java boolean assignment operators

• Java Operators

Last updated: January 8, 2024

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1. Overview

Operators are a fundamental building block of any programming language. We use operators to perform operations on values and variables.

Java provides many groups of operators. They are categorized by their functionalities.

In this tutorial, we’ll walk through all Java operators to understand their functionalities and how to use them.

2. Arithmetic Operators

We use arithmetic operators to perform simple mathematical operations. We should note that arithmetic operators only work with primitive number types and their boxed types , such as int and  Integer .

Next, let’s see what operators we have in the arithmetic operator group.

2.1. The Addition Operator

The addition operator (+) allows us to add two values or concatenate two strings:

2.2. The Subtraction Operator

Usually, we use the subtraction operator (-) to subtract one value from another:

2.3. The Multiplication Operator

The multiplication operator (*) is used to multiply two values or variables:

2.4. The Division Operator

The division operator (/) allows us to divide the left-hand value by the right-hand one:

When we use the division operator on two integer values ( byte , short , int , and long ), we should note that the result is the quotient value. The remainder is not included .

As the example above shows, if we calculate 15 / 2 , the quotient is 7, and the remainder is 1 . Therefore, we have 15 / 2 = 7 .

2.5. The Modulo Operator

We can get the quotient using the division operator. However, if we just want to get the remainder of a division calculation, we can use the modulo operator (%):

3. Unary Operators

As the name implies, unary operators only require one single operand . For example, we usually use unary operators to increment, decrement, or negate a variable or value.

Now, let’s see the details of unary operators in Java.

3.1. The Unary Plus Operator

The unary plus operator (+) indicates a positive value. If the number is positive, we can omit the ‘+’ operator:

3.2. The Unary Minus Operator

Opposite to the unary plus operator, the unary minus operator (-) negates a value or an expression:

3.3. The Logical Complement Operator

The logical complement operator (!) is also known as the “NOT” operator . We can use it to invert the value of a boolean variable or value:

3.4. The Increment Operator

The increment operator (++) allows us to increase the value of a variable by 1:

3.5. The Decrement Opeartor

The decrement operator (–) does the opposite of the increment operator. It decreases the value of a variable by 1:

We should keep in mind that the increment and decrement operators can only be used on a variable . For example, “ int a = 5; a++; ” is fine. However, the expression “ 5++ ” won’t be compiled.

4. Relational Operators

Relational operators can be called “comparison operators” as well. Basically, we use these operators to compare two values or variables.

4.1. The “Equal To” Operator

We use the “equal to” operator (==) to compare the values on both sides. If they’re equal, the operation returns true :

The “equal to” operator is pretty straightforward. On the other hand, the Object class has provided the equals() method. As the Object class is the superclass of all Java classes, all Java objects can use the equals() method to compare each other.

When we want to compare two objects – for instance, when we compare Long objects or compare String s –  we should choose between the comparison method from the equals() method and that of the “equal to” operator wisely .

4.2. The “Not Equal To” Operator

The “not equal to” operator (!=) does the opposite of the ‘==’ operator. If the values on both sides are not equal, the operation returns true :

4.3. The “Greater Than” Operator

When we compare two values with the “greater than” operator (>), it returns true if the value on the left-hand side is greater than the value on the right-hand side:

4.4. The “Greater Than or Equal To” Operator

The “greater than or equal to” operator (>=) compares the values on both sides and returns true if the left-hand side operand is greater than or equal to the right-hand side operand:

4.5. The “Less Than” Operator

The “less than” operator (<) compares two values on both sides and returns true if the value on the left-hand side is less than the value on the right-hand side:

4.6. The “Less Than or Equal To” Operator

Similarly, the “less than or equal to” operator (<=) compares the values on both sides and returns true if the left-hand side operand is less than or equal to the right-hand side:

5. Logical Operators

We have two logical operators in Java: the logical AND and OR operators. Basically, their function is pretty similar to the AND gate and the OR gate in digital electronics.

Usually, we use a logical operator with two operands, which are variables or expressions that can be evaluated as boolean .

Next, let’s take a closer look at them.

5.1. The Logical AND Operator

The logical AND operator ( && ) returns true only if both operands are true :

5.2. The Logical OR Operator

Unlike the ‘ && ‘ operator, the logical OR operator ( || ) returns true if at least one operand is  true :

We should note that the logical OR operator has the short-circuiting effect : It returns true as soon as one of the operands is evaluated as true, without evaluating the remaining operands.

