essay questions about philippine history

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Pre-Spanish history of the Philippines

The spanish period in the philippines, the 19th century in the philippines, the philippine revolution, the period of u.s. influence.

• World War II
• The early republic
• Martial law
• The downfall of Marcos and return of democratic government
• The Philippines since c. 1990

history of the Philippines

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• American Historical Association - When Did Philippine History Begin?
• GlobalSecurity.org - Philippines History
• Philippine History - Synopsis of Philippine History
• Association for Asian Studies - The Philippines: An Overview of the Colonial Era
• Marimari.com - History of Philippines
• he Philippines and the University of Michigan, 1870-1935! - The Philippines: Historical Overview
• Table Of Contents

history of the Philippines , a survey of notable events and people in the history of the Philippines . The Philippines takes its name from Philip II , who was king of Spain during the Spanish colonization of the islands in the 16th century. Because it was under Spanish rule for 333 years and under U.S. tutelage for a further 48 years, the Philippines has many cultural affinities with the West. The country was wracked by political turmoil in the last quarter of the 20th century. After enduring more than a decade of authoritarian rule under Pres. Ferdinand Marcos , the broadly popular People Power movement in 1986 led a bloodless uprising against the regime. The confrontation resulted not only in the ouster and exile of Marcos but also in the restoration of democratic government to the Philippines.

The Philippines is the only country in Southeast Asia that was subjected to Western colonization before it had the opportunity to develop either a centralized government ruling over a large territory or a dominant culture . In ancient times the inhabitants of the Philippines were a diverse agglomeration of peoples who arrived in various waves of immigration from the Asian mainland and who maintained little contact with each other. Contact with Chinese traders was recorded in 982, and some cultural influences from South Asia , such as a Sanskrit -based writing system, were carried to the islands by the Indonesian empires of Srivijaya (7th–13th century) and Majapahit (13th–16th century); but in comparison with other parts of the region, the influence of both China and India on the Philippines was of little importance. The peoples of the Philippine archipelago, unlike most of the other peoples of Southeast Asia, never adopted Hinduism or Buddhism .

According to what can be inferred from somewhat later accounts, the Filipinos of the 15th century must have engaged primarily in shifting cultivation , hunting , and fishing . Sedentary cultivation was the exception. Only in the mountains of northern Luzon , where elaborate rice terraces were built some 2,000 years ago, were livelihood and social organization linked to a fixed territory. The lowland peoples lived in extended kinship groups known as barangay s , each under the leadership of a datu , or chieftain. The barangay , which ordinarily numbered no more than a few hundred individuals, was usually the largest stable economic and political unit.

Within the barangay the status system, though not rigid, appears to have consisted of three broad classes: the datu and his family and the nobility, freeholders, and “dependents.” This third category consisted of three levels—sharecroppers, debt peons , and war captives—the last two levels being termed “slaves” by Spanish observers. The status of the debt peons and war captives was inherited but, through manumission and interclass marriage, seldom extended over more than two generations. The fluidity of the social system was in part the consequence of a bilateral kinship system in which lineage was reckoned equally through the male and female lines. Marriage was apparently stable, though divorce was socially acceptable under certain circumstances.

Early Filipinos followed various local religions, a mixture of monotheism and polytheism in which the latter dominated. The propitiation of spirits required numerous rituals, but there was no obvious religious hierarchy . In religion, as in social structure and economic activity, there was considerable variation between—and even within—islands.

This pattern began to change in the 15th century, however, when Islam was introduced to Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago through Brunei on the island of Borneo . Along with changes in religious beliefs and practices came new political and social institutions. By the mid-16th century two sultanates had been established, bringing under their sway a number of barangay s. A powerful datu as far north as Manila embraced Islam. It was in the midst of this wave of Islamic proselytism that the Spanish arrived. Had the Spanish come a century later or had their motives been strictly commercial, Filipinos today might be a predominantly Muslim people.

Spanish colonial motives were not, however, strictly commercial. The Spanish at first viewed the Philippines as a stepping-stone to the riches of the East Indies (Spice Islands), but, even after the Portuguese and Dutch had foreclosed that possibility, the Spanish still maintained their presence in the archipelago.

The Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan headed the first Spanish foray to the Philippines when he made landfall on Cebu in March 1521; a short time later he met an untimely death on the nearby island of Mactan . After King Philip II had dispatched three further expeditions that ended in disaster, he sent Miguel López de Legazpi , who established the first permanent Spanish settlement, in Cebu, in 1565. The Spanish city of Manila was founded in 1571, and by the end of the 16th century most of the coastal and lowland areas from Luzon to northern Mindanao were under Spanish control. Friars marched with soldiers and soon accomplished the nominal conversion to Roman Catholicism of all the local people under Spanish administration. But the Muslims of Mindanao and Sulu, whom the Spanish called Moros , were never completely subdued by Spain.

Spanish rule for the first 100 years was exercised in most areas through a type of tax farming imported from the Americas and known as the encomienda . But abusive treatment of the local tribute payers and neglect of religious instruction by encomenderos (collectors of the tribute), as well as frequent withholding of revenues from the crown, caused the Spanish to abandon the system by the end of the 17th century. The governor-general, himself appointed by the king, began to appoint his own civil and military governors to rule directly.

Central government in Manila retained a medieval cast until the 19th century, and the governor-general was so powerful that he was often likened to an independent monarch. He dominated the Audiencia , or high court, was captain-general of the armed forces, and enjoyed the privilege of engaging in commerce for private profit.

Manila dominated the islands not only as the political capital. The galleon trade with Acapulco , Mexico , assured Manila’s commercial primacy as well. The exchange of Chinese silks for Mexican silver not only kept in Manila those Spanish who were seeking quick profit, but it also attracted a large Chinese community . The Chinese, despite being the victims of periodic massacres at the hands of the Spanish, persisted and soon established a dominance of commerce that survived through the centuries.

Manila was also the ecclesiastical capital of the Philippines. The governor-general was civil head of the church in the islands, but the archbishop vied with him for political supremacy. In the late 17th and 18th centuries the archbishop, who also had the legal status of lieutenant governor, frequently won. Augmenting their political power, religious orders, Roman Catholic hospitals and schools, and bishops acquired great wealth, mostly in land. Royal grants and devises formed the core of their holdings, but many arbitrary extensions were made beyond the boundaries of the original grants.

