presentation on life on land

Life on land

Deforestation: accelerating climate change and threatening biodiversity.

[goal: 15] aims to protect, restore, and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems and forests, to halt and reverse land degradation, and to put a stop to loss in biodiversity. In 2020, forests accounted for almost a third of global land area. Since 2000, forest area across the world has declined by 2.4 percent, an area equivalent to the size of Egypt.

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Forest area is unequally distributed

Forest cover is unequally distributed across the globe.

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved from World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS AG.LND.FRST.ZS]).

There are four main types of forests: tropical, subtropical, temperate and boreal

Location of forest types in the world.

Source: Potapov, P. et al. 2020. [link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112165 Mapping and monitoring global forest canopy height through integration of GEDI and Landsat data.] Remote Sensing of Environment, 112165. and FAO. 2007. [link: https://data.apps.fao.org/map/catalog/static/api/records/68790fd0-690c-11db-a5a5-000d939bc5d8 Thermal climate zones of the world (FGGD)].

Deforestation and forest degradation threaten the ability of forests to contribute to sustainable development

The global rate of deforestation has slowed, but remains high, net change in forest area between 2000 and 2020, countries with tropical and subtropical forests saw large losses between 2000 and 2020.

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Retrieved from World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS AG.LND.FRST.ZS]).

Deforestation statistics do not tell the full story

Tree cover loss between 2000 and 2021, the five main drivers of tree cover loss are commodity-driven agriculture, urbanization, shifting agriculture, forestry, and wildfires, more than three quarters of tree cover loss is caused by temporary drivers, share of global tree cover loss in the period 2000-2021 by driver.

Source: The Sustainability Consortium, World Resources Institute, and University of Maryland. [link: https://www.globalforestwatch.org/ Tree Cover Loss by Driver].

Tree cover loss in Latin America & Caribbean and East Asia & Pacific is dominated by permanent drivers

Share of each driver of tree cover loss in the period 2000-2021 by region, commodity production is the main driver of tree cover loss in latin america and southeast asia, commodity-driven tree cover loss in santa cruz, bolivia, tree cover in 2000 and cumulative tree cover loss, 2001-2021.

Source: Hansen, Matthew C., et al. 2013. [link: https://glad.earthengine.app/view/global-forest-change High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change.] Science 342 (15 November): 850–53.

Shifting agriculture is the main driver of tree cover loss in the tropical forests in Africa

Shifting agriculture in northern democratic republic of congo, more frequent and intense wildfires – due to climate change – are an important factor in increased tree cover loss, tree cover loss due to wildfires in yakutsk, russia, forests help slow climate change, global forests remove 16 gigatons co2 annually from the atmosphere, average annual forest greenhouse gas removals (2001-2021).

Source: Harris, Nancy L., David A. Gibbs, Alessandro Baccini, et al. 2021. [link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00976-6 Global maps of twenty-first century forest carbon fluxes.] Nature Climate Change. 11, 234–240., World Resource Institute (WRI).

Deforestation imperils biodiversity

Share of species threatened with extinction.

of 147,517 species assessed

The Red List Index shows a large decline in biodiversity

Biodiversity has declined in most countries, especially in the tropics where biodiversity is highest, red list index 2000 - 2022.

Source: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), BirdLife International; Retrieved from [link: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database UN Global SDG Indicator Database (15.5.1)].

Designating protected areas can be positive for biodiversity

Share of kbas that are protected has doubled between 2000 and 2021, share of protected kbas of total kbas in the world.

Source: BirdLife International (BLI), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC); Retrieved from [link: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database UN Global SDG Indicator Database (15.1.2, 15.4.1)].

COP15 of UN Convention on Biodiversity sets new targets

Learn more about sdg 15.

In the charts below you can find more facts about SDG {activeGoal} targets, which are not covered in this story. The data for these graphics is derived from official UN data sources.

SDG target 15.9

Many countries have not integrated biodiversity values into strategies for development, poverty reduction strategies and planning processes

Countries that established national targets in accordance with aichi biodiversity target 2 of the strategic plan for biodiversity 2011-2020 in their national biodiversity strategy and action plans.

* Each square represents a country in the respective region.

Source: [link: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/ SDG Global Database] DOWNLOAD

SDG target 15.a

Official development assistance (ODA) can be used for promoting biodiversity, but levels vary by year and region.

Total official development assistance for biodiversity, by recipient countries (millions of constant 2020 united states dollars).

Sustainable Development Goal 15

Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss.

Sustainable Development Goal 15 is to “conserve life on land”, according to the United Nations.

The visualizations and data below present the global perspective on where the world stands today and how it has changed over time.

The UN has defined 12 targets and 14 indicators for SDG 15. Targets specify the goals and indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these targets are achieved. Below we quote the original text of all targets and show the data on the agreed indicators.

Target 15.1 Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems

Sdg indicator 15.1.1 forest cover.

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.1.1 is “forest area as a proportion of total land area” in the UN SDG framework .

Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.

