cross-cultural concerned racial/ethnic group differences or differences across countries. More recently, however, the bulk of studies in this category have focused on gender in one specific (typically non-white) cultural group. This change is consistent with trends in child development more broadly in investigating within-culture variability. Some studies also investigated differences related to socioeconomic status (SES) and demographic differences related to geography (typically urban versus rural populations).

We also noted that across time, abstracts were more likely to include information on the demographic characteristics of their samples, thus implicitly acknowledging potential limits to the generalizability of their findings and highlighting studies that were not conducted on the predominant US and/or white, middle-class samples. These studies that simply mentioned the demographic characteristics of their sample in the abstract (e.g., African American sample, middle- class sample) were not coded as cross-cultural unless they specifically focused on cultural issues such as similarities or differences between cultures. Thus our figures might somewhat underestimate the presence of culture as a theme in Sex Roles articles.

Increased Attention to Media

Articles in the Media category involved a number of types of media (i.e., books, TV programs/cartoons, commercials, films/video, computer/internet, music, etc.). Published articles concerning media or books were consistently present in the journal and appeared to increase in number in the 1990s and 2000s (see Table 2 ). The form of media most frequently represented involved books, and these most often dealt with the portrayals of females and males. However, in the last two decades, articles appeared that explored new media including the content of computer applications, the internet, and video games. A few other articles examined diverse content, including consumer product packaging (e.g., cereal boxes) and personalities in the media (e.g., celebrities).

On the whole, research in this category confirmed the idea that the books and media that children are exposed to present highly stereotyped portrayals of men and women, and women are often under-represented in stereotypically male roles (e.g., Purcell and Stewart 1990 ). Most studies in this category were content analyses and did not directly test implications, such as effects on various aspects of children’s gender identity (although body image was examined in a few studies) and stereotyping.

Increased Attention to Individual Differences and Adjustment

This broad and diverse category captured a somewhat surprisingly large percentage of articles, especially in the 2000s (See Table 2 ). The size of this category was partly due to the number of studies investigating topics related to psychological adjustment, including general measures of adjustment, such as self-esteem, as well as symptoms of psychopathology. These topics are of obvious relevance to gender development, but have been less frequently studied than core aspects of gender identity and gender-related beliefs, perceptions, and behaviors. Nonetheless, implications related to adjustment have been a driving force of research in gender development and have been important to theories of gender development. Indeed, a central concern of researchers dating back to Kagan (1964) and Bem (1974 , 1981) has been the implications of gender-typing and cross-gender-typing on adjustment. More recently, researchers have investigated adjustment outcomes in relation to multiple dimensions of gender identity (for a review, see Lurye et al. 2008 ). For instance, research by Perry and his colleagues has found that felt pressure to adhere to gender norms is associated with lower self-worth ( Egan and Perry 2001 ). Thus, current research on adjustment appears to be a focus on aspects of gender that lead to good or poor adjustment outcomes. This is an especially fruitful and important direction for future research, as it directly addresses the implications of various aspects of gender for children’s more general functioning.

Several other topics included in this category because of their relevance to adjustment were Gender Identity Disorder and eating disorders and body issues. The number of articles addressing Gender Identity Disorder was extremely small and only appeared in the 2000s. Given the controversies about the causes and consequences of extreme gender non-normative behavior (e.g., Hegarty 2009 ; Zucker et al. 2009 ), and its obvious relevance to theories of gender identity development, more research on this topic is certainly warranted. The studies in this category also reflect topics related to eating disorders, body satisfaction, and body size or Body Mass Index (BMI). These topics have received much attention in the public media and are of clear relevance to gender development.