6. Ternary Operator

A ternary operator is a short form of the if-then-else statement. It has the name ternary as it has three operands. First, let’s have a look at the standard if-then-else statement syntax:

We can convert the above if-then-else statement into a compact version using the ternary operator:

Let’s look at its syntax:

Next, let’s understand how the ternary operator works through a simple example:

7. Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators

As the article “ Java bitwise operators ” covers the details of bitwise and bit shift operators, we’ll briefly summarize these operators in this tutorial.

7.1. The Bitwise AND Operator

The bitwise AND operator (&) returns the bit-by-bit AND of input values:

7.2. The Bitwise OR Operator

The bitwise OR operator (|) returns the bit-by-bit OR of input values:

7.3. The Bitwise XOR Operator

The bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) operator (^) returns the bit-by-bit XOR of input values:

7.4. The Bitwise Complement Operator

The bitwise complement operator (~) is a unary operator. It returns the value’s complement representation, which inverts all bits from the input value:

7.5. The Left Shift Operator

Shift operators shift the bits to the left or right by the given number of times.

The left shift operator (<<) shifts the bits to the left by the number of times defined by the right-hand side operand. After the left shift, the empty space in the right is filled with 0.

Next, let’s left shift the number 12 twice:

n << x has the same effect of multiplying the number  n  with x power of two.

7.6. The Signed Right Shift Operator

The signed right shift operator (>>) shifts the bits to the right by the number of times defined by the right-hand side operand and fills 0 on voids left as a result.

We should note that the leftmost position after the shifting depends on the sign extension .

Next, let’s do “signed right shift” twice on the numbers 12 and -12 to see the difference:

As the second example above shows, if the number is negative, the leftmost position after each shift will be set by the sign extension.

n >> x has the same effect of dividing the number n by x power of two.

7.7. The Unsigned Right Shift Operator

The unsigned right shift operator (>>>) works in a similar way as the ‘>>’ operator. The only difference is that after a shift, the leftmost bit is set to 0 .

Next, let’s unsigned right shift twice on the numbers 12 and -12 to see the difference:

As we can see in the second example above, the >>> operator fills voids on the left with 0 irrespective of whether the number is positive or negative .

8. The “ instanceof ” Operator

Sometimes, when we have an object, we would like to test if it’s an instance of a given type . The “ instanceof ” operator can help us to do it:

9. Assignment Operators

We use assignment operators to assign values to variables. Next, let’s see which assignment operators we can use in Java.

9.1. The Simple Assignment Operator

The simple assignment operator (=) is a straightforward but important operator in Java. Actually, we’ve used it many times in previous examples. It assigns the value on its right to the operand on its left:

9.2. Compound Assignments

We’ve learned arithmetic operators. We can combine the arithmetic operators with the simple assignment operator to create compound assignments.

For example, we can write “ a = a + 5 ” in a compound way: “ a += 5 “.

Finally, let’s walk through all supported compound assignments in Java through examples:

10. Conclusion

Java provides many groups of operators for different functionalities. In this article, we’ve passed through the operators in Java.

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Java provides many types of operators to perform a variety of calculations and functions, such as logical , arithmetic , relational , and others. With so many operators to choose from, it helps to group them based on the type of functionality they provide. This programming tutorial will focus on Java’s numerous a ssignment operators.

Before we begin, however, you may want to bookmark our other tutorials on Java operators, which include:

• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison Operators
• Conditional Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise and Shift Operators

Assignment Operators in Java

As the name conveys, assignment operators are used to assign values to a variable using the following syntax:

The left side operand of the assignment operator must be a variable, whereas the right side operand of the assignment operator may be a literal value or another variable. Moreover, the value or variable on the right side must be of the same data type of the operand on the left side. Otherwise, the compiler will raise an error. Assignment operators have a right to left associativity in that the value given on the right-hand side of the operator is assigned to the variable on the left. Therefore, the right-hand side variable must be declared before assignment.

You can learn more about variables in our programming tutorial: Working with Java Variables .

Types of Assignment Operators in Java

Java assignment operators are classified into two types: simple and compound .

The Simple assignment operator is the equals ( = ) sign, which is the most straightforward of the bunch. It simply assigns the value or variable on the right to the variable on the left.