Target: “By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services.” 1

Unlike most SDGs which have a target year of 2030, this indicator was set to be achieved by 2020.

More research: Further data and research can be found on the Our World in Data page on forest area .

Additional charts

• Forest area (square kilometres)
• Share of global forest area

SDG Indicator 15.1.2 Protection of important biodiversity areas

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.1.2 is the “proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type” in the UN SDG framework .

Protected areas are covered by three indicators: the proportion of total terrestrial area classified as protected; proportion of key terrestrial biodiversity areas that are protected; and proportion key freshwater biodiversity areas that are protected.

Target 15.2 End deforestation and restore degraded forests

Sdg indicator 15.2.1 sustainable forest management.

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.2.1 is “progress towards sustainable forest management” in the UN SDG framework .

Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is composed of five sub-indicators that measure progress towards all dimensions of sustainable forest management.

Three sub-indicators focus on the expansion of forest area, above-ground biomass within the forest area and the protection of forest biodiversity. The fourth relates to the availability of a long-term forest management plan; and the final indicator measures areas which are independently verified for compliance with a set of national or international standards.

Target: “By 2020 promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally.”

More research: Further data and research can be found on the Our World in Data page on deforestation and forest loss .

• Forest area by type

Target 15.3 End desertification and restore degraded land

Sdg indicator 15.3.1 end land degradation.

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.3.1 is the “proportion of land that is degraded over total land area” in the UN SDG framework .

This indicator is assessed using three sub-indicators:

i) Trends in land cover: An example of land degradation due to land cover change is the conversion of forests into croplands or settlements.

ii) Trends in land productivity: Land productivity is measured in terms of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) of vegetation. Land is considered degraded in terms of productivity if its NPP is less than half the value of the 90th percentile NPP in the same region.

iii) Carbon stock: This is considered degraded if there is a net reduction of 10% or more in soil organic carbon between the baseline and current observations.

If any of the sub-indicators is deemed degraded for a specific land unit, it will be classified as degraded, pending validation by national authorities.

Target: “By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world.”

Target 15.4 Ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems

Sdg indicator 15.4.1 coverage of important sites for mountain biodiversity.

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.4.1 is “coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity” in the UN SDG framework .

This indicator measures the average share of each important site for mountain biodiversity that is covered by designated protected areas. The indicator does not measure the effectiveness of protected areas in reducing biodiversity loss, which depends on a range of management and enforcement factors.

Target: “By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development.”

More research: Further data and research can be found at the Our World in Data topic page on biodiversity .

SDG Indicator 15.4.2 Vegetation coverage of mountainous areas

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.4.2 is the “(a) Mountain Green Cover Index and (b) proportion of degraded mountain land” in the UN SDG framework .

The Mountain Green Cover Index measures the percentage of mountainous areas covered by some form of green vegetation.

The Index measures the changes of the green vegetation in mountain areas - i.e. forest, shrubs, trees, pasture land, crop land, etc. – in order to monitor progress on the mountain target. This is monitored through high resolution satellite imagery.

Target 15.5 Protect biodiversity and natural habitats

Sdg indicator 15.5.1 species extinction risk.

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.5.1 is the “Red List Index” in the UN SDG framework .

The Red List Index (RLI) shows the trends in overall extinction risk for groups of species. An RLI value of 1.0 equates to all species in the group being categorised as 'Least Concern', and hence that none are expected to go extinct in the near future. A value of 0 indicates that all species have gone extinct.

Target: “Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species.”

• Living Planet Index
• Number of species threatened with extinction

Target 15.6 Protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits

Sdg indicator 15.6.1 benefits of sharing genetic resources.

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.6.1 is the “number of countries that have adopted legislative, administrative and policy frameworks to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits” in the UN SDG framework .

This indicator is measured through several sub-indicators that track countries’ participation in protocols concerned with the promotion and sharing of genetic resources for plants, food and agriculture, such as the Nagoya Protocol and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources.

Target: “By 2030 promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed.”

Target 15.7 Eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species

Sdg indicator 15.7.1 wildlife poaching and trafficking.

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.7.1 is the “proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked” in the UN SDG framework .

Internationally comparable data on this indicator is not currently available, and is thus not reported here.

Target: “Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products.”

• Number of rhinos poached

No data for this indicator

We are currently not aware of data for this indicator. You can notify us of available data for this indicator via our feedback form .

Target 15.8 Prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems

Sdg indicator 15.8.1 prevent invasive alien species.

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.8.1 is the “proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” in the UN SDG framework .

Alien species are those which have been introduced outside their natural distribution range through either intentional or accidental dispersion by human activity.

Invasive alien species impact native biodiversity thorugh competition for resources, predation, hybridisation, disease transmission, parasitism, herbivory and trampling and rooting. The outcomes of these impacts lead to biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and loss of ecosystem services.

Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.

Target: “By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species.”

Unlike most SDG targets which are set to be achieved by 2030, this indicator was to be achieved by 2020.

