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Plant taxonomy learning and research: A systematics review

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Wahyu Kusumawardani , Muzzazinah , Murni Ramli; Plant taxonomy learning and research: A systematics review. AIP Conf. Proc. 18 December 2019; 2194 (1): 020051. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5139783

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Concepts of plant identification and classification were important basic knowledge to be mastered by biology students. The research was aimed to find out what concepts and methods of learning plant taxonomy, and find out the objects and methods in plant taxonomy research. Seventeen articles published from 2005-2019 were selected as the review materials. Nine articles were about learning the plant taxonomy, and eight articles were about research on plant taxonomy. The articles were obtained from Journal of Biological Education and Science Direct. The results showed the common concepts learned about plant identification and classification. The prominent plant groups used in the learning were: the Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperm with the example of the native species and focal species. The learning methods and approaches were varied, including: using real plant specimens, dichotomous key method, word association exercise based on mnemonics approach, or pictorial card games for identification native plants. Others use an electronic multi-access key, iOS app on the iPod for plant identification guide, interactive multimedia dichotomous key for plant identification, labeled drawing and descriptive writing of native plant identification. Various aspects used as the object of the research on plants taxonomy, one of them was the leaves. Various methods used in the research on plant taxonomy, such as: FRT, LDC Linear, kNN, SIFT, Color moments, SFTA, ANNs, Deep learning techniques, hierarchical approach - NFC, and AIT.

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Advances in Plant Taxonomy and Systematics

Systematics and taxonomy are basic sciences and are crucial for all applications dealing with living organisms [ 1 ]. Taxonomic classification schemes, sought by early scholars to reflect “natural systems” [ 2 ], are nowadays universally accepted to reflect actual systematic relationships among organisms.

Phylogenetic reconstructions based on molecular systematics have provided a stable classification system at class, order, and family levels for many plant groups (see, e.g., [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]). However, at the genus level, due to a lack of knowledge, many classifications are still unstable and a lot of taxonomic changes have been published [ 6 ], with species that are often recombined under different genera or synonymized with others. Taxonomy users, either in the scientific community or in wider society, perceive this as a relevant (and often not fully understood) problem [ 7 , 8 ]. However, these changes are the obvious consequence of an increase in systematic knowledge. In this respect, proposals and ideas to abandon Linnean taxonomy [ 9 , 10 ] have not been accepted so far. Fortunately, nomenclatural and taxonomic databases are becoming increasingly widespread and authoritative (see, e.g., [ 11 ]), meaning that this problem could be easily superseded.

At a microevolutionary level, an integrated taxonomic approach [ 12 ] using a number of independent lines of evidence [ 13 ] is needed to disentangle the complex systematic relationships among units of diversity [ 14 ].

Accordingly, on one side, there is the need to build sound taxonomic hypotheses using multiple lines of evidence (see, e.g., [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]); on the other hand, given the ongoing mass extinctions and the decline of taxonomists in academies [ 19 , 20 ], there is the need to speed up the recognition and description of biodiversity on earth. In this respect, citizen science could also be helpful [ 21 ], for instance in observing and capturing plant diversity with a coverage and frequency much higher than by just relying on academic scholars.

In the Special Issue “Advances in Plant Taxonomy and Systematics”, all the topics previously mentioned were addressed in 15 high-quality and original studies, involving plant groups and researchers from all continents. In particular, the phylogeny and biogeography of Mammilloid cacti from Mexico (Cactaceae, eudicots) [ 22 ], Euphorbiaceae subfam. Acalyphoideae (Malpighiales, eudicots) in the Americas [ 23 ], Astragalus sect. Stereothrix (Fabaceae, Fabales, eudicots) [ 24 ] and Veronica subg. Pentasepalae (Plantaginaceae, Lamiales, eudicots) [ 25 ] from Eurasia were addressed. Whole plastome comparison revealed phylogenetic relationships in Crassula (Crassulaceae, Saxifragales, eudicots) [ 26 ] and in the family Magnoliaceae (Magnoliales, early branching angiosperms) [ 27 ]. The systematics of polyploid and/or apomictic species complexes was studied in European groups such as the Ranunculus auricomus complex (Ranunculaceae, Ranunculales, eudicots) [ 28 ], the Sorbus austriaca complex (Rosaceae, Rosales, eudicots) [ 29 ], Crocus ser. Verni (Iridaceae, Asparagales, monocots) [ 30 ], and Leucanthemum (Asteraceae, Asterales, eudicots) [ 31 ]. Integrated taxonomic approaches were followed for the characterization of the Asian palm genus Bentinckia (Arecaceae, Arecales, monocots) [ 32 ], for addressing infraspecific variability in the European Armeria arenaria (Plumbaginaceae, Caryophyllales, eudicots) [ 33 ], and for describing a new species endemic to Italy in Adonis sect. Adonanthe (Rancunculaceae) [ 34 ]. A thorough morphometric study dealt with the taxonomically debated Mediterranean genus Ophrys (Orchidaceae, Asparagales, monocots), in which between 9 and over 400 species are recognized depending on the authors opinions [ 35 ], highlighting that “a serious challenge awaits writers of field guides to the European flora, as they struggle to summarise innumerable indistinguishable ‘species’ carved out of morphological continua”. Finally, images shared by citizen scientists to the iNaturalist platform and on Facebook were particularly helpful, as they aided the identification of four out of the nine Australian species of the carnivorous genus Drosera (Droseraceae, Caryophyllales, eudicots) [ 36 ].