Compound operators are comprised of both an arithmetic, bitwise, or shift operator in addition to the equals ( = ) sign.

Equals Operator (=) Java Example

First, let’s learn to use the one-and-only simple assignment operator – the Equals ( = ) operator – with the help of a Java program. It includes two assignments: a literal value to num1 and the num1 variable to num2 , after which both are printed to the console to show that the values have been assigned to the numbers:

The += Operator Java Example

A compound of the + and = operators, the += adds the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right before assigning the result to the operand on the left. Here is some sample code to demonstrate how to use the += operator in Java:

The -= Operator Java Example

Made up of the – and = operators, the -= first subtracts the variable’s value on the right from the current value of the variable on the left before assigning the result to the operand on the left. We can see it at work below in the following code example showing how to decrement in Java using the -= operator:

The *= Operator Java Example

This Java operator is comprised of the * and = operators. It operates by multiplying the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left. Here’s a program that shows the *= operator in action:

The /= Operator Java Example

A combination of the / and = operators, the /= Operator divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigns the quotient to the operand on the left. Here is some example code showing how to use the  /= operator in Java:

%= Operator Java Example

The %= operator includes both the % and = operators. As seen in the program below, it divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigns the remainder to the operand on the left:

Compound Bitwise and Shift Operators in Java

The Bitwise and Shift Operators that we just recently covered can also be utilized in compound form as seen in the list below:

• &= – Compound bitwise Assignment operator.
• ^= – Compound bitwise ^ assignment operator.
• >>= – Compound right shift assignment operator.
• >>>= – Compound right shift filled 0 assignment operator.
• <<= – Compound left shift assignment operator.

The following program demonstrates the working of all the Compound Bitwise and Shift Operators :

Final Thoughts on Java Assignment Operators

This programming tutorial presented an overview of Java’s simple and compound assignment Operators. An essential building block to any programming language, developers would be unable to store any data in their programs without them. Though not quite as indispensable as the equals operator, compound operators are great time savers, allowing you to perform arithmetic and bitwise operations and assignment in a single line of code.

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Interesting Questions about Java Operators 

1. precedence and associativity:.

 There is often confusion when it comes to hybrid equations which are equations having multiple operators. The problem is which part to solve first. There is a golden rule to follow in these situations. If the operators have different precedence, solve the higher precedence first. If they have the same precedence, solve according to associativity, that is, either from right to left or from left to right. The explanation of the below program is well written in comments within the program itself.

2. Be a Compiler: 

The compiler in our systems uses a lex tool to match the greatest match when generating tokens. This creates a bit of a problem if overlooked. For example, consider the statement a=b+++c ; too many of the readers might seem to create a compiler error. But this statement is absolutely correct as the token created by lex is a, =, b, ++, +, c. Therefore, this statement has a similar effect of first assigning b+c to a and then incrementing b. Similarly, a=b+++++c; would generate an error as the tokens generated are a, =, b, ++, ++, +, c. which is actually an error as there is no operand after the second unary operand.

3. Using + over (): 

When using the + operator inside system.out.println() make sure to do addition using parenthesis. If we write something before doing addition, then string addition takes place, that is, associativity of addition is left to right, and hence integers are added to a string first producing a string, and string objects concatenate when using +. Therefore it can create unwanted results.

Advantages of Operators in Java

The advantages of using operators in Java are mentioned below:

• Expressiveness : Operators in Java provide a concise and readable way to perform complex calculations and logical operations.
• Time-Saving: Operators in Java save time by reducing the amount of code required to perform certain tasks.
• Improved Performance : Using operators can improve performance because they are often implemented at the hardware level, making them faster than equivalent Java code.

Disadvantages of Operators in Java

The disadvantages of Operators in Java are mentioned below:

• Operator Precedence: Operators in Java have a defined precedence, which can lead to unexpected results if not used properly.
• Type Coercion : Java performs implicit type conversions when using operators, which can lead to unexpected results or errors if not used properly.

FAQs in Java Operators

1. what is operators in java with example.

Operators are the special symbols that are used for performing certain operations. For example, ‘+’ is used for addition where 5+4 will return the value 9.

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Assignment Operators J8 Home   «   Assignment Operators

• <<    Relational & Logical Operators
• Bitwise Logical Operators     >>

Symbols used for mathematical and logical manipulation that are recognized by the compiler are commonly known as operators in Java. In the third of five lessons on operators we look at the assignment operators available in Java.