Target 15.9 Integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning

Sdg indicator 15.9.1 integration of ecosystem and biodiversity in planning.

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.9.1 is the “(a) number of countries that have established national targets in accordance with or similar to Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 in their national biodiversity strategy and action plans and the progress reported towards these targets; and (b) integration of biodiversity into national accounting and reporting systems, defined as implementation of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting” in the UN SDG framework .

Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualizations.

Target: “By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts.”

Target 15.a Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and biodiversity

Sdg indicator 15.a.1 official development assistance for biodiversity.

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.a.1 is the “(a) Official development assistance on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity; and (b) revenue generated and finance mobilized from biodiversity-relevant economic instruments” in the UN SDG framework .

This indicator is reported as the annual official development assistance (ODA) for biodiversity by recipient, and value of assistance by donor.

Official development assistance refers to flows to countries and territories on the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and to multilateral institutions which meet a set of criteria related to the source of the funding, the purpose of the transaction, and the concessional nature of the funding.

Although they are different indicators the data to track both 15.a.1 and 15.b.1 is currently the same.

Target: “Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems.”

Target 15.b Finance and incentivize sustainable forest management

Sdg indicator 15.b.1 official development assistance for forest management.

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.b.1 is the “(a) official development assistance on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity; and (b) revenue generated and finance mobilized from biodiversity-relevant economic instruments” in the UN SDG framework .

Target: “Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation.”

Target 15.c Combat global poaching and trafficking

Sdg indicator 15.c.1 poaching and trafficking wildlife.

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.c.1 is the “proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked”, in the UN SDG framework .

Target: “Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities.”

Full text: “By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements.”

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Life on Land

Forests cover 30.7 per cent of the Earth’s surface and, in addition to providing food security and shelter, they are key to combating climate change, protecting biodiversity and the homes of the indigenous population. By protecting forests, we will also be able to strengthen natural resource management and increase land productivity.

At the current time, thirteen million hectares of forests are being lost every year while the persistent degradation of drylands has led to the desertification of 3.6 billion hectares. Even though up to 15% of land is currently under protection, biodiversity is still at risk. Deforestation and desertification – caused by human activities and climate change – pose major challenges to sustainable development and have affected the lives and livelihoods of millions of people in the fight against poverty.

Efforts are being made to manage forests and combat desertification. There are two international agreements being implemented currently that promote the use of resources in an equitable way. Financial investments in support of biodiversity are also being provided.

The Lion’s Share Fund

On 21 June, 2018, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), FINCH and founding partner Mars, Incorporated, announced the Lion’s Share, an initiative aimed at transforming the lives of animals across the world by asking advertisers to contribute a percentage of their media spend to conservation and animal welfare projects. The Lion’s Share will see partners contribute 0.5 percent of their media spend to the fund for each advertisement they use featuring an animal. Those funds will be used to support animals and their habitats around the world. The Fund is seeking to raise US$100m a year within three years, with the money being invested in a range of wildlife conservation and animal welfare programs to be implemented by United Nations and civil society organizations.

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Goal 15 Life on land

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Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss

Human life depends on the earth as much as the ocean for our sustenance and livelihood. Plant life provides 80 percent of our human diet, and we rely on agriculture as an important economic resource and means of development. Forests account for 30 percent of the Earth’s surface, providing vital habitats for millions of species and important sources for clean air and water; as well as being crucial for combating climate change.

Today we are seeing unprecedented land degradation, and the loss of arable land at 30 to 35 times the historical rate. Drought and desertification is also on the rise each year, amounting to the loss of 12 million hectares and affects poor communities globally. Of the 8,300 animal breeds known, 8 percent are extinct and 22 percent are at risk of extinction.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to conserve and restore the use of terrestrial ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, drylands and mountains by 2020. Promoting the sustainable management of forests and halting deforestations is also vital to mitigating the impact of climate change. Urgent action must be taken to reduce the loss of natural habitats and biodiversity which are part of our common heritage.

Conserving forests and other ecosystems is one of 17 Global Goals that make up the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development . An integrated approach is crucial for progress across the multiple goals.

Learn more about the targets for Goal 15 .

• Human activity has altered almost 75 per cent of the earth’s surface , squeezing wildlife and nature into an ever-smaller corner of the planet and increasing risks of zoonotic diseases like COVID-19.
• Around 1.6 billion people depend on forests for their livelihood, including 70 million indigenous people.
• Forests are home to more than 80 per cent of all terrestrial species of animals, plants and insects.
• Between 2010 and 2015 , the world lost 3.3 million hectares of forest areas. Poor rural women depend on common pool resources and are especially affected by their depletion.
• Currently, land degradation has reduced productivity in 23 per cent of the global terrestrial area, and between $235 billion and $577 billion in annual global crop output is at risk as a result of pollinator loss.

Desertification

• Arable land loss is estimated at 30 to 35 times the historical rate
• Due to drought and desertification, 12 million hectares are lost each year (23 hectares per minute). Within one year, 20 million tons of grain could have been grown.
• 74 per cent of the poor are directly affected by land degradation globally.
• Habitat loss and deterioration , largely caused by human actions, have reduced global terrestrial habitat integrity by 30 per cent relative to an unimpacted baseline.