The power of the church derived not simply from wealth and official status. The priests and friars had a command of local languages rare among the lay Spanish, and in the provinces they outnumbered civil officials. Thus, they were an invaluable source of information to the colonial government. The cultural goal of the Spanish clergy was nothing less than the full Christianization and Hispanization of the Filipino. In the first decades of missionary work, local religions were vigorously suppressed; old practices were not tolerated. But as the Christian laity grew in number and the zeal of the clergy waned, it became increasingly difficult to prevent the preservation of ancient beliefs and customs under Roman Catholic garb. Thus, even in the area of religion, pre-Spanish Filipino culture was not entirely destroyed.

Economic and political institutions were also altered under Spanish impact but perhaps less thoroughly than in the religious realm. The priests tried to move all the people into pueblos, or villages, surrounding the great stone churches. But the dispersed demographic patterns of the old barangay s largely persisted. Nevertheless, the datu ’s once hereditary position became subject to Spanish appointment.

Agricultural technology changed very slowly until the late 18th century, as shifting cultivation gradually gave way to more intensive sedentary farming, partly under the guidance of the friars. The socioeconomic consequences of the Spanish policies that accompanied this shift reinforced class differences. The datu s and other representatives of the old noble class took advantage of the introduction of the Western concept of absolute ownership of land to claim as their own fields cultivated by their various retainers, even though traditional land rights had been limited to usufruct. These heirs of pre-Spanish nobility were known as the principalia and played an important role in the friar-dominated local government.

By the late 18th century, political and economic changes in Europe were finally beginning to affect Spain and, thus, the Philippines. Important as a stimulus to trade was the gradual elimination of the monopoly enjoyed by the galleon to Acapulco. The last galleon arrived in Manila in 1815, and by the mid-1830s Manila was open to foreign merchants almost without restriction. The demand for Philippine sugar and abaca (hemp) grew apace, and the volume of exports to Europe expanded even further after the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869.

The growth of commercial agriculture resulted in the appearance of a new class. Alongside the landholdings of the church and the rice estates of the pre-Spanish nobility there arose haciendas of coffee , hemp , and sugar , often the property of enterprising Chinese-Filipino mestizos. Some of the families that gained prominence in the 19th century have continued to play an important role in Philippine economics and politics.

Not until 1863 was there public education in the Philippines, and even then the church controlled the curriculum. Less than one-fifth of those who went to school could read and write Spanish, and far fewer could speak it properly. The limited higher education in the colony was entirely under clerical direction, but by the 1880s many sons of the wealthy were sent to Europe to study. There, nationalism and a passion for reform blossomed in the liberal atmosphere. Out of this talented group of overseas Filipino students arose what came to be known as the Propaganda Movement . Magazines , newspapers , poetry , and pamphleteering flourished , most notably the biweekly paper La Solidaridad , which began publication in 1889. José Rizal , this movement’s most brilliant figure, produced two political novels— Noli me tangere (1887; Touch Me Not ) and El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed )—which had a wide impact in the Philippines. In 1892 Rizal returned home and formed the Liga Filipina, a modest reform-minded society, loyal to Spain, that breathed no word of independence. But Rizal was quickly arrested by the overly fearful Spanish, exiled to a remote island in the south, and executed in 1896. Meanwhile, within the Philippines there had developed a firm commitment to independence among a somewhat less privileged class.

Shocked by the arrest of Rizal in 1892, these activists quickly formed the Katipunan under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio , a self-educated warehouseman. The Katipunan was dedicated to the expulsion of the Spanish from the islands, and preparations were made for armed revolt. Filipino rebels had been numerous in the history of Spanish rule, but now for the first time they were inspired by nationalist ambitions and possessed the education needed to make success a real possibility.

In August 1896, Spanish friars uncovered evidence of the Katipunan’s plans, and its leaders were forced into premature action. Revolts broke out in several provinces around Manila. After months of fighting, severe Spanish retaliation forced the revolutionary armies to retreat to the hills. In December 1897 a truce was concluded with the Spanish. Emilio Aguinaldo , a municipal mayor and commander of the rebel forces, was paid a large sum and was allowed to go to Hong Kong with other leaders; the Spanish promised reforms as well. But reforms were slow in coming, and small bands of rebels, distrustful of Spanish promises, kept their arms; clashes grew more frequent.

Meanwhile, war had broken out between Spain and the United States (the Spanish-American War ). After the U.S. naval victory in the Battle of Manila Bay in May 1898, Aguinaldo and his entourage returned to the Philippines with the help of Adm. George Dewey . Confident of U.S. support, Aguinaldo reorganized his forces and soon liberated several towns south of Manila. Independence was declared on June 12 (now celebrated as Independence Day). In September a constitutional congress met in Malolos , north of Manila, which drew up a fundamental law derived from European and Latin American precedents. A government was formed on the basis of that constitution in January 1899, with Aguinaldo as president of the new country, popularly known as the “Malolos Republic.”

Meanwhile, U.S. troops had landed in Manila and, with important Filipino help, forced the capitulation in August 1898 of the Spanish commander there. The Americans, however, would not let Filipino forces enter the city. It was soon apparent to Aguinaldo and his advisers that earlier expressions of sympathy for Filipino independence by Dewey and U.S. consular officials in Hong Kong had little significance. They felt betrayed.

U.S. commissioners to the peace negotiations in Paris had been instructed to demand from Spain the cession of the Philippines to the United States; such cession was confirmed with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. Ratification followed in the U.S. Senate in February 1899, but with only one vote more than the required two-thirds. Arguments of “ manifest destiny ” could not overwhelm a determined anti-imperialist minority.

By the time the treaty was ratified, hostilities had already broken out between U.S. and Filipino forces. Since Filipino leaders did not recognize U.S. sovereignty over the islands and U.S. commanders gave no weight to Filipino claims of independence, the conflict was inevitable. It took two years of counterinsurgency warfare and some wise conciliatory moves in the political arena to break the back of the nationalist resistance. Aguinaldo was captured in March 1901 and shortly thereafter appealed to his countrymen to accept U.S. rule.

