essay on dreaming

Essays About Dreams In Life: 14 Examples And Topic Ideas

Dreams in life are necessary; if you are writing essays about dreams in life, you can read these essay examples and topic ideas to get started.

Everyone has a dream – a big one or even a small one. Even the most successful people had dreams before becoming who they are today. Having a dream is like having a purpose in life; you will start working hard to reach your dream and never lose interest in life.

Without hard work, you can never turn a dream into a reality; it will only remain a desire. Level up your essay writing skills by reading our essays about dreams in life examples and prompts and start writing an inspiring essay today!

Writing About Dreams: A Guide

Essays about dreams in life: example essays, 1. chase your dreams: the best advice i ever got by michelle colon-johnson, 2. my dream, my future by deborah massey, 3. the pursuit of dreams by christine nishiyama, 4. my dreams and ambitions by kathy benson, 5. turning big dreams into reality by shyam gokarn, 6. my hopes and dreams by celia robinson, 7. always pursue your dreams – no matter what happens by steve bloom, 8. why do we dream by james roland, 9. bad dreams by eli goldstone, 10. why your brain needs to dream by matthew walker, 11. dreams by hedy marks, 12. do dreams really mean anything by david b. feldman, 13. how to control your dreams by serena alagappan, 14. the sunday essay: my dreams on antidepressants by ashleigh young, essays about dreams in life essay topics, 1. what is a dream, 2. what are your dreams in life, 3. why are dreams important in life, 4. what are the reasons for a person to dream big, 5. what do you think about dreams in life vs. short-term sacrifice, 6. what is the purpose of dreaming, 7. why are dreams so strange and vivid, 8. why do dreams feel so real, 9. why are dreams so hard to remember, 10. do dreams mean anything, what is a dream short essay, how can i write my dream in life.

Writing about dreams is an excellent topic for essays, brainstorming new topic ideas for fiction stories, or just as a creative outlet. We all have dreams, whether in our sleep, during the day, or even while walking on a sunny day. Some of the best ways to begin writing about a topic are by reading examples and using a helpful prompt to get started. Check out our guide to writing about dreams and begin mastering the art of writing today!

“Everyone has the ability to dream, but not everyone has the willingness to truly chase their dreams. When people aren’t living their dreams they often have limited belief systems. They believe that their current circumstances and/or surroundings are keeping them from achieving the things they want to do in life.”

In her essay, author Michelle Colon-Johnson encourages her readers to develop a mindset that will let them chase their dreams. So, you have to visualize your dream, manifest it, and start your journey towards it! Check out these essays about dreams and sleep .

“At the time when I have my job and something to make them feel so proud of me, I would like to give them the best life. I would like to make them feel comfortable and see sweet smiles on their faces. This is really the one I like to achieve in my life; mountains of words can’t explain how much I love and appreciate them.”

Author Deborah Massey’s essay talks about her dreams and everything she wanted to achieve and accomplish in her life. She also tells us that we must live our values, pursue our dreams, and follow our passions for the best future.

“Fast-forward 5+ years, and my first published book is coming out this May with Scholastic. And now, let me tell you the truth: I don’t feel any different. I’m extremely grateful for the opportunity, proud of the work I’ve done, and excited for the book’s release. But on a fundamental level, I feel the same.”

In her essay, author Christine Nishiyama shares what she felt when she first achieved one of her goals in life. She says that with this mindset, you will never feel the satisfaction of achieving your goal or the fulfillment of reaching your dream. Instead, she believes that what fulfills people is the pursuit of their dreams in life.

“My dream is to become a good plastic surgeon and day after day it has transformed into an ambition which I want to move towards. I do not want to be famous, but just good enough to have my own clinic and work for a very successful hospital. Many people think that becoming a doctor is difficult, and I know that takes many years of preparation, but anyone can achieve it if they have determination.”

Author Kathy Benson’s essay narrates her life – all the things and struggles she has been through in pursuing her dreams in life. Yet, no matter how hard the situation gets, she always convinces herself not to give up, hoping her dreams will come true one day. She believes that with determination and commitment, anyone can achieve their dreams and goals in life. 

“I have always been a big dreamer and involved in acting upon it. Though, many times I failed, I continued to dream big and act. As long as I recollect, I always had such wild visions and fantasies of thinking, planning, and acting to achieve great things in life. But, as anyone can observe, there are many people, who think and work in that aspect.”

In his essay, author Shyam Gokarn explains why having a big dream is very important in a person’s life. However, he believes that the problem with some people is that they never hold tight to their dreams, even if they can turn them into reality. As a result, they tend to easily give up on their dreams and even stop trying instead of persevering through the pain and anguish of another failure.

“When I was younger, I’ve always had a fairytale-like dream about my future. To marry my prince, have a Fairy Godmother, be a princess… But now, all of that has changed. I’ve realized how hard life is now; that life cannot be like a fairy tale. What you want can’t happen just like that.”

Celia Robinson’s essay talks about her dream since she was a child. Unfortunately, as we grow old, there’s no “Fairy Godmother” that would help us when things get tough. Everyone wants to succeed in the future, but we have to work hard to achieve our dreams and goals.

“Take writing for example. I’ve wanted to be a professional writer since I was a little boy, but I was too scared that I wouldn’t be any good at it. But several years ago I started pursuing this dream despite knowing how difficult it might be. I fully realize I may not make it, but I’m completely fine with that. At least I tried which is more than most people can say.”

In his essay, author Steve Bloom encourages his readers always to pursue their dreams no matter what happens. He asks, “Would you rather pursue them and fail or never try?”. He believes that it’s always better to try and fail than look back and wonder what might have been. Stop thinking that failure or success is the only end goal for pursuing your dreams. Instead, think of it as a long journey where all the experiences you get along the way are just as important as reaching the end goal.

“Dreams are hallucinations that occur during certain stages of sleep. They’re strongest during REM sleep, or the rapid eye movement stage, when you may be less likely to recall your dream. Much is known about the role of sleep in regulating our metabolism, blood pressure, brain function, and other aspects of health. But it’s been harder for researchers to explain the role of dreams. When you’re awake, your thoughts have a certain logic to them. When you sleep, your brain is still active, but your thoughts or dreams often make little or no sense.”

Author James Roland’s essay explains the purpose of having dreams and the factors that can influence our dreams. He also mentioned some of the reasons that cause nightmares. Debra Sullivan, a nurse educator, medically reviews his essay. Sullivan’s expertise includes cardiology, psoriasis/dermatology, pediatrics, and alternative medicine. For more, you can also see these articles about sleep .

“The first time I experienced sleep paralysis and recognised it for what it was I was a student. I had been taking MDMA and listening to Django Reinhardt. My memories of that time are mainly of taking drugs and listening to Django Reinhardt. When I woke up I was in my paralysed body. I was there, inside it. I was inside my leaden wrists, my ribcage, the thick dead roots of my hair, the bandages of skin. This time the hallucinations were auditory. I could hear someone being beaten outside my door. They were screaming for help. And I could do nothing but lie there, locked inside my body . . . whatever bit of me is not my body. That is the bit that exists, by itself, at night.”

In her essay, Author Eli Goldstone talks about her suffering from bad dreams ever since childhood. She also talks about what she feels every time she has sleep paralysis – a feeling of being conscious but unable to move.

“We often hear stories of people who’ve learned from their dreams or been inspired by them. Think of Paul McCartney’s story of how his hit song “Yesterday” came to him in a dream or of Mendeleev’s dream-inspired construction of the periodic table of elements. But, while many of us may feel that our dreams have special meaning or a useful purpose, science has been more skeptical of that claim. Instead of being harbingers of creativity or some kind of message from our unconscious, some scientists have considered dreaming to being an unintended consequence of sleep—a byproduct of evolution without benefit.”

Author Matthew Walker, a professor of psychology and neuroscience, shares some interesting facts about dreams in his essay. According to research, dreaming is more than just a byproduct of sleep; it also serves essential functions in our well-being. 

“Dreams are basically stories and images that our mind creates while we sleep. They can be vivid. They can make you feel happy, sad, or scared. And they may seem confusing or perfectly rational. Dreams can happen at any time during sleep. But you have your most vivid dreams during a phase called REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, when your brain is most active. Some experts say we dream at least four to six times a night.”

In his essay, Author Hedy Marks discusses everything we need to know about dreams in detail – from defining a dream to tips that may help us remember our dreams. Hedy Marks is an Assistant Managing Editor at WebMD , and Carol DerSarkissian, a board-certified emergency physician, medically reviews his essay.

“Regardless of whether dreams foretell the future, allow us to commune with the divine, or simply provide a better understanding of ourselves, the process of analyzing them has always been highly symbolic. To understand the meaning of dreams, we must interpret them as if they were written in a secret code. A quick search of an online dream dictionary will tell you that haunted houses symbolize “unfinished emotional business,” dimly lit lamps mean you’re “feeling overwhelmed by emotional issues,” a feast indicates “a lack of balance in your life,” and garages symbolize a feeling of “lacking direction or guidance in achieving your goals.” 

Author David B. Feldman, an author, speaker, and professor of counseling psychology, believes that dreams may not mean anything, but they tell us something about our emotions. In other words, if you’ve been suffering from a series of bad dreams, it could be worth checking in with yourself to see how you’ve been feeling and perhaps consider whether there’s anything you can do to improve your mood.

“Ever wish you could ice skate across a winter sky, catching crumbs of gingerbread, like flakes of snow, on your tongue? How about conquering a monster in a nightmare, bouncing between mountain peaks, walking through walls, or reading minds? Have you ever longed to hold the hand of someone you loved and lost? If you want to fulfill your fantasies, or even face your fears, you might want to try taking some control of your dreams (try being the operative). People practiced in lucid dreaming—the phenomenon of being aware that you are dreaming while you are asleep—claim that the experience allows adventure, self-discovery, and euphoric joy.”

In her essay, Author Serena Alagappan talks about lucid dreams – a type of dream where a person becomes conscious during a dream. She also talked about ways to control our dreams, such as keeping a journal, reciting mantras before bed, and believing we can. However, not everyone will be able to control their dreams because the levels of lucidity and control differ significantly between individuals.

“There was a period of six months when I tried to go off my medication – a slowly unfolding disaster – and I’d thought my dreams might settle down. Instead, they grew more deranged. Even now I think of the dream in which I was using a cigarette lighter to melt my own father, who had assumed the form of a large candle. I’ve since learned that, apart from more research being needed, this was probably a case of “REM rebound”. When you stop taking the medication, you’ll likely get a lot more REM sleep than you were getting before. In simple terms, your brain goes on a dreaming frenzy, amping up the detail.”

Author Ashleigh Young’s essay informs us how some medications, such as antidepressants, affect our dreams based on her own life experience. She said, “I’ve tried not to dwell too much on my dreams. Yes, they are vivid and sometimes truly gruesome, full of chaotic, unfathomable violence, but weird nights seemed a reasonable price to pay for the bearable days that SSRIs have helped me to have.” 

In simple terms, a dream is a cherished aspiration, ambition, or ideal; is it the same as your goal in life? In your essay, explore this topic and state your opinion about what the word “dream” means to you.

This is an excellent topic for your statement or “about me” essay. Where do you see yourself in the next ten years? Do you have a career plan? If you still haven’t thought about it, maybe it’s time to start thinking about your future.

Having dreams is very important in a person’s life; it motivates, inspires, and helps you achieve any goal that you have in mind. Without dreams, we would feel lost – having no purpose in life. Therefore, in your essay, you should be able to explain to your readers how important it is to have a dream or ambition in life. 

Dreaming big sounds great; however, it’s easier said than done. First, you’ve got to have reasons to dream big, which will motivate you to achieve your goals in life. If you’re writing an essay about dreams in life, mention why most people dare to dream big and achieve more in life. Is it about freedom, money, praise from other people, satisfaction, or something else entirely?

For example, you could watch movies, play video games, relax every night, or give up all of them to learn a complex skill – what would you choose, and why? In your essay about dreams in life, answer the question and include other examples about this topic so your readers can relate.

There are many answers to this question – one is that dreams may have an evolutionary function, testing us in scenarios crucial to our survival. Dreams may also reduce the severity of emotional trauma. On the other hand, some researchers say dreams have no purpose or meaning, while some say we need dreams for physical and mental health. Take a closer look at this topic, and include what you find in your essay.

Weird dreams could result from anxiety, stress, or sleep deprivation. So, manage your stress levels, and stick to a sleep routine to stop having weird dreams. If you wake up from a weird dream, you can fall back asleep using deep breaths or any relaxing activity. You can research other causes of weird dreams and ways to stop yourself from having them for your essay about dreams and sleep.

The same areas of the brain that are active when we learn and process information in the actual world are active when we dream, and they replay the information as we sleep. Many things we see, hear, and feel in our everyday lives appear in our dreams. If you want to write an informative essay about dreams and sleep, look into more details about this topic.

Tip: When editing for grammar, we also recommend taking the time to improve the readability score of a piece of writing before publishing or submitting it.

People may not remember what happened in their dreams. Studies show that people tend to forget their dreams due to the changing levels of acetylcholine and norepinephrine during sleep. This will be quite an exciting topic for your readers because many people can relate. That being said, research more information about this topic, and discuss it in detail in your essay. 

Although some people believe that dreams don’t mean anything, many psychologists and other experts have theorized about the deeper meaning of dreams. Therefore, your essay about dreams and sleep should delve deeper into this topic. If you’re stuck picking your next essay topic, check out our round-up of essay topics about education .

FAQS on Essays About Dreams in Life

There are many great short essays about dreams; you can write your own too! Some great examples include Do Dreams Really Mean Anything? by David B. Feldman and  Dreams by Hedy Marks.

Writing about your dreams in life is a fantastic creative outlet and can even help you plan your future. Use a prompt to get started, like “What are your dreams in life?” or “What do you aspire to be in ten years?” and begin writing without thinking too much about it. See where the pen takes you and start mapping out your future with this writing exercise.

Meet Rachael, the editor at Become a Writer Today. With years of experience in the field, she is passionate about language and dedicated to producing high-quality content that engages and informs readers. When she's not editing or writing, you can find her exploring the great outdoors, finding inspiration for her next project.

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Essay on My Dream for Students and Children

500+ words essay on my dream.

Everyone has a dream in his life which they want to achieve when they grow up. Some kids want to become rich so that they can buy anything and some want to be a doctor, lawyer, or engineer. But only you know that for achieving these goals you have to work hard and stay attentive to it. In this essay on my dream, we are going to discuss the basic things that will help in achieving my dream .

Determination

For turning a dream into reality the first thing that you need is determination. This will help you in a lot of ways. Firstly, it will help you decide the course of action for doing anything. Besides, it will also help you to plan the journey ahead. Also, it will help to take things slow and maintain a steady pace towards the dream.

Moreover, no matter how big my dream planning and setting short term goals will always help. This is important because rushing to your dream will not going to help you in any way. Besides, there is some dream that requires time and they follow a process without following it you cannot achieve that dream.

Staying Motivated

Lack of motivation is one of the main causes that force a person to leave his dream behind. So, staying motivated is also part of the goal. And if you can’t stay positive then you won’t be able to achieve the dream. There are many people out there that quit the journey of their dreams mid-way because they lack motivation .

Keep Remembering Goal

For completing the dream you have to keep your dream in the mind. And remind this dream to yourself daily. There come hard times when you feel like quitting at those times just remember the goal it helps you stay positive . And if you feel like you messed up big times then start over with a fresh mind.

Reward Yourself

You don’t need to cover milestones to reward yourself. Set a small target towards your dream and on fulfilling them reward yourself . These rewards can be anything from toffee to your favorite thing. Besides, this is a good way of self-motivation.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Take Some Breaks

Working towards your goal not mean that you work day and night without stopping. Apart from that, due to continuous efforts, people soon start to become de-motivated. So, taking a break will help your body and mind. For doing so, take a break in between your schedule for some time an engage yourself in other activities.

Stay Among Positive People

Your company affects you in a lot of ways than you can imagine. So, be with people who appreciate you and stay away from people who distract and criticize you.

Don’t Hesitate to Make Mistakes

To sum it up, we can say that dreaming of a goal is far easier than achieving it. And for fulfilling your dream you need a lot of things and also have to sacrifice many things.

Above all, for fulfilling your dream plan and work according to it because it will lead you to the right path. And never forget to dream big because they help in overcoming every obstacle in life.

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July 26, 2011

The Science Behind Dreaming

New research sheds light on how and why we remember dreams--and what purpose they are likely to serve

By Sander van der Linden

Getty Images

For centuries people have pondered the meaning of dreams. Early civilizations thought of dreams as a medium between our earthly world and that of the gods. In fact, the Greeks and Romans were convinced that dreams had certain prophetic powers. While there has always been a great interest in the interpretation of human dreams, it wasn’t until the end of the nineteenth century that Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung put forth some of the most widely-known modern theories of dreaming. Freud’s theory centred around the notion of repressed longing -- the idea that dreaming allows us to sort through unresolved, repressed wishes. Carl Jung (who studied under Freud) also believed that dreams had psychological importance, but proposed different theories about their meaning.

Since then, technological advancements have allowed for the development of other theories. One prominent neurobiological theory of dreaming is the “activation-synthesis hypothesis,” which states that dreams don’t actually mean anything: they are merely electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories. Humans, the theory goes, construct dream stories after they wake up, in a natural attempt to make sense of it all. Yet, given the vast documentation of realistic aspects to human dreaming as well as indirect experimental evidence that other mammals such as cats also dream, evolutionary psychologists have theorized that dreaming really does serve a purpose. In particular, the “threat simulation theory” suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defence mechanism that provided an evolutionary advantage because of  its capacity to repeatedly simulate potential threatening events – enhancing the neuro-cognitive mechanisms required for efficient threat perception and avoidance.

So, over the years, numerous theories have been put forth in an attempt to illuminate the mystery behind human dreams, but, until recently, strong tangible evidence has remained largely elusive.

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Yet, new research published in the Journal of Neuroscience provides compelling insights into the mechanisms that underlie dreaming and the strong relationship our dreams have with our memories. Cristina Marzano and her colleagues at the University of Rome have succeeded, for the first time, in explaining how humans remember their dreams. The scientists predicted the likelihood of successful dream recall based on a signature pattern of brain waves. In order to do this, the Italian research team invited 65 students to spend two consecutive nights in their research laboratory.

During the first night, the students were left to sleep, allowing them to get used to the sound-proofed and temperature-controlled rooms. During the second night the researchers measured the student’s brain waves while they slept. Our brain experiences four types of electrical brain waves: “delta,” “theta,” “alpha,” and “beta.” Each represents a different speed of oscillating electrical voltages and together they form the electroencephalography (EEG). The Italian research team used this technology to measure the participant’s brain waves during various sleep-stages. (There are five stages of sleep; most dreaming and our most intense dreams occur during the REM stage.) The students were woken at various times and asked to fill out a diary detailing whether or not they dreamt, how often they dreamt and whether they could remember the content of their dreams.

While previous studies have already indicated that people are more likely to remember their dreams when woken directly after REM sleep, the current study explains why. Those participants who exhibited more low frequency theta waves in the frontal lobes were also more likely to remember their dreams.

This finding is interesting because the increased frontal theta activity the researchers observed looks just like the successful encoding and retrieval of autobiographical memories seen while we are awake. That is, it is the same electrical oscillations in the frontal cortex that make the recollection of episodic memories (e.g., things that happened to you) possible. Thus, these findings suggest that the neurophysiological mechanisms that we employ while dreaming (and recalling dreams) are the same as when we construct and retrieve memories while we are awake.

In another recent study conducted by the same research team, the authors used the latest MRI techniques to investigate the relation between dreaming and the role of deep-brain structures. In their study, the researchers found that vivid, bizarre and emotionally intense dreams (the dreams that people usually remember) are linked to parts of the amygdala and hippocampus. While the amygdala plays a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, the hippocampus has been implicated in important memory functions, such as the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory.

The proposed link between our dreams and emotions is also highlighted in another recent study published by Matthew Walker and colleagues at the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at UC Berkeley, who found that a reduction in REM sleep (or less “dreaming”) influences our ability to understand complex emotions in daily life – an essential feature of human social functioning.  Scientists have also recently identified where dreaming is likely to occur in the brain.  A very rare clinical condition known as “Charcot-Wilbrand Syndrome” has been known to cause (among other neurological symptoms) loss of the ability to dream.  However, it was not until a few years ago that a patient reported to have lost her ability to dream while having virtually no other permanent neurological symptoms. The patient suffered a lesion in a part of the brain known as the right inferior lingual gyrus (located in the visual cortex). Thus, we know that dreams are generated in, or transmitted through this particular area of the brain, which is associated with visual processing, emotion and visual memories.

Taken together, these recent findings tell an important story about the underlying mechanism and possible purpose of dreaming.

Dreams seem to help us process emotions by encoding and constructing memories of them. What we see and experience in our dreams might not necessarily be real, but the emotions attached to these experiences certainly are. Our dream stories essentially try to strip the emotion out of a certain experience by creating a memory of it. This way, the emotion itself is no longer active.  This mechanism fulfils an important role because when we don’t process our emotions, especially negative ones, this increases personal worry and anxiety. In fact, severe REM sleep-deprivation is increasingly correlated to the development of mental disorders. In short, dreams help regulate traffic on that fragile bridge which connects our experiences with our emotions and memories.

Are you a scientist who specializes in neuroscience, cognitive science, or psychology? And have you read a recent peer-reviewed paper that you would like to write about? Please send suggestions to Mind Matters editor Gareth Cook, a Pulitzer prize-winning journalist at the Boston Globe. He can be reached at garethideas AT gmail.com or Twitter @garethideas .

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Dreams and Dreaming

Dreams and dreaming have been discussed in diverse areas of philosophy ranging from epistemology to ethics, ontology, and more recently philosophy of mind and cognitive science. This entry provides an overview of major themes in the philosophy of sleep and dreaming, with a focus on Western analytic philosophy, and discusses relevant scientific findings.

1.1 Cartesian dream skepticism

1.2 earlier discussions of dream skepticism and why descartes’ version is special, 1.3 dreaming and other skeptical scenarios, 1.4 descartes’ solution to the dream problem and real-world dreams, 2.1 are dreams experiences, 2.2 dreams as instantaneous memory insertions, 2.3 empirical evidence on the question of dream experience, 2.4 dreams and hallucinations, 2.5 dreams and illusions, 2.6 dreams as imaginative experiences, 2.7 dreaming and waking mind wandering, 2.8 the problem of dream belief, 3.1 dreaming as a model system and test case for consciousness research, 3.2 dreams, psychosis, and delusions, 3.3 beyond dreams: dreamless sleep experience and the concepts of sleep, waking, and consciousness, 4. dreaming and the self, 5. immorality and moral responsibility in dreams, 6.1 the meaning of dreams, 6.2 the functions of dreaming, 7. conclusions, other internet resources, related entries, 1. dreams and epistemology.

Dream skepticism has traditionally been the most famous and widely discussed philosophical problem raised by dreaming (see Williams 1978; Stroud 1984). In the Meditations , Descartes uses dreams to motivate skepticism about sensory-based beliefs about the external world and his own bodily existence. He notes that sensory experience can also lead us astray in commonplace sensory illusions such as seeing things as too big or small. But he does not think such cases justify general doubts about the reliability of sensory perception: by taking a closer look at an object seen under suboptimal conditions, we can easily avoid deception. By contrast, dreams suggest that even in a seemingly best-case scenario of sensory perception (Stroud 1984), deception is possible. Even the realistic experience of sitting dressed by the fire and looking at a piece of paper in one’s hands (Descartes 1641: I.5) is something that can, and according to Descartes often does, occur in a dream.

There are different ways of construing the dream argument. A strong reading is that Descartes is trapped in a lifelong dream and none of his experiences have ever been caused by external objects (the Always Dreaming Doubt ; see Newman 2019). A weaker reading is that he is just sometimes dreaming but cannot rule out at any given moment that he is dreaming right now (the Now Dreaming Doubt ; see Newman 2019). This is still epistemologically worrisome: even though some of his sensory-based beliefs might be true, he cannot determine which these are unless he can rule out that he is dreaming. Doubt is thus cast on all of his beliefs, making sensory-based knowledge slip out of reach.

Cartesian-style skeptical arguments have the following form (quoted from Klein 2015):

• If I know that p , then there are no genuine grounds for doubting that p .
• U is a genuine ground for doubting that p .
• Therefore, I do not know that p .

If we apply this to the case of dreaming, we get:

• If I know that I am sitting dressed by the fire, then there are no genuine grounds for doubting that I am really sitting dressed by the fire.
• If I were now dreaming, this would be a genuine ground for doubting that I am sitting dressed by the fire: in dreams, I have often had the realistic experience of sitting dressed by the fire when I was actually lying undressed in bed!
• Therefore, I do not know that I am now sitting dressed by the fire.