Publications that focused on various dimensions of personality and individual differences were also coded into this category. One of the individual difference constructs that stood out was the measurement of “fear of success” in the 1970s and 1980s. This was perhaps the most dated concept we came across and its disappearance after the 1980s is indicative of social changes. Although there is little, if any, recent research on girls’ motivations to avoid success as an individual difference, girls might nonetheless avoid participation in certain male-dominated fields due to real and perceived obstacles to success in those fields. For example, the concept of stereotype threat has been frequently used to discuss barriers to girls’ success in fields such as math (e.g., Spencer et al. 1999 ). Thus, in a general sense, the “fear of success” topic is still with us, but its framing has changed to reflect the role of context and the more nuanced nature of barriers to girls’ participation and success in male stereotyped fields.

A number of articles included in this category also addressed topics more closely related to sexuality, sexual maturation, and male-female relationships, including sexual behaviors, dating, menarche, sexual orientation, and sexual harassment. These topics have not been very well integrated into the gender development literature and sexual identity in particular tends to be very specialized and focused on sexual minorities ( Diamond 2003 ). Furthermore, although sexual identity is later developing and obviously related to older age groups, awareness of sexual attraction and relationships emerge earlier, and is clearly relevant to children’s conceptions of gender roles. Thus, greater consideration of issues of sexual identity and sexual and romantic relationships would provide a more complete understanding of gender development.

Neglected Topics and Gaps in the Literature

Thus far, we have primarily focused on the topics and theories that have dominated the literature and been most visible in this journal. However, gaps in the literature were found and are important to consider as they help identify future directions for researchers.

There were gaps in the ages of children studied. Few studies in our content analysis of articles published in Sex Roles involved research on infants and toddlers. The lack of infant and toddler research may be due to in part to challenges associated with testing very young children. However, researchers now have access to a variety of methods available to them for observing and analyzing behavioral data, thus freeing researchers from having to rely on self-report and parent reported data on children, and expanding options for studying children who are too young to follow complex procedures or report on their own thoughts and behaviors. Given that children demonstrate a range of gender-typed behaviors, preferences, and knowledge by 2–3 years of age, if not earlier, it behooves investigators to expand efforts to better understand the earliest stages of gender development.

Gaps were also noted in the types of methods utilized in studies. Self-report measures were the most frequently used method of data collection. This reliance on self-report measures is likely because many of the issues and questions addressed in the articles could be assessed most easily and directly via these methods (and may explain the relative lack of focus on young children and infants/toddlers). These qualities are certainly strengths of direct self-reports. However, weaknesses and limitations also exist (as is the case with any method) and differences in methods may contribute to lack of coherence in findings. For example, Eisenberg and colleagues ( Eisenberg and Lennon 1983 ; Fabes and Eisenberg 1996 ) found that gender differences in empathy and sympathy varied with the method used to assess empathy-related responding. Specifically, their meta-analyses found large differences favoring girls for self-report measures of empathy/sympathy, especially questionnaire indices. No gender differences were found when the measure of empathy was either physiological or unobtrusive observations of nonverbal behavior. Eisenberg and Lennon (1983) suggested that the general pattern of results was due to differences among measures in the degree to which the intent of the measure was obvious and people could control their responses. Gender differences were greatest when demand characteristics were high (i.e., it was clear what was being assessed) and individuals had conscious control over their responses (i.e., self-report indices were used). In contrast, gender differences were virtually nonexistent when demand characteristics were subtle and study participants were unlikely to exercise much conscious control over their responding (i.e., physiological indices). Thus, when gender-related stereotypes are activated and people can easily control their responses, they may try to project a socially desirable image to others or to themselves. Such findings call for the greater use of multiple methods in research published in Sex Roles (and elsewhere) to ascertain whether this pattern exists in our research and certainly argues for less sole reliance on self-report methods.