Assignment Operators Overview  Top

The single equal sign = is used for assignment in Java and we have been using this throughout the lessons so far. This operator is fairly self explanatory and takes the form variable = expression; . A point to note here is that the type of variable must be compatible with the type of expression .

Shorthand Assignment Operators

The shorthand assignment operators allow us to write compact code that is implemented more efficiently.

Automatic Type Conversion, Assignment Rules  Top

The following table shows which types can be assigned to which other types, of course we can assign to the same type so these boxes are greyed out.

When using the table use a row for the left assignment and a column for the right assignment. So in the highlighted permutations byte = int won't convert and int = byte will convert.

Casting Incompatible Types  Top

The above table isn't the end of the story though as Java allows us to cast incompatible types. A cast instructs the compiler to convert one type to another enforcing an explicit type conversion.

A cast takes the form     target = (target-type) expression .

There are a couple of things to consider when casting incompatible types:

• With narrowing conversions such as an int to a short there may be a loss of precision if the range of the int exceeds the range of a short as the high order bits will be removed.
• When casting a floating-point type to an integer type the fractional component is lost through truncation.
• The target-type can be the same type as the target or a narrowing conversion type.
• The boolean type is not only incompatible but also inconvertible with other types.

Lets look at some code to see how casting works and the affect it has on values:

Running the Casting class produces the following output:

The first thing to note is we got a clean compile because of the casts, all the type conversions would fail otherwise. You might be suprised by some of the results shown in the screenshot above, for instance some of the values have become negative. Because we are truncating everything to a byte we are losing not only any fractional components and bits outside the range of a byte , but in some cases the signed bit as well. Casting can be very useful but just be aware of the implications to values when you enforce explicit type conversion.

Related Quiz

Fundamentals Quiz 8 - Assignment Operators Quiz

Lesson 9 Complete

In this lesson we looked at the assignment operators used in Java.

What's Next?

In the next lesson we look at the bitwise logical operators used in Java.

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Code structure & syntax, java variables, primitives - boolean & char data types, primitives - numeric data types, method scope, arithmetic operators, relational & logical operators, assignment operators, assignment operators overview, automatic type conversion, casting incompatible types, bitwise logical operators, bitwise shift operators, if construct, switch construct, for construct, while construct.

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Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. For example, + is an operator used for addition, while * is also an operator used for multiplication.

Operators in Java can be classified into 5 types:

• Arithmetic Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Unary Operators
• Bitwise Operators

1. Java Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and data. For example,

Here, the + operator is used to add two variables a and b . Similarly, there are various other arithmetic operators in Java.

Example 1: Arithmetic Operators

In the above example, we have used + , - , and * operators to compute addition, subtraction, and multiplication operations.

/ Division Operator

Note the operation, a / b in our program. The / operator is the division operator.

If we use the division operator with two integers, then the resulting quotient will also be an integer. And, if one of the operands is a floating-point number, we will get the result will also be in floating-point.

% Modulo Operator

The modulo operator % computes the remainder. When a = 7 is divided by b = 4 , the remainder is 3 .

Note : The % operator is mainly used with integers.

2. Java Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used in Java to assign values to variables. For example,

Here, = is the assignment operator. It assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left. That is, 5 is assigned to the variable age .

Let's see some more assignment operators available in Java.

Example 2: Assignment Operators

3. java relational operators.

Relational operators are used to check the relationship between two operands. For example,

Here, < operator is the relational operator. It checks if a is less than b or not.

It returns either true or false .

Example 3: Relational Operators

Note : Relational operators are used in decision making and loops.

4. Java Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is true or false . They are used in decision making.

Example 4: Logical Operators

Working of Program

• (5 > 3) && (8 > 5) returns true because both (5 > 3) and (8 > 5) are true .
• (5 > 3) && (8 < 5) returns false because the expression (8 < 5) is false .
• (5 < 3) || (8 > 5) returns true because the expression (8 > 5) is true .
• (5 > 3) || (8 < 5) returns true because the expression (5 > 3) is true .
• (5 < 3) || (8 < 5) returns false because both (5 < 3) and (8 < 5) are false .
• !(5 == 3) returns true because 5 == 3 is false .
• !(5 > 3) returns false because 5 > 3 is true .