Importantly, both strong and weak versions of the dream argument cast doubt only on sensory-based beliefs, but leave other beliefs unscathed. According to Descartes, that 2+3=5 or that a square has no more than 4 sides is knowable even if he is now dreaming:

although, in truth, I should be dreaming, the rule still holds that all which is clearly presented to my intellect is indisputably true. (Descartes 1641: V.15)

By Descartes’ lights, dreams do not undermine our ability to engage in the project of pure, rational enquiry (Frankfurt 1970; but see Broughton 2002).

Dream arguments have been a staple of philosophical skepticism since antiquity and were so well known that in his objections to the Meditations , Hobbes (1641) criticized Descartes for not having come up with a more original argument. Yet, Descartes’ version of the problem, more than any other, has left its mark on the philosophical discussion.

Earlier versions tended to touch upon dreams just briefly and discuss them alongside other examples of sensory deception. For example, in the Theaetetus (157e), Plato has Socrates discuss a defect in perception that is common to

dreams and diseases, including insanity, and everything else that is said to cause illusions of sight and hearing and the other senses.

This leads to the conclusion that knowledge cannot be defined through perception.

Dreams also appear in the canon of standard skeptical arguments used by the Pyrrhonists. Again, dreams and sleep are just one of several conditions (including illness, joy, and sorrow) that cast doubt on the trusthworthiness of sensory perception (Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers; Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism) .

Augustine ( Against the Academics ; Confessions) thought the dream problem could be contained, arguing that in retrospect, we can distinguish both dreams and illusions from actual perception (Matthew 2005: chapter 8). And Montaigne ( The Apology for Raymond Sebond ) noted that wakefulness itself teems with reveries and illusions, which he thought were even more epistemologically worrisome than nocturnal dreams.

Descartes devoted much more space to the discussion of dreaming and cast it as a unique epistemological threat distinct from both waking illusions and evil genius or brain-in-a-vat-style arguments. His claim that he has often been deceived by his dreams implies he also saw dreaming as a real-world (rather than merely hypothetical) threat.

This is further highlighted by the intimate, first-person style of the Meditations . Their narrator is supposed to exemplify everyone’s epistemic situation, illustrating the typical defects of the human mind. Readers are further drawn in by Descartes’ strategy of moving from commonsense examples towards more sophisticated philosophical claims (Frankfurt 1970). For example, Descartes builds up towards dream skepticism by first considering familiar cases of sensory illusions and then deceptively realistic dreams.

Finally, much attention has been devoted to several dreams Descartes reportedly had as a young man. Some believe these dreams embodied theoretical doubts he developed in the Discourse and Meditations (Baillet 1691; Leibniz 1880: IV; Cole 1992; Keefer 1996). Hacking (2001:252) suggests that for Descartes, dream skepticism was not just a philosophical conundrum but a source of genuine doubt. There is also some discussion about the dream reports’ authenticity (Freud 1940; Cole 1992; Clarke 2006; Browne 1977).

In the Meditations , after discussing the dream argument, Descartes raises the possibility of an omnipotent evil genius determined to deceive us even in our most basic beliefs. Contrary to dream deception, Descartes emphasizes that the evil genius hypothesis is a mere fiction. Still, it radicalizes the dream doubt in two respects. One, where the dream argument left the knowability of certain general truths intact, these are cast in doubt by the evil genius hypothesis . Two, where the dream argument, at least on the weaker reading, involves just temporary deception, the evil genius has us permanently deceived.

One modernized version, the brain-in-a-vat thought experiment, says that if evil scientists placed your brain in a vat and stimulated it just right, your conscious experience would be exactly the same as if you were still an ordinary, embodied human being (Putnam 1981). In the Matrix -trilogy (Chalmers 2005), Matrixers live unbeknownst to themselves in a computer simulation. Unlike the brain-in-a-vat , they have bodies that are kept alive in pods, and flaws in the simulation allow some of them to bend its rules to their advantage.

Unlike dream deception, which is often cast as a regularly recurring actuality (cf. Windt 2011), brain-in-a-vat-style arguments are often thought to be merely logically or nomologically possible. However, there might be good reasons for thinking that we actually live in a computer simulation (Bostrom 2003), and if we lend some credence to radical skeptical scenarios, this may have consequences for how we act (Schwitzgebel 2017).

Even purely hypothetical skeptical scenarios may enhance their psychological force by capitalizing on the analogy with dreams. Clark (2005) argues that the Matrix contains elements of “industrial-strength deception” in which both sensory experience and intellectual functioning are exactly the same as in standard wake-states, whereas other aspects are more similar to the compromised reasoning and bizarre shifts that are the hallmark of dreams.

At the end of the Sixth Meditation , Descartes suggests a solution to the dream problem that is tied to a reassessment of what it is like to dream. Contrary to his remarks in the First Meditation , he notes that dreams are only rarely connected to waking memories and are often discontinuous, as when dream characters suddenly appear or disappear. He then introduces the coherence test:

But when I perceive objects with regard to which I can distinctly determine both the place whence they come, and that in which they are, and the time at which they appear to me, and when, without interruption, I can connect the perception I have of them with the whole of the other parts of my life, I am perfectly sure that what I thus perceive occurs while I am awake and not during sleep. (Meditation VI. 24)

For all practical purposes, he has now found a mark by which dreaming and waking can be distinguished (cf. Meditation I.7), and even if the coherence test is not fail-safe, the threat of dream deception has been averted.

Descartes’ remarks about the discontinuous and ad hoc nature of many dreams are backed up by empirical work on dream bizarreness (see Hobson 1988; Revonsuo & Salmivalli 1995). Still, many of his critics were not convinced this helped his case against the skeptic. Even if Descartes’ revised phenomenological description characterizes most dreams, one might occasionally merely dream of successfully performing the test (Hobbes 1641), and in some dreams, one might seem to have a clear and distinct idea but this impression is false (Bourdin 1641). Both the coherence test and the criterion of clarity and distinctness would then be unreliable.

How considerations of empirical plausibility impact the dream argument continues to be a matter of debate. Grundmann (2002) appeals to scientific dream research to introduce an introspective criterion: when we introspectively notice that we are able to engage in critical reflection, we have good reason to think that we are awake and not dreaming. However, this assumes critical reasoning to be uniformly absent in dreams. If attempts at critical reasoning do occur in dreams and if they generally tend to be corrupted, the introspective criterion might again be problematic (Windt 2011, 2015a). There are also cases in which even after awakening, people mistake what was in fact a dream for reality (Wamsley et al. 2014). At least in certain situations and for some people, dream deception might be a genuine cause of concern (Windt 2015a).

2. The ontology of dreams

In what follows, the term “conscious experience” is used as an umbrella term for the occurrence of sensations, thoughts, impressions, emotions etc. in dreams (cf. Dennett 1976). These are all phenomenal states: there is something it is like to be in these states for the subject of experience (cf. Nagel 1974). To ask about dream experience is to ask whether it is like something to dream while dreaming, and whether what it is like is similar to (or relevantly different from) corresponding waking experiences.

Cartesian dream skepticism depends on a seemingly innocent background assumption: that dreams are conscious experiences. If this is false, then dreams are not deceptive experiences during sleep and we cannot be deceived, while dreaming, about anything at all. Whether dreams are experiences is a major question for the ontology of dreams and closely bound up with dream skepticism.

The most famous argument denying that dreams are experiences was formulated by Norman Malcolm (1956, 1959). Today, his position is commonly rejected as implausible. Still, it set the tone for the analysis of dreaming as a target phenomenon for philosophy of mind.

For Malcolm, the denial of dream experience followed from the conceptual analysis of sleep: “if a person is in any state of consciousness it logically follows that he is not sound asleep” (Malcolm 1956: 21). Following some remarks of Wittgenstein’s (1953: 184; see Chihara 1965 for discussion), Malcolm claimed

the concept of dreaming is derived, not from dreaming, but from descriptions of dreams, i.e., from the familiar phenomenon that we call “telling a dream”. (Malcolm 1959:55)

Malcolm argued that retrospective dream reports are the sole criterion for determining whether a dream occurred and there is no independent way of verifying dream reports. While first-person, past-tense psychological statements (such as “I felt afraid”) can at least in principle be verified by independent observations (but see Canfield 1961; Siegler 1967; Schröder 1997), he argued dream reports (such as “in my dream, I felt afraid”) are governed by different grammars and merely superficially resemble waking reports. In particular, he denied dream reports imply the occurrence of experiences (such as thoughts, feelings, or judgements) in sleep:

If a man had certain thoughts and feelings in a dream it no more follows that he had those thoughts and feelings while asleep, than it follows from his having climbed a mountain in a dream that he climbed a mountain while asleep. (Malcolm 1959/1962: 51–52)

What exactly Malcolm means by “conscious experience” is unclear. Sometimes he seems to be saying that conscious experience is conceptually tied to wakefulness (Malcolm 1956); other times he claims that terms such as mental activity or conscious experience are vague and it is senseless to apply them to sleep and dreams (Malcolm 1959: 52).

Malcolm’s analysis of dreaming has been criticized as assuming an overly strict form of verificationism and a naïve view of language and conceptual change. A particularly counterintuitive consequence of his view is that there can be no observational evidence for the occurrence of dreams in sleep aside from dream reports. This includes behavioral evidence such as sleepwalking or sleeptalking, which he thought showed the person was partially awake; as he also thought dreams occur in sound sleep, such sleep behaviors were largely irrelevant to the investigation of dreaming proper. He also claimed adopting a physiological criterion of dreaming (such as EEG measures of brain activity during sleep) would change the concept of dreaming, which he argued was tied exclusively to dream reporting. This claim was particularly radical as it explicitly targeted the discovery of REM sleep and its association with dreaming (Dement & Kleitman 1957), which is commonly regarded as the beginning of the science of sleep and dreaming. Malcolm’s position was that the very project of a science of dreaming was misguided.

Contra Malcolm, most assume that justification does not depend on strict criteria with the help of which the truth of a statement can be determined with absolute certainty, but “on appeals to the simplicity, plausibility, and predictive adequacy of an explanatory system as a whole” (Chihara & Fodor 1965: 197). In this view, behavioral and/or physiological evidence can be used to verify dream reports (Ayer 1960) and the alleged principled difference between dream reports and other first-person, past-tense psychological sentences (Siegler 1967; Schröder 1997) disappears.

Putnam noted that Malcolm’s analysis of the concept of dreaming relies on the dubious idea that philosophers have access to deep conceptual truths that are hidden to laypeople:

the lexicographer would undoubtedly perceive the logical (or semantical) connection between being a pediatrician and being a doctor, but he would miss the allegedly “logical” character of the connection between dreams and waking impressions. […] this “depth grammar” kind of analyticity (or “logical dependence”) does not exist. (Putnam 1962 [1986]: 306)

Nagel argued that even if one accepts Malcolm’s analysis of the concept of dreaming,

it is a mistake to invest the demonstration that it is impossible to have experiences while asleep with more import than it has. It is an observation about our use of the word “experience”, and no more. It does not imply that nothing goes on in our minds while we dream. (Nagel 1959: 114)

Whether dream thoughts, feelings or beliefs should count as real instances of their kind now becomes an open question, and in any case there is no conceptual contradiction involved in saying one has experiences while asleep and dreaming.

To ask about dream experience is also to ask whether there is something it is like to dream during sleep as opposed to there just being something it is like to remember dreaming after awakening. Dennett’s (1976, 1979) cassette theory says dreams are the product of instantaneous memory insertion at the moment of the awakening, as if a cassette with pre-scripted dreams had been inserted into memory, ready for replay. Dennett claims the cassette theory and the view that dreams are experiences can deal equally well with empirical evidence for instance on the relationship between dreaming and REM sleep. The cassette theory is preferable because it is more parsimonious, positing only an unconscious dream composition process rather than an additional conscious presentation process in sleep. For Dennett, the important point is that it is impossible to distinguish between the two rival theories based on dream recall; the question of dream experience should be settled by independent empirical evidence.

While Dennett shares Malcolm’s skepticism about dream experience, this latter claim is diametrically opposed to Malcolm’s rejection of a science of dreaming. For Dennett, the unreliability of dream recall also is not unique, but exemplifies a broader problem with memory reports: we generally cannot use retrospective recall to distinguish conscious experience from memory insertion (Dennett 1991; see also Emmett 1978).

An earlier and much discussed (Binz 1878; Goblot 1896; Freud 1899; Hall 1981; Kramer 2007:22–24) version of Dennett’s cassette theory goes back to Maury’s (1861) description of a long and complex dream about the French revolution that culminated in his execution at the guillotine, at which point Maury suddenly awoke to find that the headboard had fallen on his neck. Because the dream seemed to systematically build up to this dramatic conclusion, which in turn coincided with a sudden external event, he suggested that such cases were best explained as instantaneous memory insertions experienced at the moment of awakening. Similarly, Gregory (1916) described dreams are psychical explosions occurring at the moment of awakening.

The trustworthiness of dream reports continues to be contentious. Rosen (2013) argues that dream reports are often fabricated and fail to accurately describe experiences occurring during sleep. By contrast, Windt (2013, 2015a) argues that dream reports can at least under certain conditions (such as in laboratory studies, when dreams are reported immediately after awakening by trained participants) be regarded as trustworthy sources of evidence with respect to previous experience during sleep.

Unlike Malcolm, many believe that whether dreams are experiences is an empirical question; and unlike Dennett, the predominant view is that the empirical evidence does indeed support this claim (Flanagan 2000; Metzinger 2003; Revonsuo 2006; Rosen 2013; Windt 2013, 2015a).

A first reason for thinking that dreams are experiences during sleep is the relationship between dreaming and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Researchers in the 1950s discovered that sleep is not a uniform state of rest and passivity, but there is a sleep architecture involving different stages of sleep that is relatively stable both within and across individuals (Aserinsky & Kleitman 1953, 1955; Dement & Kleitman 1957). Following sleep onset, periods of non-REM (or NREM) sleep including slow wave sleep (so called because of the presence of characteristic slow-wave, high-voltage EEG activity) are followed by periods of high-frequency, low-voltage activity during REM sleep. EEG measures from REM sleep strongly resemble waking EEG. REM sleep is additionally characterized by rapid eye movements and a near-complete loss of muscle tone (Dement 1999: 27–50; Jouvet 1999).

The alignment between conscious experience on the one hand and wake-like brain activity and muscular paralysis on the other hand would seem to support the experiential status of dreams as well as explain the outward passivity that typically accompanies them. Reports of dreaming are in fact much more frequent following REM (81.9%) than NREM sleep awakenings (43%; Nielsen 2000). REM reports tend to be more elaborate, vivid, and emotionally intense, whereas NREM reports tend to be more thought-like, confused, non-progressive, and repetitive (Hobson et al. 2000). These differences led to the idea that REM sleep is an objective marker of dreaming (Dement & Kleitman 1957; Hobson 1988: 154).

Attempts to identify dreaming with mental activity during REM sleep have not, however, been successful, and many now hold that dreams can occur in all stages of sleep (e.g., Antrobus 1990; Foulkes 1993b; Solms 1997, 2000; Domhoff 2003; Nemeth & Fazekas 2018). In recent years there has been renewed interest in NREM sleep for the study of dreaming (Noreika et al. 2009; Siclari et al. 2013, 2017). This suggests the inference from the physiology of REM sleep to the phenomenology of dreaming is not straightforward.

A second line of evidence comes from lucid dreams, or dreams in which one knows one is dreaming and often has some level of dream control (Voss et al. 2013; Voss & Hobson 2015; Baird et al. 2019). The term lucid dreaming was coined by van Eeden (1913), but Aristotle ( On Dreams ) already noted that one can sometimes be aware while dreaming that one is dreaming.

Scientific evidence that lucid dreaming is real and a genuine sleep phenomenon comes from laboratory studies (Hearne 1978; LaBerge et al. 1981) showing lucid dreamers can use specific, pre-arranged patterns of eye movements (e.g., right-left-right-left) to signal in real-time that they are now lucid and engaging in dream experiments. These signals are clearly identifiable on the EOG and suggest a correspondence between dream-eye movements and real-eye movements (as predicted by the so-called scanning hypothesis ; see Dement & Kleitman 1957; Leclair-Visonneau et al. 2010). Retrospective reports confirm that the dreamer really was lucid and signalled lucidity (Dresler et al. 2012; Stumbrys et al. 2014).

Signal-verified lucid dreams have been used to study muscular activity accompanying body movements in dreams (Erlacher et al. 2003; Dresler et al. 2011), for advanced EEG analysis of brain activity during lucid dreaming (Voss et al. 2009), and imaging studies (Dresler et al. 2011, 2012). Eye signals can also be used to measure the duration of different activities performed in lucid dreams; contrary to the cassette theory, lucid dreams have temporal extension and certain dream actions even seem to take slightly longer than in waking (Erlacher et al. 2014). There have also been attempts to induce lucidity through non-invasive electrical stimulation during sleep (Stumbrys et al. 2013; Voss et al. 2014). The combination of signal-verified lucid dreaming with volitional control over dream content, retrospective report, and objective sleep measures has been proposed to provide controlled conditions for the study of conscious experience in sleep and a new methodology for investigating the relationship between conscious experience and neurophysiological processes (Baird et al.2019).

A third line of evidence (Revonsuo 2006: 77) comes from dream-enactment behavior (Nielsen et al. 2009), most prominently in patients with REM-sleep behavior disorder (RBD; Schenck & Mahowald 1996; Schenck 2005; Leclair-Visonneau et al. 2010). Due to a loss of the muscular atonia that accompanies REM sleep in healthy subjects, these patients show complex, seemingly goal-directed outward behaviors such as running or fighting off an attacker during REM sleep. Retrospective dream reports often match these behaviors, suggesting that patients literally act out their dreams during sleep.

While persuasive, these lines of evidence might not satisfy skeptics about dream experience. They might worry that results from lucid dreaming and dream enactment do not generalize to ordinary, non-lucid dreams; they might also construe alternative explanations that do not require conscious experience in sleep. There are also methodological concerns, for instance about how closely sleep-behaviors actually match dream experience. A key issue is that to support the experiential status of dreams, evidence from sleep polysomnography, signal verified lucid dreams, or sleep behavior requires convergence with retrospective dream reports. This means trusting dream reports is built into any attempt to empirically resolve the question of dream experience – which then invites the familiar skeptical concerns. Again, an anti-skeptical strategy may be to appeal to explanatory considerations. In this view, the convergence of dream reports and objective polysomnographic or behavioral observations is best explained by the assumption that dreams are experiences in sleep, and this assumption is strengthened by further incoming findings. This strategy places dream reports at the center of scientific dream research while avoiding the contentious claim that their trustworthiness, and with it the experiential status of dreams, can be demonstrated conclusively by independent empirical means (Windt 2013, 2015a).

Even where philosophers agree dreams are experiences, they often disagree on how exactly to characterize dreaming relative to wake-state psychological terms. Often, questions about the ontology of dreaming intersect with epistemological issues. Increasingly, they also incorporate empirical findings.

The standard view is that dreams have the same phenomenal character as waking perception in that they seemingly put us in contact with mind-independent objects, yet no such object is actually being perceived. This means dreams count as hallucinations in the philosophical sense (Crane & French 2017; Macpherson 2013). Even if, in a particularly realistic dream, my visual experience was exactly as it would be if I were awake (I could see my bedroom, my hands on the bed sheets, etc.), as long as my eyes were closed during the episode, I would not, literally, be seeing anything.

There is some controversy in the psychological literature about whether dreams should be regarded as hallucinations. Some believe the term hallucination should be reserved for clinical contexts and wake-state pathologies (Aleman & Larøi 2008: 17; but see ffytche 2007; ffytche et al. 2010).

The view that dreams involve hallucinations is implicit in Descartes’ assumption that even when dreaming,

it is certain that I seem to see light, hear a noise, and feel heat; this cannot be false, and this is what in me is properly called perceiving ( sentire ). (Descartes 1641: II.9)

It also lies at the heart of Aristotle’s ( On Dreams ) assumption that dreams result from the movements of the sensory organs that continue even after the original stimulus has ceased. He believed that in the silence of sleep, these residual movements result in vivid sensory imagery that is subjectively indistinguishable from genuine perception (see also Dreisbach 2000; Barbera 2008).

The assumption of phenomenological equivalence between dream and waking experience can also be found in Berkeley’s (1710: I.18) idealist claim that the existence of external bodies is not necessary for the production of vivid, wake-like perceptual experience. Similarly, Russell defended sense-data theory by noting that in dreams,

I have all the experiences that I seem to have; it is only things outside my mind that are not as I believe them to be while I am dreaming. (Russell 1948: 149–150)

Elsewhere, he argued dreams and waking life

must be treated with equal respect; it is only by some reality not merely sensible that dreams can be condemned. (Russell 1914: 69)

Hume was less clear on this matter, proposing that dreams occupy an intermediate position between vivid and largely non-voluntary sensory impressions and ideas, or “the faint images of previous impressions in thinking and reasoning” (Hume 1739: 1.1.1.1). On the one hand, as mere creatures of the mind, Hume wanted to categorize dreams as ideas. On the other hand, he acknowledged that in sleep, “our ideas can approach the vivacity of sensory impressions” (Hume 1739: 1.1.1.1). Dreams do not fit comfortably into Hume’s attempt to draw a dichotomous distinction between impressions, including perception, and ideas, including sensory imagination (Ryle 1949; Waxman 1994; Broughton 2006).

Phenomenologists often focus not so much on the quality of dream imagery as on the overall character of experience, noting that dreams are experienced as reality; as in waking perception, we simply feel present in a world. This also sets dreams apart from waking fantasy and daydreams (Husserl 1904/1905; Uslar 1964; Conrad 1968; Globus 1987: 89.

At its strongest, the hallucination view claims that dreaming and waking experience are identical in both the quality of sensory imagery and their overall, self-in-a-world structure (Revonsuo 2006: 84). This claim is central to the virtual reality metaphor , according to which consciousness itself is dreamlike and waking perception a kind of online hallucination modulated by the senses (Llinás & Ribary 1994; Llinás & Paré 1991; Revonsuo 2006; Metzinger 2003, 2009).

This seems to be empirically supported. Neuroimaging studies (Dang-Vu et al. 2007; Nir & Tononi 2010; Desseilles et al. 2011) show that the predominance of visual and motor imagery as well as strong emotions in dreams is paralleled by high activation of the corresponding brain areas in REM sleep, which may exceed waking; at the same time, the cognitive deficits often thought to characterize dreams such as the loss of self-awareness, the absence of critical thinking, delusional reasoning, and mnemonic deficits fit in well with the comparative deactivation of frontal areas (Hobson et al. 2000). Hobson (1988, Hobson et al. 2000) has argued that the vivid, hallucinatory character of dreaming results from the fact that in REM sleep, the visual and motor areas are activated in the same way as in waking perception, the sole difference being dreams’ dependence on internal signal generation. Horikawa and colleagues (2013) used neuroimaging data from sleep onset to predict the types of objects described in mentation reports, which they took to support the perceptual equivalence between dreaming and waking.

Generally, versions of the hallucination view that suggest dreams replicate all aspects of waking perception are too vague to be informative. Especially for subtle perceptual activities (such as visual search), we might not know enough about dream phenomenology to make any strong claims (Nielsen 2010). Specifying points of similarity leads to a more informative and precise, but likely also more nuanced view. Dreams are heterogeneous, and some might be more perception-like while others resemble imagination (Windt 2015a). There might also be differences between or even within specific types of imagery. For example, visual imagery might be quite different from touch sensations, which tend to be rare in dreams (Hobson 1988). Visual dream imagery might overall resemble waking perception but lack color saturation, background detail and focus (Rechtschaffen & Buchignani, 1992). Classifying dreams as either hallucinatory or imaginative is further complicated by the fact that there is strong overlap in cortical activity associated with both visual imagery and perception (Zeidman & Maguire, 2016). This means even a strong overlap in cortical activity between, say, visual dream imagery and visual perception does not necessarily set dreaming apart from waking imagination.

This is also true for evidence on eye movements in dreams. LaBerge and colleagues (2018) recently showed that eye tracking of objects is smooth in lucid dreaming and perceiving, but not in imagining. Drawing from this evidence, Rosen (forthcoming) suggests many dreams mimic the phenomenology of interacting with a stable world, including eye movements and visual search. Others argue we should not analogize dream imagery to mind-independent, scannable objects and that eye movements might instead be implicated in the generation of dream imagery (Windt 2018).

Another way to make sense of the claim that dreaming has the same phenomenal character as waking perception is to say some kinds of dream imagery are illusory: they involve misperception of an external object as having different properties than it actually has (cf. Smith 2002; Crane & French 2017). The illusion view disagrees with the hallucination view on whether dreams have a contemporaneous external stimulus source.