There is some evidence that such a change is beginning to happen. For example, our analysis revealed a slight increase in studies employing time and labor intensive methods that allow for the discovery and analysis of the more subtle and complex aspects of behavior, such as the coding of transcriptions and videotaped and real-time observation, and qualitative methods. Such methods allow for a more micro-analytic examination of the dynamics of behavioral interactions but also take considerable time and effort to code, manage, and analyze. The investigation of changing patterns of behaviors in large-scale observational or longitudinal studies may require dynamical analyses that may be unfamiliar to many gender researchers ( Martin and Ruble 2010 ). Moreover, a fair amount of debate has surrounded the value and limitations of qualitative methods, though there is now growing consensus that empirical and qualitative methods each have advantages and disadvantages and can be used to complement each other (e.g., Oakley 1999 ).

There were also a number of gaps in the content of the articles. Overall, it seems that the emphasis in the gender development publications in Sex Roles has been on the development of different gender-linked abilities and traits, often in the areas of academic and career-related choices and skills. These aspects of gender development make up only a small portion of the Matrix of Gender-Typing ( Ruble et al. 2006 ) and this emphasis on a limited set of gender-related attributes suggests that many aspects of children’s gender-typing remain to be explored. Some of these aspects might be less salient or more difficult to measure (e.g., gestures, speech patterns), but nonetheless are integral aspects of gender identity. Further research is also needed to better understand the relations among the various cells in the matrix and how such relations might change across development.

Despite the prevalence of articles addressing socialization, our analysis of this category indicated that research in this area has been heavily slated toward investigating the role of parents. Less attention was focused on peers in the articles we reviewed in Sex Roles . Nonetheless, there has been greater focus on peers in the more recent literature. This research activity may have been facilitated by the recognition of peer influences earlier in development (e.g., Fabes et al. 2003b ), as well as by methodological advances that have allowed for the exploration of peer processes in greater depth and complexity ( Martin et al. 2005 ; Martin and Ruble 2010 ).

Despite the recent interest in this topic, the fact that little attention has been paid to peer relationships in children younger than adolescents may reflect a failure to recognize the importance of early peer relationships to young children’s gender development and adjustment. Given that much of young children’s peer-related interactions are highly structured by gender and that these gender segregated peer groups have important influences on short- and long-term adjustment ( Fabes et al. 2003a ; Martin and Fabes 2001 ), researchers who publish in Sex Roles (and elsewhere) need to be more attentive to the role that peers play in early gender development.

Furthermore, relatively little research has focused on the ways in which gender affects relationships and communication with peers and might impact same- and other-gender relationships across time into adulthood. In our analysis, studies that did involve relationship processes tended to focus on adolescents and addressed specific relationship contexts and issues, such as dating and sexual harassment. Few studies focused on assessing cognitions or beliefs about relationships. There is a need for theory to better understand the dynamics and development of male-female (and same-gender) relationships over time ( Zosuls et al. 2011 ). Such knowledge would help us to better understand children’s interpersonal dynamics in friendship, school, and home contexts and how to promote more positive relationships into adulthood.

Children’s social cognition, including their intergroup attitudes, plays an important role in peer relationships. Intergroup attitudes and behaviors have been of longstanding interest to gender researchers coming from a social psychological perspective (e.g., Bigler 1995 ; Powlishta 1995a , b ) and have been prominent in gender schema views ( Martin and Halverson 1981 ; Liben and Signorella 1980 ). However, with the exception of the measurement of children’s gender role attitudes, few studies investigated intergroup processes and gender differences in values regarding gender. The limited research on intergroup processes is surprising given that the study of children’s intergroup gender attitudes should have obvious connections to theories related to children’s behaviors, including gender segregation. One reason for the dearth of research directly measuring children’s intergroup gender attitudes might be that such bias is inferred from children’s greater liking for peers of their own gender. Whereas such evidence certainly indicates more positive attitudes about one’s own group, it does not constitute a direct measure of attitudes and is a poor gauge of the exact nature of children’s feelings about their own and the other gender group ( Martin and Ruble 2010 ; Zosuls et al. 2011 ). Once again, however, it could be the case that studies focused on Intergroup Processes appear in journals that more specifically address these topics (e.g., social psychology journals).