The Filipino revolutionary movement had two goals, national and social. The first goal, independence, though realized briefly, was frustrated by the American decision to continue administering the islands. The goal of fundamental social change , manifest in the nationalization of friar lands by the Malolos Republic, was ultimately frustrated by the power and resilience of entrenched institutions. Share tenants who had rallied to Aguinaldo’s cause, partly for economic reasons, merely exchanged one landlord for another. In any case, the proclamation of a republic in 1898 had marked the Filipinos as the first Asian people to try to throw off European colonial rule.

The juxtaposition of U.S. democracy and imperial rule over a subject people was sufficiently jarring to most Americans that, from the beginning, the training of Filipinos for self-government and ultimate independence—the Malolos Republic was conveniently ignored—was an essential rationalization for U.S. hegemony in the islands. Policy differences between the two main political parties in the United States focused on the speed with which self-government should be extended and the date on which independence should be granted.

In 1899 Pres. William McKinley sent to the Philippines a five-person fact-finding commission headed by Cornell University president Jacob G. Schurman. Schurman reported back that Filipinos wanted ultimate independence, but this had no immediate impact on policy. McKinley sent the Second Philippine Commission in 1900, under William Howard Taft ; by July 1901 it had established civil government.

In 1907 the Philippine Commission , which had been acting as both legislature and governor-general’s cabinet, became the upper house of a bicameral body. The new 80-member Philippine Assembly was directly elected by a somewhat restricted electorate from single-member districts, making it the first elective legislative body in Southeast Asia. When Gov.- Gen. Francis Burton Harrison appointed a Filipino majority to the commission in 1913, the American voice in the legislative process was further reduced.

Harrison was the only governor-general appointed by a Democratic president in the first 35 years of U.S. rule. He had been sent by Woodrow Wilson with specific instructions to prepare the Philippines for ultimate independence, a goal that Wilson enthusiastically supported. During Harrison’s term, a Democratic-controlled Congress in Washington, D.C., hastened to fulfill long-standing campaign promises to the same end. The Jones Act , passed in 1916, would have fixed a definite date for the granting of independence if the Senate had had its way, but the House prevented such a move. In its final form the act merely stated that it was the “purpose of the people of the United States” to recognize Philippine independence “as soon as a stable government can be established therein.” Its greater importance was as a milestone in the development of Philippine autonomy . Under Jones Act provisions, the commission was abolished and was replaced by a 24-member Senate, almost wholly elected. The electorate was expanded to include all literate males.

Some substantial restrictions on Philippine autonomy remained, however. Defense and foreign affairs remained exclusive U.S. prerogatives . American direction of Philippine domestic affairs was exercised primarily through the governor-general and the executive branch of insular government. There was little more than one decade of thoroughly U.S. administration in the islands, however—too short a time in which to establish lasting patterns. Whereas Americans formed 51 percent of the civil service in 1903, they were only 29 percent in 1913 and 6 percent in 1923. By 1916 Filipino dominance in both the legislative and judicial branches of government also served to restrict the U.S. executive and administrative roles.

By 1925 the only American left in the governor-general’s cabinet was the secretary of public instruction, who was also the lieutenant governor-general. This is one indication of the high priority given to education in U.S. policy. In the initial years of U.S. rule, hundreds of schoolteachers came from the United States. But Filipino teachers were trained so rapidly that by 1927 they constituted nearly all of the 26,200 teachers in public schools. The school population expanded fivefold in a generation; education consumed half of governmental expenditures at all levels, and educational opportunity in the Philippines was greater than in any other colony in Asia.

As a consequence of this pedagogical explosion, literacy doubled to nearly half in the 1930s, and educated Filipinos acquired a common language and a linguistic key to Western civilization. By 1939 some one-fourth of the population could speak English, a larger proportion than for any of the native dialects . Perhaps more important was the new avenue of upward social mobility that education offered. Educational policy was the only successful U.S. effort to establish a sociocultural basis for political democracy.

American attempts to create equality of economic opportunity were more modest and less successful. In a predominantly agricultural country the pattern of landownership is crucial. The trend toward greater concentration of ownership, which began in the 19th century, continued during the American period, despite some legal barriers. Vast American-owned plantations were forestalled, but legal restrictions had little effect on those politically well-connected Filipinos who were intent on amassing fortunes. The percentage of farmers under share tenancy doubled between 1900 and 1935, and the frustration of the tenants erupted in three small rebellions in central Luzon during the 1920s and ’30s.

Nor was U.S. trade policy conducive to the diffusion of economic power. From 1909 the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act allowed free entry of Philippine products into the U.S. market, at the same time U.S. products, mostly manufactured, were exempted from tariff in the Philippines. The free flow of U.S. imports was a powerful deterrent to Philippine industrial growth. Export agriculture, especially sugar, prospered in the protected U.S. market. Owners of mills and large plantations profited most, thus reinforcing the political dominance of the landed elite.

American preparation of the Philippines for democratic self-government suffered from an inherent contradiction, perhaps not recognized at the time. Transferring governmental responsibility to those capable of undertaking it was not consistent with building a social and economic base for political democracy. Self-government meant, of necessity, assumption of power by those Filipinos who were already in positions of leadership in society. But those men came for the most part from the landed elite; preservation of their political and economic position was incompatible with equalizing opportunity. Even the expansion of an educated middle class did not necessarily result in a transformation of the pattern of power. Most middle-class aspirants for political leadership adjusted to the values and the practices of the existing power elite.

Filipino leaders quickly and skillfully utilized the opportunities for self-government that the Americans opened to them. The Filipino political genius was best reflected in an extralegal institution—the political party . The first party, the Federal Party , was U.S.-backed and stressed cooperation with the overlords, even to the point of statehood for the Philippines. But when openly nationalist appeals were allowed in the 1907 election, the Nacionalista Party, advocating independence, won overwhelmingly. The Federalists survived with a new name, Progressives, and a new platform, ultimate independence after social reform. But neither the Progressives nor their successors in the 1920s, the Democrats, ever gained more than one-third of the seats in the legislature. The Nacionalista Party under the leadership of Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmeña dominated Philippine politics from 1907 until independence.

