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Introduction to Air Pollution - Types, Effects, and Solutions

Dec 22, 2023

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Learn about air pollution and its effects on human health and the environment. Identify different forms of air pollution and the determinants of indoor and outdoor air quality. Discover common air pollutants and understand their impact.

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Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Air Lecture 2

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Objectives • Define • Air • Air pollution • Identify the different forms of air pollution • Identify the determinants of indoor and outdoor air quality • Identify common air pollutants • Identify the effects of air pollution on human health and the environment

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Introduction Air supplies the oxygen essential to human life. • Pure air is a mixture of several gases that are invisible and odorless. Middlecamp CH et al. Chemistry in Context: Applying Chemistry to Society. 7th Ed. McGrawHill. 2012

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Introduction Older people are more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease and impairment of immune response. Increased susceptibility to air pollutants, especially fine particulates. • Humans may survive for up to three (3) minutes without air. • Adults ~ 12-20 breaths/min • Children ~ 15-30 breaths/min • Infants ~ 25-50 breaths/min • Children have higher respiratory rates and may receive higher doses of pollutants relative to their body weight. • Children’s respiratory systems are still maturing and are more susceptible to the effects of polluted air. Levy, B. et al. Occupational and Environmental Health. 2006. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Introduction Atmosphere The bottom two kilometers of the troposphere contain most of the air and weather (rain, clouds, wind) that affect us, along with most air pollutants. • Mixture of gases that surround the earth. • Sustains life by retaining heat and blocking out harmful radiation (ultraviolet radiation) from the sun. • The troposphere is the layer closest to the earth and the thinnest. BC Air Quality http://www.bcairquality.ca/101/what-is-air-quality.html

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Air pollution • The presence of substances not normally found in air, and that in concentrations high enough can harm the environment, or the health of living organisms.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Air pollutants Gases and vapors: form true solutions in the air and cannot be distinguished from the air. Aerosols: dispersions of solid or liquid particles in the air. • Air pollutants can be gases, liquids (vapor) or very small solid particles (dust or smoke) emitted into the atmosphere. • At levels harmful to the environment, or human, animal and plant health.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Emissions Airshed – geographic area that shares the same air. • Discharges of a pollutant from a particular source (a factory) or group of sources (vehicles) into the air.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Emission Sources 1. Natural and Man-made Sources 2. Point and Non-point Sources Point – single, largestationary sources of pollution –industrial facilities, power plants. Non-point – multiple, smaller sources that can be stationary or mobile: motor vehicles, airplanes, residential and business areas.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Types of emissions Anthropogenic - come from man-made sources. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), CO2. Human activity can also influence geogenic and biogenic emissions. Agriculture, deforestation, construction. • Geogenic - come from the non-living world, such as volcanic emissions, soil emissions, and natural fires. • Smoke, SO2, CO2. • Biogenic - come from the living world: plants, animals, microbes, soil. • VOCs and CH4 . http://www.envirocomp.org/books/chapters/1aap.pdf Daly, A. and P. Zannetti. 2007. An Introduction to Air Pollution – Definitions, Classifications, and History. Chapter 1 of AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION (P. Zannetti, D. Al-Ajmi, and S. Al-Rashied, Editors). Published by The Arab School for Science and Technology (ASST) (http://www.arabschool.org.sy) and The EnviroComp Institute (http://www.envirocomp.org/).

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Air Quality Poor air quality occurs when substances that are not normal components of the air (pollutants) are present in amounts that can harm human health or the environment. Pollutants can come from natural or man-made sources. • The state of the surrounding air. • Good air quality = clean, clear, unpolluted air. BC Air Quality http://www.bcairquality.ca/101/what-is-air-quality.html

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Factors Affecting Air Quality 1. The amountof pollutants 2. Thetypeof pollutants released into the air. • Physical and chemical propertiesof pollutants. 3. Topography(geography of the terrain) - mountains and valleys. 4. Weather- wind, temperature, air turbulence, air pressure, rainfall and cloud cover.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Types of air pollutants Secondary pollutants are the products of chemical reactions between pollutants in the air. Secondary acidic aerosols and other particles. Oxidant pollutants produced by photochemical reactions between hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Ground-level ozone is a secondary pollutant. • Primary pollutantsare emitted directly into the atmosphere. • Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particles.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Standards for Air Pollution “Criteria pollutants” Mobile and stationary sources. Common in the environment, posing the greatest overall threat to human health. Other more toxic materials that may be present in the air but in smaller amounts may be mutagenic, carcinogenic or reproductive toxins. • Six pollutants regulated by the US-EPA and most countries in the world: 1. Particulate matter 2. Carbon monoxide (CO) 3. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 4. Ozone (O3) 5. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 6. Lead

