![plant taxonomy research papers AIP Publishing Logo](https://aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssetsOriginals/Live/Images/aip/logo.png)
![](http://charunivedita.online/777/templates/cheerup2/res/banner1.gif)
Plant taxonomy learning and research: A systematics review
- Split-Screen
- Article contents
- Figures & tables
- Supplementary Data
- Peer Review
- Open the PDF for in another window
- Reprints and Permissions
- Cite Icon Cite
- Search Site
Wahyu Kusumawardani , Muzzazinah , Murni Ramli; Plant taxonomy learning and research: A systematics review. AIP Conf. Proc. 18 December 2019; 2194 (1): 020051. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5139783
Download citation file:
- Ris (Zotero)
- Reference Manager
Concepts of plant identification and classification were important basic knowledge to be mastered by biology students. The research was aimed to find out what concepts and methods of learning plant taxonomy, and find out the objects and methods in plant taxonomy research. Seventeen articles published from 2005-2019 were selected as the review materials. Nine articles were about learning the plant taxonomy, and eight articles were about research on plant taxonomy. The articles were obtained from Journal of Biological Education and Science Direct. The results showed the common concepts learned about plant identification and classification. The prominent plant groups used in the learning were: the Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperm with the example of the native species and focal species. The learning methods and approaches were varied, including: using real plant specimens, dichotomous key method, word association exercise based on mnemonics approach, or pictorial card games for identification native plants. Others use an electronic multi-access key, iOS app on the iPod for plant identification guide, interactive multimedia dichotomous key for plant identification, labeled drawing and descriptive writing of native plant identification. Various aspects used as the object of the research on plants taxonomy, one of them was the leaves. Various methods used in the research on plant taxonomy, such as: FRT, LDC Linear, kNN, SIFT, Color moments, SFTA, ANNs, Deep learning techniques, hierarchical approach - NFC, and AIT.
Citing articles via
Publish with us - request a quote.
![plant taxonomy research papers](https://aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/ImageLibrary/Publications/acp/ACP-GRAPHIC-alertbanner.png?versionId=3467)
Sign up for alerts
- Online ISSN 1551-7616
- Print ISSN 0094-243X
- For Researchers
- For Librarians
- For Advertisers
- Our Publishing Partners
- Physics Today
- Conference Proceedings
- Special Topics
pubs.aip.org
- Privacy Policy
- Terms of Use
Connect with AIP Publishing
This feature is available to subscribers only.
Sign In or Create an Account
![plant taxonomy research papers U.S. flag](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png)
An official website of the United States government
The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.
The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
- Publications
- Account settings
Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .
- Advanced Search
- Journal List
- Biology (Basel)
- PMC10135926
![plant taxonomy research papers Logo of biology](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/logo-biology.png)
Advances in Plant Taxonomy and Systematics
Systematics and taxonomy are basic sciences and are crucial for all applications dealing with living organisms [ 1 ]. Taxonomic classification schemes, sought by early scholars to reflect “natural systems” [ 2 ], are nowadays universally accepted to reflect actual systematic relationships among organisms.
Phylogenetic reconstructions based on molecular systematics have provided a stable classification system at class, order, and family levels for many plant groups (see, e.g., [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]). However, at the genus level, due to a lack of knowledge, many classifications are still unstable and a lot of taxonomic changes have been published [ 6 ], with species that are often recombined under different genera or synonymized with others. Taxonomy users, either in the scientific community or in wider society, perceive this as a relevant (and often not fully understood) problem [ 7 , 8 ]. However, these changes are the obvious consequence of an increase in systematic knowledge. In this respect, proposals and ideas to abandon Linnean taxonomy [ 9 , 10 ] have not been accepted so far. Fortunately, nomenclatural and taxonomic databases are becoming increasingly widespread and authoritative (see, e.g., [ 11 ]), meaning that this problem could be easily superseded.
At a microevolutionary level, an integrated taxonomic approach [ 12 ] using a number of independent lines of evidence [ 13 ] is needed to disentangle the complex systematic relationships among units of diversity [ 14 ].
Accordingly, on one side, there is the need to build sound taxonomic hypotheses using multiple lines of evidence (see, e.g., [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]); on the other hand, given the ongoing mass extinctions and the decline of taxonomists in academies [ 19 , 20 ], there is the need to speed up the recognition and description of biodiversity on earth. In this respect, citizen science could also be helpful [ 21 ], for instance in observing and capturing plant diversity with a coverage and frequency much higher than by just relying on academic scholars.
In the Special Issue “Advances in Plant Taxonomy and Systematics”, all the topics previously mentioned were addressed in 15 high-quality and original studies, involving plant groups and researchers from all continents. In particular, the phylogeny and biogeography of Mammilloid cacti from Mexico (Cactaceae, eudicots) [ 22 ], Euphorbiaceae subfam. Acalyphoideae (Malpighiales, eudicots) in the Americas [ 23 ], Astragalus sect. Stereothrix (Fabaceae, Fabales, eudicots) [ 24 ] and Veronica subg. Pentasepalae (Plantaginaceae, Lamiales, eudicots) [ 25 ] from Eurasia were addressed. Whole plastome comparison revealed phylogenetic relationships in Crassula (Crassulaceae, Saxifragales, eudicots) [ 26 ] and in the family Magnoliaceae (Magnoliales, early branching angiosperms) [ 27 ]. The systematics of polyploid and/or apomictic species complexes was studied in European groups such as the Ranunculus auricomus complex (Ranunculaceae, Ranunculales, eudicots) [ 28 ], the Sorbus austriaca complex (Rosaceae, Rosales, eudicots) [ 29 ], Crocus ser. Verni (Iridaceae, Asparagales, monocots) [ 30 ], and Leucanthemum (Asteraceae, Asterales, eudicots) [ 31 ]. Integrated taxonomic approaches were followed for the characterization of the Asian palm genus Bentinckia (Arecaceae, Arecales, monocots) [ 32 ], for addressing infraspecific variability in the European Armeria arenaria (Plumbaginaceae, Caryophyllales, eudicots) [ 33 ], and for describing a new species endemic to Italy in Adonis sect. Adonanthe (Rancunculaceae) [ 34 ]. A thorough morphometric study dealt with the taxonomically debated Mediterranean genus Ophrys (Orchidaceae, Asparagales, monocots), in which between 9 and over 400 species are recognized depending on the authors opinions [ 35 ], highlighting that “a serious challenge awaits writers of field guides to the European flora, as they struggle to summarise innumerable indistinguishable ‘species’ carved out of morphological continua”. Finally, images shared by citizen scientists to the iNaturalist platform and on Facebook were particularly helpful, as they aided the identification of four out of the nine Australian species of the carnivorous genus Drosera (Droseraceae, Caryophyllales, eudicots) [ 36 ].
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
![plant taxonomy research papers U.S. flag](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png)
An official website of the United States government
The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.
The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
- Publications
- Account settings
- My Bibliography
- Collections
- Citation manager
Save citation to file
Email citation, add to collections.
- Create a new collection
- Add to an existing collection
Add to My Bibliography
Your saved search, create a file for external citation management software, your rss feed.
- Search in PubMed
- Search in NLM Catalog
- Add to Search
Plant Taxonomy: A Historical Perspective, Current Challenges, and Perspectives
Affiliations.
- 1 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, Paris, France. [email protected].
- 2 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, Paris, France.
- PMID: 33301085
- DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0997-2_1
Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science, which provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound hypothesis-driven scientific discipline.In a first part, we underline that plant taxonomy is one of the earliest scientific disciplines that emerged thousands of years ago, even before the important contributions of the Greeks and Romans (e.g., Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides). In the fifteenth-sixteenth centuries, plant taxonomy benefited from the Great Navigations, the invention of the printing press, the creation of botanic gardens, and the use of the drying technique to preserve plant specimens. In parallel with the growing body of morpho-anatomical data, subsequent major steps in the history of plant taxonomy include the emergence of the concept of natural classification , the adoption of the binomial naming system (with the major role of Linnaeus) and other universal rules for the naming of plants, the formulation of the principle of subordination of characters, and the advent of the evolutionary thought. More recently, the cladistic theory (initiated by Hennig) and the rapid advances in DNA technologies allowed to infer phylogenies and to propose true natural, genealogy-based classifications.In a second part, we put the emphasis on the challenges that plant taxonomy faces nowadays. The still very incomplete taxonomic knowledge of the worldwide flora (the so-called taxonomic impediment) is seriously hampering conservation efforts that are especially crucial as biodiversity has entered its sixth extinction crisis. It appears mainly due to insufficient funding, lack of taxonomic expertise, and lack of communication and coordination. We then review recent initiatives to overcome these limitations and to anticipate how taxonomy should and could evolve. In particular, the use of molecular data has been era-splitting for taxonomy and may allow an accelerated pace of species discovery. We examine both strengths and limitations of such techniques in comparison to morphology-based investigations, we give broad recommendations on the use of molecular tools for plant taxonomy, and we highlight the need for an integrative taxonomy based on evidence from multiple sources.
Keywords: Classification; DNA; Floras; History; Molecular taxonomy; Molecular techniques; Morpho-anatomical investigations; Plant taxonomy; Species; Taxonomic impediment.
PubMed Disclaimer
Similar articles
- Plant taxonomy: a historical perspective, current challenges, and perspectives. Rouhan G, Gaudeul M. Rouhan G, et al. Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1115:1-37. doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-767-9_1. Methods Mol Biol. 2014. PMID: 24415467
- Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Mauritanian Coral Mounds. Gil M, Ramil F, AgÍs JA. Gil M, et al. Zootaxa. 2020 Nov 16;4878(3):zootaxa.4878.3.2. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4878.3.2. Zootaxa. 2020. PMID: 33311142
- DNA barcoding and traditional taxonomy: an integrated approach for biodiversity conservation. Sheth BP, Thaker VS. Sheth BP, et al. Genome. 2017 Jul;60(7):618-628. doi: 10.1139/gen-2015-0167. Epub 2017 Apr 21. Genome. 2017. PMID: 28431212 Review.
- [Classical and non-classical taxonomy: where does the boundary pass?]. Pavlinov IIa. Pavlinov IIa. Zh Obshch Biol. 2006 Mar-Apr;67(2):83-106. Zh Obshch Biol. 2006. PMID: 16756105 Review. Russian.
- [Foundations of the new phylogenetics]. Pavlinov IIa. Pavlinov IIa. Zh Obshch Biol. 2004 Jul-Aug;65(4):334-66. Zh Obshch Biol. 2004. PMID: 15490579 Russian.
- Accurate, automated taxonomic assignment of genebank accessions: a new method demonstrated using high-throughput marker data from 10,000 Capsicum spp. accessions. Rabanus-Wallace MT, Stein N. Rabanus-Wallace MT, et al. Theor Appl Genet. 2023 Sep 11;136(10):208. doi: 10.1007/s00122-023-04441-8. Theor Appl Genet. 2023. PMID: 37695370 Free PMC article.
- Expansion of the distribution range of Aspleniumtrilobum Cav (Polypodiopsida, Aspleniaceae) in the Mediterranean forest of the Chilean coast. Pincheira-Ulbrich J, Zambrano U, Contreras F. Pincheira-Ulbrich J, et al. Biodivers Data J. 2023 Jul 17;11:e105990. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.11.e105990. eCollection 2023. Biodivers Data J. 2023. PMID: 37496974 Free PMC article.