More significant than the competition between the Nacionalistas and their opposition was the continuing rivalry between Quezon and Osmeña. In fact, understanding this personality conflict provides more insight into the realities of prewar Philippine politics than any examination of policy or ideology .

In 1933 the U.S. Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act , which set a date for Philippine independence. The act was a fulfillment of the vague pledge in the Jones Act; it was also responsive to the demands of a series of “independence missions” sent to Washington by the Philippine legislature. But this unprecedented transfer of sovereignty was decided upon in the dark days of the Great Depression of the 1930s—and with the help of some incongruous allies. The Depression had caused American farm interests to look desperately for relief, and those who suffered real or imaginary hurt from the competition of Philippine products sought to exclude those products. They had already failed in a direct attempt to amend the tariff on Philippine imports but found that the respectable cloak of the advocacy of independence increased the effectiveness of their efforts. Tied to independence was the end of free entry into American markets of Philippine sugar, coconut oil , rope, and other less important items. That those economic interests were able to accomplish what they did is partly explainable by the fact that their political clout was great compared with that of the small group of American traders and investors in the Philippines.

The Philippine legislature rejected the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, apparently as a result of the Osmeña-Quezon feud, much to the displeasure of American officialdom. But, when Quezon came to Washington the following year to work for a new bill, the same alliance of forces in the U.S. Congress obliged by producing the almost identical Tydings-McDuffie Act . Endorsed by Quezon and accepted with alacrity by the Manila legislature, it provided for a 10-year commonwealth during which the United States would retain jurisdiction over defense and foreign affairs. Filipinos were to draft their own constitution, subject to the approval of the U.S. president.

A constitutional convention was quickly elected and a constitution (which bore a strong resemblance to its U.S. model) framed and approved by plebiscite and by Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt . The last governor-general, Frank Murphy , became the first high commissioner, with more of a diplomatic than a governing role. The commonwealth was inaugurated on November 15, 1935. The Nacionalista Party patched up its internal quarrels and nominated Quezon for president and Osmeña for vice president. They were elected overwhelmingly.

The commonwealth period was intended to be devoted to preparation for economic and political independence and perfection of democratic institutions. But even before the tragic events of World War II , the transition did not run smoothly.

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Everyone Should Learn History. But How Should It Be Told?

History must be learned and read, but how must it be told? This is the challenge of historians and historiography today.

Top Story:   Mark Twain Had an Idea For a Philippine Flag

Historiography, or the act of writing history, is not just a matter of scouring through dank archives, conducting long-winded interviews, or narrowing one’s data to pure facts. Historiography is how we interpret the past, and history is the base of that interpretation.

To write history is to neither treat nor consign it to a juridical exercise, for historiography narrates and makes sense of the past. But it’s also up for interpretation and such a narration is always the domain of contested views and innumerable disputes. So, historiography, for better or for worse, should not and will never escape the context of the moment it was written.

Historians carry the weight of our past, and making sure it’s told the way it should be, on their shoulders.

The challenge to Philippine historiography is hard, to say the least. Not only is Philippine historiography facing the crises of politics (shout out to historical revisionism) within its premises and shifts in collective perspectives, but it is also subjected to the overarching framework of education, most notably state-sponsored education. Worse, Philippine historiography is a fragmented terrain, wherein questions about whose view and whose history matters more is still a matter of exhaustive debate.

And this leads to the relative detachment of those who write history and those who read it. One of the relevant concerns in this day and age, especially resonant across the new generation of historians, is if Philippine historiography should take a ‘multicultural’ or a ‘transnational’ approach.

Figures such as Patricio Abinales, Lisandro Claudio, and Nicole Aboitiz seem to promote this tendency through their monographs, whether in book-form or in journals. They are further reinforced by the Southeast Asian scholar Benedict Anderson, and the late Anderson’s “Imagined Communities” concept in particular, which attempted to simultaneously furnish a political philosophy of nationalist imaginings, how they maintain those imaginings, and also by linking these nationalist imaginings through various historical figures, as broad as Jose Marti of Cuba, Macario Sakay of the Philippines, and Marco Kartodikromo of Indonesia.

As such, this inclination is gaining momentum from younger scholars who are experiencing the monocultural globalization of the world first-hand, while also aware of its drawbacks.

An international approach will allow us to properly trace the beginnings of ilustrado radicalization and their exposure to outside ruminations, and its contributing effect on the 1896 Philippine Revolution.

But this has a major caveat; the very notion of a history written from a global point of view produces an unintentional focus on figures and voices from the top, either assimilating the musings of those below or in extreme cases, neglecting these musings altogether.

In short, it will be the narratives of an elite few, instead of the masses, that will be written for future generations to read.

In contrast to the global approach are those who either lean or affiliate themselves with the “Pantayong Pananaw” concept of Zeus Salazar. Salazar, deeply influenced by German metaphysics and French structuralism, would argue for a ‘new history’ based on the Filipino heritage considered from a wholly Filipino syntax and outlook.

In spite of his background as a Europeanized intellectual, Salazar heralded “Pantayong Pananaw” to be the main progenitor of restarting the debate of history as interpretation confined to evidence versus history leaning towards internal concerns. In hindsight, “Pantayong Pananaw” proved to be controversial, and at the same time a provocative challenge to how one should go about recounting history. 

Salazar’s entire system of thought is heavily criticized on grounds of promoting a ‘nativist’ reaction to an otherwise positivist discipline, with accusations of Fascist leanings a staple of misgivings, which can be traced back to Salazar’s contribution to Ferdinand Marcos’ “Tadhana,” a planned twenty-one volume trilogy of Philippine history written for the purpose of legitimizing the goals and ideals of the “New Society.”

This is made more likely by Salazar’s stress of using the ‘national language’ as the only acceptable manner of discourse to narrate the story of a nation or group. Another point of friction stems from “Pantayong Pananaw’s” “ taal ” or the essence of a nation, a postulation known for its emphasis on diluting and muddling class analysis intentionally in favor of rendering such concerns secondary, though Salazar’s division of culture between ‘ masa’ and ‘elite’ highlights the lingering presence of a westernized mentality.