Although gender discrimination is a common topic of study in the adult psychological literature, research on children’s same-gender peer preferences, evaluations, and interactions are rarely framed in terms of discrimination. Furthermore, relatively little is known about how children may or may not perceive gender discrimination directed at others or themselves (for an exception, see Brown and Bigler 2004 , 2005 ). More studies investigating gender discrimination within and between gender groups would be valuable for better understanding the dynamics of girls’ and boys’ relationships and for designing strategies to prevent acts of gender-based discrimination among children.

Our analysis also suggested that even less is known about the impact on gender development of socialization messages children receive from features of the larger socio-cultural context, such as the media. Given how much media children are exposed to and the debates often surrounding children’s media content, more studies that directly test the effects of media on gender-related self-concepts, behaviors, and perceptions would be a valuable direction for future research. Furthermore, although a number of studies investigated features of media that children are exposed to, few examined whether children perceive media messages in the ways that they are presented and assumed to be processed by adults. In the majority of studies of socialization, investigators have often worked under the assumption that gender-related features of the environment are relatively passively encoded by children, rather than actively processed. Future research should aim to test these assumptions.

The Gender Identity and Adjustment and Individual Differences categories reflected growth and evolution in theories and topics addressed by the literature, but also suggested the need for further integration of these topics into core theories and research. Both categories featured a number of studies addressing the topic of body image; however, this aspect of identity is not usually included in models and measures related to various aspects of gender identity, such as gender typicality (e.g., Egan and Perry 2001 ). Rather, body image is generally discussed in terms of its relation to psychological adjustment (e.g., eating disorders). Nonetheless, body image has obvious relevance to children’s gender identity development and future research should aim to incorporate this idea more directly into theories and studies of gender identity. For example, body image might have relevance to children’s sense of gender typicality, with children who have bodies and body images that are closer to societal ideals for their gender feeling more typical for their gender.

Finally, the vast majority of studies addressed cognitive and socialization processes. Only one published study directly focused on biological ideas about gender development ( Rodgers et al. 1998 ). Studies focusing on biology may have been virtually nonexistent because such articles are more likely to be published in journals that are oriented to the biological sciences, and may be due to this journal’s greater emphasis on socialization and feminist perspectives. Indeed, the name of this journal— Sex Roles —emphasizes roles, which connotes socially learned and prescribed behaviors. Research studies investigating of biological factors, such as hormones, also tend to be complex and expensive and are conducted by a relatively small group of investigators interested in gender development (e.g., Alexander and Hines 2002 ; Berenbaum and Snyder 1995 ; Wallen 1996 ). Nonetheless, research involving a biological perspective has gained momentum in recent decades and would be a valuable addition to the body of research represented in Sex Roles.

Looking forward, as gender development researchers and contributors to Sex Roles , we should also consider what areas of research are most important to address given current inequalities, societal problems, and shifting cultural and demographic features of society and the endpoints we are interested in achieving for future generations of girls and boys. Social issues concerning educational practices and improving school outcomes have become gendered discussions (Does the gender gap in education now favor girls? Should single-sex education be encouraged or discouraged?), and these issues warrant the attention of researchers. Changes in media also provide new areas for research investigation. For instance, the ubiquity of and interest in social networking for adolescents suggests that researchers should consider how virtual, immediate, and potentially continuous social connections among adolescents influences personal and social dimensions of gender development. Biological and cultural changes suggest how the lines between adolescence and younger ages are becoming blurred. The earlier ages of puberty and increased sexualization of young girls are examples of topics that require additional research attention ( American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls 2007 ).