Biodiversity

• Illicit poaching and trafficking of wildlife continues to thwart conservation efforts, with nearly 7,000 species of animals and plants reported in illegal trade involving 120 countries.
• Of the 8,300 animal breeds known, 8 per cent are extinct and 22 per cent are at risk of extinction.
• Of the over 80,000 tree species , less than 1 per cent have been studied for potential use.
• Fish provide 20 per cent of animal protein to about 3 billion people. Only ten species provide about 30 per cent of marine capture fisheries and ten species provide about 50 per cent of aquaculture production.
• Over 80 per cent of the human diet is provided by plants. Only three cereal crops – rice, maize and wheat – provide 60 per cent of energy intake.
• As many as 80 per cent of people living in rural areas in developing countries rely on traditional plant-­‐based medicines for basic healthcare.
• Micro-organisms and invertebrates are key to ecosystem services , but their contributions are still poorly known and rarely acknowledged.
• While protected areas now cover 15 per cent of terrestrial and freshwater environments and 7 per cent of the marine realm, they only partly cover important sites for biodiversity and are not yet fully ecologically representative and effectively or equitably managed.
• By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements
• By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
• By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
• By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development
• Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
• Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed
• Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products
• By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species
• By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
• Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
• Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation
• Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities

Convention on Biological Diversity

FAO – Forestry

The New York Declaration on Forests

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

International Maritime Organization

International Union for Conservation of Nature

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Nearly a third of the globe is covered by forests, which are home to 80 per cent of all land species of animals, plants, and insects. Forests and agricultural systems sustain our air, water, and food, but extreme deforestation and land degradation are threatening vital biodiversity and the billions of people who depend on the land for their livelihoods.

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SDG 15: Life on Land

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements

15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally

15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world

15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development

15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species

15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed

15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products

15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species

15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts

15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems

15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation

15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities

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Life on Land

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

A flourishing life on land is the foundation for our life on this planet. We are all part of the planet’s ecosystem and we have caused severe damage to it through deforestation, loss of natural habitats and land degradation. Promoting a sustainable use of our ecosystems and preserving biodiversity is not a cause. It is the key to our own survival.

Goal 15 in action

To protect and restore life on land, we all have to take action. Get inspired here:

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The Targets

Everyone can help to make sure that we meet the Global Goals. Use these twelve targets to create action to protect and restore life on land.

Conserve and Restore Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems

By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements.

End Deforestation and Restore Degraded Forests

By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally.

End Desertification and Restore Degraded Land

By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world.

Ensure Conservation of Mountain Ecosystems

By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development.

Protect Biodiversity and Natural Habitats

Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species.

Promote Access to Genetic Resources and Fair Sharing of the Benefits

Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed.

Eliminate Poaching and Trafficking of Protected Species

Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products.

Prevent Invasive Alien Species on Land and in Water Ecosystems

By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species.

Integrate Ecosystem and Biodiversity in Governmental Planning

By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts.

Increase Financial Resources to Conserve and Sustainably Use Ecosystem and Biodiversity

Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems.

Finance and Incentivize Sustainable Forest Management

Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation.

Combat Global Poaching and Trafficking

Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities.

Get involved

We can protect life on land together. Here you can see what you can do to contribute. Find organizations to support, information to share and some useful tips for your everyday life that can really make a difference.

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Sustainable Development Goal 15: Life on Land

Sustainable Development Goal 15 seeks to protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. Preserving diverse forms of life on land requires targeted efforts to protect, restore and promote the conservation and sustainable use of terrestrial and other ecosystems. Goal 15 focuses specifically on managing forests sustainably, restoring degraded lands and successfully combating desertification, reducing degraded natural habitats and ending biodiversity loss.

Space technologies can be utilised for:

• Bio-geophysical land surface monitoring
• Terrestrial biodiversity monitoring
• Monitoring of poaching and identification of smuggling routes

Quick Facts

Forests contain three-fourths of the Earth's plant biomass

Thanks to satellites it has been possible to obtain measurements on the fires in Australia in early January 2015, where 125 km2 were burned.

Space can help monitoring forests and drylands to understand the effectiveness of the policies to combat desertification and deforestation. Thirteen million hectares of forests are being lost every year, while the persistent degradation of drylands has led to the desertification of 3.6 billion hectares.

Drought has caused a loss of 2.3 million sq km in the last three decades and causes annual losses of 9 billion USD per year.

Forest Fires

It is possible to derive from Earth observation satellites a series of bio and geophysical products on the status and evolution of the land surface on a global scale and a set of biophysical variables describing the state, the dynamism and the disturbances of terrestrial vegetation at mid and low spatial resolution. These products are used to monitor vegetation, the water cycle and energy budget.