These almost irreconcilable pathways among multiple pathways on how to approach Philippine history shows the constant diversification of the field. However, the plethora of questions on how to approach and interpret Philippine history raises a concern that is relevant to the general public: in which direction should Philippine historiography go? 

One can recognize the indispensable utility of both, and its capability to sustain each other. For Salazar’s "Pantayong Pananaw," which has supplanted the nationalist historiographies of Teodoro Agoncillo and Renato Constantino, the internal turn is a significant departure which continues to break new ground. The globalist approach, on the other hand, is a recognition that the Philippines is not an isolated place, and is tightly integrated to the regional and transnational proclivities than one would have thought of previously. 

So, as new ways of retooling and reconstructing the past are conceived, theorized, and practiced, these two possibilities will have to mingle and consider themselves as integral to a larger project outside of the concerns of the academe and even historiography itself.

These arguments, erudite as they may seem for the flatterers or even divorced from the concerns of the general public for their detractors, are integral on shaping on how we interpret the past in line with our present surroundings. In a country mired with extreme disparities between rich and poor, and constant frustrations directed even to our very foundations, history will often be political, for better or for worse.

To quote the novelist and socialist George Orwell, who penned his musings on the importance of history in his magnum opus 1984 some seventy years prior: he who  controls the past controls the future, and who controls the present, controls the past.

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Print 

Agoncillo, T. (1962). Philippine history. Inang Wika Pub. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995179914605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .A34 

Arcilla, J. (1973). An introduction to Philippine history (2d ed., enl.). Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998405584605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .A82 1973

Women’s role in Philippine history : selected essays. (1996). https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9917408334605682  

Location:  Hamilton Asia HQ1757 .C66 1996

Zaide, G. (1951). Great events in Philippine history : patriotic calendar . M. Colcol. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995179894605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS667 .Z3

Looney, D. (1977). A beginner’s guide to Philippine history books . Friends of the Filipino People. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180024605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .L66

De la Costa, H. (1965). Readings in Philippine history : selected historical texts presented with a commentary . Bookmark. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998348874605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .C6

Abeto, I. (1989). Philippine history reassessed : a collection of undiscovered historical facts from prehistoric time to 1872 . Integrated Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9915965084605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .A24 1989

Scott, W., & Scott, W. (1984). Prehispanic source materials for the study of Philippine history (Rev. ed.). New Day Publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9914729264605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS673.8 .S36 1984

Scott, W. (1982). Cracks in the parchment curtain and other essays in Philippine history . New Day Publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9913659044605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .S366

Scott, W. (1992). Looking for the prehispanic Filipino and other essays in Philippine history . New Day Publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9916747444605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS673.8 .S355 1992 

Scott, W. (1968). A critical study of the prehispanic source materials for the study of Philippine history. University of Santo Tomas Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999685544605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668.A2 S36

Gagelonia, P. (1970). Concise Philippine history. Far Eastern University Consumers Cooperative Incorporation. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910091030505681  

Print available through LCC 

Zafra, N. (1967). Philippine history through selected sources. Alemar-Phoenix Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999685634605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .Z273

Valencia, E. (2002). Trade & Philippine history & other exercises. Giraffe Books. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921935834605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia HC453 .V35 2002 v.2

Bernal, R. (1967). Prologue to Philippine history. Solidaridad Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180204605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .B47

De la Costa, H., & Jesswani, P. (1989). A Look at Philippine history. St. Paul Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995873454605682  

Location:  Hamilton Asia DS668 .L658 1989

Sánchez-Arcilla Bernal, J. (1990). Recent Philippine history, 1898-1960 . Office of Research and Publications, Ateneo de Manila University. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9916211104605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS685 .S265 1990

Zaide, G. (1938). Philippine history and government. S. E. Macaraig co. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991508434605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS676 .Z3 

Prominent caviteños in Philippine history. (1941). Atty. Eleuterio P. Fojas. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma996232564605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS688.C38 P96 1941

Alejandro, R., Vallejo, R., & Santiago, A. (2000). Selyo : Philippine history in postage stamps. Published and exclusively distributed by National Book Store, Inc. and Anvil Pub. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920966844605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia HE7265 .A43 2000 

Bernad, M. (1983). Tradition & discontinuity : essays on Philippine history & culture. National Book Store. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9913857054605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .B456 1983 

Wickberg, E., Wei, A., & Wu, W. (2001). The Chinese mestizo in Philippine history. Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921693624605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS666.C5 W53 2001 

Quirino, C. (1995). Who’s who in Philippine history. Tahanan Books.  https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910320113705681  

Print available through Kauai Community College 

Dery, Luis Camara. When the World Loved the Filipinos and Other Essays on Philippine History. España, Manila: UST Pub. House, 2005. Print.  / https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9926868854605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .D47 2005 

Anderson, Gerald H. Studies in Philippine Church History. Ithaca [N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1969. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9912038704605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia BR1260 .A5 

Zaide, Gregorio F. The Pageant of Philippine History : Political, Economic, and Socio-Cultural. Manila, Philippines: Philippine Education Co., 1979. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998680134605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .Z288 

Trillana, Pablo S. The Loves of Rizal and Other Essays on Philippine History, Art, and Public Policy. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers, 2000. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921091674605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS675.8.R5 T74 2000

Bohol, E. (1948). Outline on Philippine history for the fourth year high school. Bohol Junior Colleg. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995179974605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .B8 1948 

Soliven, P. (1999). Half a millennium of Philippine history : snippets of what we were-- snatches of what we ought to be. Phil. Star Daily, Inc. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920391134605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS655 .S65 1999 

Bulletin of Philippine folklore & local history. (1981). Cebuano Studies Center of the University of San Carlos. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9919428124605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) DS651 .B84 

McCoy, A., & De Jesus, E. (1982). Philippine social history : global trade and local transformations. Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9911802664605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia HN713 .P52 1982 