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Criteria Pollutants Particulate matter (PM) Particle size affects deposition in respiratory tract and health effects. • Airborne mixture of microscopic solid or liquid particles that form an aerosol. • Particles of various size, shape, composition and origin. • Smoke (combustion of fossil fuels, wood burning), dust, aerosols, metallic oxides, and pollen.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Criteria Pollutants Particulate matter (PM) Increases risk for cancer. Increases risk of early death. Health impact of chronic exposure to PM: • Increases the risk of chronic respiratory diseases. • Worsens existing lung and cardiovascular disease. • Damages lung tissue. • Affects the immune system.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Criteria pollutants Carbon monoxide (CO) • Odorless, colorless gas formed from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. • Largest source is motor vehicles. • Inhalation reduces the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream. • High concentrations can lead to headaches, dizziness, unconsciousness, and death.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Criteria pollutants Ground-level ozone (O3) Can cause eye irritation, chest pain, coughing, nausea, and pulmonary congestion. Permanent lung damage with chronic exposure. • Secondary pollutant that forms when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react in the presence of sunlight. • Can damage all living organisms. • Can affect both healthy people and those with respiratory diseases. Ozone (O3). http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/o3.html

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Criteria pollutants Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Most susceptible are children, the elderly, and people with asthma, cardiovascular disease or chronic lung disease. Can irritate lung tissues, cause respiratory illness, and aggravate existing cardiovascular disease. • Colorless, water-soluble, with a suffocating, pungent odor. • Primary source is the combustion of sulfur-containing fuels (oil and coal), metal smelting and other industries. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/so2.html

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Criteria pollutants Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) NO2 reacts in the air to form corrosive nitric acid (acid aerosol), as well as toxic organic nitrates. Large concentrations can reduce visibility and increase the risk of acute and chronic respiratory disease. Can irritate the lungs and lower resistance to respiratory infections such as influenza. • Nitrogen oxides (NOx) form from fossil fuel combustion at high temperatures – vehicles, electric utilities. • NO is the primary pollutant that converts to NO2 in the air. • Nitrogen oxides contribute to ozone formation, and damage to living organisms. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/no2.html

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Criteria pollutants Lead (Pb) Fetuses and children are especially susceptible to low doses of lead. Neurological problems such as seizures, mental retardation, and/or behavioral disorders, slowed growth. Can affect Blood, kidneys, liver Nervous, immune, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems Enzymatic and energy transfer processes. • Combustion of solid waste, fossil fuels, emissions from iron and steel production, tobacco smoke, and battery plants/recycling. • Accumulates in blood, bone, and soft tissue – not easily excreted. Lead (Pb). http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/pb.html

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) Sources Natural and/or man-made. Mobile and/or stationary. Indoor and/or outdoor. Exposure – inhalation, ingestion, absorption. Accumulation in body tissues Some are persistent. • Compounds more toxic than criteria pollutants. • Carcinogenic potential, birth defects, and reproductive, neurological, developmental, and respiratory problems. • ~187 chemical pollutants. • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). • Heavy metals – chromium, mercury, cadmium. • Regulatedseparately from criteria pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/haps/initial-list-hazardous-air-pollutants-modifications

Factors that control the risk of injury from pollutants 2. Degree of exposure and the effective dose . The effective dose may be difficult to determine. Atmospheric concentration of pollutants and/or concentrations of biomarkers maybe used. 3. Rate of removal 4. Individual susceptibility 1. Chemical and physical properties of the pollutant. • Solubility influences distribution in atmosphere and body tissues, and ultimately the effective dose.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Coughing and/or sneezing prevents irritants from entering deeper into the lungs.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Health Effects of Air pollutants Small particles (< 2.5 µm) may cause more health problems. Enter farther into the lugs. • Pollutants inside the lungs may cause irritation (chronic or recurrent) that lead to long-term illnesses. • Worsen asthma • Development or progression of chronic illnesses – lung cancer, obstructive pulmonary disease. • Affect the cardiovascular system. • Harm the developing fetus. Rom,W.N. Environmental Policy and Public Health. 2012. Jossey-Bass.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Health Effects of Air Pollutants Acute (short-term) exposure Chronic (long-term) exposure Heart disease, cancer Damage to reproductive, immune, neurological, and respiratory systems. Most at risk Children, elderly, those with pre-existing heart or lung disease, and asthma. • Headache, nausea, irritation of eyes, nose, throat, cough, upper respiratory infections – bronchitis, pneumonia, worsen asthma and emphysema.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Glossary of terms Aerosols - types Haze: very small (< 1 µm) particles that take up water vapor at low relative humidity. Mist: liquid droplets formed by atomization, nebulization, or spraying of liquids, range in size from 2 µm – 50 µm. • Dust: solid and irregular particles, > 1µm. Ex: drilling, grinding, abrasion of solids. • Fume: high temperature combustion or sublimation vapors that condensed and became solid particles, < 0.1 µm. Can form aggregate clusters (metal oxides).