Satellites can also provide the information necessary to obtain physical variables of the canopy like the leaf area index, the fraction of vegetation cover, and the fraction of radiation absorbed for photosynthesis, to respectively quantify the density, the extent and the health of the vegetation. In addition, the dry matter productivity features the growth of standing biomass for specific agronomic applications. Finally, maps of burned areas delineate the zones of the globe affected by fire events. GNSS is widely adopted for animal tracking. Understanding animal movement is vital for biodiversity research, predicting conservation hotspots, identifying human-animal conflict zones, rebuilding and sustaining productive fisheries and ecosystems and understanding the spread of pandemic disease and invasive species.

UNOOSA through the UN-SPIDER platform, through the knowledge portal, provides information on good practices and standards on how to obtain satellite data, process it and derive products for a wide range of uses, including forest fires.

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Life On Land

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Towards 2030: Sustainable Development Goal 15: Life on Land: A Communication Perspective

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Building on the Millennium Development Goals, the UN Sustainable Development Goals are the cornerstone of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, billed by the UN as “An Agenda of unprecedented scope and significance.” The seventeen ambitious goals, which are intended to be reached by 2030, are conceived ...

Keywords : SDG 15, Life on Land, Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Forests, Science Communication

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SDG-15: Life on Land

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• Sinan Küfeoğlu 2  

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Population increases, industry, urbanisation, infrastructure development and agricultural expansion influence landscapes, lowering total habitat size and quality and resulting in ecological degradation. SDG-15, Life on Land, aims to maintain, restore and enhance the utilisation of the terrestrial environment and forest management sustainably, struggle with desertification and stop and reverse land degradation, as well as the loss of biodiversity. This chapter presents the business models of 45 companies and use cases that employ emerging technologies and create value in SDG-15. We should highlight that one use case can be related to more than one SDG and it can make use of multiple emerging technologies.

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• Sustainable development goals
• Business models
• Life on land
• Sustainability

Population increases, industry, urbanisation, infrastructure development and agricultural expansion influence landscapes, lowering total habitat size and quality and resulting in ecological degradation. Overall, the pace of extinction caused by human activities is so high that even conservative estimates suggest humankind has entered the sixth major extinction event (Bradshaw et al. 2021 ). Earth had had a non-aquatic environment throughout its geological history, except when its entire surface was covered with water. Non-aquatic generally means terrestrial environments. Nevertheless, even an entirely aquatic environment like lakes encompasses a broad range of mixed habitats where aquatic and terrestrial areas evolve and interact throughout time (Beraldi-Campesi 2013 ). Terrestrial ecosystems provide goods and various ecosystem services such as carbon capturing, preserving soil quality, protecting biodiversity, decreasing the risk of natural disasters by regulating water flow, controlling erosion and preserving agricultural systems. Therefore, protecting terrestrial ecosystems significantly contributes to tackling the climate crisis and adaptation efforts. In 2015 United Nations established SDG-15, which is about “Life on Land” to maintain, restore and enhance the utilisation of the terrestrial environment and forest management sustainably, struggle with desertification and stop and reverse land degradation, as well as the loss of biodiversity (Ishtiaque et al. 2020 ). These initiatives aim to ensure that the advantages of land-based ecosystems, such as sustainable livelihoods, are maintained for future generations (UNEP 2021 ). The notion that the management of terrestrial ecosystems, especially forests and varied biodiversity, is critical for long-term development has gained widespread acceptance. However, the demands of population expansion, development of the economy and greater consumption will only exacerbate the difficulties of maintaining life on land (Sayer et al. 2019 ). SDG-15 has a vital role in dealing with these problems. As shown in Fig. 17.1 , there are 12 targets within the context of SDG-15, and they are measured with 14 indicators.

SDG-15 targets and indicators. (UNEP 2021 , p. 15)

As explained earlier, SDG-15 targets preserving, restoring and encouraging the use of terrestrial ecosystems in a sustainable manner, sustainably managing forests, fighting desertification and preventing the loss of biodiversity and soil deterioration. According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, the ecological impact of agriculture has grown substantially. As a result, food production is a major contributor to these problems: Expanding agriculture has resulted in habitat loss for 80% of endangered animals (Måren 2019 ). More than 80% of the human diet is made up of plants, and up to 80% of people in developing nations’ rural regions depend on traditional plant-based medicines for basic healthcare. Approximately 2.6 billion people rely directly on agriculture for their livelihoods, and about 1.6 billion people rely on forests for their livelihoods; forests occupy around 30% of the Earth’s surface, and they are home to nearly 80% of all terrestrial animals, plants and insect species (UNEP 2021 ).

Forests assist in preventing climate change by removing CO 2 from the atmosphere; supporting the balance of oxygen, carbon dioxide and humidity in the atmosphere; and conserving watersheds, which provide 75% of the world’s freshwater. Natural catastrophes, such as floods, droughts, landslides and other severe occurrences, are also reduced (Kleymann and Mitlacher 2018 ). The loss of forested areas has a detrimental impact on rural populations’ lives since it leads to increased carbon emissions, land degradation (which affects 74% of the world’s poor) and biodiversity loss (“SDG 15” 2021 ). Forests are one of the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet, supporting more than 80% of all terrestrial animal, plant and insect species. Forests have a crucial role in people’s livelihoods and well-being, particularly among the rural poor, young and women. Forests support roughly 1.6 billion people, including over 2000 indigenous cultures, in addition to providing shelter, income and security for forest-dependent communities (Kleymann and Mitlacher 2018 ).