Fernandez, D. (1996). Palabas : essays on Philippine theater history. Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9918558194605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia PN2911 .F36 1996 

Kalaw, T. (1969). The Philippine revolution. Jorge B. Vargas Filipiniana Foundation. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995181134605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS676 .K3 1969 

Taylor, J. (1971). The Philippine Insurrection against the United States; a compilation of documents with notes and introduction. Eugenio Lopez Foundation. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9918622934605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS676 .T38 1971 

Zaide, G. (1957). Philippine political and cultural history (Rev. ed.). Philippine Education Co. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma992202714605682  

Location: Hamilton DS668 .Z32 1957 

Agoncillo, T. (1974). Introduction to Filipino history. Radiant Star Pub. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999968264605682  

Gagelonia, P. (1977). Filipino nation : history and government. National Book Store. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998661564605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .G26 

Hornedo, F. (2001). Ideas and ideals: essays in Filipino cognitive history. University of Santo Tomas Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921663694605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS664 .H65 2001 

Marcos, F. (1976). Tadhana: The history of the Filipino people. [Publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9911735624605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS668 .M37 

Root, M. (1997). Filipino Americans : transformation and identity. Sage Publications. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9919145254605682  

Location: Hamilton Main E184.F4 F385 1997 

Dery, L. (2006). Pestilence in the Philippines : a social history of the Filipino people, 1571-1800 . New Day Publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9928888094605682 

Location: Hamilton  Asia DS663 .D47 2006  

Philippine History (Continuation)

Batacan, D. (1972). The Supreme Court in Philippine history; from Arellano to Concepcion. Central Lawbook Pub. Co.; [distributed by Central Book Supply, Manila. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998953074605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia KQH .P6 B37

Ileto, R. (2018). Knowledge and pacification : on the U.S. conquest and the writing of Philippine history . Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9949874814605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS682 .A184 2017 

Zaide, G. (1939). Philippine history and civilization. Philippine associated publishers. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995181154605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS676 .Z25

Diaz, C. (2009). The other Philippine history textbook. Anvil. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9932768274605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .D52 2009

Jose, R. (2006). Recent studies in Philippine history. College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9932306234605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) H1 .P537 v.57

Benitez, C. (1928). Philippine history in stories. Ginn and company. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991508274605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .B4

Engel, F. (1979). Philippine history : a brief digest (2nd ed.). [Publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9911330244605682  

Location:  Hamilton Asia DS668 .E53 1979

Zaide, G. (1937). Early Philippine history and culture. G.F. Zaide. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999277334605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .Z23

Zafra, N. (1956). Readings in Philippine history (New ed.). University of the Philippines. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180094605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .Z28 1956

Zaide, G., & Zaide, S. (1990). Documentary sources of Philippine history. National Book Store. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9916188534605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .D6 1990

Miravite, R. (1967). Books on Philippine history . [publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma996857894605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia Z3298.A4 M53

IBON Teacher’s manual on Philippine history. (2nd ed.). (1981). IBON Data Bank Phils. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999892824605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .I244 1981

Torres, J. (2000). Pananaw : viewing points on Philippine history and culture. UST Pub. House. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9921387604605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS663 .T67 2000 

Ocampo, A., Peralta, J., & Rodriguez, F. (2012). The diorama experience of Philippine history. Ayala Museum. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9941650394605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .O23 2004 

Rasul, J. (n.d.). Philippine history : from thousand years before Magellan. [Publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9931273854605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS655 .R37 2008 

Gagelonia, P. (1970). The Filipino historian (controversial issues in Philippine history). FEUCCI. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180234605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .G33 

Abinales, P. (2010). The “Local” in Philippine National History: Some Puzzles, Problems and Options. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910993006405681  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS674 .S76 2013 

De Viana, Augusto V. Stories Rarely Told : the Hidden Stories and Essays on Philippine History . Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 2013. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9946341294605682  

Owen, Nrman G. Trends and Directions of Research on Philippine History, an Informal Essay. Place of publication not identified: Publisher not identified, 1975. Print. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180254605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .O94 

Joaquin, N. (1977). A question of heroes : essays in criticism on ten key figures of Philippine history. Ayala Museum. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma998474024605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS653.7 .J63 

Scott, W. (1968). A critical study of the prehispanic source materials for the study of Philippine history. Thesis--University of Santo Tomas. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma99512344605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia (Library Use Only) MICROFICHE 187  

Barrientos, V. (1998). A finding guide to the picture collection of the Filipiniana Division. Part IV, Heroes in Philippine history. Special Collections Section, Filipiniana Division, The National Library. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9920366764605682  

Location: Hamilton  Asia Reference (Library Use Only) Z3299 .N38 1998 

Alip, E. (1958). Philippine history: political, social, economic; based on the course of study of the Bureau of Public Schools. (7th rev. ed). Alip & Sons. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995179924605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .A4 1958 

Mastura, M. (1979). The rulers of Magindanao in modern history, 1515-1903 : continuity and change in a traditional realm in the southern Philippines. Publisher not identified]. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma999183994605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS666.M23 M37 1979a 

Lumbera, B., & Lumbera, C. (1997). Philippine literature : a history & anthology (Rev. ed.). Anvil. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9926072204605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia PL5530 .P44 1997

Outline of Philippine history and government, based on the course of study and includes all changes before and after World War II. (Rev. ed.). (1950). Philippine Book Co. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma991508294605682  

Location: Hamilton DS670 .O88 1949 

Voices, a Filipino American oral history. (1984). Filipino Oral History Project. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9911221724605682  

Location: Hamilton Main F870.F4 V65 1984 

Gorospe, O. (1933). Making Filipino history in Hawaii. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma997879204605682  

Location: Hamilton Hawaiian (Library Use Only) DU620 .M5 v.45 p.241-253 

Rafael, V. (2000). White love and other events in Filipino history. Ateneo de Manila University Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9922646264605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS685 .R24 2000b

Filipino-American history. (2008). Language, Literature & History Section, Hawaiʻi State Library, Hawaii State Public Library System. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9931245804605682  