- Genetic Variation versus Morphological Variability in European Peatland Violets ( Viola epipsila - V. palustris Group). Żabicka J, Kirschey T, Migdałek G, Słomka A, Kuta E. Żabicka J, et al. Biology (Basel). 2023 Feb 24;12(3):362. doi: 10.3390/biology12030362. Biology (Basel). 2023. PMID: 36979054 Free PMC article.
- Fungal taxonomy: current status and research agendas for the interdisciplinary and globalisation era. Zhou LW, May TW. Zhou LW, et al. Mycology. 2022 Jul 25;14(1):52-59. doi: 10.1080/21501203.2022.2103194. eCollection 2023. Mycology. 2022. PMID: 36816771 Free PMC article. Review.
- Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Photinia serratifolia. Wang Y, Chen S, Chen J, Chen C, Lin X, Peng H, Zhao Q, Wang X. Wang Y, et al. Sci Rep. 2023 Jan 14;13(1):770. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24327-x. Sci Rep. 2023. PMID: 36641495 Free PMC article.
- Dobzhansky T (1973) Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Am Biol Teach 35:125–129 - DOI
- de Carvalho MR, Bockmann FA, Amorim DS, de Vivo M, de Toledo-Piza M, Menezes NA, de Figueiredo JL, Castro RMC, Gill AC, McEachran JD, Compagno LJV, Schelly RC, Britz R, Lundberg JG, Vari RP, Nelson G (2005) Revisiting the taxonomic impediment. Science 307:353–353 - PubMed - DOI - PMC
- Candolle AP (1813) Théorie Élémentaire de la botanique, ou Exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'étudier les végétaux
- Heywood VH, Watson RT (1995) Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
- Mayr E (1969) Principles of systematic zoology. Mcgraw-Hill, New. York
Publication types
- Search in MeSH
LinkOut - more resources
Full text sources.
- Citation Manager
NCBI Literature Resources
MeSH PMC Bookshelf Disclaimer
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
Information
- Author Services
Initiatives
You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .
Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.
Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.
Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.
Original Submission Date Received: .
- Active Journals
- Find a Journal
- Proceedings Series
- For Authors
- For Reviewers
- For Editors
- For Librarians
- For Publishers
- For Societies
- For Conference Organizers
- Open Access Policy
- Institutional Open Access Program
- Special Issues Guidelines
- Editorial Process
- Research and Publication Ethics
- Article Processing Charges
- Testimonials
- Preprints.org
- SciProfiles
- Encyclopedia
![Biology biology-logo](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biology-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14)
Journal Menu
- Biology Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
- arrow_forward_ios Forthcoming issue arrow_forward_ios Current issue
- Vol. 13 (2024)
- Vol. 12 (2023)
- Vol. 11 (2022)
- Vol. 10 (2021)
- Vol. 9 (2020)
- Vol. 8 (2019)
- Vol. 7 (2018)
- Vol. 6 (2017)
- Vol. 5 (2016)
- Vol. 4 (2015)
- Vol. 3 (2014)
- Vol. 2 (2013)
- Vol. 1 (2012)
Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.
Please let us know what you think of our products and services.
Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.
Advances in Plant Taxonomy and Systematics
- Print Special Issue Flyer
- Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Benefits of publishing in a special issue.
- Published Papers
A special issue of Biology (ISSN 2079-7737). This special issue belongs to the section " Plant Science ".
Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 56009
![plant taxonomy research papers Special issue Advances in Plant Taxonomy and Systematics book cover image](https://mdpi-res.com/bookfiles/book/7686/small_Advances_in_Plant_Taxonomy_and_Systematics.jpg?v=1725044907)
Share This Special Issue
Special issue editor.
![plant taxonomy research papers plant taxonomy research papers](https://www.mdpi.com/data/editors/editor_117972.png?1679319368)
Dear Colleagues,
Two main problems today threaten the social and scientific recognition of systematics as a basic science crucial for all applications involving the use of organisms, including their conservation. These problems concern a) nomenclature and b) taxonomy. Nomenclature: As a consequence of increasing systematic knowledge, the scientific names of plants often change. While since about 15 years ago family-level circumscriptions (almost) became stable, species are often recombined under different genera or synonymized with others. This is perceived by taxonomy users, either in the scientific community or in wider society, as a relevant and often not understood problem. Collaborative nomenclatural and taxonomic databases are increasingly becoming widespread and authoritative, such that this problem could be easily superseded by increasing the awareness of and accessibility to such databases. Taxonomy: In general, and still today, it is much easier to describe a new species than to definitely prove that it is not worthy of recognition on systematic grounds. This is resulting in worldwide taxonomic inflation, which is also causing inconsistencies in conservation biology. This problem could be superseded only by adopting extreme caution before describing new taxa and, above all, by adopting integrated approaches to taxonomy, taking advantage of karyological, molecular, and ecological data complemented by (quantitative) morphology. Finally, another topic which is becoming more and more important, related to floristics, concerns the free availability of verified and reliable primary biodiversity data. Concerning this latter topic, relevant contributions are coming from massive herbarium digitization and citizen science.
We propose in this Special Issue to highlight the state of the art of current taxonomic and systematic research as well as its fundamental contribution to plant science and biology in general.
Prof. Dr. Lorenzo Peruzzi Guest Editor
Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website . Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form . Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.
Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biology is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.
Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.
- biodiversity informatics
- cytotaxonomy
- DNA barcoding
- herbarium digitization
- integrative taxonomy
- morphometrics
- plant evolution
- phylogeny and phylogeography
- plant nomenclature
- Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
- Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
- Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
- External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
- e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.
Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here .
![](http://charunivedita.online/777/templates/cheerup2/res/banner1.gif)
Published Papers (16 papers)
Jump to: Research
Jump to: Editorial
![plant taxonomy research papers](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biology/biology-12-00512/article_deploy/html/images/biology-12-00512-g001-550.jpg?1680505286)
Graphical abstract
![plant taxonomy research papers](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biology/biology-12-00141/article_deploy/html/images/biology-12-00141-ag-550.jpg?1675075078)
Further Information
Mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.
![MDPI Open Access Journals MDPI](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1724941758)
Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals
- Utility Menu
![plant taxonomy research papers University Logo](https://huh.harvard.edu/profiles/openscholar/themes/hwpi_basetheme/images/harvard-logo.png)
GA4 Tracking Code
Harvard university herbaria & libraries.
![title= plant taxonomy research papers](https://huh.harvard.edu/sites/hwpi.harvard.edu/files/styles/os_files_medium/public/herbaria/files/mezia-angelica-flower.jpg?m=1515605615&itok=5r9XkDkx)
IPNI A global authority of taxonomic names. Search the database here .
Malpighiaceae nomenclature Malpighiaceae are a family of tropical trees, shrubs, and vines that constitute an important element in the forests and savannas of both the New and Old World tropics and subtropics. Working with Professor William Anderson and Dr. Christiane Anderson (UMICH), Professor Charles Davis has helped to develop an interactive website to make research in this family available to the broader community. This site provide updated nomenclature for hundreds of species in addition to a current phylogeny of the family, a list of the clades and genera recognized, descriptions and maps, and identification keys.
- Floristics & Monography
- Plant & Fungal Phylogenetics
- Paleobotany
- Plant Speciation and Local Adaptation
Related Researchers
- Charles Davis
- Tiago Vieira
![plant taxonomy research papers Springer Nature Experiments](https://experiments.springernature.com/assets/images/experiments_logo_RGB.png)
Plant Taxonomy: A Historical Perspective, Current Challenges, and Perspectives
![plant taxonomy research papers Author Email](https://experiments.springernature.com/assets/images/icons/email.png)
Series: Methods In Molecular Biology > Book: Molecular Plant Taxonomy
Overview | DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0997-2_1
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, Paris, France
![plant taxonomy research papers Full Text Entitlement Icon](https://experiments.springernature.com/assets/images/icons/icon_entitlements_full-text.png)
Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science, which provides baseline data for all fields of biology
Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science, which provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound hypothesis-driven scientific discipline. In a first part, we underline that plant taxonomy is one of the earliest scientific disciplines that emerged thousands of years ago, even before the important contributions of the Greeks and Romans (e.g., Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides). In the fifteenth–sixteenth centuries, plant taxonomy benefited from the Great Navigations, the invention of the printing press, the creation of botanic gardens, and the use of the drying technique to preserve plant specimens. In parallel with the growing body of morpho-anatomical data, subsequent major steps in the history of plant taxonomy include the emergence of the concept of natural classification, the adoption of the binomial naming system (with the major role of Linnaeus) and other universal rules for the naming of plants, the formulation of the principle of subordination of characters, and the advent of the evolutionary thought. More recently, the cladistic theory (initiated by Hennig) and the rapid advances in DNA technologies allowed to infer phylogenies and to propose true natural, genealogy-based classifications. In a second part, we put the emphasis on the challenges that plant taxonomy faces nowadays. The still very incomplete taxonomic knowledge of the worldwide flora (the so-called taxonomic impediment) is seriously hampering conservation efforts that are especially crucial as biodiversity has entered its sixth extinction crisis. It appears mainly due to insufficient funding, lack of taxonomic expertise, and lack of communication and coordination. We then review recent initiatives to overcome these limitations and to anticipate how taxonomy should and could evolve. In particular, the use of molecular data has been era-splitting for taxonomy and may allow an accelerated pace of species discovery. We examine both strengths and limitations of such techniques in comparison to morphology-based investigations, we give broad recommendations on the use of molecular tools for plant taxonomy, and we highlight the need for an integrative taxonomy based on evidence from multiple sources.
Figures ( 0 ) & Videos ( 0 )
Experimental specifications, other keywords.
![plant taxonomy research papers plant taxonomy research papers](https://experiments.springernature.com/assets/images/icons/triangle-grey.png)
Citations (11)
Associated articles.