Summary and Conclusion

In this paper, our primary goal was to describe trends in research on gender development published in Sex Roles over the past few decades. Overall, the topics receiving the greatest emphasis—Gender Differences, Socialization, and Stereotyping, and to a somewhat lesser degree, Gender Identity—were relatively stable over time. The prevalence of articles documenting gender differences is logical given that gender differences—whether real or perceived, small or large in magnitude—was the starting point of interest for which the field came into existence and that many researchers are ultimately interested in explaining. Gender differences have long captured the public’s interest and have been used to justify myriad laws, policies, and practices in the public and private spheres. The emphasis on gender socialization and stereotyping is also consistent with the prominence of socialization theories beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s and the journal’s mission to provide a feminist perspective. The Gender Identity category was especially varied and rich; the studies in this category clearly reflected the broad influence of Bem’s measure, but also included work influenced by Kohlberg’s (1966) ideas about gender constancy, and newer multidimensional models of gender identity.

Gender development has progressed a long way from the initial study of gender differences, and has continued to move forward steadily. Leaders in the field have encouraged increasingly precise and clear terminology, more sophisticated methods and analytic techniques, and a greater diversity of topics of study. Assumptions made about one domain of gender development predicting all others have been questioned, and the multidimensionality of gender has been highlighted, as evidenced here in the many topics covered by researchers. Sex Roles has played an important role in the growth of the field by providing an outlet dedicated to disseminating research on the wide array of topics associated with gender development. In the next 35 years, our hope is that the journal will continue to play a leadership role in the field, and to promote more diversity in topics, methods, and ages employed in gender development research.

Acknowledgments

The paper was supported in part by a research grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD045816-01) awarded to the Carol Lynn Martin and Richard A. Fabes; a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development research grant (R01 HD04994) to Diane N. Ruble; and a National Science Foundation IRADS grant (0721383) Funds from the T. Denny Sanford Foundation also supported work on this paper. Funding also was provided by the School of Social Dynamics and the Challenged Child Project at Arizona State University.

To determine inclusion, we used several parameters. In addition to including studies that had children as direct participants, we also included studies that had children or child development as the targets of study (e.g., maternal reports about children, parents’ gender-typed discipline strategies). Second, we included studies that involved content analyses of children’s media (e.g., gender-typed behaviors displayed in children’s cartoons). Third, studies with a primary purpose of reporting the psychometric properties of a measure developed for and used with children were also included. We excluded studies that were based on a college student sample or that included participants 17 years and older if the primary purpose of the study did not concern adolescence. Moreover, we did not include retrospective studies, and we did not include non-empirical theoretical and review papers.

Contributor Information

Kristina M. Zosuls, School of Social and Family Dynamics, Program in Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 873701, Tempe, AZ 85287-3701, USA.

Cindy Faith Miller, School of Social and Family Dynamics, Program in Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

Diane N. Ruble, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.

Carol Lynn Martin, School of Social and Family Dynamics, Program in Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

Richard A. Fabes, School of Social and Family Dynamics, Program in Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

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Gender Roles

A majority of latinas feel pressure to support their families or to succeed at work.

Many juggle cultural expectations and gender roles from both Latin America and the U.S., like doing housework and succeeding at work.

Few East Asian adults believe women have an obligation to society to have children

Two-thirds or more in Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam say that women should decide for themselves whether to bear children.

Among parents with young adult children, some dads feel less connected to their kids than moms do

Majorities of both moms and dads with a young adult child age 18 to 34 say they’re as involved in their child’s day-to-day life as they’d like to be.

Many in East Asia say men and women make equally good leaders, despite few female heads of government

When Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen’s term ends in May, only one woman will serve as head of government anywhere in Asia, excluding the Pacific Islands.

Parents, Young Adult Children and the Transition to Adulthood

Most U.S. young adults are at least mostly financially independent and happy with their parents’ involvement in their lives. Parent-child relationships are mostly strong.

About 8 in 10 women in opposite-sex marriages say they took their husband’s last name

Younger women, women with a postgraduate degree and Democratic women are more likely to keep their last name after marriage.

Almost 1 in 5 stay-at-home parents in the U.S. are dads

In 2021, 18% of parents didn’t work for pay, which was unchanged from 2016, according to a new analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data.