Member States of the United Nations stated at the Rio+20 Conference in 2012 that they recognise the social and economic importance of good land use planning, including soil, especially its help to economic growth, biodiversity, sustainable agricultural production, poverty eradication, women’s empowerment, climate change mitigation and enhanced water accessibility. They highlight that desertification, land degradation and drought are worldwide concerns that continue to pose major threats to all nations’ sustainable development, particularly developing ones. They also underlined the need of taking immediate action to reverse land degradation. In light of this, we shall work to build a land degradation-free world in the context of long-term development. This should operate as a catalyst for mobilising financial resources from both public and private sources (The future we want, 2012).

Forests and biodiversity will almost certainly face challenges in the future years. As a result of this issue, additional protective and long-term strategies should be developed – all efforts to achieve long-term sustainability influence land-based life. The solution-oriented issues discussed will be a big step towards these challenges. There will be a decline in the use of wood for livelihoods, especially if the economy continues to expand, and therefore the problem of poverty may be reduced to a minimum. Health and education level will be positively affected by this situation. As long as forests and wetlands are protected, the services and opportunities offered will also result from these sustainable development goals. If plans progress as intended, the following will occur (Sayer et al. 2019 ):

There will be a greater displacement from rural to urban regions.

By emphasising agriculture, more mechanised farms will be developed. Industrial agriculture will increase trees and forests and improve efficiency (Laurance et al. 2013 ).

As the purchasing power increases, the demand for agricultural products will decrease, and the consumption of meat and dairy products will increase.

To access mineral resources, infrastructure will be expanded into forest regions.

The desire to be near nature and forest regions will raise the value of biodiversity and the ecosystem it supports (Tyrväinen et al. 2005 ).

Countries will transition to a green economy, and expanding forest lands will be added as a result.

Timber harvests from natural forests will be reduced.

Forest monitoring with remote sensing and “Internet of things” applications will become more common as new technologies emerge.

Initiatives to address climate issues will increase as forests are protected and restored.

There will be solutions developed to address the issue of forest fires induced by climate change.

By 2030, significant progress will be made, even if these targets are not finished. Ongoing studies and practices will ensure that life on land is protected (Sayer et al. 2019 ). When conducting these applications, an integrated and systematic strategy is necessary (Tremblay et al. 2020 ). The working principle of integration is used horizontally across policy domains, vertically from the global to the national and local levels and regionally across local governments (Kanuri et al. 2016 ). Localisation refers to the implementation of SDG practices at the local level. The methods adopted to accomplish global, national and subnational objectives and the process of monitoring these strategies are referred to as SDG localisation (Losada 2014 ). Although scientific research on cities and SDGs is growing (Barnett and Parnell 2016 ; Bibri and Krogstie 2017 ; Graute 2016 ), there is still a knowledge vacuum about how to best apply them at the local level (Fenton and Gustafsson 2017 ; Krellenberg et al. 2019 ).

Together with SDG-15, it is aimed to integrate the international conventions and agreements made for the continuation of life on land with other targets (Sayer et al. 2019 ). Ecosystems and forests are important from an economic point of view. SDG-15.1 aims to protect ecosystems and their economic values (Dempsey 2016 ). Payments for ecosystem services (PES), an economic and environmental approach, aim to protect biodiversity by internalising the real value of biodiversity (Pirard 2011 ). With this approach, the protected ecosystem will provide more services and be good for both the economy and biodiversity in the long run (Pirard 2011 ). To sustain the business world fed by natural resources, it is necessary to protect the ecosystem. Since institutions take over ecosystems, the focus is on generating income from biodiversity rather than protecting it. The forestry sector is a good example of this situation. The environmental standards determined to protect the ecosystem in public institutions and companies have been stretched under the name of economic incentives (Lovera 2017 ). Current business models and economic approaches are not sustainable. Evaluating, optimising and minimising the effect and dependency of businesses on the land and ecosystems is a direct way for businesses to support life on land (“SDG 15” 2021 ). Integrating socio-economic development activities into protection plans as a method of ensuring long-term resource utilisation necessitates a thorough knowledge of the interconnections between humans and natural processes (Bridgewater et al. 2015 ).

17.1 Companies and Use Cases

Table 17.1 presents the business models of 45 companies and use cases that employ emerging technologies and create value in SDG-15. We should highlight that one use case can be related to more than one SDG and it can make use of multiple emerging technologies. In the left column, we present the company name, the origin country, related SDGs and emerging technologies that are included. The companies and use cases are listed alphabetically Footnote 1 .