- (This version), 2021
- Germinal Rouhan & Myriam Gaudeul, 2014
- Dobzhansky T (1973) Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Am Biol Teach 35:125–129
- de Carvalho MR, Bockmann FA, Amorim DS, de Vivo M, de Toledo-Piza M, Menezes NA, de Figueiredo JL, Castro RMC, Gill AC, McEachran JD, Compagno LJV, Schelly RC, Britz R, Lundberg JG, Vari RP, Nelson G (2005) Revisiting the taxonomic impediment. Science 307:353–353
- Candolle AP (1813) Théorie Élémentaire de la botanique, ou Exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'étudier les végétaux
- Heywood VH, Watson RT (1995) Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
- Mayr E (1969) Principles of systematic zoology. Mcgraw-Hill, New. York
- Simpson GG (1961) Principles of animal taxonomy. Columbia University Press, New York
- Tillier S (2000) Systématique - Ordonner la diversité du Vivant. Rapport sur la science et la technologie de l’Académie des sciences n°11. Éditions Tec & Doc
- Small E (1989) Systematics of biological systematics (or taxonomy of taxonomy). Taxon 38:335–356
- Sprague JL, Lanjouw J, Andreas CH (1948) Minutes of the Utrecht conference. Chronica Botanica 12(1/2):12
- Morton CV (1957) The misuse of the term taxon. Taxon 6(5):155
- Raven PH (2004) Taxonomy: where are we now? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359:729–730
- Pavord A (2005) The naming of names: the search for order in the world of plants. Bloomsbury, New York
- Funk VA, Hoch PC, Prather LA, Wagner WL (2005) The importance of vouchers. Taxon 54:127–129
- Knapp S (2012) What’s in a name? A history of taxonomy. . Accessed Jan 2012 http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/history-taxonomy
- Griffing LR (2011) Who invented the dichotomous key? Richard Waller’s watercolors of the herbs of Britain. Am J Bot 98:1911–1923
- Linnaeus C (1753) Species Plantarum. Stockholm
- Linnaeus C (1758) Systema naturae, 10th edn. Stockholm
- Candolle AP (1867) Lois de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès international de botanique: tenu à Paris en août 1867. H. Georg, Geneva
- Jussieu AL (1789) Genera plantarum. Herissant, Paris
- Philippe H, Lecointre G, VanLe HL, LeGuyader H (1996) A critical study of homoplasy in molecular data with the use of a morphologically based cladogram, and its consequences for character weighting. Mol Biol Evol 13:1174–1186
- Lamarck J-BPAM (1809) Philosophie zoologique. Dentu, Paris
- Darwin C (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray, London
- Haeckel E (1866) Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin
- Dayrat B (2003) The roots of phylogeny: how did Haeckel build his trees? Syst Biol 52:515–527
- Davis PH, Heywood PH (1963) Principles of angiosperm taxonomy. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh/London
- Sneath PHA, Sokal RR (1963) Principles of numerical taxonomy, 7th edn. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco
- Hennig W (1950) Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Deutscher Zentralverlag, Berlin
- Hennig W (1966) Phylogenetic systematics (tr. D. Davis and R. Zangerl), University of Illinois Press, Urbana
- Godfray HCJ, Knapp S (2004) Taxonomy for the twenty-first century - introduction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359:559–569
- Mullis K, Faloona F, Scharf S, Saiki R, Horn G, Erlich H (1986) Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA Invitro - the polymerase chain-reaction. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 51:263–273
- Bremer K, Chase MW, Stevens PF, Anderberg AA, Backlund A, Bremer B, Briggs BG, Endress PK, Fay MF, Goldblatt P, Gustafsson MHG, Hoot SB, Judd WS, Kallersjo M, Kellogg EA, Kron KA, Les DH, Morton CM, Nickrent DL, Olmstead RG, Price RA, Quinn CJ, Rodman JE, Rudall PJ, Savolainen V, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Sytsma KJ, Thulin M, Grp AP (1998) An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Ann Mo Bot Gard 85:531–553
- Bremer B, Bremer K, Chase MW, Reveal JL, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Stevens PF, Anderberg AA, Fay MF, Goldblatt P, Judd WS, Kallersjo M, Karehed J, Kron KA, Lundberg J, Nickrent DL, Olmstead RG, Oxelman B, Pires JC, Rodman JE, Rudall PJ, Savolainen V, Sytsma KJ, van der Bank M, Wurdack K, Xiang JQY, Zmarzty S, Grp AP (2003) An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Bot J Linn Soc 141:399–436
- Bremer B, Bremer K, Chase MW, Fay MF, Reveal JL, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Stevens PF, Anderberg AA, Moore MJ, Olmstead RG, Rudall PJ, Sytsma KJ, Tank DC, Wurdack K, Xiang JQY, Zmarzty S, Grp AP (2009) An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot J Linn Soc 161:105–121
- The Angiosperm phylogeny group (2016) An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot J Linn Soc 181:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
- PPGI (2016) A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. J Syst Evol 54:563–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12229
- Pryer KM, Schneider H, Smith AR, Cranfill R, Wolf PG, Hunt JS (2001) Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. Nature 409:618–621. https://doi.org/10.1038/35054555
- Bessey CE (1915) The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants. Ann Mo Bot Gard 2:109–164
- Cronquist A (1981) An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York
- Stebbins GL (1974) Flowering plants: evolution above the species level. Belknap press, Cambridge
- Takhtajan A (1997) Diversity and classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York
- Thorne RF (1976) A phylogenetic classification of the Angiospermae. Evol Biol 9:35–106
- Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Endress PK, Chase MW (2005) Phylogeny and evolution of angiosperms. Sinauer associates, Sunderland
- Hebert PDN, Cywinska A, Ball SL, DeWaard JR (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 270:313–321
- May RM (2004) Tomorrow's taxonomy: collecting new species in the field will remain the rate-limiting step. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359:733–734
- May RM (2011) Why worry about how many species and their loss? PLoS Biol 9:e1001130
- Paton AJ, Brummitt N, Govaerts R, Harman K, Hinchcliffe S, Allkin B, Lughadha EN (2008) Towards target 1 of the global strategy for plant conservation: a working list of all known plant species - progress and prospects. Taxon 57:602–611
- Wilson EO (2003) The encyclopedia of life. Trends Ecol Evol 18:77–80
- Wilson EO (2004) Taxonomy as a fundamental discipline. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359:739–739
- Candolle AP (1824-1873) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz, Parisii
- International Plant Names Index (2012) Published on the Internet . Accessed July 2019 http://www.ipni.org
- Lughadha EN, Govaerts R, Belyaeva I, Black N, Lindon H, Allkin R, Magill RE, Nicolson N (2016) Counting counts: revised estimates of numbers of accepted 407 species of flowering plants, seed plants, vascular plants and land plants with a review 408 of other recent estimates. Phytotaxa 272:82–88
- Scotland RW, Wortley AH (2003) How many species of seed plants are there? Taxon 52:101–104
- The Plant List (2019) Version 1. Published on the Internet . Accessed July 2019 http://www.theplantlist.org/
- Wortley AH, Scotland RW (2004) Synonymy, sampling and seed plant numbers. Taxon 53:478–480
- Mallet J, Willmott K (2003) Taxonomy: renaissance or tower of babel? Trends Ecol Evol 18:57–59
- Isaac NJB, Mallet J, Mace GM (2004) Taxonomic inflation: its influence on macroecology and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 19:464–469
- Meiri S, Mace GM (2007) New taxonomy and the origin of species. PLoS Biol 5:1385–1386
- Pillon Y, Chase MW (2007) Taxonomic exaggeration and its effects on orchid conservation. Conserv Biol 21:263–265
- Crane PR (2004) Documenting plant diversity: unfinished business. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359:735–737
- Joppa LN, Roberts DL, Pimm SL (2011) How many species of flowering plants are there? Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 278:554–559
- Mora C, Tittensor DP, Adl S, Simpson AGB, Worm B (2011) How many species are there on earth and in the ocean? PLoS Biol 9:e1001127
- Bisby FA, Roskov YR, Orrell TM, Nicolson D, Paglinawan LE et al (2010) Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2010 Annual Checklist. Digital resource at . Species 2000, Reading, UK http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2010
- Caldecott JO, Jenkins MD, Johnson TH, Groombridge B (1996) Priorities for conserving global species richness and endemism. Biodivers Conserv 5:699–727
- Joppa LN, Roberts DL, Myers N, Pimm SL (2011) Biodiversity hotspots house most undiscovered plant species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:13171–13176
- Callmander MW, Schatz GE, Lowry PP (2005) IUCN red list assessment and the global strategy for plant conservation: taxonomists must act now. Taxon 54:1047–1050
- Godfray HCJ (2002) Challenges for taxonomy - the discipline will have to reinvent itself if it is to survive and flourish. Nature 417:17–19
- Funk VA (2006) Floras: a model for biodiversity studies or a thing of the past? Taxon 55:581–588
- Wheeler QD, Raven PH, Wilson EO (2004) Taxonomy: impediment or expedient? Science 303:285–285
- Wheeler QD, Knapp S et al (2012) Mapping the biosphere: exploring species to understand the origin, organization and sustainability of biodiversity. Syst Biodivers 10(1):1–20
- Ebach MC, Valdecasas AG, Wheeler QD (2011) Impediments to taxonomy and users of taxonomy: accessibility and impact evaluation. Cladistics 27:550–557
- Ronquist F, Gardenfors U (2003) Taxonomy and biodiversity inventories: time to deliver. Trends Ecol Evol 18:269–270
- Joly CA (2006) Taxonomy: programmes developing in the south too. Nature 440:24–24
- Schatz GE, Lowry PP, Ramisamihantanirina A (1998) Takhtajania perrieri rediscovered. Nature 391:133–134
- Jones WG, Hill KD, Allen JM (1995) Wollemia nobilis , a new living Australian genus and species in the Araucariaceae. Telopea 6:173–176
- Mabberley DJ (2009) Exploring Terra Incognita. Science 324:472–472
- Thulin M (2007) Acacia fumosa sp nov (Fabaceae) from eastern Ethiopia. Nord J Bot 25:272–274
- Dransfield J, Rakotoarinivo M, Baker WJ, Bayton RP, Fisher JB, Horn JW, Leroy B, Metz X (2008) A new coryphoid palm genus from Madagascar. Bot J Linn Soc 156:79–91
- Agnarsson I, Kuntner M (2007) Taxonomy in a changing world: seeking solutions for a science in crisis. Syst Biol 56:531–539
- Crisci JV (2006) One-dimensional systematist: perils in a time of steady progress. Syst Bot 31:217–221
- Joppa LN, Roberts DL, Pimm SL (2011) The population ecology and social behaviour of taxonomists. Trends Ecol Evol 26:551–553
- Rodman JE, Cody JH (2003) The taxonomic impediment overcome: NSF's partnerships for enhancing expertise in taxonomy (PEET) as a model. Syst Biol 52:428–435