Key facts about dads in the U.S.

For Father’s Day, here are six facts about the views and experiences shaping fatherhood in the United States today.

Key facts about moms in the U.S.

For Mother’s Day, here’s a snapshot of what motherhood looks like in the U.S. today, drawn from government data and Pew Research Center surveys.

In a Growing Share of U.S. Marriages, Husbands and Wives Earn About the Same

Among married couples in the United States, women’s financial contributions have grown steadily over the last half century. Even when earnings are similar, husbands spend more time on paid work and leisure, while wives devote more time to caregiving and housework.

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Gender Roles Essay Example
🌱 Research topics on gender roles. 125 Best Gender Research Topics For
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113 Gender Roles Essay Topics & Examples
Gender roles essay topics and titles may include: The history of gender roles and their shifts throughout the time. Male and female roles in society. Gender roles in literature and media. How a man and a woman is perceived in current society. The causes and outcomes of gender discrimination.
100 Best Gender Research Topics
100 Gender Research Topics For Academic Papers. Gender research topics are very popular across the world. Students in different academic disciplines are often asked to write papers and essays about these topics. Some of the disciplines that require learners to write about gender topics include: Sociology. Psychology.
Top 10 Gender Research Topics & Writing Ideas
Issues modern feminism faces. Sexual orientation and gender identity. Benefits of investing in girls' education. Patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes in family relationships. Toys and games of girls and boys. Roles of men and women in politics. Compare career opportunities for both sexes in the military.
138 Research Questions about Gender Roles
Gender roles were a vital tenet, more so in the conformity era of the 1950s. For men, their roles as breadwinners dictated their responsibility. This essay aims to analyze "The Importance of Being Earnest," "Blood Relations," and "Essay" to argue for the absurdity of predetermined gender roles in society.
Top 150 Gender Research Topics For An Excellent Paper
There are many controversial topics you can write about in your academic paper. For example, same-sex marriages, legalization of prostitution, sexuality, and many others. Legalization Of Prostitution. Same-sex Adoption Rights. Same-sex Marriage. Rethinking Gender And Therapy. Signs Of Sexuality. Gender-based Violence.
569 Gender Essay Topics & Research Topics on Gender
Here is an excellent essay sample on the topic! Use it for inspiration. "Lanval": Summary & Analysis of Gender Roles and Courtly Love. "Lanval" is one of Marie de France's lais in which the idea of love is discussed from the specific perspective according to which women and men are equal in their love.
112 Gender Essay Topic Ideas & Examples
In this article, we will provide 112 gender essay topic ideas and examples to inspire your writing and research. The impact of gender stereotypes on children's development. Gender inequality in the workplace. Gender representation in the media. The intersection of gender and race. Gender identity and sexual orientation.
Free Gender Studies Essay Examples & Topic Ideas
Updated: May 24th, 2024. 862 samples. A gender studies essay should concentrate on the interaction between gender and other unique identifying features. Along with gender identity and representation, the given field explores race, sexuality, religion, disability, and nationality. Gender is a basic social characteristic that often goes unnoticed.
Amazing Gender Dissertation Topics
Amazing Gender Dissertation Topics - A List of Well-Researched Topics. Published by Owen Ingram at January 2nd, 2023 , Revised On June 10, 2024. The concept of gender describes the differences in characteristics, behaviours, and responsibilities between males and females. Gender studies explore the complicated concerns that arise from the ...
Gender Roles Free Essay Examples And Topic Ideas
Gender roles are defined as the social expectations about the typical and appropriate behavior of men and women. Female gender roles include communal traits and behaviors, which focus on emotional sensitivity, interpersonal skills, and expressivity. Male gender roles include the expectation that boys and men exhibit traits that focus on self ...
40 Ideas for Women Issues and Gender Research Paper Topics
The MeeToo movement is the prominent proof of the fact that women finally decided not to endure the gender discrimination. We collected a few tips to help you write a great research paper about women and gender. The first and, possibly important one is the usage of the checked facts. The gender topic is now widely speculated and sometimes ...