The illusion view has fallen out of favor but has a long history. The Ancients believed dreams have bodily sources. This idea underlies the practice of using dreams to diagnose illness, as practiced in the shrines at Epidaurus (Galen On Diagnosis in Dreams ; van de Castle 1994). Aristotle ( On Dreams ) thought some dreams are caused by indigestion, and Hobbes adopted this view, claiming different kinds of dreams could be traced to different bodily sensations. For instance, “lying cold breedeth Dreams of Feare, and raiseth the thought and Image of some fearfull object” (Hobbes 1651: 91).

Appeals to the bodily sources of dreaming became especially popular in the 19 th and early 20 th centuries. Many believed specific dream themes such as flying were linked to sleeping position (Macnish 1838; Scherner 1861; Vold 1910/1912; Ellis 1911) and realizing, in sleep, that one’s feet are not touching the ground (Bergson 1914).

There were also attempts to explain the phenomenology of dreaming by appealing to the absence of outward movement. The lack of appropriate feedback and of movement and touch sensations was thought to cause dreams of being unable to move (Bradley 1894) or of trying but failing to do something (Gregory 1918).

Some proponents of the “ Leibreiztheorie ” (or somatic-stimulus theory) of dreaming attempted to go beyond anecdotal observations to conduct controlled experiments. Weygandt (1893) investigated the influence of various factors including breathing, blood circulation, temperature changes, urge to urinate, sleeping position, and visual or auditory stimulation during sleep on dream content (see Schredl 2010 for details). Singer (1924) proposed experiments on stimulus incorporation in dreams can inform claims on the ontology of dreaming: If dreams are sensations, a particular auditory stimulus should increase the frequency of dreams in nearby sleepers as well as the frequency of sound in their dreams, and it should decrease the range of quality and intensity of these dreams, making them overall more similar and predictable.

Newer studies provide evidence for the incorporation of external stimuli in dreams, including light flashes, sounds, sprays of water applied to the skin (Dement & Wolpert 1958), thermal (Baldridge 1966), electrical (Koulack 1969), and verbal stimuli (Berger 1963; Breger et al. 1971; Hoelscher et al., 1981), as well as blood pressure cuff stimulation on the leg (Nielsen et al. 1995; Sauvageau et al. 1998).

Muscular activity also often leaves its mark on dreams. It occurs throughout sleep but is especially frequent in REM sleep, mostly in the form of twitching but occasionally also in the form of larger, seemingly goal-directed movements (Blumberg 2010; Blumberg & Plumeau 2016). The relation between outward and dream movements is complex: in some cases, outward movements might mirror dream movements, while in others, sensory feedback might prompt dream imagery (Windt 2018).

Generally, it seems external and bodily stimuli can be related to varying degrees to dream and sleep onset imagery (Nielsen 2017; Windt 2018; Windt et al. 2016). Some of these cases appear to fit the concept of illusion, as in when the sound of the alarm clock is experienced, in a dream, as a siren, or when blood pressure cuff inflation on the leg leads to dreams of wearing strange shoes (Windt 2018; for these and other examples, see Nielsen et al. 1995). In other cases, such as when blood pressure cuff stimulation on the leg prompts a dream of seeing someone else’s leg being run over, describing this as illusory misperception might be less straightforward.

Saying that dreams can be prompted by external stimuli and that in some cases these are best described as illusions is different from the stronger claim, sometimes advanced by historical proponents of somatic-stimulus theory, that dreams generally are caused by external or bodily stimuli. As an example of the stronger claim, consider Wundt’s proposal that the

ideas which arise in dreams come, at least to a great extent, from sensations, especially from those of the general sense, and are therefore mostly illusions of fancy, probably only seldom pure memory ideas which hence become hallucinations. (Wundt 1896: 179)

This claim is likely too strong. It is also likely that appeals to external or bodily stimuli on their own cannot fully explain dream imagery, including when and how external stimuli are incorporated in dreams. Sensory incorporation in dreams is often hard to predict and indirect; associated imagery seems related not just to stimulus intensity, but also to short- and long term memories. A full explanation of dream content additionally has to take the cognitive and memory sources of dreaming into account (Windt 2018; Nielsen 2017; cf. Silberer 1919).

The most important rival to the hallucination view is that dreams are imaginative experiences (Liao & Gendler 2019; Thomas 2014). This can mean dream imagery involves imaginings rather than percepts (including hallucinations or illusions; McGinn 2004), that dream beliefs are imaginative and not real beliefs (Sosa 2007), or both (Ichikawa 2008, 2009). An important advantage is that by assimilating dreams to commonplace mental states such as waking fantasy and daydreaming, rather than a rare and often pathological occurrence such as hallucinations, it provides a more unified account of mental life (Stone 1984). However, the reasons for adopting the imagination view are diverse, and dreams have been proposed to resemble imaginings and differ from perception along a number of dimensions (e.g. McGinn 2004, 2005a,b; Thomas 2014). This issue is complicated by the fact that there is little agreement on the definition of imagination and its relation to perception (Kind 2013).

One way is to deny dreams involve presence or the feeling of being in a world, which many believe is central to waking perception. Imagination theorists compare the sense in which we feel present in our dreams to cognitive absorption, as when we are lost in a novel, film, or vivid daydream (Sartre 1940; McGinn 2004; but see Hering 1947; Globus 1987). Some argue that reflexive consciousness or meta-awareness (as in lucid dreams) interrupts cognitive absorption and terminates the ongoing dream (Sartre 1940), essentially denying lucid dreams are possible.

Another issue is whether dreams are subject to the will (Ichikawa 2009). Imagination is often characterized as active and under our control (Wittgenstein 1967: 621, 633), involving “a special effort of the mind” (Descartes 1641: VI, 2), whereas perception is passive. Because dreams just seem to happen to us without being under voluntary control, they present an important challenge for the imagination view. Ichikawa (2009) argues lucid control dreams show dreams are generally subject to the will even where they are not under deliberate control.

Dreams are widely described as more indeterminate than waking perception (James 1890: 47; Stone 1984). In scientific dream research, vagueness is regarded as one of three main subtypes of bizarreness (Hobson 1988; Revonsuo & Salmivalli 1995). An example are dream characters who are identified not by their behavior or looks, but by just knowing (Kahn et al. 2000, 2002; Revonsuo & Tarkko 2002). Dreams are also attention-dependent and lack foreground-background structure (Thompson 2014); while it is tempting to construe the dream world as rich in detail, there is no more to dreams than meets the eye, and many think dream experience is exhausted by what is the focus of selective attention (Hunter 1983; Thompson 2014).

Indeterminacy is also related to the question of whether we dream in color or in black and white. Based on a review of historical and recent studies, Schwitzgebel (2002, 2011) argues there has been a shift in theories on dream color that coincides with the rise first of black-and-white and then color television. He argues it is unlikely that dreams themselves changed from colored to black and white and back to colored, proposing that a change in opinion is a more plausible explanation. Maybe dreams were either black and white or colored all along; or maybe they are indeterminate with respect to color, as may be the case for imagined or fictional objects; were this the case, it would strengthen the imagination view (Ichikawa 2009). Schwitzgebel’s main point is that reports of colored dreaming are unreliable and our opinions about dreams can be mistaken (but see Windt 2013, 2015a). This relates to Schwitzgebel’s (2011; Hurlburt & Schwitzgebel 2007) general skepticism about the reliability of introspection.

The issue of dream color has led to a number of follow-up studies (Schwitzgebel 2003; Schwitzgebel et al. 2006; Murzyn 2008; Schredl et al. 2008; Hoss 2010). They suggest most people dream in color and a small percentage describe grayscale or even mixed dreams (Murzyn 2008) or dreams involving moderate color saturation (Rechtschaffen and Buchignani 1992). Indeterminacy is rarely reported.

The imagination view has consequences for Cartesian dream skepticism. If dream pain does not feel like real pain, there is a fail-safe way to determine whether one is now dreaming: one need only pinch oneself (Nelson 1966; Stone 1984; but see Hodges & Carter 1969; Kantor 1970). As Locke put it,

if our dreamer pleases to try, whether the glowing heat of a glass furnace, be barely a wandering imagination in a drowsy man’s fancy, by putting his hand into it, he may perhaps be wakened into a certainty greater than he could wish, that it is something more than bare imagination. (Locke 1689: IV.XI.8)

If dreaming feels different from waking, this raises the question why we tend to describe dreams in the same terms as waking perception. Maybe this is because most people haven’t thought about these matters and they would find the imagination view plausible if they considered it (Ichikawa 2009). Or maybe

it is just because we all know that dreams are throughout un like waking experiences that we can safely use ordinary expressions in the narration of them. (Austin 1962: 42)

Some authors classify dreams as imaginings while acknowledging they feel like perceiving. For example, Hobbes describes dreams as “the imaginations of them that sleep” (Hobbes 1651: 90), and imagination as a “ decaying sense ” (Hobbes 1651: 88). Yet he also uses the concepts of imagination and fancy to describe perception and argues “their appearance to us is Fancy, the same waking, that dreaming” (Hobbes 1651: 86).

In the scientific literature, the imagination view is complemented by cognitive theories. Foulkes (1978: 5) describes dreaming as a form of thinking with its own grammar and syntax, but allows that dream imagery is sufficently perception-like to deceive us. Domhoff’s neurocognitive model of dreaming (2001, 2003) emphasizes the dependence of dreaming on visuospatial skills and on a network including the association areas of the forebrain. The theory draws from findings on the partial or global cessation of dreaming following brain lesions (cf. Solms 1997, 2000), evidence that dreaming develops gradually and in tandem with visuospatial skills in children (Foulkes 1993a, 1999; but see Resnick et al. 1994), and results from dream content analysis supporting the continuity of dreaming with waking concerns and memories (the so-called continuity hypothesis ; see Domhoff 2001, 2003; Schredl & Hofmann 2003; Schredl 2006; see also Nir & Tononi 2010).

A number of researchers have begun to consider dreaming in the context of theories of mind wandering. Mind wandering is frequent in waking and involves spontaneous thoughts that unfold dynamically and are only weakly constrained by ongoing tasks and environmental demands (Schooler et al. 2011; Smallwood & Schooler 2015; Christoff et al. 2016). Based on phenomenological and neurophysiological similarities, dreams have been proposed to be an intensified form of waking mind wandering (Pace-Schott 2007, 2013; Domhoff 2011; Wamsley 2013; Fox et al. 2013). This basic idea seems to have been anticipated by Leibniz, who noted that the spontaneous formation of visions in dreams surpasses the capacity of our waking imagination (Leibniz, Philosophical Papers and Letters , Vol. I, 177–178).

The analogy between dreams and waking mind wandering has been discussed in the context of cognitive agency. Metzinger (2013a,b, 2015) describes dreams and waking mind wandering as involving a cyclically recurring loss of mental autonomy, or the ability to deliberately control one’s conscious thought processes. Dreams and waking mind wandering are not mental actions but unintentional mental behaviors, comparable to subpersonal processes such as breathing or heartbeat. Because dreaming and waking mind wandering make up a the majority of our conscious mental lives, he argues that cognitive agency and mental autonomy are the exception, not the rule.

This raises the question of how to make sense of lucid control dreams, which involve both meta-awareness and agency. Windt and Voss (2018) argue that in such cases, spontaneous processes including imagery formation co-exist alongside more deliberate, top-down control; they also argue metacognitive insight and control themselves can have spontaneous elements. This suggests spontaneity and control are not opposites, but a more complex account is needed. Possibly, certain dreams and instances of waking mind wandering can be both spontaneous and agentive.

The analogy with mind wandering might help move forward the debate on the ontology of dreaming. In this debate, a common assumption is that dreams can be categorized as either hallucinatory or imaginative. Yet the application of these terms to dreams quickly runs into counterexamples and it is unclear they are mutually exclusive. One option is pluralism (Rosen 2018b), in which some aspects of dreaming are hallucinatory, others imaginative, and yet again others illusory. Another is that dreams are sui generis, combining aspects associated with wake states such as hallucinating, imagining, or perceiving in a novel manner without mimicking them completely. Windt (2015a) proposes that mind wandering, which describes a range of mental states loosely characterized by their spontaneous and dynamic character, might be particularly suitable for the characterization of dreaming precisely because that term leaves open more specific questions on the phenomenology of dreaming, allowing for variation in control, determinacy, and so on. This might be a good starting point for describing what is unique about dreaming while also acknowledging continuities across sleep-wake states and capitalizing on the strengths of the hallucination, illusion, imagination, and cognitive views.

The second strand of the imagination view argues that dream beliefs are not real beliefs, but propositional imaginings. This may or may not be combined with the claim that dream imagery is imaginative rather than perceptual (Sosa 2007; Ichikawa 2009).

Denying that dream beliefs have the status of real beliefs only makes sense before the background of a specific account of what beliefs are and how they are distinguished from other mental states such as delusions or propositional imaginings. For instance, Ichikawa (2009) argues that if we follow interpretationist or dispositionalist accounts of belief, dream beliefs fall short of real beliefs. He claims dream beliefs lack connection with perceptual experience and fail to motivate actions; consequently, they do not have the same functional role as real beliefs. Moreover, we cannot ascribe dream beliefs to a person by observing them lying asleep in bed. Dream beliefs are often inconsistent with longstanding waking beliefs and acquired and discarded without any process of belief revision (Ichikawa 2009).

This analysis of dream beliefs has consequences for skepticism. If dream beliefs are propositional imaginings, then we do not falsely believe while dreaming that we are now awake, but only imagine that we do (Sosa 2007). It is not clear though that this protects us from deception. If dream beliefs fall short of real beliefs, this might even make the specter of dream deception more worrisome: in mistaking dream beliefs for the real thing, we would now be deceived about the status of our own mental states (Ichikawa 2008).

It is also not clear whether the same type of argument extends to mental states other than beliefs. As Lewis points out, a person might

in fact believe or realize in the course of a dream that he was dreaming, and even if we said that, in such case, he only dreamt that he was dreaming, this still leaves it possible for someone who is asleep to entertain at the time the thought that he is asleep. (Lewis 1969: 133)

Mental states other than believing such as entertaining, thinking, or minimally appraisive instances of taking for granted might be sufficient for deception (Reed 1979).

The debate about dream beliefs is paralleled by a debate about whether delusions are beliefs or imaginings (see Currie 2000; Currie & Ravenscroft 2002; McGinn 2004; Bayne & Pacherie 2005; Bortolotti 2009; Gendler 2013). Both debates might plausibly inform each other, especially as dreams are sometimes proposed to be delusional (Hobson 1999).

3. Dreaming and theories of consciousness

Dreams are a global state of consciousness in which experience arises under altered behavioral and neurophysiological conditions as compared to standard wakefulness; unlike other altered states of consciousness (such as drug-induced or deep meditative states) and pathological wake states (such as psychosis or neurological syndromes), dreams occur spontaneously and regularly in healthy subjects. For both reasons, many regard dreams as a test case for theories of consciousness or even an ideal model system for consciousness research (Churchland 1988; Revonsuo 2006).

Existing proposals differ on the phenomenology of dreaming: referring to dream bizarreness, Churchland describes dream experience as robustly different from waking, whereas Revonsuo argues dreaming is similar to waking and the purest form of experience:

the dreaming brain brings out the phenomenal level of organization in a clear and distinct form. Dreaming is phenomenality pure and simple, untouched by external physical stimulation or behavioural activity. (Revonsuo 2006: 75)

Revonsuo argues dreaming reveals the basic, state-independent structure of consciousness to be immersive: “dreaming depicts consciousness first and foremost as a subjective world- for-me ” (Revonsuo 2006: 75). This leads him to introduce the “world-simulation metaphor of consciousness”, according to which consciousness itself is essentially simulational and dreamlike. This is taken to support internalism about conscious experience.

This latter claim is also contentious. Noë (2004: 213) argues that phenomenological differences between dreaming and waking (such as greater instability of visual dream imagery) result from the lack of dynamic interaction with the environment in dreams. He proposes this shows that neural states are sufficient for dreaming but denies they are also sufficient for perceptual experience.

A possible problem for both views is their reliance on background assumptions about the phenomenology of dreaming and its disconnection from environmental stimuli and bodily sensations. Windt (2015a, 2018) argues both internalism and externalism mistakenly assume dreams to be isolated from external sensory input and own-body perception; she believes both the phenomenology of dreaming and its correlation with external stimuli are complex and variable. She argues the analysis of dreaming does not clearly support either side in the debate on internalism vs externalism (but see Rosen 2018a). Generally, in the absence of a well worked out theory of dreaming and its sleep-stage and neural correlates, proposals for using dreaming as a model system or test case run the risk of relying on an oversimplified description of the target phenomenon (Windt & Noreika 2011).

Recent accounts appealing to generative models and predictive processing (Clark 2013b; Hohwy 2013) suggest a new, unified account of perception, imagination, and dreaming. In these accounts, different mental states, including perception and action, embody different strategies of hypothesis testing and prediction error minimization. Perception is the attempt to model the hidden external causes of sensory stimuli; action involves keeping the internal model stable while changing the sensory input. Clark argues that on such a model,

systems that know how to perceive an object as a cat are thus systems that, ipso facto , are able to use a top-down cascade to bring about the kinds of activity pattern that would be characteristic of the presence of a cat. […] Perceivers like us, if this is correct, are inevitably potential dreamers and imaginers too. Moreover, they are beings who, in dreaming and imagining, are deploying many of the very same strategies and resources used in ordinary perception. (Clark 2013a: 764)

Predictive processing accounts have also been used to explain specific features of dreaming. Bizarreness has been associated with the comparative lack of external stimulus processing, implying dream imagery is relatively unconstrained by prediction errors (cf. Hobson & Friston 2012; Fletcher & Frith 2008; Bucci & Grasso 2017). Windt (2018) suggests a predictive processing account of dream imagery generation that links bodily self-experience to own-body perception and subtle motor behaviors such as twitching in REM sleep (Blumberg 2010; Blumberg & Plumeau 2016). She argues that movement sensations in dreams, in relation to REM-sleep related muscle twitching, involve a form of bodily self-sampling in which coordinated muscular activity contributes to the generation and maintenance of a body model. This is important because in predictive processing accounts neither the bodily nor the external causes of sensory inputs are known; at the same time, having an accurate body model is a prerequisite for action, requiring the system to disambiguate between self- and other generated changes to sensory inputs. Especially in early development, sleep might provide the ideal conditions for exploring one’s own body via subtle but coordinated muscular activity while processing of visual and auditory stimuli is reduced.

Dreams have also been suggested as a test case for whether phenomenal consciousness can be divorced from cognitive access (e.g., Block 2007; but see Cohen & Dennett 2011). Sebastián (2014a) argues that dreams provide empirical evidence that conscious experience can occur independently of cognitive access. This is because during (non-lucid) REM-sleep dreams, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) as the most plausible mechanism underlying cognitive access is selectively deactivated (see also Pantani et al. 2018). This would challenge theories linking conscious experience to access, such as higher-order-thought theory (Sebastián 2014b). However, both the hypoactivation of the dlPCF in REM sleep and its association with cognitive access have been debated. Fazekas and Nemeth (2018) suggest that certain kinds of cognitive access may be independent of dlPFC activation, necessitating a more complex account.

Dreaming has been suggested as a model system not just of waking consciousness in general, but also of psychotic wake states in particular. The analogy between dreaming and madness has a long philosophical history (Plato, Phaedrus ; Kant 1766; Schopenhauer 1847) and finds particularly stark expression in Hobson’s claim that “dreaming is not a model of a psychosis. It is a psychosis. It’s just a healthy one” (Hobson 1999: 44). Gottesmann (2006) proposes dreaming as a neurophysiological model of schizophrenia. There is a rich discussion on the theoretical and methodological implications of dream research for psychiatry (see Scarone et al. 2007; d’Agostino et al. 2013; see Windt & Noreika 2011 as well as the other papers in this special issue) and a number of studies have investigated differences in dream reports from schizophrenic and healthy subjects (Limosani et al. 2011a,b).

Rather than likening dreaming to waking in general or specific wake states such as psychosis, there have also been attempts to compare specific dream phenomena to wake-state delusions. Gerrans (2012, 2013, 2014) focuses on character misidentification in dreams and delusions of hyperfamiliarity (such as the Frégoli delusion, in which strangers are mistakenly identified as family members, and déjà vu ) to argue that anomalous experience and faulty reality testing both play a role in delusion formation. Rosen (2015) analyzes instances of thought insertion and of auditory hallucinations, which are key symptoms of schizophrenia, to raise broader questions about the altered sense of agency in dreams as compared to waking.

Philosophers have focused almost exclusively on dreaming, largely leaving to the side questions about dreamless sleep including whether it is uniformly unconscious. In recent years there has been a surge of interest in the possibility of dreamless sleep experience and foundational issues about the definition of sleep and waking. This has been paralleled by growing interest in dreaming in NREM sleep.

Conceptually, interest in dreamless sleep experience has been facilitated by the precise definition of dreaming offered by simulation views (Revonsuo et al. 2015). If dreams are immersive sleep experiences characterized by their here -and- now structure, it makes sense to ask whether this is true for all or just a subset of sleep-related experiences and whether non-immersive sleep experiences exist. By contrast, if dreaming is broadly identified with any conscious mentation in sleep (Pagel et al. 2001), there is no conceptual space for dreamless sleep experience.

Following Thompson's (2014, 2015) discussion of dreamless sleep in Indian and Buddhist philosophy, Windt and colleagues (2016; see also Windt 2015b) introduce a framework for different kinds of dreamless sleep experience ranging from thinking and isolated imagery, perception, or bodily sensations, where these lack integration into a scene, to minimal kinds of experience lacking imagery or specific thought contents. A possible example of minimal phenomenal experience in sleep are white dreams, where people report having had experiences during sleep but cannot remember any details. Taken at face value, some white dream reports might describe experiences that lack reportable content (Windt 2015b); others might describe forgotten dreams or dreams with degraded content (Fazekas et al. 2018). Another example are reports of witnessing dreamless sleep, as described in certain meditation practices. This state is said to involve non-conceptual awareness of sleep, again in the absence of imagery or specific thought contents, and loss of sense of self (Thompson 2014, 2015). Some schools in Buddhist philosophy explain claims of deep and dreamless sleep by saying we never fully lose consciousness in sleep (Prasad 2000, 66; and Thompson 2014, 2015).

Empirically, interest in dreamless sleep experience is paralleled by increasing interest in experiences in NREM sleep (Fazekas et al. 2018). Most researchers now accept that dreaming is not confined to REM sleep, but also occurs at sleep onset and in NREM sleep. The deeper stages of NREM sleep are particularly interesting as they involve roughly similar proportions of dreaming, unconscious sleep, and white dreams (Noreika et al. 2009: Siclari et al. 2013, 2017). In the search for the neural correlates of dreaming vs unconscious dreamless sleep, this makes comparisons within the same sleep stage possible and avoids confounds involved in comparing presumably dreamful REM sleep with presumably dreamless NREM sleep. Findings suggest that activity in the same parietal hot zone underlies dreaming in both NREM and REM sleep (Siclari et al. 2017).

Where sleep and dream research have traditionally tried to identify the sleep stage correlates of dreaming, newer research suggests local changes occurring independently of sleep stages might in fact be more relevant. Traditionally regarded as global, whole-brain phenomena, there is now increasing evidence that sleep itself is locally driven, and local changes in sleep depth might be associated with changes in sleep-related experience (Siclari & Tononi 2017; Andrillon et al. 2019). While sleep and dream research are often considered as separate fields, changes in how sleep in general and sleep stages in particular are defined appear closely associated with changes in the theoretical conception of dreaming and its empirical investigation.

Historically, discoveries about dreaming have precipitated changing conceptions of sleep (for an excellent history of the study of sleep and dreaming, see Kroker 2007). Following Aristotle ( On Sleeping and Waking ), sleep was traditionally defined in negative terms as the absence of wakefulness and perception. This is still reflected in Malcolm’s assumption that “to a person who is sound asleep, ‘dead to the world’, things cannot even seem” (Malcolm 1956: 26). With the discovery of REM sleep, sleep came to be regarded as a heterogeneous phenomenon characterized by the cyclic alteration of different sleep stages. REM sleep was now considered as “neither sleeping nor waking. It was obviously a third state of the brain, as different from sleep as sleep is from wakefulness” (Jouvet 1999: 5). The folk-psychological dichotomy between sleep and wakefulness now seemed oversimplified and empirically implausible. At the same time dreaming, which had previously been considered as an intermediate state of half-sleeping and half-waking, came to be regarded as a genuine sleep phenomenon, but narrowed to REM sleep. Today, the framework for describing dreams and other sleep-related experiences is more precise, but dreaming has also been cast adrift from REM sleep.

A closely associated issue is how to define waking. Crowther’s (2018) capacitation thesis casts waking consciousness as a state in which the individual is fully switched on to their environment, but also to their own epistemic (cf. O’Shaugnessy 2002) and agentive potential; the waking individual is empowered to act and think in certain ways, though this potential need not be actualized. By contrast, dreaming is an “imagining-of consciousness” (O’Shaughnessy 2002: 430) and consciousness is conceptually tied to wakefulness. Because in lucid dreams, the epistemic and agentive profile of waking is at least partly realized, they might, according to Crowther, be regarded as closer to waking than nonlucid dreams.