5. Java Unary Operators

Unary operators are used with only one operand. For example, ++ is a unary operator that increases the value of a variable by 1 . That is, ++5 will return 6 .

Different types of unary operators are:

• Increment and Decrement Operators

Java also provides increment and decrement operators: ++ and -- respectively. ++ increases the value of the operand by 1 , while -- decrease it by 1 . For example,

Here, the value of num gets increased to 6 from its initial value of 5 .

Example 5: Increment and Decrement Operators

In the above program, we have used the ++ and -- operator as prefixes (++a, --b) . We can also use these operators as postfix (a++, b++) .

There is a slight difference when these operators are used as prefix versus when they are used as a postfix.

To learn more about these operators, visit increment and decrement operators .

6. Java Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators in Java are used to perform operations on individual bits. For example,

Here, ~ is a bitwise operator. It inverts the value of each bit ( 0 to 1 and 1 to 0 ).

The various bitwise operators present in Java are:

These operators are not generally used in Java. To learn more, visit Java Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators .

Other operators

Besides these operators, there are other additional operators in Java.

The instanceof operator checks whether an object is an instanceof a particular class. For example,

Here, str is an instance of the String class. Hence, the instanceof operator returns true . To learn more, visit Java instanceof .

The ternary operator (conditional operator) is shorthand for the if-then-else statement. For example,

Here's how it works.

• If the Expression is true , expression1 is assigned to the variable .
• If the Expression is false , expression2 is assigned to the variable .

Let's see an example of a ternary operator.

In the above example, we have used the ternary operator to check if the year is a leap year or not. To learn more, visit the Java ternary operator .

Now that you know about Java operators, it's time to know about the order in which operators are evaluated. To learn more, visit Java Operator Precedence .

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Java Arithmetic Operators
• Java Assignment Operators
• Java Relational Operators
• Java Logical Operators
• Java Unary Operators
• Java Bitwise Operators

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Very often, in programming, you will need a data type that can only have one of two values, like:

• TRUE / FALSE

For this, Java has a boolean data type, which can store true or false values.

Boolean Values

A boolean type is declared with the boolean keyword and can only take the values true or false :

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However, it is more common to return boolean values from boolean expressions, for conditional testing (see below).

Boolean Expression

A Boolean expression returns a boolean value: true or false .

This is useful to build logic, and find answers.

For example, you can use a comparison operator , such as the greater than ( > ) operator, to find out if an expression (or a variable) is true or false:

Or even easier:

In the examples below, we use the equal to ( == ) operator to evaluate an expression:

Real Life Example

Let's think of a "real life example" where we need to find out if a person is old enough to vote.

In the example below, we use the >= comparison operator to find out if the age ( 25 ) is greater than OR equal to the voting age limit, which is set to 18 :

Cool, right? An even better approach (since we are on a roll now), would be to wrap the code above in an if...else statement, so we can perform different actions depending on the result:

Output "Old enough to vote!" if myAge is greater than or equal to 18 . Otherwise output "Not old enough to vote.":

Booleans are the basis for all Java comparisons and conditions.

You will learn more about conditions ( if...else ) in the next chapter.

Test Yourself With Exercises

Fill in the missing parts to print the values true and false :

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The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available. See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases. See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.

Summary of Operators

The following quick reference summarizes the operators supported by the Java programming language.

Simple Assignment Operator

Arithmetic operators, unary operators, equality and relational operators, conditional operators, type comparison operator, bitwise and bit shift operators.

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Java operator

last modified January 27, 2024

Expressions are constructed from operands and operators. The operators of an expression indicate which operations to apply to the operands. The order of evaluation of operators in an expression is determined by the precedence and associativity of the operators.

Certain operators may be used in different contexts. For example the + operator. It can be used in different cases. It adds numbers, concatenates strings, or indicates the sign of a number. We say that the operator is overloaded .

Java sign operators

There are two sign operators: + and - . They are used to indicate or change the sign of a value.

The + and - signs indicate the sign of a value. The plus sign can be used to signal that we have a positive number. It can be omitted and it is mostly done so.

Java assignment operator

The assignment operator = assigns a value to a variable. A variable is a placeholder for a value. In mathematics, the = operator has a different meaning. In an equation, the = operator is an equality operator. The left side of the equation is equal to the right one.

Here we assign a number to the x variable.