Location: Hamilton Hawaiian (Library Use Only) IN CATALOGING 3124580 

Bautista, V. (2002). The Filipino Americans: (1763-present) : their history, culture, and traditions (2nd ed.). Bookhaus Pub. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9923164014605682  

Location: Hamilton Main E184.F4 B38 2002

Okamura, J. (1991). Filipino organizations: a history. Operation Manong. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995894474605682  

Location: Hamilton Hawaiian (Library Use Only) DU624.7.F4 O42 1991 

Agoncillo, T., & Guerrero, M. (1973). History of the Filipino people ([4th ed.]). R.P. Garcia. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9919225084605682  

Location: Hamilton Main DS668 .A32 1973

Tubangui, H. (1982). The Filipino nation : a concise history of the Philippines. Grolier International. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9913647534605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .F5 1982

Batacan, D. (1966). The laughter of my people: a history of the Filipino people written a smile. Printed by MDB Pfint. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma995180194605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS669 .B38

Craig, A., Mabini, A., & Rizal, J. (1973). The Filipinos’ fight for freedom; true history of the Filipino people during their 400 years’ struggle. AMS Press. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9912137304605682  

Location: Hamilton Asia DS668 .C69 1973

Measham, F. (2016). The secret history of Filipino women. Lifted Brow, The, 29, 49–52. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1rbop20/informit901765406961917  

Location: ILL through unspecified college 

San Juan, E. (1989). MAKING FILIPINO HISTORY IN A “DAMAGED CULTURE.” Philippine Sociological Review, 37(1/2), 1–11. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1rbop20/jstor_archive_1241853640  

Location: Hamilton Asia (Library Use Only) DS651 .P462 // Also through JSTOR

Online - Ebook 

Nagano, Y. (2006). Transcultural Battlefield: Recent Japanese Translations of Philippine History. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68t5m5h0 https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/1rbop20/cdl_soai_escholarship_org_ark_13030_qt68t5m5h0  

Link: Through escholarship UCLA https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68t5m5h0  

Project Muse: https://muse-jhu-edu.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/journal/531  

Journal title: Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints 

Aquino, B. (2006). From Plantation Camp to Global Village:100 Years of Filipino History in Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii: Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa. https://uhawaii-manoa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UHAWAII_MANOA/11uc19p/alma9910995904405681  

Link: Through UH Scholarspace http://hdl.handle.net/10125/15379  

Databases - Scholarly Works/Articles 

Database: Historical Abstracts 

Serizawa, T. (2019). Translating Philippine history in America’s shadow: Japanese reflections on the past and present during the Vietnam War. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 50(2), 222–245. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.1017/S0022463419000274  

Database: Business Source Complete 

Reyes, P. L. (2018). Claiming History: Memoirs of the Struggle against Ferdinand Marcos’s Martial Law Regime in the Philippines. SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 33(2), 457–498. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.1355/sj33-2q  

Database: Points of View Reference Center 

Republic of the Philippines. (2003). In Background Notes on Countries of the World 2003 (pp. 1–15). http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=11208051&site=ehost-live   

Database: MasterFILE Complete 

Trent Smith, S. (2018). A Call to Arms. World War II, 33(3), 64–71. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=131241187&site=ehost-live  

Suter, K. (2007). The Philippines: What Went Wrong with One Asian Economy. Contemporary Review, 289(1684), 53–59. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=24884353&site=ehost-live

FRANCIA, L. H. (2014). José Rizal: A Man for All Generations. Antioch Review, 72(1), 44–60. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.7723/antiochreview.72.1.0044  

Luyt, B. (2019). The early years of Philippine Studies , 1953 to 1966. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 50(2), 202–221. https://doi-org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/10.1017/S0022463419000237  

Database: ABI/INFORM 

Mercene, R. (2016, Mar 27). A shining moment in philippine history. Business Mirror Retrieved from http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/docview/1776085049?accountid=27140  

A guide to the philippines' history, economy and politics: Daily chart. (2016, May 06). The Economist (Online), Retrieved from http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/docview/1787331077?accountid=27140  

Carroll, J. (1961). Contemporary Philippine Historians and Philippine History. Journal of Southeast Asian History, 2(3), 23-35. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20067346  

Zafra, N. (1958). On The Writing Of Philippine History. Philippine Studies, 6(4), 454-460. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42720410  

Larkin, J. (1982). Philippine History Reconsidered: A Socioeconomic Perspective. The American Historical Review, 87(3), 595-628. doi:10.2307/1864158 

Mulder, N. (1994). The Image of Philippine History and Society. Philippine Studies, 42(4), 475-508. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42633467  

OWEN, N. (1974). The Principalia in Philippine History: Kabikolan, 1790-1898. Philippine Studies, 22(3/4), 297-324. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634875  

Baumgartner, J. (1977). Notes on Piracy and Slaving in Philippine History. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 5(4), 270-272. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/29791568  

Cristina E. Torres. (1997). Health Issues and the Quality of Life in Philippine History. Quality of Life Research, 6(5), 461-462. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4035251  

Farrell, J. (1954). An Abandoned Approach to Philippine History: John R. M. Taylor and the Philippine Insurrection Records. The Catholic Historical Review, 39(4), 385-407. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25015651  

GEALOGO, F. (2013). Reflections of A Filipino Social Historian. Philippine Sociological Review, 61(1), 55-68. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43486355

MAOHONG, B. (2012). On Studies of the History of the Philippines in China. Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints, 60(1), 102-116. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634704  

Nexis Uni 

(October 3, 2020 Saturday). Studies on Philippine history. The Philippine Star. https://advance-lexis-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:6109-GWY1-JCH9-G1MH-00000-00&context=1516831 . 