This account of waking and sleep may also have consequences for the imagination model of dreaming and dream skepticism (Soteriou 2017). As in the imagination model, dreaming would be passive and action, including cognitive agency, would be tied to waking. If dreaming nonetheless involved passive episodes of imagining oneself to be active, one would be unable to tell that one were dreaming and imagining, as this insight would require the exercise of real agency. The sceptical consequence would be that when dreaming, one would lose agency as well as the capacity to gain insight into one’s current state. Yet our ability to know we are waking when waking would be unscathed; according to Soteriou, waking would thus have an epistemic function connected to the capacity to exercise agency over our mental lives.

Finally, definitions of consciousness themselves are bound up with conceptions of sleep and dreaming. As dreaming went from a state whose experiential status was doubted to being widely recognized as a second global state of consciousness, consciousness sometimes came to be defined contrastively as that which disappears in deep, dreamless sleep and reappears in waking and dreaming (Searle 2000; Tononi 2008). In light of dreamless sleep experience, such definitions are problematic (Thompson 2014, 2015; Windt 2015b; Windt et al. 2016). Dreamless sleep experience has been proposed to be particularly relevant for understanding minimal phenomenal experience, or the conditions under which the simplest kind of conscious experience arises (Windt 2015b). The investigation of dreamless sleep might thus shed light on the transition from unconscious sleep to sleep-related experience.

We almost always have a self in dreams, though this self can sometimes be a slightly different (e.g. older or younger) version of our waking self or even a different person entirely. Dreams therefore raise interesting questions about the identity between the dream and waking self. Locke (1689) invites us to imagine two men alternating in turns between sleep and wakefulness and sharing one continuously thinking soul (Locke 1689: II.I.12). He argues that if one man retained no memory of the soul’s thoughts and perceptions while it was linked to the other man’s body, they would be distinct persons. His position is that personal identity depends on psychological continuity, including recall: in the absence of recall, as illustrated by the toy example of two people sharing one soul, continuous conscious thinking does not suffice for identity. Locke also rejects the possibility of unrecalled dreams and the idea that we dream throughout sleep, remembering only a small proportion of our dreams (Locke 1689: II.I.19).

Valberg distinguishes between the subject of the dream (i.e., the dream self) and the sleeping person who is the dreamer of the dream and recalls it upon awakening (Valberg 2007). He argues that awakening from a dream involves crossing a chasm between discrete worlds with discrete spaces and times; it does not make sense to say that “the ‘I’ at these times [is] a single individual who crosses from one world to the other” (Valberg 2007: 69). According to Valberg, this is relevant to dream skepticism because there is no simple way to make sense of the claims that it is I who emerge from a dream or that I was the victim of dream deception.

Vicarious dreams, or dreams in which the protagonist of the dream seems to be a different person from the dreamer, are particularly puzzling with respect to identity. They may even raise the question of whether the dream self has an independent existence (Rosen & Sutton 2013: 1047). Such dreams are superficially similar to cases in which we imagine being another person, but according to Rosen and Sutton require a different explanation: in the case of dreaming, the imagined person’s thoughts are not framed as diverging from one’s own and one does not retain one’s own perspective in addition to the imagined one; in nonlucid dreams, only the perspective of the dream’s protagonist is retained.

The dream self is also at the center of simulation views of dreaming, which define dreaming via its immersive, here and now character as the experience of a self in a world. This leads to further questions about the phenomenology of self-experience in dreams and how it is different from waking self-experience. Different versions of the simulation view focus on different aspects of self- and world experience in dreams, ranging from social simulation (Revonsuo et al. 2015) to the typical features of selfhood in dreams (Revonsuo 2005, 2006, Metzinger 2003, 2009) to the minimal conditions for experiencing oneself as a self in dreams and what this tells us about minimal phenomenal selfhood in general (Windt 2015a, 2018). Yet these different versions of the simulation view are largely complementary and together have forged unity in a field that was previously hampered by lack of agreement about the definition of dreaming. They also integrate the philosophy of dreaming and scientific dream research.

As so often in debates about dreaming, there is disagreement about basic phenomenological questions. Revonsuo (2005) describes self-experience including bodily experience in dreams as identical to waking, whereas Metzinger (2003, 2009; see also Windt & Metzinger 2007) argues that important layers of waking self-experience (such as autobiographical memory, agency, a stable first-person perspective, metacognitive insight, and self-knowledge) are missing in nonlucid dreams. He argues this is due to the cognitive and mnemonic deficit that characterizes nonlucid dreams (cf. Hobson et al. 2000). Windt (2015a) analyzes the range of cognitive and bodily self-experience in dreams, both of which she describes as variable. She argues that in a majority of cases, dreams are weakly phenomenally embodied states in which bodily experience is largely related to movement sensations but a detailed and integrated body representation is lacking; instead, bodily experience in dreams is largely indeterminate (for an attempt to test this empirically, see Koppehele-Gossel et al. 2016). She proposes this is because dreams are also weakly functionally embodied states, in which the specific pattern of bodily experience reflects altered processing of bodily sensations (as in the illusion view). She also analyzes instances of bodiless dreams, in which dreamers say they experienced themselves as disembodied entities, to argue that self-experience can be reduced to pure spatiotemporal-self-location (Windt 2010); she proposes these cases can help identify the conditions for the emergence of minimal phenomenal selfhood (Blanke & Metzinger 2009; see also Metzinger 2013b).

How the phenomenology of dreaming compares to waking and what to say about how the dream self relates to the waking self bears on questions about the moral status of dreams. For Augustine ( Confessions ) dreams were a cause of moral concern because of their indistinguishability from waking life. What particularly worried him about dreams of sexual acts was their vividness, as well as the feeling of pleasure and seeming acquiescence or consent on the part of the dreamer. He concluded, however, that the transition from sleep to wakefulness involves a radical chasm, enabling the dreamer to awaken with a clear conscience and absolving them from taking responsibility for their dream actions.

What exactly Augustine thought the chasm between dreaming and waking consists in allows for different interpretations (Matthews 1981). Firstly, if the dream and waking self are not identical, then waking Augustine is not morally responsible for dream-Augustine’s actions. Secondly, actions performed in dreams might be morally irrelevant because they did not really happen. And thirdly, assuming that moral responsibility requires the ability to act otherwise, dreams provide no grounds for moral concern because we cannot refrain from having certain types of dreams.

The issue of dream immorality may also present a choice point between different accounts of moral evaluation. Where internalists assume the moral status of a person’s actions is entirely determined by internal factors such as intentions and motives, externalists look beyond these to the effects of actions. Driver (2007) argues that the absurdity of dream immorality itself should count against purely internalist accounts; yet she also acknowledges this absurdity is not a necessary feature of dreams.

Central to the question of dream immorality is the status of dreams as actions rather than mere behaviors. Mullane (1965) argues that while we don’t have full control over our dreams, they are not completely involuntary either; as is the case for blushing, considerable effort is required to attain control over our dreams and in some cases they can even be considered as actions. That lucid dream control is, to some extent, a learnable skill (Stumbrys et al. 2014) lends some support to this claim.

6. The meaning of dreams and the functions of dreaming

Philosophical discussions of dreaming tend to focus on (a) dream deception and (b) questions about the ontology of dreaming, its moral status, etc., that tend to intersect with dream skepticism. By contrast, the main source of interest in dreams outside of philosophy traditionally has been dream interpretation and whether dreams are a source of knowledge and insight. Historically, the epistemic status of dreams and the use of prophetic and diagnostic dreams was not just a theoretical, but a practical problem (Barbera 2008). Different types of dreams were distinguished by their putative epistemic value. Artemidorus, for instance, used the term enhypnion to refer to dreams that merely reflect the sleeper’s current bodily or psychological state and hence do not merit further interpretation, whereas he reserved the term oneiron for meaningful and symbolic dreams of divine origin.

The practice of dream interpretation was famously attacked by Aristotle in On Prophecy in Sleep . He denied that dreams are of divine origin, but allowed that occasionally, small affections of the sensory organs as might stem from distant events that cannot be perceived in waking are perceptible in the quiet of sleep. He also believed such dreams were mostly likely to occur in dullards whose minds resemble an empty desert – an assessment that was not apt to encourage interest in dreams (Kroker 2007: 37). A similarly negative view was held by early modern philosophers who believed dreams were often the source of superstitious beliefs (Hobbes 1651; Kant 1766; Schopenhauer 1847).

In Freudian dream theory, dream interpretation once more assumed a prominent role as the royal road to knowledge of the unconscious. This was associated with claims about the psychic sources of dreaming. Freud (1899) also rejected the influence of external or bodily sources, as championed by contemporary proponents of somatic-stimulus theory.

In the neuroscience of dreaming, Hobson famously argued that dreams are the product of the random, brain-stem driven activation of the brain during sleep (Hobson 1988) and at best enable personal insights in the same way as a Rorschach test (Hobson et al. 2000). Dennett (1991) illustrates the lack of design underlying the production of dream narratives through the “party game of psychoanalysis”, which involves an aimless game of question-and-answer. In the game, players follow simple rules to jointly produce narratives that can seem symbolic and meaningful, even though no intelligent and deliberate process of narration was involved.

Even if we grant that dreams are not messages from a hidden entity in need of decoding, this does not imply that dream interpretation cannot be a personally meaningful source of insight and creativity (Hobson & Wohl 2005). Whether and under which conditions, and following which methods, dream interpretation can lead to personally significant insights is an empirical question that is only beginning to be investigated systematically (see Edwards et al. 2013).

Finally, throughout history, views on the epistemic status of dreams and the type of knowledge to be gained from dream interpretation (e.g., knowledge about the future, diagnosis of physical illness, or insights about one’s current concerns) often changed in tandem with views on the origin and sources of dreaming, which gradually moved from divine origins and external sources, via the body, to the unconscious, and finally to the brain.

Different theories on the functions of dreaming have been proposed and the debate is ongoing. An important distinction is between the functions of sleep stages and the functions of dreaming. Well-documented functions of REM sleep include thermoregulation and the development of cortical structures in birds and mammals, as well as neurotransmitter repletion, the reconstruction and maintenance of little-used brain circuits, the structural development of the brain in early developmental phases, as well as the preparation of a repertoire of reflexive or instinctive behaviors (Hobson 2009). Yet none of these functions are obviously linked to dreaming. An exception is protoconsciousness theory, in which REM sleep plays an important role in foetal development by providing a virtual world model even before the emergence of full-blown consciousness (Hobson 2009: 808) .

Numerous studies have investigated the contribution of sleep to memory consolidation, with different sleep stages promoting different types of memories (Diekelmann et al. 2009; Walker 2009). However, only a few studies have investigated the relationship between dream content and memory consolidation in sleep (for a review, see Nielsen & Stenstrom 2005). Dreams rarely involve episodic replay of waking memories (Fosse et al. 2003). The incorporation of memory sources seems to follow a specific temporal pattern in which recent memories are integrated with older but semantically related memories (Blagrove et al. 2011). Nielsen (2017) presents a model of how external and bodily stimuli on one hand and short- and long-term memories on the other hand form seemingly novel, complex, and dreamlike images at sleep onset; he proposes these microdreams shed light on the formation and sources of more complex dreams. There is also some evidence that dream imagery might be associated with memory consolidation and task performance after sleep, though this is preliminary (Wamsley & Stickgold 2009, 2010; Wamsley et al. 2010).

Prominent theories on the function of dreaming focus on bad dreams and nightmares. It has long been thought that dreaming contributes to emotional processing and that this is particularly obvious in the dreams of nightmare sufferers or in dreams following traumatic experiences (e.g., Hartmann 1998; Nielsen & Lara-Carrasco 2007; Levin & Nielsen 2009; Cartwright 2010; Perogamvros et al. 2013). Based on the high prevalence of negative emotions and threatening dream content, threat simulation theory suggests that the evolutionary function of dreaming lies in the simulation of ancestral threats and the rehearsal of threatening events and avoidance skills in dreams has an adaptive value by enhancing the individual’s chances of survival (see Revonsuo 2000; Valli 2008). A more recent proposal is social simulation theory, in which social imagery in dreams supports social cognition, bonds, and social skills. (Revonsuo et al. 2015).

An evolutionary perspective can also be fruitfully applied to specific aspects of dream phenomenology. According to the vigilance hypothesis , natural selection disfavored the occurrence of those types of sensations during sleep that would compromise vigilance (Symons 1993). Dream sounds, but also smells or pains might distract attention from the potentially dangerous surroundings of the sleeping subject, and the vigilance hypothesis predicts that they only rarely occur in dreams without causing awakening. By contrast, because most mammals sleep with their eyes closed and in an immobile position, vivid visual and movement hallucinations during sleep would not comprise vigilance and thus can occur in dreams without endangering the sleeping subject. Focusing on the stuff dreams are not made of might then be at least as important for understanding the function of dreaming as developing a positive account.

Finally, even if dreaming in general and specific types of dream content in particular were found to be strongly associated with specific cognitive functions, it would still be possible that dreams are mere epiphenomena of brain activity during sleep (Flanagan 1995, 2000). It is also possible that the function of dreams is not knowable (Springett 2019).

A particular problem for any theory on the function of dreaming is to explain why a majority of dreams are forgotten and how dreams can fulfill their putative function independently of recall. Crick and Mitchinson (1983) famously proposed that REM sleep “erases” or deletes surplus information and unnecessary memories, which would suggest that enhanced dream recall is counterproductive. Another problem is that dreaming can be lost selectively and independently of other cognitive deficits (Solms 1997, 2000).

Some of the problems that arise for theories on the functions of dreaming can be avoided if we do not assume that dreaming has a specific function, separate from the function(s) of conscious wakeful states. This depends on the broader taxonomy of dreaming in relation to wakeful states. For example, if dreaming is continuous with waking mind wandering, imagination, and/or own-body perception, we should not expect it to have a unique function, but rather to express a similar function as these wakeful states, perhaps to varying degrees. Nor should we expect dreams to have a single function; the functions of dreaming might be as varied and complex as those of consciousness, and given the complexity of the target phenomenon, the failure to pin down a single function should not be surprising (Windt 2015a).

Questions about dreaming in different areas of philosophy such as epistemology, ontology, philosophy of mind and cognitive science, and ethics are closely intertwined. Scientific evidence from sleep and dream research can meaningfully inform the philosophical discussion and has often done so in the past. The discussion of dreaming has also often functioned as a lens on broader questions about knowledge, morality, consciousness, and self. Long a marginalized area, the philosophy of dreaming and of sleep is central to important philosophical questions and increasingly plays an important role in interdisciplinary consciousness research, for example in the search for the neural correlates of conscious states, in conscious state taxonomies, and in research on the minimal conditions for phenomenal selfhood and conscious experience.

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belief | Berkeley, George | delusion | Descartes, René: epistemology | imagination | Locke, John | perception: the problem of | personal identity | personal identity: and ethics | Plato: on knowledge in the Theaetetus | sense data | skepticism | skepticism: and content externalism

Acknowledgments

I want to thank Regina Fabry and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and constructive criticism on an earlier version of this manuscript. And as always, I am greatly indebted to Stefan Pitz for his support.

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Why Your Brain Needs to Dream

We often hear stories of people who’ve learned from their dreams or been inspired by them. Think of Paul McCartney’s story of how his hit song “Yesterday” came to him in a dream or of Mendeleev’s dream-inspired construction of the periodic table of elements.

But, while many of us may feel that our dreams have special meaning or a useful purpose, science has been more skeptical of that claim. Instead of being harbingers of creativity or some kind of message from our unconscious, some scientists have considered dreaming to be an unintended consequence of sleep—a byproduct of evolution without benefit.

Sleep itself is a different story. Scientists have known for a while now that shorter sleep is tied to dangerous diseases, like heart disease and stroke . There is mounting evidence that sleep deprivation leads to a higher risk of obesity and Alzheimer’s disease . Large population studies reflect a saddening truth—the shorter your sleep, the shorter your life . Not only that, sleep helps us to hold onto our memories and to learn facts and skills faster, making it important for everyone including infants, students, athletes, pilots, and doctors.

Much of this I outline in my new book, Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams , which summarizes the many findings we have about sleep and its function in our lives.

But what about dreaming? Does it also have a purpose?

Recent work in my neuroscience lab and the work of other scientists has shown that dreams may have a very particular function important to our well-being. Here are the two main ways dreams help us.

Dreaming is like overnight therapy

It’s said that time heals all wounds, but my research suggests that time spent in dream sleep is what heals. REM-sleep dreaming appears to take the painful sting out of difficult, even traumatic, emotional episodes experienced during the day, offering emotional resolution when you awake the next morning.

REM sleep is the only time when our brain is completely devoid of the anxiety-triggering molecule noradrenaline. At the same time, key emotional and memory-related structures of the brain are reactivated during REM sleep as we dream. This means that emotional memory reactivation is occurring in a brain free of a key stress chemical, which allows us to re-process upsetting memories in a safer, calmer environment.

More on Sleep

Explore the neuroscience of sleep .

Learn how meditation can improve sleep .

Discover how sleeping poorly can cause conflict in your relationship .

Learn why sleep is key to peak performance .

How do we know this is so? In one study in my sleep center, healthy young adult participants were divided into two groups to watch a set of emotion-inducing images while inside an MRI scanner. Twelve hours later, they were shown the same emotional images—but for half the participants, the twelve hours were in the same day, while for the other half the twelve hours were separated by an evening of sleep.

Those who slept in between the two sessions reported a significant decrease in how emotional they felt in response to seeing those images again, and their MRI scans showed a significant reduction in reactivity in the amygdala, the emotional center of the brain that creates painful feelings. Moreover, there was a reengagement of the rational prefrontal cortex of the brain after sleep that helped maintain a dampening influence on emotional reactivity. In contrast, those who remained awake across the day showed no such dissolving of emotional reactivity over time.

That in itself doesn’t say anything about the role of dreaming. But we had recorded each participant’s sleep during the intervening night between the two test sessions, and we found that specific brain activity that reflected a drop in stress-related brain chemistry during the dream state determined the success of overnight therapy from one individual to the next.

Dreaming has the potential to help people de-escalate emotional reactivity, probably because the emotional content of dreams is paired with a decrease in brain noradrenaline. Support for this idea came from a study done by Murray Raskind on vets with PTSD, who often suffer debilitating nightmares. When given the drug Prazosin—a medication that lowers blood pressure and also acts as a blocker of the brain stress chemical noradrenaline—the vets in his study had fewer nightmares and fewer PTSD symptoms than those given a placebo. Newer studies suggest this effect can be shown in children and adolescents with nightmares, as well, though the research on this is still in its infancy.

The evidence points toward an important function of dreams: to help us take the sting out of our painful emotional experiences during the hours we are asleep, so that we can learn from them and carry on with our lives.

Dreaming enhances creativity and problem-solving

It’s been shown that deep non-REM sleep strengthens individual memories. But REM sleep is when those memories can be fused and blended together in abstract and highly novel ways. During the dreaming state, your brain will cogitate vast swaths of acquired knowledge and then extract overarching rules and commonalties, creating a mindset that can help us divine solutions to previously impenetrable problems.

How do we know dreaming and not just sleep is important to this process?

In one study , we tested this by waking up participants during the night—during both non-REM sleep and dreaming sleep—and gave them very short tests: solving anagram puzzles, where you try to unscramble letters to form a word (e.g., OSEOG = GOOSE). First, participants were tested beforehand, just to familiarize them with the test. Then, we monitored their sleep and woke them up at different points of the night to perform the test. When woken during non-REM sleep, they were not particularly creative—they could solve very few puzzles. But, when we woke up participants during REM sleep, they were able to solve 15-35 percent more puzzles than when they were awake. Not only that, participants woken while dreaming reported that the solution just “popped” into their heads, as if it were effortless.

In another study , I and my colleagues taught participants a series of relational facts—such as, A>B, B>C, C>D, and so on—and tested their understanding by asking them questions (e.g., Is B>D or not? ). Afterwards, we compared their performance on this test before and after a full night’s sleep, and also after they’d had a 60- to 90-minute nap that included REM sleep. Those who’d slept or had a long nap performed much better on this test than when they were awake, as if they’d put together disparate pieces of a jigsaw puzzle in their sleep.

Some may consider this trivial, but it is one of the key operations differentiating your brain from your computer. It also underlies the difference between knowledge (retention of individual facts) and wisdom (knowing what they all mean when you fit them together). The latter seems to be the work of REM-sleep dreaming.

“It’s said that time heals all wounds, but my research suggests that time spent in dream sleep is what heals”

Dreaming improves creative problem solving, too, according to another study . Participants learned to navigate a virtual maze using trial and error and aided by the placement of unique objects—like Christmas trees—at certain junctions in the maze. After this learning session, the group was split in two, with half napping and half watching a video for 90 minutes. Nappers were occasionally awoken to ask about the content of their dreams; those watching a video were also asked about thoughts going through their minds.

Afterwards, the participants again tried to solve the maze, and those who napped were significantly better at it than those who didn’t, as expected. But the nappers who reported dreaming about the maze were 10 times better at the task than those who napped and didn’t dream about the maze. There’s a reason you’ve never been told to stay awake on a problem.

Looking at the content of these dreams, it was clear that the participants didn’t dream a precise replay of the learning experience while awake. Instead, they were cherry-picking salient fragments of the learning experience and attempting to place them within the catalog of preexisting knowledge. This is how dreaming helps us be more creative.

While the benefits of dreaming are real, too many of us have problems getting a full eight hours of sleep and lose out on these advantages. Alternatively, we may think we’re the exception to the rule—that we’re one of those people who doesn’t happen to need a lot of sleep. But nothing could be further from the truth. Research clearly shows that people who overestimate their ability to get by on less sleep are sadly wrong.

Five ways to enhance your sleep

So how can we be sure to get enough sleep and experience a dream state? While we may be tempted to use sleeping pills to get to sleep, this has been shown to be detrimental to dreaming. Instead of taking pills, here are some simple ways to enhance your sleep:

1. Make sure your room is dark and that you are not looking at bright light sources—i.e., computer screens and cell phones—in the last hour or two before going to bed. You may even want to start dimming lights in your house in the earlier parts of the evening, which helps to stimulate sleepiness.

2. Go to bed and wake up at approximately the same time every day. This helps signal to your body a regular time for sleeping. It’s no use trying to sleep in a lot on weekends. There is no way to make up for regular sleep loss during the week.

3. Keep the temperature in your house cool at night—maybe even cooler than you think it should be, like around 65 degrees. Your body temperature needs to drop at night for sleep, and a lower room temperature helps signal your brain that it’s time to sleep.

4. If you have trouble falling asleep, or wake in the night feeling restless, don’t stay in bed awake. That trains the brain that your bed is not a place for sleeping. Instead, get up and read a book under dim light in a different room. Don’t look at your computer or cell phone. When sleepiness returns, then go back to bed. Or if you don’t want to get out of bed, try meditating. Studies suggest it helps individuals fall asleep faster, and also improves sleep quality.

5. Don’t have caffeine late in the day or an alcohol-infused nightcap. Both of these interfere with sleep—either keeping you awake or stimulating frequent wake-ups during the night.

Sleep is the single most effective thing we can do to rest our brain and physical health each day. Atop of sleep, dreaming provides essential emotional first aid and a unique form of informational alchemy. If we wish to be as healthy, happy, and creative as possible, these are facts well worth waking up to.

About the Author

Matthew Walker

Matthew Walker is a professor of psychology and neuroscience at the University of California, Berkeley, and the director of the university’s Center for Human Sleep Science .

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We live in a world that often feels like the headquarters of Mayhem Enterprises, breaking our hearts into pieces every single day with chaos and madness.

It is too willing to disappoint us with tragedies, horrific news and bad hair hats. And we have to live in constant suspense, not knowing when these things will happen to us. Pandora’s box is forever opening.

So I get why we fear dreaming. It’s hard for us to get our hopes up that things will go the way we want them to. Yet and still, we need to put this worry as far away from our psyches as possible. You might call it madness, but I call it necessary.

When we are afraid of having too much hope, we’re actually afraid of being disappointed. We are anxious about expecting the world to gift us and show us grace, because what if we end up on our asses?

So we dream small or not at all. Because if we expect nothing or expect something small, we cannot be disappointed when the big things don’t happen. We think it’s a great defense mechanism, but what it really is is a liability on our lives, because we are constantly bracing for impact.

Many of us have lost our ability to dream, or we were never allowed to have it in the first place.

When we are afraid of thinking things can be too good, it can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. 

This shows up in real life when we don’t go after jobs we want because we already expect the answer to be no. We might not apply to the school we wanna go to because we think we have no chance in hell of being admitted.