- Bebber DP et al (2012) Big hitting collectors make massive and disproportionate contribution to the discovery of plant species. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 279(1736):2269–2274
- Thiers B (2019) Index herbarium: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/
- Bebber DP, Carine MA, Wood JRI, Wortley AH, Harris DJ, Prance GT, Davidse G, Paige J, Pennington TD, Robson NKB, Scotland RW (2010) Herbaria are a major frontier for species discovery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:22169–22171
- Fontaine B, Perrard A, Bouchet P (2012) 21 years of shelf life between discovery and description of new species. Curr Biol 22(22):R943–R944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.029
- Le Bras G, Pignal M, Jeanson ML, Muller S, Aupic C, Carré B, Flament G, Gaudeul M, Gonçalves C, Invernón VR, Jabbour F, Lerat E, Lowry PP, Offroy B, Pérez Pimparé E, Poncy O, Rouhan G, Haevermans T (2017) The French Muséum national d’histoire naturelle vascular plant herbarium collection dataset. Scientific Data 4:170016
- Godfray HCJ, Clark BR, Kitching IJ, Mayo SJ, Scoble MJ (2007) The web and the structure of taxonomy. Syst Biol 56:943–955
- Knapp S, McNeill J, Turland NJ (2011) Changes to publication requirements made at the XVIII International Botanical Congress in Melbourne - what does e-publication mean for you? PhytoKeys (6):5–11
- Nicolson N, Challis K, Tucker A, Knapp S (2017) Impact of e-publication changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code, 2012) - did we need to “run for our lives”? BMC Evol Biol 17:116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0961
- Hebert PDN, Gregory TR (2005) The promise of DNA barcoding for taxonomy. Syst Biol 54:852–859
- Savolainen V, Cowan RS, Vogler AP, Roderick GK, Lane R (2005) Towards writing the encyclopaedia of life: an introduction to DNA barcoding. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 360:1805–1811
- Wiens JJ (2007) Species delimitation: new approaches for discovering diversity. Syst Biol 56:875–878
- Pannell JR (2009) Mating-system evolution: succeeding by celibacy. Curr Biol 19:R983–R985
- Hood ME, Antonovics J (2003) Plant species descriptions show signs of disease. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 270:S156–S158
- Duminil J, Di Michele M (2009) Plant species delimitation: a comparison of morphological and molecular markers. Plant Biosystems 143:528–542
- Bickford D, Lohman DJ, Sodhi NS, Ng PKL, Meier R, Winker K, Ingram KK, Das I (2007) Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 22:148–155
- Grundt HH, Kjolner S, Borgen L, Rieseberg LH, Brochmann C (2006) High biological species diversity in the arctic flora. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:972–975
- Pillon Y, Hopkins HCF, Munzinger J, Amir H, Chase MW (2009) Cryptic species, gene recombination and hybridization in the genus Spiraeanthemum (Cunoniaceae) from New Caledonia. Bot J Linn Soc 161:137–152
- Dulvy NK, Reynolds JD (2009) BIODIVERSITY skates on thin ice. Nature 462:417–417
- Robertson A, Newton AC, Ennos RA (2004) Multiple hybrid origins, genetic diversity and population genetic structure of two endemic Sorbus taxa on the Isle of Arran, Scotland. Mol Ecol 13:123–134
- Squirrell J, Hollingsworth PM, Bateman RM, Tebbitt MC, Hollingsworth ML (2002) Taxonomic complexity and breeding system transitions: conservation genetics of the Epipactis leptochila complex (Orchidaceae). Mol Ecol 11:1957–1964
- van Dijk PJ (2003) Ecological and evolutionary opportunities of apomixis: insights from Taraxacum and Chondrilla. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 358:1113–1121
- Ennos RA, French GC, Hollingsworth PM (2005) Conserving taxonomic complexity. Trends Ecol Evol 20:164–168
- Ennos RA, Whitlock R, Fay MF, Jones B, Neaves LE, Payne R, Taylor I, De Vere N, Hollingsworth PM (2012) Process-based species action plans: an approach to conserve contemporary evolutionary processes that sustain diversity in taxonomically complex groups. Bot J Linn Soc 168:194–203
- Li FW, Tan BC, Buchbender V, Moran RC, Rouhan G, Wang CN, Quandt D (2009) Identifying a mysterious aquatic fern gametophyte. Plant Syst Evol 281:77–86
- Van Deynze A, Stoffel K (2006) High-throughput DNA extraction from seeds. Seed Sci Technol 34:741–745
- Asif MJ, Cannon CH (2005) DNA extraction from processed wood: a case study for the identification of an endangered timber species (Gonystylus bancanus). Plant Mol Biol Report 23:185–192
- Colpaert N, Cavers S, Bandou E, Caron H, Gheysen G, Lowe AJ (2005) Sampling tissue for DNA analysis of trees: trunk cambium as an alternative to canopy leaves. Silvae Genetica 54:265–269
- Rachmayanti Y, Leinemann L, Gailing O, Finkeldey R (2006) Extraction, amplification and characterization of wood DNA from Dipterocarpaceae. Plant Mol Biol Report 24:45–55
- Tibbits JFG, McManus LJ, Spokevicius AV, Bossinger G (2006) A rapid method for tissue collection and high-throughput isolation of genomic DNA from mature trees. Plant Mol Biol Report 24:81–91
- Novaes RML, Rodrigues JG, Lovato MB (2009) An efficient protocol for tissue sampling and DNA isolation from the stem bark of Leguminosae trees. Genet Mol Res 8:86–96
- Deguilloux MF, Pemonge MH, Petit RJ (2002) Novel perspectives in wood certification and forensics: dry wood as a source of DNA. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 269:1039–1046
- Hiiesalu I, Opik M, Metsis M, Lilje L, Davison J, Vasar M, Moora M, Zobel M, Wilson SD, Partel M (2012) Plant species richness belowground: higher richness and new patterns revealed by next-generation sequencing. Mol Ecol 21:2004–2016
- Kesanakurti PR, Fazekas AJ, Burgess KS, Percy DM, Newmaster SG, Graham SW, Barrett SCH, Hajibabaei M, Husband BC (2011) Spatial patterns of plant diversity below-ground as revealed by DNA barcoding. Mol Ecol 20:1289–1302
- Dunn CP (2003) Keeping taxonomy based in morphology. Trends Ecol Evol 18:270–271
- Santos LM, Faria LRR (2011) The taxonomy’s new clothes: a little more about the DNA-based taxonomy. Zootaxa 3025:66–68
- Schaefer H, Carine MA, Rumsey FJ (2011) From European priority species to invasive weed: Marsilea azorica (Marsileaceae) is a misidentified alien. Syst Bot 36:845–853
- Launert GOE, Paiva JAR (1983) Iconographia selecta florae Azoricae. Coimbra 2:159
- Lipscomb D, Platnick N, Wheeler Q (2003) The intellectual content of taxonomy: a comment on DNA taxonomy. Trends Ecol Evol 18:65–66
- Sites JW, Marshall JC (2004) Operational criteria for delimiting species. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:199–227
- Stace CA (2005) Plant taxonomy and biosystematics - does DNA provide all the answers? Taxon 54:999–1007
- Linder CR, Rieseberg LH (2004) Reconstructing patterns of reticulate evolution UN plants. Am J Bot 91:1700–1708
- Vriesendorp B, Bakker FT (2005) Reconstructing patterns of reticulate evolution in angiosperms: what can we do? Taxon 54:593–604
- Egan AN, Schlueter J, Spooner DM (2012) Applications of next-generation sequencing in plant biology. Am J Bot 99:175–185
- Harrison N, Kidner CA (2011) Next-generation sequencing and systematics: what can a billion base pairs of DNA sequence data do for you? Taxon 60:1552–1566
- Straub SCK, Parks M, Weitemier K, Fishbein M, Cronn RC, Liston A (2012) Navigating the tip of the genomic iceberg: next-generation sequencing for plant systematics. Am J Bot 99:349–364
- Bakker FT (2015) DNA sequences from plant herbarium tissue (Chapter 8). In: Hörandl E, Appelhans MS (eds) Next-generation sequencing in plant systematics. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT). https://doi.org/10.14630/000009
- Richardson JE, Pennington RT, Pennington TD, Hollingsworth PM (2001) Rapid diversification of a species-rich genus of neotropical rain forest trees. Science 293:2242–2245
- Baldwin BG, Sanderson MJ (1998) Age and rate of diversification of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:9402–9406
- Wang AL, Yang MH, Liu JQ (2005) Molecular phylogeny, recent radiation and evolution of gross morphology of the rhubarb genus Rheum (Polygonaceae) inferred from chloroplast DNA trnL-F sequences. Ann Bot 96:489–498
- Hodges SA, Arnold ML (1994) Columbines - a geographically widespread species flock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:5129–5132
- Linder HP (2008) Plant species radiations: where, when, why? Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 363:3097–3105
- Tautz D, Arctander P, Minelli A, Thomas RH, Vogler AP (2003) A plea for DNA taxonomy. Trends Ecol Evol 18:70–74
- Hey J, Pinho C (2012) Population genetics and objectivity in species diagnosis. Evolution 66:1413–1429
- Knowles L, Carstens B (2007) Delimiting species without monophyletic gene trees. Syst Biol 56:887–895
- Staats M, Cuenca A, Richardson JE, Vrielink-van Ginkel R, Petersen G, Seberg O, Bakker FT (2011) DNA damage in plant herbarium tissue. PLoS One 6:e28448
- Seberg O, Humphries CJ, Knapp S, Stevenson DW, Petersen G, Scharff N, Andersen NM (2003) Shortcuts in systematics? A commentary on DNA-based taxonomy. Trends Ecol Evol 18:63–65
- Lister DL, Bower MA, Howe CJ, Jones MK (2008) Extraction and amplification of nuclear DNA from herbarium specimens of emmer wheat: a method for assessing DNA preservation by maximum amplicon length recovery. Taxon 57:254–258
- Wandeler P, Hoeck PEA, Keller LF (2007) Back to the future: museum specimens in population genetics. Trends Ecol Evol 22:634–642
- Cozzolino S, Cafasso D, Pellegrino G, Musacchio A, Widmer A (2007) Genetic variation in time and space: the use of herbarium specimens to reconstruct patterns of genetic variation in the endangered orchid Anacamptis palustris. Conserv Genet 8:629–639
- Erkens RHJ, Cross H, Maas JW, Hoenselaar K, Chatrou LW (2008) Assessment of age and greenness of herbarium specimens as predictors for successful extraction and amplification of DNA. Blumea 53:407–428
- Drabkova L, Kirschner J, Vlcek C (2002) Comparison of seven DNA extraction and amplification protocols in historical herbarium specimens of Juncaceae. Plant Mol Biol Report 20:161–175
- Jankowiak K, Buczkowska K, Szweykowska-Kulinska Z (2005) Successful extraction of DNA from 100-year-old herbarium specimens of the liverwort Bazzania trilobata. Taxon 54:335–336
- Korpelainen H, Pietilainen M (2008) Effort to reconstruct past population history in the fern Blechnum spicant. J Plant Res 121:293–298
- Savolainen V, Cuenoud P, Spichiger R, Martinez MDP, Crevecoeur M, Manen JF (1995) The use of herbarium specimens in DNA Phylogenetics - evaluation and improvement. Plant Syst Evol 197:87–98
- Ribeiro RA, Lovato MB (2007) Comparative analysis of different DNA extraction protocols in fresh and herbarium specimens of the genus Dalbergia. Genet Mol Res 6:173–187
- Andreasen K, Manktelow M, Razafimandimbison SG (2009) Successful DNA amplification of a more than 200-year-old herbarium specimen: recovering genetic material from the Linnaean era. Taxon 58:959–962