Twenty years of gender equality research: A scoping review based on a
Our paper offers a scoping review of a large portion of the research that has been published over the last 22 years, on gender equality and related issues, with a specific focus on business and economics studies. Combining innovative methods drawn from both network analysis and text mining, we provide a synthesis of 15,465 scientific articles.
Understanding gender roles in the workplace: a qualitative research study
Abstract. This qualitative study explored female leaders' experiences with gender norms, implicit. bias and microaggressions that they have experienced over the course of their careers. Research questions explored what gender norms exist, how they show up behaviorally in.
Gender Roles Essays: Free Examples/ Topics / Papers by
The protagonist, Firdaus, faces years of discrimination from men throughout the text. The assumed dominance that men take on is shown through their oppressive behavior and the perceived subservience... Woman At Point Zero Gender Discrimination Gender Roles. Topics: Dystopia, Gender, Metaphor, Power, Totalitarianism. 8.
Gender Role Essays: Examples, Topics, & Outlines
Gender Messages Gender roles are the behaviors and traits and expectations that are linked to women and men through socialization, according to Janice Lee and Amie Ashcraft (2005). In fact gender roles define what it means to be a feminine or masculine person. During one's lifetime there is an enormous amount of social pressure to "conform to these gender roles" (Lee, 2005).
A Global Perspective on Gender Roles and Identity
Among the social determinants that affect the health and well-being of young people throughout the world, gender is a pivotal influence, with both subtle and overt, immediate as well as longer term influences on adolescent development, resources and opportunities, and ultimately, adolescent and adult health. Most societies are profoundly gendered; these gender roles and expectations affect ...
Gender Roles In Society: [Essay Example], 534 words
Traditional gender norms have long dictated the roles and responsibilities of men and women in society. Men are often expected to be the primary providers for their families, while women are tasked with taking care of the home and children. This division of labor has been deeply ingrained in many cultures and has perpetuated the idea that ...
(PDF) Gender Roles and Society
Gender roles are based on the different expecta-. tions that individuals, groups, and societies have of. individuals based on their sex and based on each. society's values and beli efs about ...
124 Topics for a Gender Stereotypes Essay
Inequality between men and women in politics. Differences in gender stereotypes in the East and West. Gender representation in children's media. Breaking gender stereotypes through education. Sexism and gender bias. Traditional gender roles in Western society. Gender discrimination in healthcare.
Gender Development Research in Sex Roles: Historical Trends and Future
Sex Roles has played an important role in the growth of the field by providing an outlet dedicated to disseminating research on the wide array of topics associated with gender development. In the next 35 years, our hope is that the journal will continue to play a leadership role in the field, and to promote more diversity in topics, methods ...
Gender Roles
A Majority of Latinas Feel Pressure To Support Their Families or To Succeed at Work. Many juggle cultural expectations and gender roles from both Latin America and the U.S., like doing housework and succeeding at work. short readsApr 3, 2024.
Gender Stereotypes and Their Impact on Women's Career Progressions from
Gender stereotyping is considered to be a significant issue obstructing the career progressions of women in management. The continuation of minimal representation and participation of women in top-level management positions (Elacqua, Beehr, Hansen, & Webster, 2009; World Economic Forum, 2017) forms the basis of this research.After critically reviewing the existing literature, it was noticed ...
(PDF) Perceptions of gender roles: A case study
children 's perceptions of gender, one activity asked the. children to draw pictures of various job roles of positions. of authority. When considering the ndings sho wing. representations of ...
Development co-operation
The OECD designs international standards and guidelines for development co-operation, based on best practices, and monitors their implementation by its members. It works closely with member and partner countries, and other stakeholders (such as the United Nations and other multilateral entities) to help them implement their development commitments. It also invites developing country ...