This code line results in syntax error. We cannot assign a value to a literal.

Java concatenating strings

In Java the + operator is also used to concatenate strings.

An alternative method for concatenating strings is the concat method.

Java increment and decrement operators

Incrementing or decrementing a value by one is a common task in programming. Java has two convenient operators for this: ++ and -- .

In the above example, we demonstrate the usage of both operators.

And here is the output of the example.

Java arithmetic operators

The following example shows arithmetic operations.

Java Boolean operators

Relational operators always result in a boolean value. These two lines print false and true.

The true and false keywords represent boolean literals in Java.

The code example shows the logical and (&&) operator. It evaluates to true only if both operands are true.

The example shows the negation operator in action.

The One method returns false. The short circuit && does not evaluate the second method. It is not necessary. Once an operand is false, the result of the logical conclusion is always false. Only "Inside one" is only printed to the console.

Java relational operators

Relational operators are used to compare values. These operators always result in a boolean value.

Relational operators are also called comparison operators.

Java bitwise operators

Decimal numbers are natural to humans. Binary numbers are native to computers. Binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal symbols are only notations of a number. Bitwise operators work with bits of a binary number. Bitwise operators are seldom used in higher level languages like Java.

The bitwise negation operator changes each 1 to 0 and 0 to 1.

The operator reverts all bits of a number 7. One of the bits also determines whether the number is negative or not. If we negate all the bits one more time, we get number 7 again.

The first number is a binary notation of 6, the second is 3 and the result is 2.

The result is 00101 or decimal 5.

Java compound assignment operators

We use the += and *= compound operators.

The a variable is initiated to one. Value 1 is added to the variable using the non-shorthand notation.

Java instanceof operator

This line checks if the variable d points to the class that is an instance of the Base class. Since the Derived class inherits from the Base class, it is also an instance of the Base class too. The line prints true.

Java lambda operator

Java 8 introduced the lambda operator ( -> ).

In the example, we define an array of strings. The array is sorted using the Arrays.sort method and a lambda expression.

In the example, we create a greeting service with the help of a lambda expression.

Java double colon operator

In the code example, we create a reference to a static method with the double colon operator.

We perform the functional operation with the accept method.

Java operator precedence

The operator precedence tells us which operators are evaluated first. The precedence level is necessary to avoid ambiguity in expressions.

To change the order of evaluation, we can use parentheses. Expressions inside parentheses are always evaluated first. The result of the above expression is 40.

Java operators precedence list

Java associativity rule

What is the outcome of this expression, 9 or 1? The multiplication, deletion, and the modulo operator are left to right associated. So the expression is evaluated this way: (9 / 3) * 3 and the result is 9.

The compound assignment operators are right to left associated. We might expect the result to be 1. But the actual result is 0. Because of the associativity. The expression on the right is evaluated first and then the compound assignment operator is applied.

Java ternary operator

Calculating prime numbers.

In the above example, we deal with several operators. A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number that has exactly two distinct natural number divisors: 1 and itself. We pick up a number and divide it by numbers from 1 to the selected number. Actually, we do not have to try all smaller numbers; we can divide by numbers up to the square root of the chosen number. The formula will work. We use the remainder division operator.

We will calculate primes from these numbers.

We are OK if we only try numbers smaller than the square root of a number in question.

In this article we covered Java expressions. We mentioned various types of operators and described precedence and associativity rules in expressions.

Java - Compound Boolean Logical Assignment Operators

What are compound boolean logical assignment operators.

There are three compound Boolean logical assignment operators.

The operand1 must be a boolean variable and op may be &, |, or ^.

Java does not have any operators like &&= and ||=.

Compound Boolean Logical Assignment Operators are used in the form

The above form is equivalent to writing

The following table lists the compound logical assignment operators and their equivalents.

For &= operator, if both operands evaluate to true, &= returns true. Otherwise, it returns false.

For != operator, if either operand evaluates to true, != returns true. Otherwise, it returns false.

For ^= operator, if both operands evaluate to different values, that is, one of the operands is true but not both, ^= returns true. Otherwise, it returns false.