- Ames M, Spooner DM (2008) DNA from herbarium specimens settles a controversy about origins of the European potato. Am J Bot 95:252–257
- Walters C, Reilley AA, Reeves PA, Baszczak J, Richards CM (2006) The utility of aged seeds in DNA banks. Seed Sci Res 16:169–178
- Alves RJV, Machado MD (2007) Is classical taxonomy obsolete? Taxon 56:287–288
- DeSalle R, Egan MG, Siddall M (2005) The unholy trinity: taxonomy, species delimitation and DNA barcoding. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 360:1905–1916
- DeSalle R (2006) Species discovery versus species identification in DNA barcoding efforts: response to Rubinoff. Conserv Biol 20:1545–1547
- Schlick-Steiner BC, Steiner FM, Seifert B, Stauffer C, Christian E, Crozier RH (2010) Integrative taxonomy: a multisource approach to exploring biodiversity. Annu Rev Entomol 55:421–438
- Dayrat B (2005) Towards integrative taxonomy. Biol J Linn Soc 85:407–415
- Wheeler QD (2005) Losing the plot: DNA “barcodes” and taxonomy. Cladistics 21:405–407
- Corney DPA, Clark JY, Tang HT, Wilkin P (2012) Automatic extraction of leaf characters from herbarium specimens. Taxon 61(1):231–244
- Raxworthy CJ, Ingram CM, Rabibisoa N, Pearson RG (2007) Applications of ecological niche modeling for species delimitation: a review and empirical evaluation using day geckos (Phelsuma) from Madagascar. Syst Biol 56:907–923
- Rissler LJ, Apodaca JJ (2007) Adding more ecology into species delimitation: ecological niche models and phylogeography help define cryptic species in the black salamander (Aneides flavipunctatus). Syst Biol 56:924–942
- Wiens JJ, Graham CH (2005) Niche conservatism: integrating evolution, ecology, and conservation biology. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 36:519–539
- Brautigam A, Gowik U (2010) What can next generation sequencing do for you? Next generation sequencing as a valuable tool in plant research. Plant Biol 12:831–841
- Cronn R, Knaus BJ, Liston A, Maughan PJ, Parks M, Syring JV, Udall J (2012) Targeted enrichment strategies for next-generation plant biology. Am J Bot 99:291–311
- Rodriguez-Fernandez JI, De Carvalho CJB, Pasquini C, De Lima KMG, Moura MO, Arizaga GGC (2011) Barcoding without DNA? Species identification using near infrared spectroscopy. Zootaxa 46–54
- Munck L, Jespersen BM, Rinnan A, Seefeldt HF, Engelsen MM, Norgaard L, Engelsen SB (2010) A physiochemical theory on the applicability of soft mathematical models-experimentally interpreted. J Chemom 24:481–495
- Cruickshank RH, Munck L (2011) It’s barcoding Jim, but not as we know it. Zootaxa 2933:55–56
- Andres-Sanchez S, Rico E, Herrero A, Santos-Vicente M, Martinez-Ortega MM (2009) Combining traditional morphometrics and molecular markers in cryptic taxa: towards an updated integrative taxonomic treatment for Veronica subgenus Pentasepalae (Plantaginaceae sensu APG II) in the western Mediterranean. Bot J Linn Soc 159:68–87
- Schlick-Steiner BC, Seifert B, Stauffer C, Christian E, Crozier RH, Steiner FM (2007) Without morphology, cryptic species stay in taxonomic crypsis following discovery. Trends Ecol Evol 22:391–392
- Blaxter M, Mann J, Chapman T, Thomas F, Whitton C, Floyd R, Abebe E (2005) Defining operational taxonomic units using DNA barcode data. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 360:1935–1943
- Markmann M, Tautz D (2005) Reverse taxonomy: an approach towards determining the diversity of meiobenthic organisms based on ribosomal RNA signature sequences. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 360:1917–1924
- Pleijel F, Jondelius U, Norlinder E, Nygren A, Oxelman B, Schander C, Sundberg P, Thollesson M (2008) Phylogenies without roots? A plea for the use of vouchers in molecular phylogenetic studies. Mol Phylogenet Evol 48:369–371
- Puillandre N, Bouchet P, Boisselier-Dubayle MC, Brisset J, Buge B, Castelin M, Chagnoux S, Christophe T, Corbari L, Lambourdiere J, Lozouet P, Marani G, Rivasseau A, Silva N, Terryn Y, Tillier S, Utge J, Samadi S (2012) New taxonomy and old collections: integrating DNA barcoding into the collection curation process. Mol Ecol Resour 12:396–402
- Gemeinholzer B, Bachmann K (2005) Examining morphological and molecular diagnostic character states of Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) and C-spinosum L. Plant Syst Evol 253:105–123
- Bacon CD, McKenna MJ, Simmons MP, Wagner WL (2012) Evaluating multiple criteria for species delimitation: an empirical example using Hawaiian palms (Arecaceae: Pritchardia). BMC Evol Biol 12:23
- Barrett CF, Freudenstein JV (2011) An integrative approach to delimiting species in a rare but widespread mycoheterotrophic orchid. Mol Ecol 20:2771–2786
- Koffi KG, Heuertz M, Doumenge C, Onana JM, Gavory F, Hardy OJ (2010) A combined analysis of morphological traits, chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences within Santiria trimera (Burseraceae) suggests several species following the biological species concept. Plant Ecol Evol 143:160–169
- Ley AC, Hardy OJ (2010) Species delimitation in the central African herbs Haumania (Marantaceae) using georeferenced nuclear and chloroplastic DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 57:859–867
- Meudt HM, Lockhart PJ, Bryant D (2009) Species delimitation and phylogeny of a New Zealand plant species radiation. BMC Evol Biol 9:111
- Schmidt-Lebuhn AN (2007) Using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to unravel species relationships and delimitations in Minthostachys (Labiatae). Bot J Linn Soc 153:9–19
- Zeng YF, Liao WJ, Petit RJ, Zhang DY (2010) Exploring species limits in two closely related Chinese oaks. PLoS One 5:e15529
- Rieseberg LH, Troy TE, Baack EJ (2006) The nature of plant species. Nature 440:524–527
- de Queiroz K (2005) Ernst Mayr and the modern concept of species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:6600–6607
- de Queiroz K (2007) Species concepts and species delimitation. Syst Biol 56(6):879–886
- Wright S (1940) The statistical consequences of Mendelian heredity in relation to speciation. In: Huxley J (ed) The new systematics. Oxford university press, London, pp 161–183
- Mayr E (1942) Systematics and the origin of species. Columbia university press, New York
- Dobzhansky T (1950) Mendelian populations and their evolution. Am Nat 84:401–418
- Poulton EB (1904) What is a species? Proc Entomol Soc Lond 1903:lxxviicxvi
- Dobzhansky T (1970) Genetics of the evolutionary process. Columbia University Press, New York
- Sokal RR, Crovello TJ (1970) The biological species concept: a critical evaluation. Am Nat 104:107–123
- Van Valen L (1976) Ecological species, multispecies, and oaks. Taxon 25:233–239
- Simpson GG (1951) The species concept. Evolution 5:285–298
- Wiley EO (1978) The evolutionary species concept reconsidered. Syst Zool 21:17–26
- Cracraft J (1989) Speciation and its ontology: the empirical consequences of alternative species concepts for understanding patterns and processes of differentiation. In: Otte D, Endler JA (eds) Speciation and its consequences. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, pp 28–59
- Rosen DE (1979) Fishes from the uplands and intermontane basins of Guatemala: revisionary studies and comparative geography. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 162:267–376
- Donoghue MJ (1985) A critique of the biological species concept and recommendations for a phylogenetic alternative. Bryologist 88:172–181
- Mishler BD (1985) The morphological, developmental, and phylogenetic basis of species concepts in bryophytes. Bryologist 88:207–214
- Baum DA, Shaw KL (1995) Genealogical perspectives on the species problem. In: Hoch PC, Stephenson AG (eds) Experimental and molecular approaches to plant biosystematics. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, pp 289–303
- Mallet J (1995) A species definition for the modern synthesis. Trends Ecol Evol 10:294–299
- Templeton AR (1998) Species and speciation: geography, population structure, ecology, and gene trees. In: Howard DJ, Berlocher SH (eds) Endless forms: species and speciation. Oxford university press, New York, pp 32–43
- Sites JW, Marshall JC (2003) Delimiting species: a renaissance issue in systematic biology. Trends Ecol Evol 18(9):462–470
Advertisement
Plant Taxonomy: A Historical Perspective, Current Challenges, and Perspectives
- First Online: 11 December 2020
Cite this protocol
- Germinal Rouhan 3 &
- Myriam Gaudeul 3
Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2222))
2315 Accesses
11 Citations
Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science, which provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound hypothesis-driven scientific discipline.
In a first part, we underline that plant taxonomy is one of the earliest scientific disciplines that emerged thousands of years ago, even before the important contributions of the Greeks and Romans (e.g., Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides). In the fifteenth–sixteenth centuries, plant taxonomy benefited from the Great Navigations, the invention of the printing press, the creation of botanic gardens, and the use of the drying technique to preserve plant specimens. In parallel with the growing body of morpho-anatomical data, subsequent major steps in the history of plant taxonomy include the emergence of the concept of natural classification , the adoption of the binomial naming system (with the major role of Linnaeus) and other universal rules for the naming of plants, the formulation of the principle of subordination of characters, and the advent of the evolutionary thought. More recently, the cladistic theory (initiated by Hennig) and the rapid advances in DNA technologies allowed to infer phylogenies and to propose true natural, genealogy-based classifications.
In a second part, we put the emphasis on the challenges that plant taxonomy faces nowadays. The still very incomplete taxonomic knowledge of the worldwide flora (the so-called taxonomic impediment) is seriously hampering conservation efforts that are especially crucial as biodiversity has entered its sixth extinction crisis. It appears mainly due to insufficient funding, lack of taxonomic expertise, and lack of communication and coordination. We then review recent initiatives to overcome these limitations and to anticipate how taxonomy should and could evolve. In particular, the use of molecular data has been era-splitting for taxonomy and may allow an accelerated pace of species discovery. We examine both strengths and limitations of such techniques in comparison to morphology-based investigations, we give broad recommendations on the use of molecular tools for plant taxonomy, and we highlight the need for an integrative taxonomy based on evidence from multiple sources.
Taxonomy can justly be called the pioneering exploration of life on a little known planet. —Wilson (2004). The goal of discovering, describing, and classifying the species of our planet assuredly qualifies as big science . —Wheeler et al. (2004).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Subscribe and save.