For reference, you may click on the hyperlinks on the company names or follow the websites here (Accessed Online – 2.1.2022):

http://internetoftrees.tech/ ; http://www.wipsea.com/ ; https://apic.ai/ ; https://dendra.io/ ; https://descarteslabs.com/ ; https://droneseed.com/ ; https://ecording.org/ ; https://en.greenpraxis.com/ ; https://hortau.com/ ; https://jupiterintel.com/ ; https://landlifecompany.com/ ; https://n2applied.com/ ; https://optirtc.com/ ; https://ororatech.com/ ; https://satelligence.com/ ; https://skymining.com/en/skymining-en/ ; https://spinnova.com/ ; https://tesselo.com/ ; https://timbeter.com/ ; https://treevia.com.br/ ; https://virotec.com/ ; https://wastehero.io/ ; https://www.aeriumanalytics.com/ ; https://www.beewise.ag/ ; https://www.breeze-technologies.de/ ; https://www.cloudagronomics.com/ ; https://www.covercress.com/ ; https://www.daumet.com/en/ ; https://www.desertcontrol.com/ ; https://www.drylet.com/ ; https://www.greencitywatch.org/ ; https://www.nanofexllc.com/ ; https://www.nofence.no/en/ ; https://www.projectcanopy.org/ ; https://www.robinradar.com/ ; https://www.robotto.ai/ ; https://www.seetree.ai/ ; https://www.spoor.ai/ ; https://www.sylvera.com/ ; https://www.terramera.com/ ; https://www.terviva.com/ ; https://www.tesera.com/ ; https://www.thebeecorp.com/ ; https://www.watergenics.tech/ ; https://www.xampla.com/

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Küfeoğlu, S. (2022). SDG-15: Life on Land. In: Emerging Technologies . Sustainable Development Goals Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07127-0_17

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SDG 15: Life on Land Presentation

The life that surrounds us and nourishes our own life exists on land. The natural balance of animals and plants all depend on each other, so preserving as many resources and lives need to be a larger focus in the future.

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Life on Land

Jan 28, 2012

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Life on Land. Chapter 2. Terrestrial Biomes. Biomes are distinguished primarily by their predominant plants and are associated with particular climates. Geographic and seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation are fundamental components.

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• predominant plants
• coniferous forests
• coriolis effect
• fire regime
• human population centers
• dwarfed willows

Presentation Transcript

Life on Land Chapter 2

Terrestrial Biomes • Biomes are distinguished primarily by their predominant plants and are associated with particular climates. • Geographic and seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation are fundamental components. • Predominant plants share similar growth characteristics although species may vary. • Soil types of a biome are often similar due to similar climate and plant type influences.

Uneven Solar Heating of Earth

Solar-Driven Air Circulation (convection)

Temperature, Atmospheric Circulation, and Precipitation • Spherical shape and tilt of earth’s axis cause uneven heating of earth’s surface. • Drives air circulation patterns and consequently precipitation patterns. • Warm, moist air rises. • Cools, condenses, and falls as rain. • Cooler, dry air falls back to surface. • Rainforests found near equator. • Major deserts found near 30o N / S.

Solar-Driven Air Circulation

Temperature, Atmospheric Circulation, and Precipitation • Coriolis effect causes apparent deflection of winds clockwise in the N hemisphere and counterclockwise in the S hemisphere.

Winter solstice Dec 22nd Vernal equinox Mar 22nd Summer solstice June 22nd Autumn equinox Sept 22nd Seasons due to tilt of the Earth and its annual orbit around the Sun.

Climate Diagrams • Mean annual temperature. • Mean annual precipitation.

Soil : Foundation of Terrestrial Biomes • Soil is a complex mixture of living and non-living material. • Development of soil: • Weathering (fracture and dissolution) of parent rocks and other minerals portions. • Organic matter deposition by roots and litter (leaves, twigs, logs). • Infiltration of water leaches material to deeper layers (horizons) in the soil profile. • Climate influences weathering processes.

Soil Horizons • O horizon: Organic Layer freshly fallen and decomposing organic material – the most obvious surface layer (humifications begins). • A horizon: Mixture of minerals, clay, silt, sand, mixed with humus (older dark organic matter – what makes dirt brown). • B horizon: Clay, humus, and other materials leached from A horizon - often contains plant roots. • C horizon: Weathered parent material.

Soil Profile

Terrestrial Biomes • Biomes are distinguished primarily by their predominant plants and are associated with particular climates. • Tropical Rainforests • Tropical Dry Forest • Tropical Savanna • Desert • Mediterranean Woodland and Shrubland • Temperate Grassland • Temperate Forest (Deciduous & Evergreen) • Boreal Forest (Tiaga) • Tundra

Tropical Rainforest • A broadleaf tropical forest growing in tropical regions where conditions are warm and wet year-round. • Vertical structure. • Epiphytes

Tropical Rainforests

Tropical Rainforests • Most occur within 10o latitude of equator. • Little temperature variation between months. • Annual rainfall of 2,000 - 4,000 mm relatively evenly distributed. • Soils low organic and nutrient poor. • Rain quickly leaches soil nutrients. • High decomposition and fast nutrient cycle. • Mycorrhizae help gather nutrients. • Harbor staple foods and medicines for world’s human populations - increasingly exploited.