But what if we would have met a life helper or the loves of our lives there, or landed that perfect internship that would have led to the job of our dreams? Basically, we end up living the colorless versions of the lives we truly want, which then confirms that life is shitty.

Here’s the thing. Life can absolutely be a filth bucket, even for people who TRY and STRIVE and DREAM. The difference is that those people can go to sleep at night and wake up in the morning knowing that they at least tried. They can take some small solace that they did what they could. Life’s shenanigans can be off-the-chart levels for them. But they blame life, not themselves.

Many of us have lost our ability to dream, or we were never allowed to have it in the first place, since we live in a world that makes it really hard if you’re not white, male, straight, Christian, able-bodied and cisgender. We’ve been bound by oppressive systems that are designed to not give us an inch, even when we earn a mile. We have been shunned and disrespected and erased from the things we are entitled to.

I’m asking us to trick ourselves into thinking we have the privilege of dreaming big.

I say with this caveat and without naivete: Dreaming big is in itself a privilege. However, I’m asking us to trick ourselves into thinking we have the privilege of dreaming big.

When I was in college, my friends peer-pressured me into starting a “weblog.” And by “peer-pressured” I’m pretty sure I only needed one suggestion and I was into it. I started it in early 2003; it was titled something emo like “Consider This the Letter I Never Wrote.” In it, I documented my whole college career, writing about exams I wasn’t studying for, the D I got, roommate problems. The blog used Comic Sans font, so you know it was a mess. But I loved this new hobby. I did a few marketing internships and realized I was good at that too.

When I graduated in 2006, I deleted that undergrad blog and started what is now AwesomelyLuvvie.com . New life, new blog!

I’d work my 9-to-5 job in marketing, but when I came home, I’d blog. As I wrote about the world and how I saw it, word of my blog spread, and in 2009, I won my first award: Best Humor Blog in the now defunct Black Weblog Awards. I was geeked because here I was getting recognition for my hobby.

Hobby. Yeah, okay.

I liked my job as a marketing coordinator. I was fine. Except I wasn’t.

Get this. I was afraid to call myself a writer . WRITER? WHERE? I was afraid of that title and all the dreams that could come from it that I would be unable to fulfill. Toni Morrison and Maya Angelou and Zora Neale Hurston. Those were writers. I was just a girl who put up blog posts talking about whatever was on my spirit. Writer? “Bish, bye. You can’t measure up to that title.” That’s what I told myself.

I liked my job as a marketing coordinator for a nonprofit. I was making enough to pay my bills, which weren’t many. I was fine.

Except I wasn’t. I was bored with the job, and I felt restless. But I wasn’t going to quit. Nah, son. We don’t do that. We will just swallow down the discomfort and keep clocking in every day.

In April 2010, I was suddenly laid off. That layoff/firing was God and the universe pushing me to take a leap of faith to stand in this writer dream I was too scared to have. But I’m a stubborn goat, so I didn’t see it as that. Instead, I was on Monster.com sending résumés left and right because I needed my biweekly paychecks and insurance! This shoe habit was not going to keep itself up, after all.

Throughout this period, there were times I’d wonder if I needed to stop putting so much time into my blog, but I couldn’t quit. Something wouldn’t let me.

After a year and some change of looking for a traditional job (and still blogging), I finally got hired for a full-time position as social media manager for a global food brand. I went into the office on that first day, decked out in my “I’m serious” business-casual slacks and a button-down. My first task was to create a deck for a campaign, and I was in there knocking it out!

Then came 1PM and the walls of that building started closing in on me. Isweartogawd I wanted to slide off my nice ergonomic chair unto the floor and lie there. My spirit was not gelling with this new job. That night, I wrote an email to my new boss. I thanked them for the job and notified them that it was my first day AND my last. Bless it, but I couldn’t do it.

A few months later in February 2012, I was credentialed to do press coverage on the red carpet and backstage of the Academy Awards. I was chosen because a producer who loved my blog thought I should be there. There I was, in my role as Awesomely Luvvie, backstage at the Oscars, eating Wolfgang Puck’s shrimp and chocolates, next to journalists from the BBC, CNN, Entertainment Tonight! Me. WOW.

We must give ourselves permission to be who we want to be, even if we don’t have the blueprint yet.

That experience shifted my world: I was in that room and breathing that air because of my gift, because of my words. How was I NOT a writer ? I might not be Toni or Maya but I was Luvvie, and the fear of the writer title had kept me from truly honoring my purpose .

I was afraid because I couldn’t find an example of a writer like me, but I became that example for myself. And because of that, I am now that example for other people. Often, when we want something that doesn’t come with a manual, we are afraid of it, because we could lose our way since there’s no map. Well, maybe WE are supposed to draw the map, so someone that comes behind us won’t get lost.

Create the map you didn’t have. That’s what I did. We must give ourselves permission to be who we want to be, even if we don’t have the blueprint yet, and that starts with dreaming.

The lives we live are full of people’s dreams realized. The things we use every day are born from the audacity of someone who thought it was possible. There are many times when I’m traveling and I’m in awe of the fact that I’m in a tin can in the sky. When I’m eye level with clouds and think, “Bruhhhh, whose great-great-great-great-grandparent would have thought this was possible?” that shit feels magical. Science is made up of imaginations that ran wild and dreamed magical things that actually became achievable.

When our dreams come true, we’re expanding the worlds of others because now they know theirs can too.

So why don’t we operate our lives in this way?

When we dream, we’re giving others permission to do the same.

When our dreams are big, we’re telling the folks who know us that they don’t have to be small either.

We must dream and dream boldly and unapologetically.

Have the audacity to dream and ask. Sometimes, the universe/God amplifies the ask to bigger levels, and that is the best surprise. You have everything to gain, as he adds suya seasoning and Maggi cubes to your desires.

Life’s adventures never promised a straight path, and that’s often what stops us. But we must dream. All we have, even in the worst moments, are the dreams of better things to come.

Adapted from the new book Professional Troublemaker: The Fear-Fighter Manual by Luvvie Ajayi Jones, published by Penguin Life, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House, LLC. Copyright © 2021 by Awe Luv, LLC.

Watch her TED Talk now:

About the author

Luvvie Ajayi Jones  is an award-winning author, speaker and podcast host, who thrives at the intersection of comedy, media and justice. She is the author of Professional Troublemaker: The Fear-Fighter Manual, recently published by Penguin Life, and the New York Times bestseller I’m Judging You: The Do-Better Manual. She also hosts the podcasts Professional Troublemaker and Jesus and Jollof, where she covers all things culture with a critical yet humorous lens. She is cofounder of the #SharetheMicNow global movement and runs her own social platform, LuvvNation, which is a safe space in a dumpster fire world.

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Home — Essay Samples — Life — Dream

Dream Essays

Writing an essay on the topic of dreams is important as it allows individuals to explore their subconscious thoughts and desires. Dreams have fascinated people for centuries and have been the subject of much speculation and interpretation. By writing an essay on dreams, individuals can delve into the meaning and significance of their own dreams, as well as explore the cultural and psychological aspects of dreaming.

When writing an essay on dreams, it is important to consider the various interpretations and theories surrounding dreams. This can include the psychological perspective, where dreams are seen as a reflection of one's subconscious thoughts and emotions. It can also include the cultural and spiritual significance of dreams, as seen in various religious and cultural traditions.

It is also important to include personal experiences and examples in the essay. This can help to make the essay more relatable and engaging for the reader. Sharing personal dreams and their interpretation can add depth and insight to the essay, and can also help to connect with the reader on a more personal level.

When writing about dreams, it is important to approach the topic with an open mind and a sense of curiosity. Dreams are complex and multifaceted, and there is no one-size-fits-all interpretation. By approaching the topic with an open mind, individuals can explore the various facets of dreams and their significance in different contexts.

Overall, writing an essay on dreams is important as it allows individuals to explore the fascinating and enigmatic world of dreams. By considering the various interpretations, sharing personal experiences, and approaching the topic with an open mind, individuals can create a compelling and thought-provoking essay on dreams.

What Makes a Good Dream Essay Topics

When it comes to writing an essay about dreams, choosing the right topic is crucial. A good dream essay topic should be thought-provoking, inspiring, and unique. To brainstorm and choose an essay topic, start by reflecting on your own dreams and aspirations. Consider what interests you the most and what you are passionate about. It's also important to consider the audience and the purpose of the essay. A good dream essay topic should be relevant, timely, and impactful. Ultimately, a good essay topic is one that allows you to explore your creativity and express your thoughts and ideas effectively.

Best Dream Essay Topics

• The power of lucid dreaming
• The significance of recurring dreams
• The impact of dreams on mental health
• The symbolism of dream interpretation
• The connection between dreams and reality
• The role of dreams in shaping our future
• The cultural significance of dream mythology
• The science of dream analysis
• The influence of dreams on artistic creativity
• The role of dreams in problem-solving
• The psychology of nightmares
• The relationship between dreams and memory
• The impact of technology on dream experiences
• The role of dreams in spiritual practices
• The connection between dreams and emotions
• The influence of dreams on decision-making
• The role of dreams in understanding the subconscious mind
• The significance of dream journals
• The impact of dream deprivation on overall well-being
• The future of dream research and exploration

Dream Essay Topics Prompts

• If you could control your dreams, what would you dream about and why?
• Write a story about a dream that changed your perspective on life.
• Imagine a world where everyone's dreams were visible to others. How would society be different?
• What do your recurring dreams say about your deepest desires and fears?
• If you could bring one dream to life, what would it be and how would it impact the world around you?

Writing an essay about dreams can be an exciting and insightful journey. By choosing a unique and compelling topic, you can explore the depths of your imagination and share your insights with others. Whether you're interested in the science, psychology, or cultural aspects of dreams, there are endless possibilities for creative and thought-provoking essay topics. So, take the time to brainstorm and choose a topic that resonates with you, and get ready to embark on an inspiring writing adventure.

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Seven brilliant student essays on your wildest dreams for 2020.

Read winning essays from our spring 2020 student writing contest.

For the spring 2020 student writing contest, we invited students to read the YES! article “ Alicia Garza: How to Prepare for 2020 ” by Kate Werning. Alicia Garza, co-founder of #BlackLivesMatter offered this advice, “Clarity inside of chaos can help us find direction when it seems like everything around us is unstable.” Lots of things may keep students up at night or make them anxious. Students wrote about what they might accomplish in their wildest dreams for themselves or for this nation—and the steps they would take to make this vision a reality.

THE WINNERS

From the hundreds of essays written, these seven were chosen as winners. Be sure to read the author’s response to the essay winners and literary gems that caught our eye.

You can hear four students read their winning essays on the Irresistible podcast. Be prepared to be inspired! Thank you to author and Irresistible’s founding director Kate Werning for sharing these powerful stories.

Middle School Winner: Theo Cooksey

High School Winner: Kira Walter

University Winner: Athina Amanor

Powerful Voice Winner: Sary Barrios

Powerful Voice Winner: Avery Chase

Powerful Voice Winner: Daniel Cook

“Can I Dream?” Winner: Maitreya Motel

From the author Kate Werning: Response to Essay Winners

Literary gems, middle school winner.

Theo Cooksey

Brier Middle School, Brier, Wash.

Looking Back to Move Forward

I’ve never really looked at long-term goals for myself, as Alicia Garza suggests in the YES! article “How to Prepare for 2020” by Kate Werning. Other than my goal of reaching Eagle Scout before I turn 18, I tend to live day to day. I’m 13, so shouldn’t I just, well, be a kid? Isn’t goal planning and future planning something adults do? To be honest, when I read the article and learned what the topic was, I locked up like a clam. Sharing dreams of how I could positively change the world makes me uncomfortable. Why would I open myself up to that level of critique, especially in middle school? Although I would love to see advancements to reduce the effects of climate change and uneven wealth distribution, I can’t visualize myself impacting these issues right now.

This led me to wonder why I stopped thinking about my ability to influence the future in a way where anything is possible. What made me narrow my scope and start looking down, rather than seeing my potential? I believed I couldn’t possibly change the world if I could hardly impact myself. If you’re always working hard at fitting into a world by other’s standards, how do you have time to dream of your possibilities? This made me ask, “When did I allow this box to contain me?” When I realized I wasn’t accepted as myself.

When I was young, I possessed an immense personality that couldn’t be contained. I was a giant, perpetual motor hurling questions, wanting answers, always moving. However, over years of school, my personality withered, and my motor followed suit. Going from a storm to no more than a summer breeze, my motor was barely able to push paper. Why did that happen? I quieted my voice, so I wouldn’t be told I was too loud. I suppressed my motor, so I wouldn’t be told to stop moving. I spoke less so I wouldn’t constantly be told to stop talking and stop interrupting. 

After spending so much energy shrinking my personality, I hardly had time to look up and think about what I wanted to do. How do I get back to looking up and out into the world? I believe that this assignment has given me the chance to start doing just that. As I uncoil the past, undo the steps and remember the moments that quieted and contained me, stole my voice, and seized my motor, I am determined to recreate what I lost. I will slowly rebuild my motor into an impervious hurricane that will break out of the box that limited me. My opinion will not be hidden from others.

As I lift my head up, I will start with the small things and my familiar spaces. For me, these are working on what affects me directly, like school and what I enjoy outside of school. I will build the forge in our backyard with my dad to pursue blacksmithing together. I will continue to hone my skills in archery. I will dust off my trumpet and give myself the chance to hit the high notes. I will earn Life Scout rank to put me one step closer to Eagle Scout. By keeping my head up and moving forward with a plan, I no longer need to be the kid who internalized everything.

Becoming a better me now, at 13, will make me a better person who may just be able to influence climate change and build a more equitable wealth distribution system when I get older.

Theo Cooksey, an eighth grader from Lynnwood, Washington, is an avid reader and video game player. Theo plays the euphonium and trumpet, and is an expert in Star Wars movies and music. During the COVID-19 quarantine, he is learning to bake and is building a forge.

High School Winner

Kira Walter

Mamaroneck High School, Mamaroneck, N.Y.

Turning Flowers to Trees

 Maybe we used to be trees. Rainforests of friendly monsters, scraping the sky, communicating, and reaching the sun. Maybe roots used to run where we couldn’t see them, connecting us to each other and spreading through the world like telephone lines across our continent. But somehow, though the earth stayed warm and the rain fell on our soil, we evolved from trees into flowers. Flowers alone in our own empty fields, roots too short to reach anything. 

At a high school with over 1,000 students, I notice how we pass each other on the street, in the hallway, lucky if our eyes meet for a moment, if our hearts touch for a second. We are isolated. Although I hope for a world where none go hungry, where violence is absent, where rivers breathe with cold clean life, and wild creatures run through lush green forests, I first hope for a world where we can connect. A world where America’s youth doesn’t have to contemplate whether it is better to live in the light or commit suicide in the darkness. 

My wildest dream for this nation is that people will reach out to those suffering, to America’s youth whose second leading cause of death is suicide. It was not too long ago that a friend approached me about trying to take her own life; she locked herself in a bathroom filled with poisonous gas, waiting for her breath to go soft and blow out like a candle in the wind. We had always been distant, but she chose to share her secret with me because she had no one else to share it with.  

According to the Jason Foundation, 3,069 high schoolers in the U.S. attempt suicide every day. Among this group, four out of five leave clear signs of depression. So why do so many signs, such as drug use, sleep shortages or extreme mood swings, go unnoticed? The answer is isolation. People are so separate from each other that the chances of being discovered are nearly impossible. Although many try to ascribe teen suicide to the pressures of excelling both academically and socially, overcoming these obstacles can be easier than they seem. Easier as long as students have someone to support them through struggles. 

Many teenagers who take their lives are members of healthy families and are surrounded by friends, but they feel as if they can’t share their troubles with them. They fear that this would be a burden on those they care about and so they remain silent. Teens let dangerous secrets collect like water droplets in a jar. One day, this jar reaches its capacity, problems overcome them, and alone, they surrender. In Kate Werning’s YES! article “How to Prepare for 2020,” Alicia Garza explains that “clarity inside of chaos can help us find direction when it seems like everything around us is unstable.” I dream our community will teach suffering teens to find that clarity – that we will help them blossom on a path to success. 

In modern-day society, too many people shame others for attempting suicide. They identify them as troubled and accuse them of being too weak to deal with life’s challenges. To combat suicide, I’ll make sure to do the opposite. I’ll reach out, check in with, and cheer up my peers. I’ll try to comfort those in need of comfort. Because in an ever-changing world of frightening dangers and darkness, we need to be trees with roots linked together in harmonious peace. We need to support each other into a new decade, out of the shadows and towards the sun.

Kira Walter is a sophomore at Mamaroneck High School in New York. Kira writes for the school newspaper and plays on the varsity tennis team. She has enjoyed studying classical piano since she was five years old and volunteers for the American Legion in her free time. When she grows up, Kira aspires to continue her passion for writing.

University Winner

Athina Amanor

Spring Hill College, Mobile, Ala.

Woman with No Nation

“You sound like a white girl.” “You’re an American baby now.” “Wow, you actually speak very good English.” “Did you live in a tree?” 

As a Ghanaian immigrant living in the United States, I’ve heard it all. Statements from my own family members living back home and from friends I’ve made in this foreign land serve as reminders that there really isn’t a place for me. I’m too American to be African, yet I am too African to be American. Even college professors have laughed while a fellow student mocked a group of African languages by clicking his tongue at me and asking,  “What did I just say in your language?” disregarding my offense and reinforcing ignorance. Many of my anxieties and doubts about self-worth stem from these types of interactions. I have adapted, self-monitoring to the highest degree, in order to be more palatable and to fit in. 

As an outwardly appearing “African American,” I fight negative stereotypes when interacting with white people, striving for excellence in both academics and athletics and hoping to outrun stereotypes and shatter prejudices. Within the African American community, I appear as a poser. I walk, talk, and think too differently to be welcomed there either. For my relatives, I speak too “American,” too fast, and I stress all the wrong syllables. I’ve carefully created so many personalities, slipping out of one skin and into the next to appease others, that I hardly recognize my true self. So, when I hear words like,” go back to your country,” a tidal wave of confusion hits me. Sometimes I wish I could, but I know the same alienation I feel here would be waiting for me in Ghana because I would still be seen as an outsider. I am a woman with no nation. I worry about being viewed as second class, about not being awarded the same rights and freedoms, about losing my culture, and about losing irreplaceable familial relationships. 

So, what in my wildest dreams do I wish for this nation? I wish for acceptance. I wish for understanding. I wish for kindness and an egalitarian mindset for all. I wish for the extinction of xenophobia and the predominance of support. I wish for a community in which I do not feel the need to prove I am not a threat, where my culture is not a trend, and above all else, where being me is enough. My wishes may seem far-fetched and on par with beauty queens claiming to want nothing more than world peace, but I am aware that I must make efforts on my own behalf and not simply put wishes out into the world.

In this new decade, I continue to fight for my dream by working with refugees and  building bridges between them and other volunteers as both groups work together to create a safe space filled with the same friendship and sense of belonging that I’ve craved for myself. I continue to make strides towards my dream by rejoicing in differences and staying open to immersing myself in new experiences without judgment. I continue to make leaps in my effort to make my dream a reality by engaging in intercultural, interreligious, and interracial dialogues, fanning the flames of mutual understanding.

And, as I look at the next ten years, I plan to make bounds towards realizing my dream by doing something we all struggle to do in life:  to discover who I am outside of the carefully curated personalities I put on and give that person all the support and acceptance I so willingly give to others yet constantly deny myself. This new decade demands that I stop viewing my self-ascribed status as a woman with no nation as weakness, and make way for the potential it holds. 

Athina Amanor is a Ghanaian immigrant who recently completed her undergraduate coursework in cellular and molecular biology. As a recently retired student-athlete, Athina enjoys staying active by taking long walks, going for short runs, and playing tennis with her older brothers. She hopes that her concern for the human condition and openness to helping others serve her well as she pursues a career in pediatric cardiology.

Powerful Voice Winner

Sary Barrios

A Borderless World

As I walk into the kitchen, I see both of my grandmas stirring the masa and my mom putting the tamales de carne on the stove and cutting different fruits to boil in the pot for caliente . It’s Noche Buena and my dad, my siblings, and I are hanging ornaments and lights. At the bottom of the tree, we arrange the Three Wise Men and the animals on one side, Mary and Joseph on the opposite side of each other, and place Jesus in his manger at the center of them all. Lastly, we put the star on top of the tree, and turn on the beautiful lights. At 8 p.m., we gather around the table to eat. We pray to God for all the good things he has brought to us in the past year. Then, we pass the tamales de carne around, talk about our family in Guatemala and how they’d decorate their tree with clementines and light fireworks at Christmas, and laugh at my brother’s jokes. Everyone is together in one place, one day, one moment. But that’s all a dream.

Instead, it’s only my parents and me at the table. Some people are able to see their family every single day or at least once a week, but my parents are forbidden to see their relatives. They went through a lot to get here, and they’ve never gone back to Guatemala. While they are grateful for the opportunities here, the borders they crossed are like a cage, keeping them from seeing their loved ones. So when I dream of a better future, I dream of a world without borders.

These boundaries keep our families apart. A few months before I was born, my dad received a call: my grandpa had passed. My dad had a hard time dealing with not being able to see his father during those last few days he was alive. This was devastating. I see other kids with their siblings, playing soccer, bonding, and telling each other jokes, but I only see my siblings every two years if I’m lucky. I can’t imagine how I would feel if my siblings were here. I know I wouldn’t feel as lonely as I do now. 

It’s not easy to be a child of immigrants, feeling scared every second of your life, and constantly thinking about “what ifs.” Last summer, when I was at camp in Maine, miles away from my parents, immigration police arrived on my first day. I wasn’t allowed to contact anyone, and I had a meltdown. It was heart-wrenching to think about being separated from my parents, and yet these borders have stopped my parents from doing the same—seeing their mothers forever. Can you imagine not being able to see your mother?

A borderless world is like an eagle soaring through the sky, completely free. In a borderless world, families would be united and everyone would live without fear of someone searching for them. In her YES! article “Alicia Garza: How to Prepare for 2020, author Kate Werning says, “We are often called to reflect on our lives, and how we want to mobilize for ourselves and our communities.” I often reflect on this beautiful dream that one day our world would be borderless, a dream that I will fight for.   

At the camp in Maine, I learned about the Hawaiian word ohana . Ohana is the spirit of family togetherness. It means that no one is ever going to be forgotten or left behind; they are stuck with each other no matter what. Ohana can also mean “nest,” which is where birds go to be safe with their families. Just like birds, immigrants want to be with their families in a safe space. Everyone together in one place, one day, one moment. 

Sary Barrios is a Guatemalan American student at Mamaroneck High School. Sary’s passion is to help others and give back to those who are in need of more. She has a huge love for her heritage and family.

Avery Chase

Kirkwood High School, Kirkwood, Mo.

There is a French photographer who said: “I will never be able to take a picture as beautiful as I see it in my eyes.”

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare disease—there are less than 200,000 patients in the U.S. I was a competitive gymnast at nine years old. At a tournament,  I awkwardly dismounted from the bars and landed on my ankle. That moment changed my life. For the next eighteen months, I saw six doctors, four therapists, and three psychologists, took three  trips to different pain clinics, and missed about 100 days of school to search for answers to “the sprained ankle that could.” I was one of the “lucky” ones. That summer was a revolving door of experts dismissing me one after another.

The pain I experienced was beyond my ankle. I understand that I grew up differently, that most kids don’t divide their family moving cross-country for chronic pain rehabilitation. I have been living with CRPS for nine years—with a brief remission circa seventh grade—and a prognosis of “years to a lifetime.” Some days I’m better at accepting what I know and what I don’t. Other days it’s easier to lie in bed complacent to the pain. No matter what type of mindset, I must constantly strive to recover and hide disappointment every day that wasn’t pain-free. Outsiders haven’t seen the pictures I’ve seen—not through my eyes. Outsiders don’t know what it’s like to watch a 70-year-old squat better than you or realize that the only “record” you hold is “Longest-Stayed Patient,” not “Highest All-Around Score” in a gymnastics meet (where I really wanted to be).

It’s difficult to paint a picture of when my body physically shakes uncontrollably. My eyes scan it slowly, realizing my helplessness. Or the picture of mornings I wake up with a split lip after having habitually chewed it. Or the days I wish I wasn’t a breathing mortgage for my parents. Or the nights I spend praying for the safety switch, trusting my body will scientifically pass out if pain exceeds a threshold. There are still stories that I can’t tell and stories I don’t want to remember.

In psychologists’ offices, I go mad trying to cling onto any word I can to describe my pain, and, too often, I fail. In my wildest dream, I’m able to paint the masterpiece that finally allows people to understand the years and tears. Currently, I am trying for a picture-perfect life. I’m taking steps to overcome my highest anxieties by listening to doctors, pushing through compulsions, getting out of bed, and challenging cognitive distortions. I am living the hardest thing I’ve ever done in my life. I know that the steps to overcome Chronic regional pain syndrome don’t necessarily mean a pain-free life. I can’t change the existence of the problem itself, but I can change the way I deal with the problem. In my wildest dream I can accept myself and whatever I accomplish, even if it is not perfect.  I can learn to accept that CRPS and everything it comes with will always be a part of my life, my disappointments, and my triumphs.