- Get 10 units per month
- Download Article/Chapter or eBook
- 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
- Cancel anytime
- Available as PDF
- Read on any device
- Instant download
- Own it forever
- Available as EPUB and PDF
- Compact, lightweight edition
- Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
- Free shipping worldwide - see info
- Durable hardcover edition
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Institutional subscriptions
Similar content being viewed by others
Introduction to Botanical Taxonomy
![plant taxonomy research papers plant taxonomy research papers](https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3Aplaceholder%2Fimages/placeholder-figure-nature.png)
LCVP, The Leipzig catalogue of vascular plants, a new taxonomic reference list for all known vascular plants
Dobzhansky T (1973) Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Am Biol Teach 35:125–129
Article Google Scholar
de Carvalho MR, Bockmann FA, Amorim DS, de Vivo M, de Toledo-Piza M, Menezes NA, de Figueiredo JL, Castro RMC, Gill AC, McEachran JD, Compagno LJV, Schelly RC, Britz R, Lundberg JG, Vari RP, Nelson G (2005) Revisiting the taxonomic impediment. Science 307:353–353
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Candolle AP (1813) Théorie Élémentaire de la botanique, ou Exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'étudier les végétaux
Google Scholar
Heywood VH, Watson RT (1995) Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Mayr E (1969) Principles of systematic zoology. Mcgraw-Hill, New. York
Simpson GG (1961) Principles of animal taxonomy. Columbia University Press, New York
Book Google Scholar
Tillier S (2000) Systématique - Ordonner la diversité du Vivant. Rapport sur la science et la technologie de l’Académie des sciences n°11. Éditions Tec & Doc
Small E (1989) Systematics of biological systematics (or taxonomy of taxonomy). Taxon 38:335–356
Sprague JL, Lanjouw J, Andreas CH (1948) Minutes of the Utrecht conference. Chronica Botanica 12(1/2):12
Morton CV (1957) The misuse of the term taxon. Taxon 6(5):155
Raven PH (2004) Taxonomy: where are we now? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359:729–730
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pavord A (2005) The naming of names: the search for order in the world of plants. Bloomsbury, New York
Funk VA, Hoch PC, Prather LA, Wagner WL (2005) The importance of vouchers. Taxon 54:127–129
Knapp S (2012) What’s in a name? A history of taxonomy. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/history-taxonomy . Accessed Jan 2012
Griffing LR (2011) Who invented the dichotomous key? Richard Waller’s watercolors of the herbs of Britain. Am J Bot 98:1911–1923
Linnaeus C (1753) Species Plantarum. Stockholm
Linnaeus C (1758) Systema naturae, 10th edn. Stockholm
Candolle AP (1867) Lois de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès international de botanique: tenu à Paris en août 1867. H. Georg, Geneva
Jussieu AL (1789) Genera plantarum. Herissant, Paris
Philippe H, Lecointre G, VanLe HL, LeGuyader H (1996) A critical study of homoplasy in molecular data with the use of a morphologically based cladogram, and its consequences for character weighting. Mol Biol Evol 13:1174–1186
Lamarck J-BPAM (1809) Philosophie zoologique. Dentu, Paris
Darwin C (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray, London
Haeckel E (1866) Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin
Dayrat B (2003) The roots of phylogeny: how did Haeckel build his trees? Syst Biol 52:515–527
Davis PH, Heywood PH (1963) Principles of angiosperm taxonomy. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh/London
Sneath PHA, Sokal RR (1963) Principles of numerical taxonomy, 7th edn. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco
Hennig W (1950) Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Deutscher Zentralverlag, Berlin
Hennig W (1966) Phylogenetic systematics (tr. D. Davis and R. Zangerl), University of Illinois Press, Urbana
Godfray HCJ, Knapp S (2004) Taxonomy for the twenty-first century - introduction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359:559–569
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mullis K, Faloona F, Scharf S, Saiki R, Horn G, Erlich H (1986) Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA Invitro - the polymerase chain-reaction. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 51:263–273
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bremer K, Chase MW, Stevens PF, Anderberg AA, Backlund A, Bremer B, Briggs BG, Endress PK, Fay MF, Goldblatt P, Gustafsson MHG, Hoot SB, Judd WS, Kallersjo M, Kellogg EA, Kron KA, Les DH, Morton CM, Nickrent DL, Olmstead RG, Price RA, Quinn CJ, Rodman JE, Rudall PJ, Savolainen V, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Sytsma KJ, Thulin M, Grp AP (1998) An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Ann Mo Bot Gard 85:531–553
Bremer B, Bremer K, Chase MW, Reveal JL, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Stevens PF, Anderberg AA, Fay MF, Goldblatt P, Judd WS, Kallersjo M, Karehed J, Kron KA, Lundberg J, Nickrent DL, Olmstead RG, Oxelman B, Pires JC, Rodman JE, Rudall PJ, Savolainen V, Sytsma KJ, van der Bank M, Wurdack K, Xiang JQY, Zmarzty S, Grp AP (2003) An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Bot J Linn Soc 141:399–436
Bremer B, Bremer K, Chase MW, Fay MF, Reveal JL, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Stevens PF, Anderberg AA, Moore MJ, Olmstead RG, Rudall PJ, Sytsma KJ, Tank DC, Wurdack K, Xiang JQY, Zmarzty S, Grp AP (2009) An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot J Linn Soc 161:105–121
The Angiosperm phylogeny group (2016) An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot J Linn Soc 181:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
PPGI (2016) A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. J Syst Evol 54:563–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12229
Pryer KM, Schneider H, Smith AR, Cranfill R, Wolf PG, Hunt JS (2001) Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. Nature 409:618–621. https://doi.org/10.1038/35054555
Bessey CE (1915) The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants. Ann Mo Bot Gard 2:109–164
Cronquist A (1981) An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York
Stebbins GL (1974) Flowering plants: evolution above the species level. Belknap press, Cambridge
Takhtajan A (1997) Diversity and classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York
Thorne RF (1976) A phylogenetic classification of the Angiospermae. Evol Biol 9:35–106
Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Endress PK, Chase MW (2005) Phylogeny and evolution of angiosperms. Sinauer associates, Sunderland
Hebert PDN, Cywinska A, Ball SL, DeWaard JR (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 270:313–321
Article CAS Google Scholar
May RM (2004) Tomorrow's taxonomy: collecting new species in the field will remain the rate-limiting step. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359:733–734
May RM (2011) Why worry about how many species and their loss? PLoS Biol 9:e1001130
Paton AJ, Brummitt N, Govaerts R, Harman K, Hinchcliffe S, Allkin B, Lughadha EN (2008) Towards target 1 of the global strategy for plant conservation: a working list of all known plant species - progress and prospects. Taxon 57:602–611
Wilson EO (2003) The encyclopedia of life. Trends Ecol Evol 18:77–80
Wilson EO (2004) Taxonomy as a fundamental discipline. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359:739–739
Candolle AP (1824-1873) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz, Parisii
International Plant Names Index (2012) Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org . Accessed July 2019
Lughadha EN, Govaerts R, Belyaeva I, Black N, Lindon H, Allkin R, Magill RE, Nicolson N (2016) Counting counts: revised estimates of numbers of accepted 407 species of flowering plants, seed plants, vascular plants and land plants with a review 408 of other recent estimates. Phytotaxa 272:82–88
Scotland RW, Wortley AH (2003) How many species of seed plants are there? Taxon 52:101–104
The Plant List (2019) Version 1. Published on the Internet http://www.theplantlist.org/ . Accessed July 2019
Wortley AH, Scotland RW (2004) Synonymy, sampling and seed plant numbers. Taxon 53:478–480
Mallet J, Willmott K (2003) Taxonomy: renaissance or tower of babel? Trends Ecol Evol 18:57–59
Isaac NJB, Mallet J, Mace GM (2004) Taxonomic inflation: its influence on macroecology and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 19:464–469
Meiri S, Mace GM (2007) New taxonomy and the origin of species. PLoS Biol 5:1385–1386
Pillon Y, Chase MW (2007) Taxonomic exaggeration and its effects on orchid conservation. Conserv Biol 21:263–265
Crane PR (2004) Documenting plant diversity: unfinished business. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359:735–737
Joppa LN, Roberts DL, Pimm SL (2011) How many species of flowering plants are there? Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 278:554–559
Mora C, Tittensor DP, Adl S, Simpson AGB, Worm B (2011) How many species are there on earth and in the ocean? PLoS Biol 9:e1001127
Bisby FA, Roskov YR, Orrell TM, Nicolson D, Paglinawan LE et al (2010) Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2010 Annual Checklist. Digital resource at http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2010 . Species 2000, Reading, UK
Caldecott JO, Jenkins MD, Johnson TH, Groombridge B (1996) Priorities for conserving global species richness and endemism. Biodivers Conserv 5:699–727
Joppa LN, Roberts DL, Myers N, Pimm SL (2011) Biodiversity hotspots house most undiscovered plant species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:13171–13176
Callmander MW, Schatz GE, Lowry PP (2005) IUCN red list assessment and the global strategy for plant conservation: taxonomists must act now. Taxon 54:1047–1050
Godfray HCJ (2002) Challenges for taxonomy - the discipline will have to reinvent itself if it is to survive and flourish. Nature 417:17–19
Funk VA (2006) Floras: a model for biodiversity studies or a thing of the past? Taxon 55:581–588
Wheeler QD, Raven PH, Wilson EO (2004) Taxonomy: impediment or expedient? Science 303:285–285
Wheeler QD, Knapp S et al (2012) Mapping the biosphere: exploring species to understand the origin, organization and sustainability of biodiversity. Syst Biodivers 10(1):1–20
Ebach MC, Valdecasas AG, Wheeler QD (2011) Impediments to taxonomy and users of taxonomy: accessibility and impact evaluation. Cladistics 27:550–557
Ronquist F, Gardenfors U (2003) Taxonomy and biodiversity inventories: time to deliver. Trends Ecol Evol 18:269–270
Joly CA (2006) Taxonomy: programmes developing in the south too. Nature 440:24–24
Schatz GE, Lowry PP, Ramisamihantanirina A (1998) Takhtajania perrieri rediscovered. Nature 391:133–134
Jones WG, Hill KD, Allen JM (1995) Wollemia nobilis , a new living Australian genus and species in the Araucariaceae. Telopea 6:173–176
Mabberley DJ (2009) Exploring Terra Incognita. Science 324:472–472
Thulin M (2007) Acacia fumosa sp nov (Fabaceae) from eastern Ethiopia. Nord J Bot 25:272–274
Dransfield J, Rakotoarinivo M, Baker WJ, Bayton RP, Fisher JB, Horn JW, Leroy B, Metz X (2008) A new coryphoid palm genus from Madagascar. Bot J Linn Soc 156:79–91
Agnarsson I, Kuntner M (2007) Taxonomy in a changing world: seeking solutions for a science in crisis. Syst Biol 56:531–539
Crisci JV (2006) One-dimensional systematist: perils in a time of steady progress. Syst Bot 31:217–221
Joppa LN, Roberts DL, Pimm SL (2011) The population ecology and social behaviour of taxonomists. Trends Ecol Evol 26:551–553
Rodman JE, Cody JH (2003) The taxonomic impediment overcome: NSF's partnerships for enhancing expertise in taxonomy (PEET) as a model. Syst Biol 52:428–435
Bebber DP et al (2012) Big hitting collectors make massive and disproportionate contribution to the discovery of plant species. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 279(1736):2269–2274
Thiers B (2019) Index herbarium: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/
Bebber DP, Carine MA, Wood JRI, Wortley AH, Harris DJ, Prance GT, Davidse G, Paige J, Pennington TD, Robson NKB, Scotland RW (2010) Herbaria are a major frontier for species discovery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:22169–22171
Fontaine B, Perrard A, Bouchet P (2012) 21 years of shelf life between discovery and description of new species. Curr Biol 22(22):R943–R944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.029