Tropical Dry Forest • Mostly broadleaf forests in tropical regions with pronounced wet and dry seasons where trees drop their leaves during the dry season (“dry deciduous forest”). • Tropical dry coniferous forests are rare. http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoregions/nam-ecoregions-list.htm

Tropical Dry Forest

Tropical Dry Forest • Usually located between 10o - 25o latitude. • Climate more seasonal than tropical rainforest (wet versus dry) • Soils generally richer in nutrients than rainforests, but vulnerable to erosion. • Shares many animal and plant species with tropical rainforests. • Heavily settled by humans with extensive clearing for agriculture.

Tropical Savanna • Tropical grassland with a few scattered trees; characterized by pronounced wet and dry seasons, with periodic fires.

Tropical Savanna

Tropical Savanna • Most occur north and south of tropical dry forests within 10o - 20o of the equator. • Climate alternates between wet / dry seasons. • Drought associated with dry season leads to lightning-caused wildfires. • Soils have low water permeability. • Saturated soils in wet season inhibit trees. • Landscape is more two-dimensional with increasing pressure to produce livestock.

Desert • Arid lands occupying 20% of global land area, where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation for most of the year. http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/desertecology/creosot3.jpg

Desert • Major bands at 30o N and 30o S latitude. • Water loss usually exceeds precipitation. • Soil usually extremely low in organic matter (lithosols) and often with mineral deposits of calcium carbonate (caliches). • Plant cover ranges from sparse to absent. • Animal abundance low, but biodiversity may be high; many are nocturnal and burrowers. • Human intrusion increasing. • Rain shadow quiz.

Mediterranean Woodland and Shrubland • Mild and moist winters and dry hot summers, between 30º and 40º latitude, vegetation is short with small, tough leaves, adapted to periodic fires, found in dry coastal regions (e.g. California chapparal). http://pix.botany.org/set01/01-110h_700.jpg

Mediterranean Woodland and Shrubland

Mediterranean Woodland and Shrubland • Occur in all continents except Antarctica. • Climate cool and moist in fall, winter, and spring, but can be hot and dry in summer. • Fragile soils with moderate fertility. • Trees and shrubs typically evergreen. • Fire-resistant plants due to fire regime. • Long history of human intrusion. • Cleared for agriculture.

Temperate Grassland Midlatitude grasslands receiving 0.3 to 1.0 m rainfall per year, falling mostly during summers. http://taggart.glg.msu.edu/bs110/PRAIRIE.JPG

Temperate Grassland

Temperate Grassland • Extremely widespread distribution. • Annual rainfall 300 - 1,000 mm. • Experience periodic droughts. • Soils tend extremely nutrient rich and deep. • Thoroughly dominated by herbaceous vegetation. • Large roaming ungulates. • Bison vs. cattle

Temperate Forests Coniferous or deciduous forests of 40º to 50º latitude with precipitation of 0.65 to 3.0 m per year, with more precipitation in winter than at temperate grasslands. http://nebraska.sierraclub.org/movalley/images/Hitchcock-Forest.jpg http://homepages.caverock.net.nz/~bj/beech/sustainable/Forest_floor2.jpg

Temperate Forest (Old Growth)

Temperate Forest (Old Growth) • Majority lie between 40o and 50o latitude. • Rainfall averages 650 - 3,000 mm. • Fertile soils • Long growing seasons dominated by deciduous plants. • Short growing seasons dominated by conifers. • Biomass production can be very high. • Many major human population centers.

Boreal Forest (Taiga) Northern forest south of the arctic tundra, mostly containing conifers (spuce) and some aspen and birch. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/BorealMigration/Images/boreal_forest_combined.jpg

Boreal Forest (Taiga)

Boreal Forest (Taiga) • Confined to Northern Hemisphere. • Covers 11% of earth’s land area. • Thin, acidic soils low in fertility. • Generally dominated by evergreen conifers. • Relatively high animal density. • Historically, low levels of human intrusion.

Tundra Northern most biome dominated by mosses, lichens, and dwarfed willows and birch, low to moderate precipitation and very short growing season. http://www.heritage.nf.ca/environment/images/tundra.jpg

Tundra • Covers most of lands north of Arctic Circle. • Climate typically cool and dry with short summers. • 200 - 600 mm precipitation. • Low decomposition rates. • Supports substantial numbers of native mammals. • Human intrusion historically low, but increasing as resources become scarce.

Mountains: Islands in the Sky

Mountains: Islands in the Sky • Built by geological processes and thus concentrated in belts of geological activity. • Climate changes with elevation and latitude. • Soils are generally well-drained and thin. • Flora and fauna change with elevation. • Rare or unique flora and fauna due to geographic isolation. • Historically used as a source of raw materials for human settlements.

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