ABI/INFORM 

Filipino history, culture studied in international seminar. (2019, May 16). Business Mirror Retrieved from http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/docview/2226338201?accountid=27140  

Association For Asian Studies

Totanes, V. R. (2010). History of the Filipino people and martial law: a forgotten chapter in the history of a history book, 1960-2010. Philippine Studies, 58(3), 313–348. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS788208&site=ehost-live  

Okamura, J. Y. (1996). Filipino American history, identity and community in Hawai’i: in commemoration of the 90th anniversary of Filipino migration to Hawai’i. Honolulu. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS515519&site=ehost-live  

Association for Asian Studies 

Rafael, V. L. (1995). Discrepant histories: translocal essays on Filipino cultures. Philadelphia, Pa. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS559630&site=ehost-live  

Association for Asian Studies

Pinzon, J. C. (2015). Remembering Philippine history: satire in popular songs. South East Asia Research, 23(3), 423–442. http://eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bas&AN=BAS872861&site=ehost-live  

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Philippine History Quiz Questions And Answers

How much do you know about the Philippine history? Think you can pass this quiz? The essential questions and answers will help you test your knowledge and show you the areas you need to study more. So, sit relaxed and answer as many questions right as you can. In the end, you will learn many things from here and also know how much more you have to study. Take your time, and good luck!

Philippine History Questions and Answers

Select the sentence that is not true about the la solidaridad..

It was a forum for discussion of the issues concerning the Philippines.

It was the official organ of the reform movement.

It was a vehicle for the expression of the political views of the reformers.

It featured articles about the good deeds of the friars.

Rate this question:

Who founded Diariong Tagalog?

Marcelo del Pilar

Pedro Laktaw

Gregorio Sanciano

What was the name of the president of the Associacion La Solidaridad?

Galiciano Apacible

Mariano Ponce

Manuel Sta. Maria

Jose Ma. Panganiban

Who took the charge of the political section of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipino?

Dominador Gomez

Tomas Arejola

What was the rightist wing of La Liga called?

Cuerpos de Propagandistas

Cuerpos de Compromisarios

Cuerpos de Militantes

Cuerpos de la Revolucionarios

Who was associated with the pen name Taga-Ilog?

Antonio Luna

Why was Rizal not in favor of the revolution planned by the Katipunan?

Unpreparedness of the Katipuneros for an armed struggle

Willingness to the wealthy Filipinos to support the struggle

Absence of a military tactician who will direct the military operations of the KKK

What was the first real battle fought between the Filipinos and the Spaniards known as?

Pugad Lawin

Pinaglabanan

What did The First Philippine Republic came to be called?

Biak-na-Bato Republic

Sakay Republic

Malolos Republic

Who proposed the plan on which The Malolos Constitution was drafted?

Who was the first president of the commonwealth of the philippines.

Manuel Roxas

Emilio Aguinaldo

Jose P. Laurel

Manuel L. Quezon

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• Current Version
• Jul 15, 2024 Quiz Edited by ProProfs Editorial Team Expert Reviewed by Andrea Glass
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Essay on Philippine Culture

Students are often asked to write an essay on Philippine Culture in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Philippine Culture

Introduction.

Philippine culture is rich and diverse. It is a mix of various influences from its history. This makes it unique and interesting. The culture includes traditions, languages, festivals, and art forms.

Traditions and Customs

The Philippines is known for its customs. These are rules that guide how people behave. Some customs include respect for elders and hospitality. Filipinos are known for being friendly and welcoming.

Languages and Dialects

The Philippines has many languages. Filipino and English are the main ones. There are also over 170 dialects. This shows the country’s diversity.

Festivals and Celebrations

Festivals are a big part of Philippine culture. They are colorful and fun. Each festival has a story behind it. This makes them special and meaningful.

Arts and Crafts

Philippine culture is a blend of many influences. It is unique and diverse. It is a culture that values respect, hospitality, and creativity. It is a culture to be proud of.

250 Words Essay on Philippine Culture

Introduction to philippine culture.

The Philippines is a beautiful island country in Southeast Asia. It is known for its rich culture that is a mix of many influences. These influences come from its history, people, and its location in the world.

Historical Influence

The Philippines was a Spanish colony for over 300 years. This Spanish rule has left a big mark on the country’s culture. Many Filipinos have Spanish names, and the country’s main religion is Roman Catholicism. This shows the strong Spanish influence.

People and Traditions

The people of the Philippines, called Filipinos, are known for their friendliness. They love to celebrate and have many festivals throughout the year. These festivals are filled with music, dance, and colorful costumes. They also have a tradition called “Bayanihan”. This is where everyone in a community helps each other. It shows the strong sense of community in Filipino culture.

Food in the Philippines

Filipino food is a big part of their culture. It is a blend of many different styles, like Spanish, Chinese, and native Filipino. Rice is a staple food, eaten at almost every meal. Adobo, a dish made from meat, vinegar, and soy sauce, is a popular Filipino dish.

Philippine Art

Art is also important in the Philippines. Their art includes weaving, pottery, and music. The “kundiman” is a type of love song that is very popular. It shows the Filipino’s love for music and their emotional side.

In conclusion, the culture of the Philippines is a rich mix of history, people, and traditions. It is a culture that values community, celebration, and art.

500 Words Essay on Philippine Culture

Philippine culture is a beautiful mix of different influences from its history. It is unique and rich because of the combination of Eastern and Western cultures. This essay will explain the culture of the Philippines in a simple way.

The Philippines has over 170 languages, but Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English are the official languages. This means that most people in the Philippines speak at least two languages. This is a big part of their culture because it shows how they can adapt to different languages and still keep their own.

Family Values

Family is very important in the Philippines. Filipinos have strong family ties and they often live with their extended family. This includes grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins. They believe that the family is the basic unit of society. They also show respect to their elders by doing the “mano po”, where they take an elder’s hand and touch it to their forehead.

Festivals, or “fiestas”, play a big role in the culture of the Philippines. There are lots of fiestas all year round. They have these to honor their local saints, to give thanks for a good harvest, or to celebrate history. During a fiesta, there is often music, dancing, and lots of food. The “Sinulog” and “Ati-Atihan” are two of the most popular festivals.

Arts and crafts are also a part of the culture of the Philippines. Filipinos are known for their weaving, pottery, and jewelry-making. They use local materials like bamboo, rattan, and shells. They also have unique dances, songs, and stories that they pass down from generation to generation.

Philippine culture is a wonderful mix of different influences. It is rich in traditions, languages, foods, and arts. Even with all the changes over the years, Filipinos have kept their unique culture alive. They are proud of their history and traditions, and they continue to share them with the world.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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