Le Bras G, Pignal M, Jeanson ML, Muller S, Aupic C, Carré B, Flament G, Gaudeul M, Gonçalves C, Invernón VR, Jabbour F, Lerat E, Lowry PP, Offroy B, Pérez Pimparé E, Poncy O, Rouhan G, Haevermans T (2017) The French Muséum national d’histoire naturelle vascular plant herbarium collection dataset. Scientific Data 4:170016
Godfray HCJ, Clark BR, Kitching IJ, Mayo SJ, Scoble MJ (2007) The web and the structure of taxonomy. Syst Biol 56:943–955
Knapp S, McNeill J, Turland NJ (2011) Changes to publication requirements made at the XVIII International Botanical Congress in Melbourne - what does e-publication mean for you? PhytoKeys (6):5–11
Nicolson N, Challis K, Tucker A, Knapp S (2017) Impact of e-publication changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code, 2012) - did we need to “run for our lives”? BMC Evol Biol 17:116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0961
Hebert PDN, Gregory TR (2005) The promise of DNA barcoding for taxonomy. Syst Biol 54:852–859
Savolainen V, Cowan RS, Vogler AP, Roderick GK, Lane R (2005) Towards writing the encyclopaedia of life: an introduction to DNA barcoding. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 360:1805–1811
Wiens JJ (2007) Species delimitation: new approaches for discovering diversity. Syst Biol 56:875–878
Pannell JR (2009) Mating-system evolution: succeeding by celibacy. Curr Biol 19:R983–R985
Hood ME, Antonovics J (2003) Plant species descriptions show signs of disease. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 270:S156–S158
Duminil J, Di Michele M (2009) Plant species delimitation: a comparison of morphological and molecular markers. Plant Biosystems 143:528–542
Bickford D, Lohman DJ, Sodhi NS, Ng PKL, Meier R, Winker K, Ingram KK, Das I (2007) Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 22:148–155
Grundt HH, Kjolner S, Borgen L, Rieseberg LH, Brochmann C (2006) High biological species diversity in the arctic flora. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:972–975
Pillon Y, Hopkins HCF, Munzinger J, Amir H, Chase MW (2009) Cryptic species, gene recombination and hybridization in the genus Spiraeanthemum (Cunoniaceae) from New Caledonia. Bot J Linn Soc 161:137–152
Dulvy NK, Reynolds JD (2009) BIODIVERSITY skates on thin ice. Nature 462:417–417
Robertson A, Newton AC, Ennos RA (2004) Multiple hybrid origins, genetic diversity and population genetic structure of two endemic Sorbus taxa on the Isle of Arran, Scotland. Mol Ecol 13:123–134
Squirrell J, Hollingsworth PM, Bateman RM, Tebbitt MC, Hollingsworth ML (2002) Taxonomic complexity and breeding system transitions: conservation genetics of the Epipactis leptochila complex (Orchidaceae). Mol Ecol 11:1957–1964
van Dijk PJ (2003) Ecological and evolutionary opportunities of apomixis: insights from Taraxacum and Chondrilla. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 358:1113–1121
Ennos RA, French GC, Hollingsworth PM (2005) Conserving taxonomic complexity. Trends Ecol Evol 20:164–168
Ennos RA, Whitlock R, Fay MF, Jones B, Neaves LE, Payne R, Taylor I, De Vere N, Hollingsworth PM (2012) Process-based species action plans: an approach to conserve contemporary evolutionary processes that sustain diversity in taxonomically complex groups. Bot J Linn Soc 168:194–203
Li FW, Tan BC, Buchbender V, Moran RC, Rouhan G, Wang CN, Quandt D (2009) Identifying a mysterious aquatic fern gametophyte. Plant Syst Evol 281:77–86
Van Deynze A, Stoffel K (2006) High-throughput DNA extraction from seeds. Seed Sci Technol 34:741–745
Asif MJ, Cannon CH (2005) DNA extraction from processed wood: a case study for the identification of an endangered timber species (Gonystylus bancanus). Plant Mol Biol Report 23:185–192
Colpaert N, Cavers S, Bandou E, Caron H, Gheysen G, Lowe AJ (2005) Sampling tissue for DNA analysis of trees: trunk cambium as an alternative to canopy leaves. Silvae Genetica 54:265–269
Rachmayanti Y, Leinemann L, Gailing O, Finkeldey R (2006) Extraction, amplification and characterization of wood DNA from Dipterocarpaceae. Plant Mol Biol Report 24:45–55
Tibbits JFG, McManus LJ, Spokevicius AV, Bossinger G (2006) A rapid method for tissue collection and high-throughput isolation of genomic DNA from mature trees. Plant Mol Biol Report 24:81–91
Novaes RML, Rodrigues JG, Lovato MB (2009) An efficient protocol for tissue sampling and DNA isolation from the stem bark of Leguminosae trees. Genet Mol Res 8:86–96
Deguilloux MF, Pemonge MH, Petit RJ (2002) Novel perspectives in wood certification and forensics: dry wood as a source of DNA. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 269:1039–1046
Hiiesalu I, Opik M, Metsis M, Lilje L, Davison J, Vasar M, Moora M, Zobel M, Wilson SD, Partel M (2012) Plant species richness belowground: higher richness and new patterns revealed by next-generation sequencing. Mol Ecol 21:2004–2016
Kesanakurti PR, Fazekas AJ, Burgess KS, Percy DM, Newmaster SG, Graham SW, Barrett SCH, Hajibabaei M, Husband BC (2011) Spatial patterns of plant diversity below-ground as revealed by DNA barcoding. Mol Ecol 20:1289–1302
Dunn CP (2003) Keeping taxonomy based in morphology. Trends Ecol Evol 18:270–271
Santos LM, Faria LRR (2011) The taxonomy’s new clothes: a little more about the DNA-based taxonomy. Zootaxa 3025:66–68
Schaefer H, Carine MA, Rumsey FJ (2011) From European priority species to invasive weed: Marsilea azorica (Marsileaceae) is a misidentified alien. Syst Bot 36:845–853
Launert GOE, Paiva JAR (1983) Iconographia selecta florae Azoricae. Coimbra 2:159
Lipscomb D, Platnick N, Wheeler Q (2003) The intellectual content of taxonomy: a comment on DNA taxonomy. Trends Ecol Evol 18:65–66
Sites JW, Marshall JC (2004) Operational criteria for delimiting species. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:199–227
Stace CA (2005) Plant taxonomy and biosystematics - does DNA provide all the answers? Taxon 54:999–1007
Linder CR, Rieseberg LH (2004) Reconstructing patterns of reticulate evolution UN plants. Am J Bot 91:1700–1708
Vriesendorp B, Bakker FT (2005) Reconstructing patterns of reticulate evolution in angiosperms: what can we do? Taxon 54:593–604
Egan AN, Schlueter J, Spooner DM (2012) Applications of next-generation sequencing in plant biology. Am J Bot 99:175–185
Harrison N, Kidner CA (2011) Next-generation sequencing and systematics: what can a billion base pairs of DNA sequence data do for you? Taxon 60:1552–1566
Straub SCK, Parks M, Weitemier K, Fishbein M, Cronn RC, Liston A (2012) Navigating the tip of the genomic iceberg: next-generation sequencing for plant systematics. Am J Bot 99:349–364
Bakker FT (2015) DNA sequences from plant herbarium tissue (Chapter 8). In: Hörandl E, Appelhans MS (eds) Next-generation sequencing in plant systematics. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT). https://doi.org/10.14630/000009
Richardson JE, Pennington RT, Pennington TD, Hollingsworth PM (2001) Rapid diversification of a species-rich genus of neotropical rain forest trees. Science 293:2242–2245
Baldwin BG, Sanderson MJ (1998) Age and rate of diversification of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:9402–9406
Wang AL, Yang MH, Liu JQ (2005) Molecular phylogeny, recent radiation and evolution of gross morphology of the rhubarb genus Rheum (Polygonaceae) inferred from chloroplast DNA trnL-F sequences. Ann Bot 96:489–498
Hodges SA, Arnold ML (1994) Columbines - a geographically widespread species flock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:5129–5132
Linder HP (2008) Plant species radiations: where, when, why? Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 363:3097–3105
Tautz D, Arctander P, Minelli A, Thomas RH, Vogler AP (2003) A plea for DNA taxonomy. Trends Ecol Evol 18:70–74
Hey J, Pinho C (2012) Population genetics and objectivity in species diagnosis. Evolution 66:1413–1429
Knowles L, Carstens B (2007) Delimiting species without monophyletic gene trees. Syst Biol 56:887–895
Staats M, Cuenca A, Richardson JE, Vrielink-van Ginkel R, Petersen G, Seberg O, Bakker FT (2011) DNA damage in plant herbarium tissue. PLoS One 6:e28448
Seberg O, Humphries CJ, Knapp S, Stevenson DW, Petersen G, Scharff N, Andersen NM (2003) Shortcuts in systematics? A commentary on DNA-based taxonomy. Trends Ecol Evol 18:63–65
Lister DL, Bower MA, Howe CJ, Jones MK (2008) Extraction and amplification of nuclear DNA from herbarium specimens of emmer wheat: a method for assessing DNA preservation by maximum amplicon length recovery. Taxon 57:254–258
Wandeler P, Hoeck PEA, Keller LF (2007) Back to the future: museum specimens in population genetics. Trends Ecol Evol 22:634–642
Cozzolino S, Cafasso D, Pellegrino G, Musacchio A, Widmer A (2007) Genetic variation in time and space: the use of herbarium specimens to reconstruct patterns of genetic variation in the endangered orchid Anacamptis palustris. Conserv Genet 8:629–639
Erkens RHJ, Cross H, Maas JW, Hoenselaar K, Chatrou LW (2008) Assessment of age and greenness of herbarium specimens as predictors for successful extraction and amplification of DNA. Blumea 53:407–428
Drabkova L, Kirschner J, Vlcek C (2002) Comparison of seven DNA extraction and amplification protocols in historical herbarium specimens of Juncaceae. Plant Mol Biol Report 20:161–175
Jankowiak K, Buczkowska K, Szweykowska-Kulinska Z (2005) Successful extraction of DNA from 100-year-old herbarium specimens of the liverwort Bazzania trilobata. Taxon 54:335–336
Korpelainen H, Pietilainen M (2008) Effort to reconstruct past population history in the fern Blechnum spicant. J Plant Res 121:293–298
Savolainen V, Cuenoud P, Spichiger R, Martinez MDP, Crevecoeur M, Manen JF (1995) The use of herbarium specimens in DNA Phylogenetics - evaluation and improvement. Plant Syst Evol 197:87–98
Ribeiro RA, Lovato MB (2007) Comparative analysis of different DNA extraction protocols in fresh and herbarium specimens of the genus Dalbergia. Genet Mol Res 6:173–187
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Andreasen K, Manktelow M, Razafimandimbison SG (2009) Successful DNA amplification of a more than 200-year-old herbarium specimen: recovering genetic material from the Linnaean era. Taxon 58:959–962
Ames M, Spooner DM (2008) DNA from herbarium specimens settles a controversy about origins of the European potato. Am J Bot 95:252–257
Walters C, Reilley AA, Reeves PA, Baszczak J, Richards CM (2006) The utility of aged seeds in DNA banks. Seed Sci Res 16:169–178
Alves RJV, Machado MD (2007) Is classical taxonomy obsolete? Taxon 56:287–288
DeSalle R, Egan MG, Siddall M (2005) The unholy trinity: taxonomy, species delimitation and DNA barcoding. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 360:1905–1916
DeSalle R (2006) Species discovery versus species identification in DNA barcoding efforts: response to Rubinoff. Conserv Biol 20:1545–1547
Schlick-Steiner BC, Steiner FM, Seifert B, Stauffer C, Christian E, Crozier RH (2010) Integrative taxonomy: a multisource approach to exploring biodiversity. Annu Rev Entomol 55:421–438
Dayrat B (2005) Towards integrative taxonomy. Biol J Linn Soc 85:407–415
Wheeler QD (2005) Losing the plot: DNA “barcodes” and taxonomy. Cladistics 21:405–407
Corney DPA, Clark JY, Tang HT, Wilkin P (2012) Automatic extraction of leaf characters from herbarium specimens. Taxon 61(1):231–244
Raxworthy CJ, Ingram CM, Rabibisoa N, Pearson RG (2007) Applications of ecological niche modeling for species delimitation: a review and empirical evaluation using day geckos (Phelsuma) from Madagascar. Syst Biol 56:907–923
Rissler LJ, Apodaca JJ (2007) Adding more ecology into species delimitation: ecological niche models and phylogeography help define cryptic species in the black salamander (Aneides flavipunctatus). Syst Biol 56:924–942
Wiens JJ, Graham CH (2005) Niche conservatism: integrating evolution, ecology, and conservation biology. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 36:519–539
Brautigam A, Gowik U (2010) What can next generation sequencing do for you? Next generation sequencing as a valuable tool in plant research. Plant Biol 12:831–841
Cronn R, Knaus BJ, Liston A, Maughan PJ, Parks M, Syring JV, Udall J (2012) Targeted enrichment strategies for next-generation plant biology. Am J Bot 99:291–311
Rodriguez-Fernandez JI, De Carvalho CJB, Pasquini C, De Lima KMG, Moura MO, Arizaga GGC (2011) Barcoding without DNA? Species identification using near infrared spectroscopy. Zootaxa 46–54
Munck L, Jespersen BM, Rinnan A, Seefeldt HF, Engelsen MM, Norgaard L, Engelsen SB (2010) A physiochemical theory on the applicability of soft mathematical models-experimentally interpreted. J Chemom 24:481–495