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Glossary of terms Aerosols - types Smog: term used to describe any atmospheric pollution mixture. Pollution aerosol composed of smoke and fog. • Smoke: combustion vapors of organic materials that condense into liquid droplets, < 0.5 µm, • Fog: droplets formed by condensation of water vapor on atmospheric nuclei at high relative humidity, > 1 µm.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 References • Frumkin H. Environmental Health: From Global to Local. 2nd Ed. Jossey-BSS, Wiley Imprint. 2010. • Middlecamp CH et al. Chemistry in Context: Applying Chemistry to Society. 7th Edition. McGrawHill. 2012. • Air Pollution – Our Nation’s Air http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/2011/report/airpollution.pdf • An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html • Mold. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/mold/faqs.htm

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Air Pollution PPT Presentation and PDF for Free Download: Air plays a vital role not only in nature but also in the lives of human beings and all living organisms; around 18,000 distinct species need air. Living organisms can survive without water for some time but cannot survive without air because when we breathe then we intake oxygen from the air and releases carbon dioxide, if this procedure does not take place then it is difficult to survive.

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Air Pollution PPT Presentation and PDF for Free Download

If a pure and natural atmosphere is considered to be clean then in the present condition we cannot find a natural atmosphere because chemical contents in the atmosphere are enhanced. For example, the content of carbon dioxide in the natural atmosphere was 280ppm and now in the current atmosphere it is 370.0^3ppm, likewise, methane was 0.750ppm and at present, it is 1.77^4ppm, nitrous oxide was 0.270ppm and now it is 0.318^5ppm. To give a precise meaning of air pollution is a complex thing and can state that pollution began to include in the air when human beings started burning fuels.

In other words, we can state air pollution as man-made emissions or anthropogenic emissions into the air because emissions made by man change the natural atmosphere’s chemical composition. Enhancement in global concentrations of gasses of greenhouse like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide is also known as air pollution. We can purify the above statement by considering man-made emissions of hazardous chemicals as air pollution but this consideration has an adverse effect too.

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Primary Pollutants and Secondary Pollutants:

Basically, contaminants are of two types and they are as follows:

Primary contaminants
Secondary contaminants

Primary contaminants: primary contaminants are substances which are directly released into air from sources. The important primary contaminants which are hazardous in high amount are as follows:

Carbon compounds
Sulfur compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Halogen compounds
Aerosols or particulate matter are divided into following groups depending upon their diameter:
Inhalable are particles which are less than 100 microns and these particles can comfortably enter via nose and mouth.
Thoracic are particles which are less than 10 microns and these particles can enter deep in respiratory system.
Respirable are particles which are less than 4 microns.
There are particles which are less than 2.5 microns and 0.1 microns.

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Secondary contaminants or pollutants: secondary contaminants or pollutants are not directly released from sources but instead of this, they are formed in atmosphere from primary contaminants and secondary pollutants are also called as precursors. The important secondary contaminants which are hazardous in high amount are as follows:

Ozone formed from reactions of photochemical of VOCs and nitrogen oxides.
The droplets of sulfuric acid formed from sulfur dioxide.
The droplets of nitric acid formed from nitrogen dioxide.
Sulfate aerosols formed from reactions of sulfuric acid droplets with ammonia.
Nitrate aerosols formed from reactions of nitric acid droplets with ammonia.

Air Pollution Regulations:

From the last few decades, air pollution has been controlled all over the world through laws and regulations. Some of them are as follows:

In the United States of America, Environmental Protection Agency has made few standards of air quality to secure the health of the public.
The UN-ECE i.e. United Nations Economic Commission of Europe has made laws to decrease air pollution.
The Clear Air Act of United States furnishes a principal framework to secure the quality of air.

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Classification of Air Pollutants and their Trends:

The categories of air pollution and their trends are as follows:

Criteria pollutants
Toxic pollutants
Radioactive pollutants
Indoor pollutants

Now, let us know about criteria pollution in detail as it has few trends to explain. Criteria contaminants regulated by United States- Environmental Protection Agency and many countries are as below:

Particulate matter particles smaller than 10µm in diameter
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide

The following figure explains about concentrations of criteria pollutants:

Fig1: concentrations of criteria pollutants

The below diagram explains about major sources of air pollution. The diagram is as below:

Fig2: major sources of air pollution

Health Effects of Air Pollution:

Air pollution causes some health effects and those health effects are as follows:

Irritation of eyes
Irritation of throat and nose
Tightness of chest
Difficulty in breathing
Heart problems and lung difficulties like asthma
Enhanced risk of heart attacks

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Environmental Effects:

Along with the health effects, it also causes distinct environmental effects and those are as follows:

Eutrophication
Effect on wildlife
Depletion of ozone
Damage to crop
Damage to forest
Change of global climate

Content of the PPT and PDF for Air Pollution

What is it?
How is it measured?
The measured pollutants
Its effects

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