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Plant Taxonomy: A Historical Perspective, Current Challenges, and Perspectives

Affiliations.

1 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, Paris, France. [email protected].
2 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, Paris, France.
PMID: 33301085
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0997-2_1

Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science, which provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound hypothesis-driven scientific discipline.In a first part, we underline that plant taxonomy is one of the earliest scientific disciplines that emerged thousands of years ago, even before the important contributions of the Greeks and Romans (e.g., Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides). In the fifteenth-sixteenth centuries, plant taxonomy benefited from the Great Navigations, the invention of the printing press, the creation of botanic gardens, and the use of the drying technique to preserve plant specimens. In parallel with the growing body of morpho-anatomical data, subsequent major steps in the history of plant taxonomy include the emergence of the concept of natural classification , the adoption of the binomial naming system (with the major role of Linnaeus) and other universal rules for the naming of plants, the formulation of the principle of subordination of characters, and the advent of the evolutionary thought. More recently, the cladistic theory (initiated by Hennig) and the rapid advances in DNA technologies allowed to infer phylogenies and to propose true natural, genealogy-based classifications.In a second part, we put the emphasis on the challenges that plant taxonomy faces nowadays. The still very incomplete taxonomic knowledge of the worldwide flora (the so-called taxonomic impediment) is seriously hampering conservation efforts that are especially crucial as biodiversity has entered its sixth extinction crisis. It appears mainly due to insufficient funding, lack of taxonomic expertise, and lack of communication and coordination. We then review recent initiatives to overcome these limitations and to anticipate how taxonomy should and could evolve. In particular, the use of molecular data has been era-splitting for taxonomy and may allow an accelerated pace of species discovery. We examine both strengths and limitations of such techniques in comparison to morphology-based investigations, we give broad recommendations on the use of molecular tools for plant taxonomy, and we highlight the need for an integrative taxonomy based on evidence from multiple sources.

Keywords: Classification; DNA; Floras; History; Molecular taxonomy; Molecular techniques; Morpho-anatomical investigations; Plant taxonomy; Species; Taxonomic impediment.

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Advances in Plant Taxonomy and Systematics

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A special issue of Biology (ISSN 2079-7737). This special issue belongs to the section " Plant Science ".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 56009

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Dear Colleagues,

Two main problems today threaten the social and scientific recognition of systematics as a basic science crucial for all applications involving the use of organisms, including their conservation. These problems concern a) nomenclature and b) taxonomy. Nomenclature: As a consequence of increasing systematic knowledge, the scientific names of plants often change. While since about 15 years ago family-level circumscriptions (almost) became stable, species are often recombined under different genera or synonymized with others. This is perceived by taxonomy users, either in the scientific community or in wider society, as a relevant and often not understood problem. Collaborative nomenclatural and taxonomic databases are increasingly becoming widespread and authoritative, such that this problem could be easily superseded by increasing the awareness of and accessibility to such databases. Taxonomy: In general, and still today, it is much easier to describe a new species than to definitely prove that it is not worthy of recognition on systematic grounds. This is resulting in worldwide taxonomic inflation, which is also causing inconsistencies in conservation biology. This problem could be superseded only by adopting extreme caution before describing new taxa and, above all, by adopting integrated approaches to taxonomy, taking advantage of karyological, molecular, and ecological data complemented by (quantitative) morphology. Finally, another topic which is becoming more and more important, related to floristics, concerns the free availability of verified and reliable primary biodiversity data. Concerning this latter topic, relevant contributions are coming from massive herbarium digitization and citizen science.