The pain translates to today. Every day, I make decisions based on that gymnastics meet nine years ago and the hundreds of hours of doctor’s appointments and clinic visits throughout the years. I wonder who I’d be if I skipped gymnastics that night. If Boston is simply a city with smart colleges, not just medical treatments. I don’t think I’ll ever be able to understand a life without my pain. What I do understand though is that being healed won’t change me. I know how it has influenced me, but I doubt I will ever stop learning either. For that reason, my life is a life with CRPS, with and without pain. I am who I am because of these experiences and the circumstances I have yet to face.

Avery Chase lives in St. Louis, Missouri, the city with the most neurotic weather in the country. Avery coaches gymnastics in her free time and has an irrational fear of cats. She plans to attend Kansas University and study social work.

Daniel Cook

Fighting the Undertow

Have you ever been caught in an undertow? Imagine swimming through waves—feeling the cool rush send a shock through your body— when a force begins pulling you away from the shore. You try swimming back to the beach but feel the current’s grip dragging you farther out to sea. After a minute, your arms and legs begin hurting. You start choking on water as you gasp for air. You attempt to yell for help only to be choked on by more water. Your mind is in a state of panic as your body begins shutting down. Suddenly, you remember what your parents told you, “Swim parallel to the shore.” You turn and start swimming again. Every muscle screams in agony, but you keep fighting. Finally, after what seems like an eternity, the force stops. Relief floods your mind. You slowly swim to the shore and crawl onto the sand. Falling flat on your back, you breathe peace back into your soul. 

Life is full of undertows. Today we are faced with so much political and social injustice that many people feel as if they are caught in an undertow of emotions. I was caught in this particular undertow for a while. As a gay male living in the Deep South, I have struggled with finding my place in society. I have often asked myself questions such as  “Who do I want to become?,” “What do I stand for?,” and “How can I help others?.” With the start of the new year, I have decided it is time to face these questions. 

I am an activist at heart. It is my purpose. With the help of the YES! article “How to Prepare for 2020” and Alicia Garza, I was able to pinpoint objectives that I should focus on instead of aimlessly treading through life, being swept further away from my goals. I want to be able to hold my husband’s hand in public without eyes glaring in our direction. I want to have a place of worship that accepts me. I want to be able to enroll my children in school without the fear of them being bullied for having gay parents. I want a job without having the fear of being dismissed because of my sexuality. I want to be seen as an equal instead of as an “other.” And most of all, I want to live in a world where I don’t have to fear being murdered like Matthew Shepard. 

In order to achieve all of this for myself and people like me, I have to be more active. The article helped me outline steps I can take within the next year to help myself and others in the LGBTQ+ community. These steps include getting involved with a local LGBTQ+ activist organization, getting trained in how to provide safe spaces for people to freely discuss issues affecting them, and reading more literature and research on LGBTQ+ issues while  making these resources more available to the public. If I can conquer these steps, I will have made 2020 worth wild. 

2020 is the year I have decided I will no longer be a victim of the undertow. By focusing on my goals and following steps to achieve them, I will have the knowledge and ability to get out of the treacherous current of fear and anxiety about being who I am. I will no longer drown in the self-doubt accompanied by not knowing what I stand for. I will glide through the waters of hate and social injustice and hopefully arrive one day on the shores of equality, love, and acceptance. 

Daniel Cook is a proud gay man. Daniel was born and raised in Alabama and embraces his Southern roots while also advocating against the social injustices around him. He wants to use his privilege to help others have their voices heard and dreams of a world where all lives are valued and no one is considered an “other.”

“Can I Dream?” Winner

Maitreya Motel

High Meadow School, Rosendale, N.Y.

Can I Dream?

How do you dream in a nightmare? How do you solve a puzzle when half of the pieces have been stolen? I remember being barely twelve years old when the shooting happened at Parkland. My dad held onto me like I would vanish any second, sobbing while we listened to the news. 

When you’re 12 years old, you’ve thought about death a lot in theory, but rarely in a way that’s grounded in reality. You normally aren’t considering, “Oh, it could happen like this. Someone could have a gun and you could be in the bathroom at the wrong time. Someone could have a gun and your sixth-grade classmates could sneeze at the wrong moment. Someone could have a gun and shoot you. And you won’t be able to say goodbye to your mom and dad or tell them how much you love them. When’s recess?” 

I guess kids used to dream about being movie stars and star football players and millionaires. Now, I look around and we’re praying to make it through high school. And beyond that? Will the planet be liveable? Will our kids be okay? We want answers and guarantees. Are there any guarantees anymore? Our dreams are survival based. How much can you dream before waking up again? 

But I do have a dream.

My dream is to have the luxury of dreaming. My dream is to live in a world where what matters most is that new movie or first date. My dream is for us to be kids again instead of feeling like the future is on our shoulders. If I lived in this world, I could breathe again. Maybe, just this once, I’d get to sleep.

Maitreya Motel, an eighth-grade student at High Meadow School in New York, has been writing and producing her political Vlog “Eye On Politics” since age 10. Maitreya has been a featured speaker at women’s marches, climate change events, and political rallies, and is a member of her town’s youth commission and her county’s climate-smart commission. Her best pals are her two rescue dogs, Jolene and Zena. 

Dear Theo, Kira, Athina, Sary, Avery, Daniel,  Maitreya,

Thank you so much for sharing your writing with all of us (and some of you have shared your essays in your own voice on the podcast, too!). It takes guts to be real and vulnerable in public—to share your struggles and to be audacious enough to have dreams & compelling visions in a world where there is so much suffering.

At Irresistible , we believe that healing and social transformation are deeply connected— and that a critical foundation for both is radical honesty. To face where we feel vulnerable and afraid and powerless. Where we’ve been humiliated, shortchanged, discriminated against, or told to give up. To really feel into those places, because our deepest truth is what connects us and can become the source of our greatest power. We have to be real with ourselves about what hurts and scares us most, and connect with others’ heartbreaks and fears to move in a journey toward change together.

I see that courage in each of you. Avery, we feel you so deeply when you say “It’s difficult to paint a picture of when my body physically shakes uncontrollably. My eyes scan it slowly, realizing my helplessness.” Athina, we connect when you talk about feeling like a “woman with no nation.” Theo, I remember when I’ve been there too when you say “Sharing dreams of how I could positively change the world makes me uncomfortable. Why would I open myself up to that level of critique, especially in middle school?”

Yet despite the discouragement and pain, you still have big dreams—and I want to live in these worlds you are visioning! Maitreya’s world, where kids “have the luxury of dreaming.”Sary’s “borderless world [that] is like an eagle, soaring through the sky, completely free.” Daniel’s world where he is “able to enroll [his] children in school without the fear of them being bullied for having gay parents.” I want to follow your leadership and the leadership of youth organizers all over the country—you truly are “ Generation Transformation .”

As Kira paints for us, “Maybe roots used to run where we couldn’t see them, connecting us to each other and spreading through the world like telephone lines across our continent.” I see each of you growing those intertwining roots through your commitments to working with refugees, volunteering with your local LGBTQ+ activist organization, and training your bodies and minds toward your goals.

Especially now, as 2020 is turning out so completely differently than any of us could have imagined, the moves you are making toward your visions are critical. I’ve often felt like my hard work trying to contribute to liberation movements has been futile, that the world is getting crueler in so many ways. But I also remember that even though I’m only 32 years old, I am amazed at how much has already changed radically in my lifetime— toward a world of more racial justice, immigrant rights, LGBTQ+ & gender liberation, disability justice, and so much more. It does get better.

adrienne maree brown teaches us that in every small action we take, we shape change. Even under the intense conditions we currently face, this remains true. With our big visions as a strong north star, we find the next right move we can make toward freedom.

Keep dreaming, keep taking action, and keep sharing your story with powerful honesty. I’m right next to you on the journey.

—Kate Werning

We received many outstanding essays for the spring 2020 Student Writing Competition. Though not every participant can win the contest, we’d like to share some excerpts that caught our eye:

My wildest dreams would be a world filled with non-judgmental people, self expectations—not anybody else’s expectations of me—being me and loving it, less school stress, and, of course, free puppies! —Izzy Hughes, The Crest Academy, Salida, Colo.

I want to imagine a place where I can go wherever I want without having to worry about another person violating my body. No one should ever touch another person without their permission. That is what I want.  —Ruby Wilsford, Goodnight Middle School, San Marcos, Tex.  

Type 1 diabetes is not a choice or a result of poor life decisions. It is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks itself. How can Americans justify that it is acceptable to pay seventy-two times the worth of a life-or-death product? —Elise Farris, Spring Hill College, Mobile, Ala.

I was born on April 26, 2005, in a hospital in Appleton, Wisconsin, the home of the first hydropower plant and the “world-famous” Harry Houdini Museum. Then, at age three, my family moved to Beloit, Wisconsin, a town on the board of Wisconsin and Illinois. My parents sent me and my siblings to a Catholic school 12 miles north in a town called Janesville, Wisconsin. It was like living in two cities at once. My family lived in one and my friends and their families lived in the other. I thought the situation was fine, but as I got older, I started to notice things. I noticed how my friends felt uncomfortable when we went anywhere else in Beloit besides my house. I noticed how adults grimaced when I said I was from Beloit. And, suddenly, I felt my situation wasn’t fine. —Charlotte Mark, Craig High School, Janesville, Wis. 

Pandemics happen when we fail to be aware of how interrelated we really are—when we fail to note the doors we open, the hands we shake, and the spaces we share every day. Mindful of these connections, we realize that the health of one of us affects the health of all of us. We must care for our fellow beings, even if it means personal sacrifice. —Donald Wolford, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio

I can help others, but I also need to know what to do when dark thoughts manifest in my own mind. —Natalie Streuli, Brier Middle School, Brier, Wash.  

If I’ve learned anything in the past 13 years, it’s that things never go as planned. Having a rough draft of your life is okay, but never expect it to turn exactly how you imagined. —Emerson Reed, The Crest Academy, Salida, Colo.

There are about 40 million food-insecure people in the United States and 13 million of those people are children … I want these people to go to sleep full and knowing that they will get another three meals tomorrow. —John Francis, Our Lady Star of the Sea, Grosse Pointe Woods, Mich.

… I was floating, levitating in midair when the voice began slowly whispering. His voice washed over my body like warm sunlight on a summer day. “This is what inner peace feels like. You tried your best and did the most you can, but to achieve this, you must continue on.” He disappeared and the world collapsed on itself. I was motivated to do better but now looking back I wish I had started sooner.   —Nicholas Tyner, American School of The Hague, Wassenaar, Netherlands

Failure isn’t a dangerous monster we should run from. It is a beautiful seed of a flower yet to blossom. —Jarrod Land, Mamaroneck High School, Mamaronec, N.Y.

I’ve yet to figure out how to complain about my perfectionist nature without it sounding like a twisted form of bragging. As it turns out, whining about being tired of trying so hard just makes it look like you’re fishing for praise. Ironically, you rarely get either.  —Claire Beck, Kirkwood High School, Kirkwood, Mo.

I can never talk to my parents about my feelings directly because what goes into the pot is an argument and what comes out is unsolved problem soup with a side of tears. —Tracee Nguyen, President William McKinley High School, Honolulu, Hawai’i

I’m not exactly sure what I want to be when I grow up, but I am certain that it’s not going to require me to know how to find points on a graph or to understand slope intercept form, well at least not to the point that I need to study the subject for months on end, and why do I need to know how to find the cubed root of a six-digit number on paper? Who doesn’t have access to a calculator? —Lauren Ragsdale, Lincoln Middle School, Ypsilanti, Mich. 

I can’t truly say how many nights I’ve spent tossing and turning because something was crawling around in my head. The anxiety smothering any free thoughts I had, forcing me to stay awake, and to start questioning every choice I’ve ever made. Those nights are always the hardest considering who I want to be: somebody who believes without fear of judgment, somebody who loves who they are, somebody who helps without prompting. —Daniel Heineman, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio

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Experimental Research on Dreaming: State of the Art and Neuropsychoanalytic Perspectives

Perrine m. ruby.

1 INSERM U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon, France

2 CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon, France

3 University Lyon 1, Lyon, France

Dreaming is still a mystery of human cognition, although it has been studied experimentally for more than a century. Experimental psychology first investigated dream content and frequency. The neuroscientific approach to dreaming arose at the end of the 1950s and soon proposed a physiological substrate of dreaming: rapid eye movement sleep. Fifty years later, this hypothesis was challenged because it could not explain all of the characteristics of dream reports. Therefore, the neurophysiological correlates of dreaming are still unclear, and many questions remain unresolved. Do the representations that constitute the dream emerge randomly from the brain, or do they surface according to certain parameters? Is the organization of the dream’s representations chaotic or is it determined by rules? Does dreaming have a meaning? What is/are the function(s) of dreaming? Psychoanalysis provides hypotheses to address these questions. Until now, these hypotheses have received minimal attention in cognitive neuroscience, but the recent development of neuropsychoanalysis brings new hopes of interaction between the two fields. Considering the psychoanalytical perspective in cognitive neuroscience would provide new directions and leads for dream research and would help to achieve a comprehensive understanding of dreaming. Notably, several subjective issues at the core of the psychoanalytic approach, such as the concept of personal meaning, the concept of unconscious episodic memory and the subject’s history, are not addressed or considered in cognitive neuroscience. This paper argues that the focus on singularity and personal meaning in psychoanalysis is needed to successfully address these issues in cognitive neuroscience and to progress in the understanding of dreaming and the psyche.

The word “dream” is commonly used to express an unattainable ideal or a very deep and strong desire:

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. Martin Luther King

In dream reports, however, one often notices banal situations, strange scenes, or even frightening events. Why is there such a contrast between the popular meaning of the word “dream” and the content of dream reports? Why are some dream scenes so bizarre? Are dreams built from images that arise randomly from the sleeping brain? Or is the emergence and organization of dream images controlled by currently unknown parameters? Does dreaming have a function?

Answering these questions is not easy because dreaming is elusive. We still do not know when it happens during the night, how long it lasts, whether we can recall its entire content, or how to control it. For more than a century, such limited understanding of dreaming has seriously hampered experimental investigations. Nonetheless, scientific research has managed to produce considerable information about the phenomenology and physiology of dreaming and has improved our understanding of this fascinating phenomenon.

Experimental Research on Dreaming

Dreaming and experimental psychology, dream content.

Dreaming was first investigated on an experimental level in the nineteenth century. Calkins ( 1893 ) published the first statistical results about dreaming and argued that some aspects of dream content could be quantified. Later, questionnaires and automatic analysis of the lexical content of dream reports allowed psychologists to show that dream content has some precise phenomenological characteristics. According to psychological studies (Hall and Van de Castle, 1966 ; Schwartz, 1999 ), visual imagery occurs more frequently in dreams than imagery of other senses (audition, olfaction, touch, and taste); the dream drama is mostly lived by the dreamer from a first-person perspective; some elements of real-life events previously experienced by the dreamer often contribute to the scene of the dream; most often, the dream sequence is not within the dreamer’s voluntary control (i.e., the dreamer may be convinced during the dream that the dream’s story is really happening); temporal and spatial incoherencies can occur in the dream story; the dream report is often full of people interacting with each other (e.g., discussions, fights, pursuit, sexuality); and finally, the dream report often contains strong emotions.

Substantial variability of content exists, however, among the same individual’s dreams and among the dreams of different individuals. Further, psychological studies have shown that many internal and external parameters can influence dream content. For example, males report more aggression and violence in their dreams than do females (Nielsen et al., 2003 ; Schredl et al., 2004 ). External stimulation perceived by the dreamer can be incorporated into dreams (Koulack, 1969 ; Saint-Denys, 1867; Hoelscher et al., 1981 ), as illustrated by the famous Dali painting Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Pomegranate a Second before Awakening . The current concerns of the subject may also be found in the content of his/her dreams (Schwartz, 1999 ; Domhoff and Schneider, 2008 ), and many aspects of the subject’s daily life were found to influence dream content, including news events (Bulkeley and Kahan, 2008 ), musical practice (Uga et al., 2006 ), religious beliefs (Domhoff and Schneider, 2008 ), chronic pain (Raymond et al., 2002 ), mood (Cartwright et al., 1998a ), or a violent living environment (Valli et al., 2005 ). By contrast, congenital or acquired malformations do not seem to significantly influence dream content (Voss et al., 2010 ; Saurat et al., 2011 ).

Based on these results, two opposing hypotheses were formulated: the continuity hypothesis (Schredl and Hofmann, 2003 ) and the discontinuity hypothesis (Rechtschaffen, 1978 ; Kahn et al., 1997 ; Stickgold et al., 2001 ). The former relies on results showing that the themes of an individual’s thoughts during waking life and dreaming are similar; the latter focuses on the fundamentally different structures of thoughts during waking life and dreaming. Voss et al. ( 2010 ) stressed in their recent paper that these hypotheses represent oversimplified approaches to dream analysis and argued that waking and dreaming thoughts were related but structurally independent; in other words, she argued in favor of merging the continuity and discontinuity hypotheses.

Dream report frequency

Dream report frequency (DRF) can vary within subjects and varies substantially among subjects. In a study of 900 German subjects with a large age range from various socioprofessional categories, the mean DRF was approximately 1 dream report per week (Schredl, 2008 ). This result shows that the dream experience is common and familiar to everyone. Psychological studies have demonstrated that many parameters covary with DRF and may thus influence it.

Sleep parameters

First, DRF varies according to the sleep stage preceding awakening (e.g., Dement and Kleitman, 1957b ; Nielsen, 2000 , for a review). More dream reports are obtained after an awakening during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than after an awakening during non-REM (NREM) sleep. These results inspired the REM sleep hypothesis of dreaming (see the section Dreaming and Neuroscience). Second, DRF increases with the number of awakenings during sleep, according to retrospective self-evaluations of awakenings (Cory and Ormiston, 1975 ; Schredl et al., 2003 ). Such studies showed that the more the subjects tended to awaken during sleep, the higher their DRF. These results support the hypothesis of Koulack and Goodenough ( 1976 ), which proposes that nocturnal awakenings facilitate the encoding of the dream in memory and thus facilitate dream recall upon awakening. However, this hypothesis has not been tested by measuring awakenings with polysomnographic recordings in healthy subjects with various DRFs. Finally, DRF varies according to the method of awakening. Abrupt awakenings lead to more dream reports than gradual awakenings (Shapiro et al., 1963 , 1965 ; Goodenough et al., 1965 ).

Physiological and environmental parameters

Dream report frequency deceases with age (e.g., Schredl, 2008 ) and tends to be slightly higher among females than males (e.g., Schredl, 2008 ; Schredl and Reinhard, 2008 ). Remarkably, Schredl’s ( 2008 ) results revealed that DRF also varied according to the size of the subject’s place of residence.

Psychological parameters

First, increased professional stress or interpersonal stress resulted in an increase in DRF (for a review, see Schredl, 1999 ). Second, an interest in dreams or a positive attitude toward dreams clearly covaries with DRF (Hill et al., 1997 ; Schredl, 1999 ; Schredl et al., 2003 ). The greater an individual’s interest in dreams, the higher his/her DRF. Third, several cognitive abilities have been found to covary with DRF. Contradictory results have been reported for the correlation between DRF and memory abilities (short-term, long-term, visual, verbal, implicit, and explicit; significant positive correlation: Cory and Ormiston, 1975 ; Belicki et al., 1978 ; Butler and Watson, 1985 ; Schredl et al., 1995 ; Solms, 1997 ; no significant correlation: Cohen, 1971 ; Belicki et al., 1978 ; Schredl et al., 1995 , 1997 , 2003 ; Solms, 1997 ) and the correlation between DRF and visual imagery ( significant positive correlation : Hiscock and Cohen, 1973 ; Richardson, 1979 ; Okada et al., 2000 ; no significant correlation : Hill et al., 1997 ; Okada et al., 2000 ). However, several studies have consistently shown that DRF is positively correlated with creativity (Fitch and Armitage, 1989 ; Schredl, 1999 ; Schredl et al., 2003 ) and intelligence scales (multiple-choice vocabulary test, Schonbar, 1959 ; Shipley Intelligence Scale, Connor and Boblitt, 1970 ). Finally, many authors have reported a correlation between DRF and personality traits. Subjects with a high DRF are more likely to have a personality with thinner boundaries (Hartmann described people with thin boundaries as being open, trustworthy, vulnerable, and sensitive; Hartmann, 1989 ; Hartmann et al., 1991 ; Schredl et al., 2003 ), to be more anxious (Schonbar, 1959 ; Tart, 1962 ), to have a higher level of absorption (the absorption scale measures the capacity to become absorptively involved in imaginative and esthetic experiences; Hill et al., 1997 ; Schredl, 1999 ; Schredl et al., 2003 ), to be more open to experience (Hill et al., 1997 ; Schredl et al., 2003 ), and to be less alexithymic (alexithymia is a personality variable that incorporates difficulty identifying and describing feelings, difficulty distinguishing between feelings and the physical sensation of emotional arousal, limited imaginative processes, and an externally oriented cognitive style; De Gennaro et al., 2003 ; Nielsen et al., 2011 ) compared to subjects with a low dream recall frequency. However, those results have not always been reproducible (e.g., Schredl, 2002 for openness to experience; Cory and Ormiston, 1975 ; Hill et al., 1997 for anxiety; Nielsen et al., 1997 for alexithymia) and, according to the recent review by Blagrove and Pace-Schott ( 2010 ), it is difficult to draw conclusions about a possible link between personality traits and DRF.

In conclusion, numerous parameters have been identified that covary with DRF. Schredl stressed in many of his papers that the studied parameters usually explain only a small percentage of the total variance (e.g., Schredl, 2008 ). Thus, the DRF variation profile suggests that the production, encoding and recall of dreams are influenced by numerous parameters that probably interact with each other.

Dreaming and neuroscience

The neuroscientific approach to dreaming arose at the end of the 1950s with the discovery of REM during human sleep by the American physiologist Nathaniel Kleitman and his team (Aserinsky and Kleitman, 1953 ; Dement and Kleitman, 1957a ). During these sleep episodes with saccades, the researchers noticed a decrease in voltage and an increase in frequency in the EEG, accompanied by an increase in cardiac frequency variability and a decrease in body movements. They concluded that these physiological modifications indicate a particular sleep stage, which they called REM sleep. A few years later, the French team led by neurobiologist Michel Jouvet discovered that the lack of movement during REM sleep in cats was due to a general muscular atonia, controlled notably by the locus coeruleus α in the brainstem (Jouvet and Michel, 1959 ; Berger, 1961 later showed that muscular atonia during REM sleep also occurs in humans). Interestingly, the inability to move during REM sleep indicates deep sleep and paradoxically, the fast EEG activity of REM sleep resembles EEG activity in wakefulness. Jouvet concluded that this particular physiological state is associated with a “third state” of the brain (in addition to the brain states associated with wakefulness and NREM sleep) which he called “paradoxical sleep” instead of “REM sleep” (Jouvet et al., 1959 ; Jouvet, 1992 ). Several years later, Fisher et al. ( 1965 ) discovered another physiological characteristic of REM sleep: the penile erection.

During the same period, the American team noticed that a subject awakened during REM sleep very often reported a dream (80% of awakenings in REM sleep vs. 6% of awakenings in NREM sleep are followed by a dream report, according to Dement and Kleitman, 1957b ). Researchers concluded that dreaming occurs during REM sleep. The eye movements of REM sleep would allow the dreamer to scan the imaginary scene of the dream (the scanning hypothesis); the cerebral cortex activation revealed by the rapid EEG would allow intense cognitive activity, creating the complex stories of a dream; and the lack of muscle tone would prevent the dreamer from acting out his dreams. From that time on, researchers investigated REM sleep to obtain answers about dreaming.