Cruickshank RH, Munck L (2011) It’s barcoding Jim, but not as we know it. Zootaxa 2933:55–56
Andres-Sanchez S, Rico E, Herrero A, Santos-Vicente M, Martinez-Ortega MM (2009) Combining traditional morphometrics and molecular markers in cryptic taxa: towards an updated integrative taxonomic treatment for Veronica subgenus Pentasepalae (Plantaginaceae sensu APG II) in the western Mediterranean. Bot J Linn Soc 159:68–87
Schlick-Steiner BC, Seifert B, Stauffer C, Christian E, Crozier RH, Steiner FM (2007) Without morphology, cryptic species stay in taxonomic crypsis following discovery. Trends Ecol Evol 22:391–392
Blaxter M, Mann J, Chapman T, Thomas F, Whitton C, Floyd R, Abebe E (2005) Defining operational taxonomic units using DNA barcode data. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 360:1935–1943
Markmann M, Tautz D (2005) Reverse taxonomy: an approach towards determining the diversity of meiobenthic organisms based on ribosomal RNA signature sequences. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 360:1917–1924
Pleijel F, Jondelius U, Norlinder E, Nygren A, Oxelman B, Schander C, Sundberg P, Thollesson M (2008) Phylogenies without roots? A plea for the use of vouchers in molecular phylogenetic studies. Mol Phylogenet Evol 48:369–371
Puillandre N, Bouchet P, Boisselier-Dubayle MC, Brisset J, Buge B, Castelin M, Chagnoux S, Christophe T, Corbari L, Lambourdiere J, Lozouet P, Marani G, Rivasseau A, Silva N, Terryn Y, Tillier S, Utge J, Samadi S (2012) New taxonomy and old collections: integrating DNA barcoding into the collection curation process. Mol Ecol Resour 12:396–402
Gemeinholzer B, Bachmann K (2005) Examining morphological and molecular diagnostic character states of Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) and C-spinosum L. Plant Syst Evol 253:105–123
Bacon CD, McKenna MJ, Simmons MP, Wagner WL (2012) Evaluating multiple criteria for species delimitation: an empirical example using Hawaiian palms (Arecaceae: Pritchardia). BMC Evol Biol 12:23
Barrett CF, Freudenstein JV (2011) An integrative approach to delimiting species in a rare but widespread mycoheterotrophic orchid. Mol Ecol 20:2771–2786
Koffi KG, Heuertz M, Doumenge C, Onana JM, Gavory F, Hardy OJ (2010) A combined analysis of morphological traits, chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences within Santiria trimera (Burseraceae) suggests several species following the biological species concept. Plant Ecol Evol 143:160–169
Ley AC, Hardy OJ (2010) Species delimitation in the central African herbs Haumania (Marantaceae) using georeferenced nuclear and chloroplastic DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 57:859–867
Meudt HM, Lockhart PJ, Bryant D (2009) Species delimitation and phylogeny of a New Zealand plant species radiation. BMC Evol Biol 9:111
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Schmidt-Lebuhn AN (2007) Using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to unravel species relationships and delimitations in Minthostachys (Labiatae). Bot J Linn Soc 153:9–19
Zeng YF, Liao WJ, Petit RJ, Zhang DY (2010) Exploring species limits in two closely related Chinese oaks. PLoS One 5:e15529
Rieseberg LH, Troy TE, Baack EJ (2006) The nature of plant species. Nature 440:524–527
de Queiroz K (2005) Ernst Mayr and the modern concept of species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:6600–6607
de Queiroz K (2007) Species concepts and species delimitation. Syst Biol 56(6):879–886
Wright S (1940) The statistical consequences of Mendelian heredity in relation to speciation. In: Huxley J (ed) The new systematics. Oxford university press, London, pp 161–183
Mayr E (1942) Systematics and the origin of species. Columbia university press, New York
Dobzhansky T (1950) Mendelian populations and their evolution. Am Nat 84:401–418
Poulton EB (1904) What is a species? Proc Entomol Soc Lond 1903:lxxviicxvi
Dobzhansky T (1970) Genetics of the evolutionary process. Columbia University Press, New York
Sokal RR, Crovello TJ (1970) The biological species concept: a critical evaluation. Am Nat 104:107–123
Van Valen L (1976) Ecological species, multispecies, and oaks. Taxon 25:233–239
Simpson GG (1951) The species concept. Evolution 5:285–298
Wiley EO (1978) The evolutionary species concept reconsidered. Syst Zool 21:17–26
Cracraft J (1989) Speciation and its ontology: the empirical consequences of alternative species concepts for understanding patterns and processes of differentiation. In: Otte D, Endler JA (eds) Speciation and its consequences. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, pp 28–59
Rosen DE (1979) Fishes from the uplands and intermontane basins of Guatemala: revisionary studies and comparative geography. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 162:267–376
Donoghue MJ (1985) A critique of the biological species concept and recommendations for a phylogenetic alternative. Bryologist 88:172–181
Mishler BD (1985) The morphological, developmental, and phylogenetic basis of species concepts in bryophytes. Bryologist 88:207–214
Baum DA, Shaw KL (1995) Genealogical perspectives on the species problem. In: Hoch PC, Stephenson AG (eds) Experimental and molecular approaches to plant biosystematics. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, pp 289–303
Mallet J (1995) A species definition for the modern synthesis. Trends Ecol Evol 10:294–299
Templeton AR (1998) Species and speciation: geography, population structure, ecology, and gene trees. In: Howard DJ, Berlocher SH (eds) Endless forms: species and speciation. Oxford university press, New York, pp 32–43
Sites JW, Marshall JC (2003) Delimiting species: a renaissance issue in systematic biology. Trends Ecol Evol 18(9):462–470
Download references
Author information
Authors and affiliations.
Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, Paris, France
Germinal Rouhan & Myriam Gaudeul
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Germinal Rouhan .
Editor information
Editors and affiliations.
UMR PVBMT, Universite de la Reunion, St Pierre, Réunion, France
Pascale Besse
Rights and permissions
Reprints and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Rouhan, G., Gaudeul, M. (2021). Plant Taxonomy: A Historical Perspective, Current Challenges, and Perspectives. In: Besse, P. (eds) Molecular Plant Taxonomy. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2222. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0997-2_1
Download citation
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0997-2_1
Published : 11 December 2020
Publisher Name : Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN : 978-1-0716-0996-5
Online ISBN : 978-1-0716-0997-2
eBook Packages : Springer Protocols
- Publish with us
Policies and ethics
- Find a journal
- Track your research
![](http://charunivedita.online/777/templates/cheerup2/res/banner1.gif)
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Hao Cheng. Sung Shu Chien (钱崇澍, 1883-1965) (Fig. 1) was a famous botanist and educator in China, one of the founders of Chinese plant taxonomy, plant physiology, geobotany, and floristics ...
The research was aimed to find out what concepts and methods of learning plant taxonomy, and find out the objects and methods in plant taxonomy research. Seventeen articles published from 2005-2019 were selected as the review materials. Nine articles were about learning the plant taxonomy, and eight articles were about research on plant taxonomy.
PDF | On Nov 21, 2018, Nadia Haider published A Brief Review on Plant Taxonomy and its Components, Jour Pl Sci Res 34 (2) 275-290 | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. ... "Advances in Plant Taxonomy and ...
Published on behalf of the International Association of Plant Taxonomy, TAXON is the leading international journal devoted to systematics, phylogeny, and taxonomy of algae, fungi, and plants. It also publishes papers on methodology, botanical history, biography, bibliography and related subjects, opinion pieces, commentaries, and new perspectives, and publishes a number of regular columns ...
Dear Colleagues, As is apparent from the title, this Topical Collection "Feature Papers in Plant Systematics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Classification" aims to collect high-quality research articles, short communications, and review articles in all fields about the latest studies and feature papers in plant systematics, taxonomy, nomenclature and classification.
The versions of WCVP and WFO were c. 3-6 months older than those of LCVP and WP, pointing at the pace with which plant taxonomy is changing and the effort needed to incorporate recent changes into the checklists. More importantly, all checklists included more accepted names within Meliaceae than the expert list.
Abstract. Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science that provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound ...
Welcomes interdisciplinary studies and newly developing areas of basic plant biology. Papers should be hypothesis-driven, not purely descriptive. Manuscripts in applied plant sciences accepted only if they contribute to basic plant sciences. Covers a broad range of disciplines including taxonomy, phylogeny, evolutionary biology, and more.
TAXON is the leading international journal devoted to systematics, phylogeny and taxonomy of algae, fungi, and plants. It also accepts papers on methodology, It also accepts papers on methodology, botanical history, biography, bibliography and related subjects, accepts opinion pieces, commentaries and new perspectives, and publishes a number of ...
In the Special Issue "Advances in Plant Taxonomy and Systematics", all the topics previously mentioned were addressed in 15 high-quality and original studies, involving plant groups and researchers from all continents. In particular, the phylogeny and biogeography of Mammilloid cacti from Mexico (Cactaceae, eudicots) [ 22 ], Euphorbiaceae ...
Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. ... Plant Phylogeny, Taxonomy and ...
Taxonomy is a discipline in biological science related to the identification, description, classification, and. naming of the organisms at the level of species or other taxa [1]. Plant taxonomy ...
Abstract. Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science, which provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound ...
Plants / classification*. Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science, which provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an in ….
Abstract. Modern plant taxonomy is an extensive field that is increasingly benefiting from achievements in many other fields of the biological sciences, such as genetics, cytology, molecular ...
The species of classical taxonomy are examined with a view to their future role in integrative taxonomy. Taxonomic species are presented as the products of a cyclic workflow between taxonomists and biologists in general, and as the essential means to express the results of evolutionary biological research in a cognitive form which can be widely understood outside the systematics research ...
A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the ...
Taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of discovering, naming, and describing the species diversity on our planet. Ongoing research in this area involves focused taxonomic research, and especially the International Plant Names Index (IPNI) . IPNI is a dynamic nomenclatural database containing essential bibliographical details on plant names.
Classification of organisms have been started from the beginning of human existence basing. on their need, shelter, food and medicine. Whenever it started, plant taxonomy has at least six ...
Plant Taxonomy p. 3 . research the of natural resources that the planet offered to colonial expansion. Museums and wealth botanical gardens were being established in London, Paris, Berlin, or Madrid to showcase the extraordinary diversity of life on earth (and the imperial power of European nations).
Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science, which provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound hypothesis-driven scientific discipline.
In a first part, we underline that plant taxonomy is one of the earliest scientific disciplines that emerged thousands of years ago, even before the important contributions of the Greeks and Romans (e.g., Theo-phrastus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides). In the fifteenth-sixteenth centuries, plant taxonomy benefited