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• Java Arithmetic Operators
• Java Assignment Operators
• Java Increment and Decrement Operators
• Java Relational Operators

Java Boolean Operators

• Java Conditional Operators

The Boolean logical operators are : | , & , ^ , ! , || , && , == , != . Java supplies a primitive data type called Boolean, instances of which can take the value true or false only, and have the default value false. The major use of Boolean facilities is to implement the expressions which control if decisions and while loops. These operators act on Boolean operands according to this table

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Comma operator (,)

The comma ( , ) operator evaluates each of its operands (from left to right) and returns the value of the last operand. This is commonly used to provide multiple updaters to a for loop's afterthought.

One or more expressions, the last of which is returned as the value of the compound expression.

Description

You can use the comma operator when you want to include multiple expressions in a location that requires a single expression. The most common usage of this operator is to supply multiple updaters in a for loop.

Because all expressions except the last are evaluated and then discarded, these expressions must have side effects to be useful. Common expressions that have side effects are assignments, function calls, and ++ and -- operators. Others may also have side effects if they invoke getters or trigger type coercions .

The comma operator has the lowest precedence of all operators. If you want to incorporate a comma-joined expression into a bigger expression, you must parenthesize it.

The comma operator is completely different from commas used as syntactic separators in other locations, which include:

• Elements in array initializers ( [1, 2, 3] )
• Properties in object initializers ( { a: 1, b: 2 } )
• Parameters in function declarations /expressions ( function f(a, b) { … } )
• Arguments in function calls ( f(1, 2) )
• Binding lists in let , const , or var declarations ( const a = 1, b = 2; )
• Import lists in import declarations ( import { a, b } from "c"; )
• Export lists in export declarations ( export { a, b }; )

In fact, although some of these places accept almost all expressions, they don't accept comma-joined expressions because that would be ambiguous with the syntactic comma separators. In this case, you must parenthesize the comma-joined expression. For example, the following is a const declaration that declares two variables, where the comma is not the comma operator:

It is different from the following, where b = 2 is an assignment expression , not a declaration. The value of a is 2 , the return value of the assignment, while the value of 1 is discarded:

Comma operators cannot appear as trailing commas .

Using the comma operator in a for loop

If a is a 2-dimensional array with 10 elements on each side, the following code uses the comma operator to increment i and decrement j at once, thus printing the values of the diagonal elements in the array:

Using the comma operator to join assignments

Because commas have the lowest precedence — even lower than assignment — commas can be used to join multiple assignment expressions. In the following example, a is set to the value of b = 3 (which is 3). Then, the c = 4 expression evaluates and its result becomes the return value of the entire comma expression.

Processing and then returning

Another example that one could make with the comma operator is processing before returning. As stated, only the last element will be returned but all others are going to be evaluated as well. So, one could do:

This is especially useful for one-line arrow functions . The following example uses a single map() to get both the sum of an array and the squares of its elements, which would otherwise require two iterations, one with reduce() and one with map() :

Discarding reference binding

The comma operator always returns the last expression as a value instead of a reference . This causes some contextual information such as the this binding to be lost. For example, a property access returns a reference to the function, which also remembers the object that it's accessed on, so that calling the property works properly. If the method is returned from a comma expression, then the function is called as if it's a new function value, and this is undefined .

You can enter indirect eval with this technique, because direct eval requires the function call to happen on the reference to the eval() function.

Specifications

Browser compatibility

BCD tables only load in the browser with JavaScript enabled. Enable JavaScript to view data.

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Boolean assign with OR operator

Suppose that i have the following code:

the final value of j will be 2

z in the 1st assign, will have true or false , which is true

z in the 2nd assign, will have false or true , which is true

why the final value is 2? what is the difference between having true || false and false||true ?

I am not asking about "short-circuit" operators,

I just need more explanation for the assign operator, and how the first j didn't changed the value of j and the 2nd did.

• 4 Possible duplicate of Java logical operator short-circuiting –  user6073886 Commented Nov 21, 2017 at 12:45
• 4 j++ is not evaluated since x is true. –  Eran Commented Nov 21, 2017 at 12:45

the || operator validates from left to right.

In your case, the first condition true || false , once || finds true , it does not have to check for the other condition as the result is going to be true regardless. Thats the reason here x||((j++)==0) once x = true if figured, the next statement (j++==0) is skipped.

the second condition false || true , once || finds false , it have to check for next condition.

Ref > https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/op2.html

The && and || operators perform Conditional-AND and Conditional-OR operations on two boolean expressions. These operators exhibit "short-circuiting" behavior, which means that the second operand is evaluated only if needed.

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