In the 1990s, researchers used functional neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) to investigate brain activity during REM sleep in humans. This new approach enabled researchers to demonstrate that the functional organization of the brain during REM sleep is different from the functional organization of the brain during wakefulness (Maquet et al., 1996 ; Braun et al., 1998 ). In comparison to wakefulness, brain activity during REM sleep is decreased in some brain regions (e.g., in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; Braun et al., 1998 ) and increased in other regions (e.g., in the occipital and temporal cortex, the hippocampus and parahippocampus, the anterior cingulate, the precentral and postcentral gyri, the superior parietal cortex, and the pons; Braun et al., 1998 ; Maquet et al., 2000 ). Looking more generally for brain activity correlating with REM sleep (the vigilance states considered included wakefulness, slow-wave sleep, and REM sleep), Maquet et al. ( 1996 ) found negative correlations in the precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, temporoparietal junction, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and positive correlations in the amygdala, anterior cingulate, postcentral gyrus, thalamus, and pons (see Schwartz and Maquet, 2002 ; Maquet et al., 2005 ; Nir and Tononi, 2010 for reviews). Based on these results, researchers argued that the particular functional organization of the brain during REM sleep could explain the phenomenological characteristics of dream reports (Hobson and Pace-Schott, 2002 ; Schwartz and Maquet, 2002 ; Maquet et al., 2005 ; Nir and Tononi, 2010 ). They considered that brain activity increases and decreases during REM sleep could be interpreted on the basis of what we know about brain activity during wakefulness. In this context, the increased occipital cortex activity during REM sleep could explain the visual component of dream reports because neuroimaging results during wakefulness showed that visual imagery with the eyes closed activates the occipital cortex (Kosslyn and Thompson, 2003 ). The decreased activity in the temporoparietal junction during REM sleep may explain why dreams are mainly experienced in the egocentric coordinates of the first-person; indeed, during wakefulness, activity in the temporoparietal junction was reported to be greater for allocentric vs. egocentric representation (e.g., Ruby and Decety, 2001 ; Zacks et al., 2003 ) and for third- vs. first-person perspective (e.g., Ruby and Decety, 2003 , 2004 ). The increased activity in the hippocampus during REM sleep could explain why dreams are often composed of known images or characters, as the hippocampus is known to be associated with the encoding and retrieval of lived events during wakefulness (e.g., Piolino et al., 2009 ). The decreased activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex during REM sleep could explain why dream stories lack consistency, why the dreamer’s perception of time is altered, why the dream story is beyond the control of the dreamer and why the dreamer is convinced that the dream story is really happening. Indeed, during wakefulness, the lateral prefrontal cortex is involved in executive function, cognitive control, and working memory (Petrides, 2005 ; Koechlin and Hyafil, 2007 ). The increased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex during REM sleep could explain the attribution of thoughts, beliefs, and emotions to the characters in the dream because, during wakefulness, the medial prefrontal cortex is known to participate in mind reading (Ruby et al., 2007 , 2009 ; Legrand and Ruby, 2009 ). The increased activity in the motor cortex (precentral gyrus) during REM sleep could explain the movements of the characters’ bodies in the dream because, during wakefulness, motor imagery, and the imagination of someone’s action from the third-person perspective involve the precentral gyrus (Decety et al., 1994 ; Ruby and Decety, 2001 ). Finally, the amygdala’s activity during REM sleep could explain why emotions, especially fear, are often mentioned in dream reports; indeed, the amygdala is involved in the processing of emotional stimuli during wakefulness (Adolphs, 2008 ).

In conclusion, results from experimental psychology and neuroscience allow us to better understand the phenomenology of dreaming and the cerebral correlates of some characteristics of dream reports. Still, what do they tell us about the role of dreaming? What are the current hypotheses about dream function(s)?

Hypotheses about dream function(s)

No function.

At the end of the twentieth century, the neurologist Alan Hobson, who was profoundly anti-psychoanalysis, proposed a theory that deprived dreaming of any function. Hobson argued that dreaming is an epiphenomenon of REM sleep: “Because dreams are so difficult to remember, it seems unlikely that attention to their content could afford much in the way of high-priority survival value. Indeed, it might instead be assumed that dreaming is an epiphenomenon of REM sleep whose cognitive content is so ambiguous as to invite misleading or even erroneous interpretation” (Hobson et al., 1998 ).

Psychological individualism

In contrast, other teams, like Michel Jouvet’s, believed that dreaming serves a vital function. In 1979, Jouvet’s team blocked muscular atonia during REM sleep in a cat by damaging the locus coeruleus α in its brainstem. This lesion resulted in the appearance of movements during REM sleep. Movies from the Jouvet lab show sleeping cats performing complex motor actions (with altered control and coordination) resembling those of wakefulness, such as fur licking, growling, chasing prey, mastication, and fighting. From these videos, the authors concluded that the cat was acting out its dream, and they called this non-physiological state “oneiric behavior” (Sastre and Jouvet, 1979 ). These results led Jouvet to propose that dreaming plays a role in reinforcing a species’ typical behavior. Later in his career, Jouvet moved toward a hypothesis focusing on the role of dreaming in the individual dimension. He speculated that dreams (note that, for Jouvet, dreams and paradoxical sleep were equivalent) could be involved in psychological individualism and in the stability of the dreamer’s personality (Jouvet, 1991 , 1992 , 1998 ). According to Jouvet, “the brain is the sole organ of homeotherms that do not undergo cell division. We thus have to explain how certain aspects of psychological heredity (found in homozygote twins raised in different surroundings) may persist for a whole life (psychological individuation). A definitive genetic programming during development (by neurogenesis) is unlikely due to the plasticity of the nervous system. That is why we have to consider the possibility of an iterative genetic programming. The internal mechanisms (synchronous) of paradoxical sleep (SP) are particularly adapted to such programming. This would activate an endogenous system of stimulation that would stimulate and stabilize receptors genetically programmed by DNA in some neuronal circuits. The excitation of these neurons during SP leads to oniric behaviors that could be experimentally revealed – the lists of these behaviors are specific to each individual and indirect data suggest a genetic component of this programming. Amongst the mechanisms allowing the iterative programming of SP, sleep is particularly important. Security – and hence the inhibition of the arousal system – is a sine qua non-condition for genetic programming to take place. In that sense, sleep could very well be the guardian of dreaming” (Jouvet, 1991 ). In other words, Jouvet’s hypothesis is that paradoxical sleep restores neuronal circuitry that was modified during the day to preserve the expression of the genetic program that codes for psychological characteristics. This process would ensure the stability of personality across time.

The threat simulation theory

The Finnish psychologist Antti Revonsuo recently proposed a hypothesis called threat simulation theory, which explains the fearful characteristics of dream content (Revonsuo, 2000 ; Valli and Revonsuo, 2009 ). According to this theory, dreams serve as virtual training places to improve threat avoidance or threat fighting ability. The theory postulates that such nocturnal training makes the dreamer more efficient at resolving threatening situations during wakefulness.

Emotional regulation

Cartwright et al. ( 1998a , b ) defended the idea that dreaming is involved in emotional regulation. Her team showed that, in healthy subjects, the depression level before sleep was significantly correlated with affect in the first REM report. Her team also observed that low scorers on the depression scale displayed a flat distribution of positive and negative affect in dreams, whereas those with a depressed mood before sleep showed a pattern of decreasing negative and increasing positive affect in dreams reported from successive REM periods (Cartwright et al., 1998a ). These results led Cartwright’s team to suggest that dreaming may actively moderate mood overnight in normal subjects. The team strengthened this hypothesis by showing that among subjects who were depressed because of a divorce, those who reported more negative dreams at the beginning of sleep and fewer at the night’s end were more likely to be in remission 1 year later than subjects who had fewer negative dreams at the beginning of sleep and more at the end of the night (Cartwright et al., 1998b ). The researchers concluded that negative dreams early in the night may reflect a within-sleep mood regulation process, whereas those that occur later may indicate a failure in the completion of this process.

Memory consolidation

Finally, a current mainstream hypothesis in cognitive neuroscience credits sleep and dreaming with a role in memory consolidation (for a recent review, see Diekelmann and Born, 2010 ). Numerous studies have shown that brain activity during training is replayed during post-training sleep (e.g., using a serial reaction time task Maquet et al., 2000 , demonstrated replay during REM sleep; using a maze exploration task Peigneux et al., 2004 , demonstrated replay during slow-wave sleep). Decreased performance during the post-training day in sleep-deprived subjects further suggested that the replay of brain activity at night contributes to memory consolidation (e.g., Maquet et al., 2003 ). Only recently, however, have experimental results in humans argued in favor of a role of dreaming per se in memory consolidation. In one study, subjects were trained on a virtual navigation task before taking a nap. Post-nap tests showed that subjects who dreamed about the task performed better than subjects who did not dream (note that only 4 out of 50 subjects dreamed about the task in this study; Wamsley et al., 2010 ). Using a different approach, Nielsen and colleagues provided additional arguments supporting a link between dreams and memory (Nielsen et al., 2004 ; Nielsen and Stenstrom, 2005 ). This team demonstrated that dreams preferably incorporate events that the dreamer lived the day before and events that the dreamer lived 7 days before the dream (U shaped curve). Animal studies have shown that after associative learning, the excitability of hippocampal cells increases (which leads to an increase in neuronal plasticity) and then returns to baseline 7 days after training (Thompson et al., 1996 ). The similarity between the delay of episodic event incorporation into dreams and the delay of post-training cellular plasticity in the hippocampus led the Canadian team to suggest a link between dreaming and episodic memory consolidation.

In summary, the preceding section describes the current state of the art on dreaming, its phenomenology and cerebral correlates and hypotheses about its functions. Some substantial advances have been made, but much remains to be understood.

Unresolved Issues

The link between oneiric behaviors and dream reports.

A piece of evidence in favor of a strong link between REM sleep and dreaming is the oneiric behavior (the appearance of complex motor behaviors when motor inhibition is suppressed during REM sleep) discovered by Sastre and Jouvet ( 1979 ) in cats and reproduced by Sanford et al. ( 2001 ) in rats. Researchers interpreted these results as the animal acting out its dream. However, as animals do not talk, the link between oneiric behavior and dream recall cannot be tested experimentally. This limitation seriously hampers our understanding of dreaming. In humans, complex motor behaviors (e.g., talking, grabbing, and manipulating imaginary objects, walking, and running) can also occur during REM sleep in a pathological context. This syndrome is called REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). It can be caused by substance withdrawal (e.g., alcohol, Nitrazepam) or intoxication (e.g., caffeine, tricyclic antidepressants) or by various diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, pontine neoplasms). According to physicians experts on this syndrome, some patients report dreams that are consistent with their behaviors in REM sleep (Mahowald and Schenck, 2000 ). According to the literature, however, such matches seem to be loose and not systematic. Only one study has tested whether observers can link dream content to sleep behaviors in RBD (Valli et al., 2011 ). In this study, each video recording of motor manifestations was combined with four dream reports, and seven judges had to match the video clip with the correctly reported dream content. The authors found that reported dream content can be linked to motor behaviors at a level better than chance. However, only 39.5% of video-dream pairs were correctly identified. Note, however, that because the authors obtained only movements and not behavioral episodes for many RBD patients, the link between videos and dream reports was unfairly difficult to make.

It is important to note that motor behavior during sleep can happen outside of REM sleep. Sleepwalking and sleep terrors, which occur during NREM sleep, are usually not considered dream enactments. However, we know that dreams can happen during NREM sleep, and many patients report dreamlike mentation after awakening from sleepwalking or sleep terrors (71%, according to Oudiette et al., 2009 ). In addition, Oudiette et al. ( 2009 ) reported that the dreamlike mentation can correspond with the sleep behavior in NREM sleep. Consequently, the authors concluded that sleepwalking may represent an acting out of corresponding dreamlike mentation.

Recent research suggests that any kind of motor behavior during sleep can be considered an oneiric behavior. One of the challenges for future research is to test the strength of the link between these oneiric behaviors and dream reports in a controlled and systematic way.

Neurophysiological correlates of dreaming

Despite the numerous neuroimaging studies of sleep in humans, the neurophysiological correlates of dreaming remain unclear.

Indeed, dreaming can happen during NREM sleep, and although NREM brain activity differs substantially from REM sleep brain activity (Maquet et al., 2000 ; Buchsbaum et al., 2001 ), some NREM dreams are phenomenologically indistinguishable from REM dreams (Hobson, 1988 ; Cavallero et al., 1992 ; Cicogna et al., 1998 ; Wittmann et al., 2004 ). This phenomenon is difficult to understand given what we currently know about the sleeping brain and about dreaming. One explanation may rely on the possibility that brain activity during sleep is not as stable as we think.

Brain activity during REM sleep in humans is considered to be well understood (Hobson and Pace-Schott, 2002 ; Schwartz and Maquet, 2002 ; Nir and Tononi, 2010 ), but several results question this notion. First, contrary to the common belief that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity decreases during REM sleep, several studies have reported increased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during REM sleep (Hong et al., 1995 , 2009 ; Nofzinger et al., 1997 ; Kubota et al., 2011 ). Second, brain activity during REM sleep is heterogeneous. The mean regional cerebral blood flow during 1 min of REM sleep (e.g., as reported in Maquet et al., 1996 ) and the regional cerebral blood flow associated with the rapid eye movements of REM sleep (Hong et al., 2009 ; Miyauchi et al., 2009 ) highlight different brain regions. Finally, few congruencies have been noted in the results of studies investigating brain activity during REM sleep (Hong et al., 1995 , 2009 ; Maquet et al., 1996 , 2000 ; Braun et al., 1997 , 1998 ; Nofzinger et al., 1997 ; Peigneux et al., 2001 ; Wehrle et al., 2005 ; Miyauchi et al., 2009 ; Kubota et al., 2011 ), even between studies using the same technique and the same contrasts (e.g., Braun et al., 1998 ; Maquet et al., 2000 ), or between studies investigating the same REM event (e.g., brain activity associated with rapid eyes movements, as in Peigneux et al., 2001 ; Wehrle et al., 2005 ; Hong et al., 2009 ; Miyauchi et al., 2009 ). Furthermore, few brain regions are consistently reported across the majority of the studies. This inconsistency suggests great intra- and intersubject variability in brain activity during REM sleep in humans. A challenge for future research will be to find out whether the variability in brain activity during REM sleep can be explained by the variability in dream content.

Because dream reports can be collected after awakenings from any sleep stage, one may hypothesize that the brain activity that subserves dreaming (if such brain activity is reproducible across dreams) is quite constant throughout the night and can be observed during all sleep stages. Some results have supported this hypothesis and encouraged further attention in this direction. Buchsbaum et al. ( 2001 ), for example, reported that metabolism in the primary visual areas and certain parts of the lateral temporal cortex does not fluctuate much across REM and slow-wave sleep. Similarly, Nielsen’s team found that dream recall (vs. no dream recall) was associated with decreased alpha (8–12 Hz) power in the EEG preceding awakening, regardless of the sleep stage (Stage 2 or REM sleep; Esposito et al., 2004 ). Interestingly, some authors have suggested that decreased power in the alpha band during wakefulness reflects search and retrieval processes in long-term memory (for a review, see Klimesch, 1999 ).

Processes of selection and organization of dream representations

Nielsen’s team found that episodic events from the 1, 7, and 8 days before a dream were more often incorporated into the dream than were events from 2 or 6 days before the dream (Nielsen et al., 2004 ; results reproduced by Blagrove et al., 2011 ). This result tells us that internal processes control and shape dream content and thus help us to constrain and shape hypotheses about the function and biological basis of dreaming.

At the end of the nineteenth century, Saint-Denys (1867) showed that a sensory stimulus (e.g., the scent of lavender) presented to a sleeping subject without his or her knowledge could induce the incorporation of an event associated with the stimulus (e.g., holidays spent near a lavender field) into the dream, regardless of the delay between the dream and the association stimulus/events (lavender scent/holidays). The author demonstrated that the external world can influence dream content in a direct or indirect way.

Finally, it appears that both external and internal parameters can shape or govern dream content. Nonetheless, few of these parameters are known, and some regularities in the phenomenology of dreams suggest that more influencing parameters remain to be discovered. For example, some individuals experience recurring themes, characters, or places in their dreams. In line with this observation, Michael Schredl’s team showed that the content and style of a person’s life strongly influence dream content (Schredl and Hofmann, 2003 ). However, the rule(s) governing which lived events are incorporated into dreams remain unknown. Do the representations constituting the dream emerge randomly from the brain, or do they surface according to certain parameters? Similarly, is the organization of the dream’s representations chaotic, or is it determined by rules? Does dreaming have a meaning? What is/are the function(s) of dreaming?

Dreaming, Psychoanalysis, and Neuropsychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis, which was developed by the neurologist Sigmund Freud in the beginning of the twentieth century, proposes answers to the questions raised above. Indeed, his theory of the human mind comprises hypotheses about the rules of selection and organization of the representations that constitute dreams.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Freud presented the concept of the unconscious. He proposed that a part of our mind is made up of thoughts, desires, emotions, and knowledge that we are not aware of, but that nevertheless profoundly influence and guide our behaviors. In his books (e.g., Freud, 1900, 1920 ), Freud proposes that the unconscious mind comes out in slips and dreams. Its expression, however, is coded within dreams (the work of dream), and unconscious thoughts are distorted before they emerge in the conscious mind of the sleeping subject (manifest content of the dream). As a consequence, the dreamer is not disturbed by repressed and unacceptable thoughts (latent content of the dream) and can continue sleeping (this is the reason why Freud considered dreams the guardians of sleep). Hence, according to Freud, decoding dreams’ latent content provides an access to the unconscious mind.

In Freud’s theory of the mind, unconscious thoughts and feelings may cause the patient to experience life difficulties and/or maladjustment, and free unconscious thoughts can help the patient gain insight into his/her situation. As a consequence, Freud developed techniques to decode dreams and provide a way for an analyst to look inside the words and unconscious images of the patient, and to free them through patient insight. One of these techniques is called free association, and is regarded as an essential part of the psychoanalytic therapy process. In order for an analyst to get to the latent content of a dream, he requires the patient to discuss the dream’s manifest content and encourage free association about the dream. Free association is the principle that the patient is to say anything and everything that comes to mind. This includes decensoring his/her own speech so that he/she truly expresses everything. Over time, the therapist or analyst will draw associations between the many trains of uncensored speech the patient shares during each session. This can lead to patient insight into their unconscious thoughts or repressed memories, and the accomplishment of their ultimate goal of “freedom from the oppression of the unconscious” (Trull, 2005 ).

Hence, Freud considered that dreams, as well as slips, have a meaning and can be interpreted, so that one is justified in inferring from them the presence of restrained or repressed intentions (Freud, 1900, 1920 ). Note that, in Freud’s theory of the mind, the words “meaning” and “intention” are closely linked: “Let us agree once more on what we understand by the ‘meaning’ of a psychic process. A psychic process is nothing more than the purpose which it serves and the position which it holds in a psychic sequence. We can also substitute the word ‘purpose’ or ‘intention’ for ‘meaning’ in most of our investigations” (Freud, 1920 ).

In other words, according to Freud, decoding dreams with the free association method provides an access to what makes each of us so special, uncorvering the forces that guide one’s behavior. It gives access to an unknown dimension of ourselves that is fundamental in understanding who we are. It provides access to personal meaning.

This hypothesis, attributing significant importance and meaning to dreams, has rarely been considered by neuroscientists who often consider Freud’s work and theory unscientific.

However, this situation may change as the relationship between psychoanalysis and neuroscience evolves. The starting point was the creation of the International Society for Neuropsychoanalysis in 2000. It was founded by neuropsychologist and psychoanalyst Mark Solms with the intention to promote interactions and collaborations between psychoanalysis and neuroscience. The challenge was serious, as illustrated by neuroscientist Alan Hobson’s aggressiveness in the famous dream debate (Alan Hobson vs. Mark Solms) entitled “Should Freud’s dream theory be abandoned?” held in Tucson, Arizona, in 2006 during the Towards a Science of Consciousness meeting (scientific arguments can be found in Solms, 2000 and Hobson et al., 2000 ). Alan Hobson tried to convince the assembly that Freud was 100% wrong and that Freud’s dream theory was misguided and misleading and should be abandoned. He aimed to demonstrate that Freud’s dream theory is incompatible with what we know about how the brain works. He added that Freud’s dream theory was not scientific because it was not testable or falsifiable. Finally, he presented his model of dreaming, the activation-synthesis hypothesis (Hobson and McCarley, 1977 ; Hobson et al., 2000 ): “The Activation-Synthesis model of dream construction proposed that the phasic signals arising in the pontine brainstem during REM sleep and impinging upon the cortex and limbic forebrain led directly to the visual and motor hallucinations, emotion, and distinctively bizarre cognition that characterize dream mentation. In doing so, these chaotically generated signals arising from the brain stem acted as a physiological Rorschach test, initiating a process of image and narrative synthesis involving associative and language regions of the brain and resulting in the construction of the dream scenarios.” In contrast, Mark Solms demonstrated that what is currently known about the dreaming brain is at least broadly consistent with Freud’s dream theory. He argued that it is generally accepted that brain stem activation is necessary, but not sufficient, to explain the particular characteristics of dream consciousness. What does explain the particular characteristics of dream consciousness, according to Solms, are the following features of brain activity during REM sleep (Braun et al., 1997 ): the activation of core forebrain emotion and instinctual drive mechanisms, i.e., the limbic and paralimbic brain areas (the anterior cingulate, insula, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and temporal pole), and of the posterior perceptual system (the fusiform gyrus, superior, inferior and middle temporal gyrus, and angular gyrus) and the deactivation of executive dorsolateral frontal control mechanisms (the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). He further argued that his lesion studies (Solms, 1997 ) are congruent with neuroimaging results because they showed that a total cessation of dreaming results from lesions in the medial part of the frontal lobe and in the temporoparietal junction (whereas no cessation of dreaming was observed for core brainstem lesions or for dorsolateral prefrontal lesions). Finally he emphasized that the activation of motivational mechanisms (such as drives and basic emotions) and of posterior perceptual system associated with deactivation of the executive control (i.e., reality oriented regulatory mechanism) during REM sleep, is broadly consistent with Freud’s dream theory which claims that our instinctual drive states (notably appetitive and libidinal drive system) are relatively disinhibited during sleep. Note that experimental results demonstrating the existence of unconscious representations that guide behavior (e.g., Shevrin and Fritzler, 1968 ; Bunce et al., 1999 ; Arminjon, 2011 , for a review) could also have been cited in support of Freud’s dream theory. This debate was a success for Mark Solms and neuropsychoanalysis. Indeed, at the end of the debate, approximately 100 people voted “no” (i.e., “Freud’s dream theory should not be abandoned”), approximately 50 people voted “yes” and 50 voted “I don’t know”.

Solms’ ( 1997 , 2000 ) approach to dreaming and his experimental results fundamentally challenged our current understanding of dreaming. He proposes that dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. According to Solms, REM sleep is controlled by cholinergic brain stem mechanisms, whereas dreaming is mediated by forebrain mechanisms that are probably dopaminergic. This implies that dreaming can be activated by a variety of NREM triggers. Several experimental results support this hypothesis.

First, behavioral studies have demonstrated that the link between REM sleep and dream reports is lax. Subjects awakened during NREM sleep can recall dreams at a high rate (Foulkes, 1962 : 74% of awakenings in NREM sleep were followed by dream reports; Cavallero et al., 1992 : 64%; Wittmann et al., 2004 : 60%); dreams can be recalled after a nap consisting only of NREM sleep (Salzarulo, 1971 ; Palagini et al., 2004 ); and some individuals never recall dreams, even when awakened from REM sleep (Pagel, 2003 ). In addition, in healthy subjects with a normal dream recall frequency (around 1 dream recall per week, Schredl, 2008 ), dream recall after an awakening during REM sleep is not systematic: 5–30% of awakenings in REM sleep are not followed by a dream recall, according to the literature (e.g., Dement and Kleitman, 1957a , b ; Foulkes, 1962 ; Hobson, 1988 ). Finally, 5–10% of NREM dreams cannot be distinguished from REM dreams based on their content (Hobson, 1988 ; Cavallero et al., 1992 ; Cicogna et al., 1998 ; Wittmann et al., 2004 ).

Second, as Solms ( 2000 ) argued, the amount of dream recall can be modulated by dopamine agonists (Scharf et al., 1978 ; Nausieda et al., 1982 ) without concomitant modification of the duration and frequency of REM sleep (Hartmann et al., 1980 ). Dream recall can be suppressed by focal brain lesions (at the temporo-parieto-occipital junction and ventromedial prefrontal cortex; Solms, 1997 , 2000 ). These lesions do not have any appreciable effects on REM frequency, duration, or density (Kerr et al., 1978 ; Michel and Sieroff, 1981 ). Finally, some clinical studies suggest that a dream can be triggered by nocturnal seizures in NREM sleep, i.e., by focal brain stimulation. Some cases of recurring nightmares caused by epileptiform activity in the temporal lobe have indeed been reported (Solms, 2000 ).

Conclusion: Collaboration between Neuroscience and Psychoanalysis Would Benefit Dream Research

Considering the issues that remain unresolved (e.g., neurophysiologic variability, parameter(s) influencing the emergence of representations in dreams, the meaning of dreams), a psychoanalytic perspective would certainly benefit dream research by providing new directions/leads and helping to reach a comprehensive understanding of dreaming.

On the one hand, psychological research has demonstrated that dream content is influenced by one’s personal life, especially personal concerns (Schwartz, 1999 ; Schwartz and Maquet, 2002 ; Schredl and Hofmann, 2003 ), and some neuroscientists have hypothesized that dreaming is involved in psychological individualism. Thus, both psychology and neuroscience have provided results and hypotheses that validate the possibility that dreaming has something to do with personal and meaningful issues. On the other hand, Freud argued that the unconscious, which guides behaviors and desires, express itself during dreams. The two disciplines’ (cognitive neuroscience and psychoanalysis) convergence on dreaming thus seems obvious; however, very little collaboration has occurred to date.