We propose in this Special Issue to highlight the state of the art of current taxonomic and systematic research as well as its fundamental contribution to plant science and biology in general.

Prof. Dr. Lorenzo Peruzzi Guest Editor

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biodiversity informatics
cytotaxonomy
DNA barcoding
herbarium digitization
integrative taxonomy
morphometrics
plant evolution
phylogeny and phylogeography
plant nomenclature
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IPNI A global authority of taxonomic names. Search the database here .

Malpighiaceae nomenclature Malpighiaceae are a family of tropical trees, shrubs, and vines that constitute an important element in the forests and savannas of both the New and Old World tropics and subtropics. Working with Professor William Anderson and Dr. Christiane Anderson (UMICH), Professor Charles Davis has helped to develop an interactive website to make research in this family available to the broader community. This site provide updated nomenclature for hundreds of species in addition to a current phylogeny of the family, a list of the clades and genera recognized, descriptions and maps, and identification keys.

Floristics & Monography
Plant & Fungal Phylogenetics
Paleobotany
Plant Speciation and Local Adaptation

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Charles Davis
Tiago Vieira

Plant Taxonomy: A Historical Perspective, Current Challenges, and Perspectives

Series: Methods In Molecular Biology > Book: Molecular Plant Taxonomy

Overview | DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0997-2_1

Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, Paris, France

Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science, which provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound hypothesis-driven scientific discipline. In a first part, we underline that plant taxonomy is one of the earliest scientific disciplines that emerged thousands of years ago, even before the important contributions of the Greeks and Romans (e.g., Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides). In the fifteenth–sixteenth centuries, plant taxonomy benefited from the Great Navigations, the invention of the printing press, the creation of botanic gardens, and the use of the drying technique to preserve plant specimens. In parallel with the growing body of morpho-anatomical data, subsequent major steps in the history of plant taxonomy include the emergence of the concept of natural classification, the adoption of the binomial naming system (with the major role of Linnaeus) and other universal rules for the naming of plants, the formulation of the principle of subordination of characters, and the advent of the evolutionary thought. More recently, the cladistic theory (initiated by Hennig) and the rapid advances in DNA technologies allowed to infer phylogenies and to propose true natural, genealogy-based classifications. In a second part, we put the emphasis on the challenges that plant taxonomy faces nowadays. The still very incomplete taxonomic knowledge of the worldwide flora (the so-called taxonomic impediment) is seriously hampering conservation efforts that are especially crucial as biodiversity has entered its sixth extinction crisis. It appears mainly due to insufficient funding, lack of taxonomic expertise, and lack of communication and coordination. We then review recent initiatives to overcome these limitations and to anticipate how taxonomy should and could evolve. In particular, the use of molecular data has been era-splitting for taxonomy and may allow an accelerated pace of species discovery. We examine both strengths and limitations of such techniques in comparison to morphology-based investigations, we give broad recommendations on the use of molecular tools for plant taxonomy, and we highlight the need for an integrative taxonomy based on evidence from multiple sources.

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Plant Taxonomy: A Historical Perspective, Current Challenges, and Perspectives

First Online: 11 December 2020

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Germinal Rouhan 3 &
Myriam Gaudeul 3

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2222))

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In a first part, we underline that plant taxonomy is one of the earliest scientific disciplines that emerged thousands of years ago, even before the important contributions of the Greeks and Romans (e.g., Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides). In the fifteenth–sixteenth centuries, plant taxonomy benefited from the Great Navigations, the invention of the printing press, the creation of botanic gardens, and the use of the drying technique to preserve plant specimens. In parallel with the growing body of morpho-anatomical data, subsequent major steps in the history of plant taxonomy include the emergence of the concept of natural classification , the adoption of the binomial naming system (with the major role of Linnaeus) and other universal rules for the naming of plants, the formulation of the principle of subordination of characters, and the advent of the evolutionary thought. More recently, the cladistic theory (initiated by Hennig) and the rapid advances in DNA technologies allowed to infer phylogenies and to propose true natural, genealogy-based classifications.

In a second part, we put the emphasis on the challenges that plant taxonomy faces nowadays. The still very incomplete taxonomic knowledge of the worldwide flora (the so-called taxonomic impediment) is seriously hampering conservation efforts that are especially crucial as biodiversity has entered its sixth extinction crisis. It appears mainly due to insufficient funding, lack of taxonomic expertise, and lack of communication and coordination. We then review recent initiatives to overcome these limitations and to anticipate how taxonomy should and could evolve. In particular, the use of molecular data has been era-splitting for taxonomy and may allow an accelerated pace of species discovery. We examine both strengths and limitations of such techniques in comparison to morphology-based investigations, we give broad recommendations on the use of molecular tools for plant taxonomy, and we highlight the need for an integrative taxonomy based on evidence from multiple sources.

Taxonomy can justly be called the pioneering exploration of life on a little known planet. —Wilson (2004). The goal of discovering, describing, and classifying the species of our planet assuredly qualifies as big science . —Wheeler et al. (2004).

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Pascale Besse

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Rouhan, G., Gaudeul, M. (2021). Plant Taxonomy: A Historical Perspective, Current Challenges, and Perspectives. In: Besse, P. (eds) Molecular Plant Taxonomy. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2222. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0997-2_1

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0997-2_1

Published : 11 December 2020

Publisher Name : Humana, New York, NY

Print ISBN : 978-1-0716-0996-5

Online ISBN : 978-1-0716-0997-2

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Hao Cheng. Sung Shu Chien (钱崇澍, 1883-1965) (Fig. 1) was a famous botanist and educator in China, one of the founders of Chinese plant taxonomy, plant physiology, geobotany, and floristics ...
Plant taxonomy learning and research: A systematics review
The research was aimed to find out what concepts and methods of learning plant taxonomy, and find out the objects and methods in plant taxonomy research. Seventeen articles published from 2005-2019 were selected as the review materials. Nine articles were about learning the plant taxonomy, and eight articles were about research on plant taxonomy.
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PDF | On Nov 21, 2018, Nadia Haider published A Brief Review on Plant Taxonomy and its Components, Jour Pl Sci Res 34 (2) 275-290 | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
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Dear Colleagues, As is apparent from the title, this Topical Collection "Feature Papers in Plant Systematics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Classification" aims to collect high-quality research articles, short communications, and review articles in all fields about the latest studies and feature papers in plant systematics, taxonomy, nomenclature and classification.
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Abstract. Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science that provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound ...
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Welcomes interdisciplinary studies and newly developing areas of basic plant biology. Papers should be hypothesis-driven, not purely descriptive. Manuscripts in applied plant sciences accepted only if they contribute to basic plant sciences. Covers a broad range of disciplines including taxonomy, phylogeny, evolutionary biology, and more.
The Journal of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy
TAXON is the leading international journal devoted to systematics, phylogeny and taxonomy of algae, fungi, and plants. It also accepts papers on methodology, It also accepts papers on methodology, botanical history, biography, bibliography and related subjects, accepts opinion pieces, commentaries and new perspectives, and publishes a number of ...
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In the Special Issue "Advances in Plant Taxonomy and Systematics", all the topics previously mentioned were addressed in 15 high-quality and original studies, involving plant groups and researchers from all continents. In particular, the phylogeny and biogeography of Mammilloid cacti from Mexico (Cactaceae, eudicots) [ 22 ], Euphorbiaceae ...
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Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. ... Plant Phylogeny, Taxonomy and ...
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Taxonomy is a discipline in biological science related to the identification, description, classification, and. naming of the organisms at the level of species or other taxa [1]. Plant taxonomy ...
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Abstract. Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science, which provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound ...
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Plants / classification*. Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science, which provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an in ….
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Plant Taxonomy p. 3 . research the of natural resources that the planet offered to colonial expansion. Museums and wealth botanical gardens were being established in London, Paris, Berlin, or Madrid to showcase the extraordinary diversity of life on earth (and the imperial power of European nations).
Plant Taxonomy: A Historical Perspective, Current Challenges, and
Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science, which provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound hypothesis-driven scientific discipline.
PDF doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0997-2 1
In a ﬁrst part, we underline that plant taxonomy is one of the earliest scientiﬁc disciplines that emerged thousands of years ago, even before the important contributions of the Greeks and Romans (e.g., Theo-phrastus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides). In the ﬁfteenth-sixteenth centuries, plant taxonomy beneﬁted

Plant taxonomy learning and research: A systematics review

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