Note that some experimental studies in psychology have considered the psychoanalytic perspective. For example, Greenberg et al. ( 1992 ) attempted “a research-based reconsideration of the psychoanalytical theory of dreaming.” They evaluated the presence of problems (defined as an expression of negative feeling or any situation evoking such feeling or requiring some change or adaptation) during dreaming and pre- and post-sleep wakefulness in two subjects. They showed that problems occurred very frequently in the manifest dream content and that these problems were nearly systematically related to the problems noted during pre-sleep wakefulness. In addition, they observed that effective dreams (i.e., dreams that presented some solution to the individuals’ problems) were followed by a waking state in which the impact of the problems was diminished, whereas ineffective dreams were followed by the persistence of the problems. This study thus confirmed that personal concerns influence dream content. In addition it provided new results suggesting that dreaming may have some psychological problem-solving function (this result recalls the neuroscientific findings that sleep has a cognitive problem-solving function associated with brain reorganization; e.g., Wagner et al., 2004 ; Darsaud et al., 2011 ). Greenberg et al.’s ( 1992 ) study managed to quantify personal issues and clearly broadened the cognitive neuroscience perspective on dreaming. To proceed further, approaches integrating psychoanalysis and neuroscience must now be developed. Several subjective issues at the core of the psychoanalytic approach, such as the concept of personal meaning, the concept of unconscious episodic memory and the subject’s history, are not addressed or considered in cognitive neuroscience. This limitation hampers the understanding of psychological and neurophysiological functioning in humans. These issues must be addressed, and the expertise of psychoanalysts in singularity and personal meaning is needed to do so in neuroscience and to further the understanding of dreaming and of the psyche.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Nightmares, REM

Reviewed by Psychology Today Staff

Why humans dream remains one of behavioral science's great unanswered questions. Dreams have a purpose but it may not be to send us messages about self-improvement or the future, as many believe. Instead, many researchers now believe that dreaming mediates memory consolidation and mood regulation , a process a little like overnight therapy . But it's not a benefit all share equally: People who are sleep deprived also tend to be dream deprived, spending less time dreaming and perhaps not remembering dreams as well.

• What Dreams Mean
• Lucid Dreams

Dreams are the stories the brain tells during the REM (rapid eye movement) stage of sleep. People typically have multiple dreams each night that grow longer as sleep draws to a close. Over a lifetime, a person may dream for five or six full years. How best to examine all that content remains a source of debate.

Dreams typically involve elements from waking life , such as known people or familiar locations, but they also often have a fantastical feel. In dreams, people may live out scenarios that would never be possible in real life, although they aren’t always positive.

People have always tried to figure out the meaning of their dreams, but dream interpretation as a field of psychological study emerged in 1899, when Sigmund Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams . Today, most experts disagree with Freud’s conclusions, and some don’t believe dreams signify anything at all . But people continue to mine them for clues to their inner lives, creative insight, and even hints of the future.

Nightmares can create feelings of terror, anxiety , or despair, and lead to psychological distress or sleep problems like insomnia . Research has identified a range of causes for nightmares, including post- traumatic stress , anxiety—especially the presence of generalized anxiety disorder, dissociation, and physiological changes.

“Re-experiencing” is a common symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as flashbacks. These involuntary recollections  often manifest in the form of nightmares that can cause significant emotional distress. Even when the dreams are not exact replays of a trauma, they may have a strong symbolic or indirect connection to the event.

Terrifying dreams that rouse people from sleep plague children more often than adults , and nightmares can be especially vivid for young children because they may have a harder time separating fantasy from reality. But at least half of grownups also have occasional nightmares, although fewer than 10 percent report frequent or recurring episodes.

Experts recommend that individuals experiencing nightmares tied to stress try to focus on positive elements of their day immediately before bed; catch themselves when they feel themselves ruminating or catastrophizing ; and train themselves not to dwell on disturbing images from nightmares. For nightmares tied to PTSD , visualization treatments in which patients replay traumatic memories in “safe” ways have shown potential to bring relief.

Not necessarily. Night terrors, which are primarily experienced by children, cause sleeping people to scream, bolt out of bed, or demonstrate symptoms similar to a panic attack. But night terrors tend to occur earlier in the sleep cycle , while nightmares take place primarily during REM sleep. And unlike nightmares, night terrors are usually not remembered by sufferers , even though they may appear to be awake during the experience.

During lucid dreaming, which most commonly occurs during late-stage REM sleep, a dreamer is aware that they’re asleep, but is able to control events within their dreams, to some extent. Lucid dreamers report willing themselves to fly, fight, or act out sexual fantasies . There are communities dedicated to learning how to lucid dream at will, although evidence that this is possible remains inconclusive.

Research suggests that the brain undergoes a physiological change during lucid dreaming. In fMRI studies, the prefrontal cortex and a cortical network including the frontal, parietal, and temporal zones have been shown to activate when the brain begins lucid dreaming. This appears related to the "waking consciousness” that characterizes lucidity.

Most people do not typically experience lucid dreaming, or do not realize they do, and those who do tend to experience it in a limited way, without full agency. But some experts, and advocates of the potential benefits of lucid dreaming for boosting creativity and confidence , and reducing stress, believe most people can train themselves to experience lucid dreams.

Advocates of lucid-dream training suggest starting with dedicated recording of one’s dreams to gain a greater awareness of the conscious roles they may already play in common scenarios . Another approach is waking up two hours earlier than normal, staying awake for a short time, and then going back to bed, with the goal of increasing awareness of fresh late-stage REM sleep dreams and eventually directing them.

The most powerful model for the future of dream interpretation will be a human-AI hybrid approach.

You will discover how getting stuck in a dream can promote movement in life.

A new study reveals the importance of idle periods for long-term memory formation.

Dream analysis involves finding the solution to a problem you are grappling with. Our unconscious proves sophisticated when a dream's location reveals the next step.

Common guidelines for sharing and interpreting dreams between people can be applied to AI systems, too. No need for reinventing the ethical wheel.

Daymares are negative, recurrent, and catastrophic fantasies. Here's a useful toolkit to stop them.

Every dream delivers a secret message. Apply these tools to find out what yours mean.

So often, we look for the personality traits that come to mind from a person's appearance in a dream; instead, try staying open to a specific "time in your life" they link you to.

Musings on babies, dreaming, meditating to slow down.

New advances in AI are making it possible to enhance, empower, and integrate Freudian and Jungian approaches to dream interpretation.

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74 Dreaming Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best dreaming topic ideas & essay examples, ✍️ interesting topics to write about dreaming, 🔖 good essay topics on dreaming, ❓ research questions about dreams.

• The Importance of Sleeping and Dreaming Finally, I would not take this pill since I love seeing dreams and realize that this “miracle medicine” will cause too many negative consequences.
• Dreaming, Consciousness and Cognition For instance, the behaviorist supposition that the brain is always awakened and only from the external by sense organ procedures cannot define daydreams; likewise, for the statement that consciousness is the straight or restricted product […]
• Dreams and the Process of Dreaming Analysis Dreams are said to be like opening a door to the rest of the mind, all of one’s friends, fears, phobias, hopes, wishes, good times, and bad times are there.
• Lucid Dreaming in Science Fiction and Technology The author provides an interesting and intriguing article about the phenomenon of lucid dreaming and its representation in culture and media.
• Impoverished and Excessive Dreaming Many patients saw a dog in their dreams that tried to bite them; they began to defend themselves or hit the dog, and, in reality, they hit their spouses or walls/beds.
• Nature and Functions of Dreaming Still, other researchers argue that one of the key functions of dreams is to maintain our bodily and psychological health. To conclude, it is obvious that many suggestions have been put forward by researchers about […]
• Kertha Gosa Ceiling vs. “Dreaming” paintings by Aborigines of Australia Over a long period, Aborigine’s paintings have advanced to the point of intertwining with the public dissertation, with a great recognition in Australia and the rest of the world.
• Concept of Dreaming Theories in Psychology One of the theories that are common is the belief that dreams occur as a result of the human mind trying to incorporate external stimuli while one is sleeping.
• The Use of Illusion Argument, Dreaming Argument, and Evil Genius Argument by Descartes
• The Centrality of the Dreaming and Its Importance for Aboriginal Spirituality
• An Overview of the Dream State and the Concept of Human Dreaming
• Animal Dreaming And Substantiation A Connection To Humanity
• Understanding the Unconcious Dreaming
• How Is the Power of Dreams and Dreaming in the Novel of Mice and Men
• Dreams, Dreaming and Phases of Sleep
• Phenomenology of Dreaming
• The Beauty Of Dreaming: How Dreams Drive The Individual
• The Dreaming and Traditional Aboriginal Spirituality
• Freud’s Theory of Dreaming and Repression
• Sleeping and Dreaming and Theories of Sleep
• Gender And Dreaming In Mapuche Shamanistic Practices
• The Benefits Of Lucid Dreaming
• An Overview of the Controversy of Dreaming, a Cognitive Activity During Sleep
• The Importance of Dreaming and Sleeping
• Procrastination and Day Dreaming
• The Psychological Theories Of The Function Of Dreaming
• Difference Between Astral Projection And Lucid Dreaming
• Dreaming as Significant Process in Human Life Experience
• Exploring Causes of Sleep Difficulty and Dreaming Problems
• Dreams and Dreaming Nightmares in Children
• Dreaming Can Bring Misery in the Great Gatsby By F. Scott
• Varieties of Lucid Dreaming Experience, by Stephen Laberge
• The Significance of Land to the Dreaming for Aboriginal People and the Impact of the Land Rights Movement
• Dreaming And Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Understanding the Science of Dreaming Through Oneirology
• The Importance of Dreaming and the Sub-Conscious
• Descartes’ Meditations: Dreaming and Evil Demon Arguments
• Dreaming Various Amount Of People Experiences Different Effects
• Comparing and Contrasting Psychological Theories of Dreaming
• The Skeptical Dreaming Argument of Rene Descartes, and the Priori and the Posteriori
• Dreaming Is Known As The Journey Your Mind
• Day Dreaming in the Middle of the Summer Heat
• Synchroncities in the History of Paranormal Dreaming
• What Dreams May Come True?
• What Every Athlete Dreams, of but Few Achieve?
• What Makes Your Friend’s Dreams Come True?
• What Does the Bible Say About Dreams?
• When Dreams and Reality Collide?
• Why Do We Forget Dreams?
• Why Are Dreams Interesting for Philosophers?
• What Makes a Nightmare a Nightmare?
• What’s the Most Common Nightmare?
• What Are the Most Typical Nightmare Themes and What Do They Mean?
• Why Are Dreams Important to Duddy Kravitz?
• Why Do People Dream and What the Dreams Mean?
• What Are Dreams, and Do They Affect Us in a Good Way or a Bad Way?
• What Are the Key Similarities and Differences Between Freud and Jung’s Theories of Dreams?
• What Are You Doing to Achieve Your Dreams?
• How Dreams Affect Our Personalities?
• How Dreams and Omens Support the Theme of Interconnection?
• How Can Dreams Sustain People Through Life, or Can Break Them Down When It Doesn’t Come True?
• How Do Dreams Have Symbolic Meaning?
• How Women Follow Their Dreams Without Embarrassment?
• How Do Different People Use Different Things to Escape Life Problems or Find Motivation to Dreams?
• Can Dreams Tell the Future?
• Are Dreams Messages From Our Subconscious Mind or Insignificant Manifest?
• Are Dreams the Reason for Mythology?
• Can Blind Person See Dreams?
• What Are the Most Rare Dreams?
• How Long Do Dreams Last?
• Can You Learn From Your Dreams?
• Do We Dream Differently Across the World?
• Do We Know When We Are Dreaming?
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Essay on My Dream

List of essays on my dream in english, essay on my dream – essay 1 (100 words), essay on my dream – essay 2 (250 words), essay on my dream to become a soldier – essay 3 (300 words), essay on my dream and fears – essay 4 (300 words), essay on my dream life – essay 5 (400 words), essay on my dream to become a doctor – essay 6 (400 words), essay on my dream – essay 7 (750 words), essay on my dream – essay 8 (1000 words).

Every night I dream of living a life of a celebrity. In my dream I see myself dressed up like a model posing for cameras. It is my dream to work in the film industry and become famous. But, for that, I will have to work really hard. My mother always tells me to concentrate on studies and live up to the dream of becoming a model. My father also supports me and he says that he believes in me. Once he told me that I should help others and be in good books of the people to win their heart as it will help me make my dream come true.

Every day I like to take some time aside from my responsibilities to think about my dreams and all the goals I want to achieve. My dream is to become a successful businessman. Business is something that has always intrigued me. As my father is a businessman, since childhood, I had this keen interest to be a part of or to lead a business.

Only having a dream won’t help, I also need to work towards the achievement of my dream. As doing business is not as easy as it seems, first I need to understand the basics of what business actually is. This will the first step towards my dream. So after completing my intermediary, I have enrolled myself in a reputed college to do my Bachelors in Business Administration (BBA). After completing BBA, I will also do my Masters in Business Administration. By then I will have gained the complete knowledge on business and its functioning which will help me reach my dream.

Apart from the theoretical part, I can always count on my father to share with me the practical experiences and advices that will help me shape my dream. This will take me closer to my dream of becoming a successful businessman. I have also started reading magazines about successful businessmen and their success stories in order to gain some idea that will help me in the long. I will put the best of my efforts and work hard towards achieving my dream.

Introduction:

My dream to become a Soldier started on an Army Day (January 15th), when I was still in High School. I witnessed the tribute paid to martyred soldiers at the Amar Jawan Jyoti in India Gate. It was followed by parades displaying Tanks, Missiles, and War Helicopters etc. The impression I received that day motivates me to realise my dream to become a Soldier.

Love of a Soldier:

The history of Indian independence and the life of freedom fighters has always fascinated me. Those who were responsible for the air of freedom we breathe today, loved our motherland and dedicated their lives to its well-being. These seeds in me have developed a sense of love for the country. It has also nurtured my dream to become a soldier and safeguard it.

Spirit of a Soldier:

Apart from academics, I started to collect all details about how to realise my dream to become a Soldier. I began to understand the values that inspire a Soldier to willingly face challenges and responsibly safeguard the nation even at the cost of his own life. This inspired me to study well and keep myself fit to achieve my dream to become a Soldier.

Training of a Soldier:

I also understood about the training before service. The feeling of pride and mutual loyalty is imbibed among the trainees. They are also trained to willing sacrifice for the country’s honour, with a do or die spirit. A sense of fearlessness, fairness and honesty are inculcated during the disciplined training. These components further kindled my dream to become a Soldier.

Lifestyle of a Soldier:

On the one hand, the soldier’s life is a life of self-sacrifice. On the other hand, the lifestyle it offers far exceeds my expectation, and fuels my dream to become a Soldier. Opportunities to advance in ranks, paid study holidays, subsidized housing, free medical coverage and recreational facilities are provided, apart from regular salary and perks. Lifelong pension is awarded after retirement.

Conclusion:

Many young people in the country offer the time of their life to work for big Corporates. But, I am here to pursue my dream to become a Soldier and dedicate my life to the welfare of the nation. I often encourage my friends to follow my dream to become a Soldier, at least for a short service tenure ranging from 10 to 14 years.

At a very early age, my dream was to do something big in life. But along with that I still had some fears also. I want to have a successful career, and for this, I had set an aim. It is quite essential for everybody to get them to establish professionally and successfully. Besides this, few other dreams are also necessary for me like health, relationships, and many different aspects of life. However, I also fear to get fail in achieving all these targets.

Career Dream and Fear:

When I was a kid, my dream was to become a doctor. But during my growing age, the Bollywood industry fascinated me and then my dream of becoming doctor changed to an actor. When I passed my class 12 th , the only goal that hit my mind was becoming an engineer. I always fear of dreaming about big things, but if you have potential then, you can achieve anything in life.

Dream and Fear of Health and Fitness:

When I was young, I was not so much concerned about my health. But now I realized the importance of having good health. My dream of becoming fit and healthy was only achieved due to strong willpower and eagerness of doing regular exercise. With this thought, I managed to lose around 15 kg easily. Now, I don’t fear about eating any food as I compensate that with my daily workout.

Dreams and fear about the relationship:

There is a special place of relationships in my life, and sometimes I fear about losing the important people in my life. But, now I realize that instead of thinking negative, we should try to spend more time with the people. It is as essential as my dream of good career.

Thinking only about the career and success with the little amount of fear might not offer you complete happiness later. It is good to become serious about your career, but you should also try to overcome any fear for a more successful life ahead.

Life is a dynamic process that has its ups and downs. Juggling the disparities of life can be very stressful at times and that is why you get your mind wondering in thoughts. Most thoughts are usually based on what people desire, which we call the dream life. The desires in life may not always be achieved but it is good to have a picture or at least an idea of the kind of life on desires to have. In America, people have the American dream but you as an individual should ask yourself; what is your dream life?

How my dream life looks like:

Socially, I have always imagined myself being a very influential person in my society. Currently in school, I always have the urge to influence someone but I still lack the confidence and resources to do so. I have always wanted to travel the world and explore different cultures of the world through interactions with people. I also imagine of having a great family with whom I can travel the world with.

Career-wise, I want to work at the comfort of my own home and be flexible so that I can always have time for my family. Spiritually, I have a desire to always be in good terms with God and follow the doctrines of my religion.

Economically, I want to be self-actualized at an early age so that I can focus on my influential personality, having all the resources I need. I want to be satisfied with what I will have achieved and work on living a happy life.

How I plan on living my dream life?

Living the dream life can begin any time that you chose to be as an individual. For my dream life, the things that I can achieve while still at school is the ability to have a spiritual wellness and flowing the doctrines of my religion. I can also start learning to appreciate whatever I have and living a happy life.

For the desires that I cannot achieve at the moment, I will work towards achieving them by shaping and redirecting the pathway. For example, my career, I will pursue something in the university that will allow me to work from home without necessarily going to work.

A dream life is basically the desired of one’s heart inform of an imagination. A dream life does not affect the reality in any way.

A dream is something that helps you to mold your future and aim your life to an appropriate goal. Dreaming big will help us to work for it harder and finally achieve it. Without desire and aim in life, we cannot focus and work hard to fulfill our dream.

My Dream to become a Doctor:

The biggest dream of my life is to become a doctor. I have seen many doctors, who save other people’s lives and they feel happy in the satisfaction they get through this activity. I want to be a doctor, who will serve good for this society and help poor to get good medical care without expecting big money in return.

Doctors are respected in all places and among all types of society. In spite of being different in many things like wealth, religion, etc., everyone will be in need of the best doctor to treat them honestly. I dream of being one such doctor to whom anyone can come without any doubt and fear of being tricked.

I don’t want to be a doctor who just works for money. I want to help others who can’t afford big budget treatments and choose their fate due to their lack of money. When a person is cured of their illness, the smile that appears on their face will be the greatest reward I will ever get. My dream is to become a doctor, who is praised for the kindness and get rewards through others blessings.

How to become a Doctor?

To get the admissions in a medical seat is not that easy. But I will work hard and crack the competitive exam to get a merit seat in the college. I will work hard from the beginning to end to improve my knowledge and keep updated about every upcoming and ongoing development.

I would like to choose the specialization when I can actually decide which one will suit my desire. I have an aim to serve the people in their needs and once I grow big enough to decide the correct career to fulfill my dream, I will work harder to achieve that as well.

After achieving My Dream:

Once I complete my whole medical courses I would be looking to practice in a well-reputed hospital to perfect my job. With this perfection I will start my own clinic and serve people for the rest of my life along with this I will help other students also to get trained to become a good doctor. I will make sure that my dream will come true at the best time.

We all have some sort of ambition or dream. My dream is to become a world class chef. Dreams play a very important role in moulding our future. There is a saying that “if you can imagine it, you can achieve it; if you can dream it, you can become it”. This saying implies that if you can work hard and put in your best to achieving your dream, it is very possible to live your dream. Working hard to achieve ones dream is easier said than done but if you put in your best effort and never give up, dreams are achievable.

In the path of achieving my dream, it is important that I take one step at a time. Even if I have a very big dream of becoming a word class chef, it is best for me to take steady and small steps by setting both long term and short term goals, by doing this, I am always working towards achieving my dream. When I take one step at a time, it helps not to rush into decisions and take things easy.

I know becoming a world class chef is not very easy and can only happen if complete and proper training from a very reputable institute and there isn’t much I can do at the moment to speed up the realisation of my dream since I am still in school. However, I still do my best to set my dream rolling, I follow a lot of cooking websites and blogs, watch cooking shows, read culinary books and I practice my cooking to sharpen my skills every time. These are all little steps I am taking towards achieving my dream. Though my goal is to become a world class chef, I have small goals in place for each month and year to come so that I can reach my dream.

A major hindrance to achieving my set goals and my dream is the lack of inadequacy of motivation. A lot of people have given up their goals and dreams just because they got tired on the way. It is extremely important to remain motivated and only stop is when the dream has been achieved. Highlighted below are some useful tips that I have used to keep myself motivated on the journey to reaching my dream:

i. Anytime I see that I am running out of drive and energy and I am becoming too tired to stick to my set goals, I try to remind myself of what my dream is and the feeling of pride and joy I will experience when I achieve it and become a world class chef. It feels like pressing a reset button and starting with a refreshed mind again and working harder towards achieving my dream.

ii. Long term goals and short term goals are set towards the ultimate goal of achieving my dream and as I reach these short term goals, I try to reward myself for my achievement. The reward can vary from eating dinner at my favourite restaurant or buying myself a new phone I wanted or going out with my friends. Rewarding myself is a very good way to remain motivated towards the achievements of my goals and ultimately my dream.

iii. When I work too much and have no time to relax and play, my productivity drops and I become dull. Therefore, it is a good idea to have some time for myself away from work to focus on something fun that I love. I find time in my schedule every day to engage in some form of leisure activity or sport.

iv. Having people who believes in my dream and support my goals around me makes all the difference. Having positive people helps me find the strength and courage to push on and not give up on my dream. They motivate me to work hard and do the best to achieve my goals and my dream.

v. A mistake is nothing more than an experience and an opportunity to try again and do things much better. So, instead of getting heartbroken and disheartened to the point of wanting to give up on my goals and dream when I face a tough time or make mistakes, I learn from the mistakes and move on as the tough times and mistakes make me a lot stronger.

I will keep working hard towards achieving my dream and I believe that I will become a world class chef one day.

Who in this world does not have a dream? A dream to buy a car, a dream to be a scientist, a dream to do something for the society, or just a dream to live a life with contentment. Something or the other, but surely every person has a dream. It is this dream that drives you to work hard, achieve your milestones and ride towards success in your life. Success need not be becoming the wealthiest person on the earth. Achieving even your smallest dream can be a huge success for you. Since childhood, you come across various fields which often you think of as your ultimate targets. However, most of them are just fantasies and fade away with time. Still, there are some things which just stick on to your minds and these very things eventually go on to be your dreams.

My Dream – My Passion:

Like others, even I have a dream. My dream is to join the intelligence unit of the country and serve my country with pride. Usually, in order to serve the country, people think of joining the armed forces. However, I have a different point of view. I dream to join the intelligence unit and provide inputs to these armed forces so that they can protect the country in a good way and not many lives are lost fight battles with our neighbours.

Where did it all start?

Since my childhood, I have been fascinated by the role of intelligence and the methods of work they are used to. I had got a chance to be with a couple of people early in my life who were in the same field and it is from here that I got so much stuck up with this profession that I have dreamt day and night to be a part of this elite team. Moreover, I feel that I have it in me to research about things as well as people and am known in my circles to extract information from nowhere. I feel that this talent of mine can prove helpful for the country as well. Intelligence plays a crucial role in the security establishment of the country. The inputs gathered from intelligence units help the government and the forces to plan their steps both at diplomatic and at the level of securing the borders.

Another thing which excites me about this dream is that it is not a conventional field such as common occupations which are sought after by most of the youth of our country. Another very important thing to mention here that you need not formally join the intelligence to realise this dream. By keeping a check on your surroundings and providing proper information to the police in case you notice an unfavourable incident is also a form of your contribution to the security agencies of the country. If everyone remains active, a lot many incidents such as terrorist attacks can be averted.

Why having a dream is so important?

Dreams are very important for everyone. Without dreams, there will be no desire to pursue. There will be no objective to reach. We will all be nothing without dreams. Not having dreams resembles pursuing a traceless homicide. It resembles following an undetectable shadow. It is a loathsome goose pursue. We should comprehend what we need to do and pursue that desire.

A great many people have dreams. Successful ones or little ones. Indeed, even the best individuals had dreams and that is the thing that has made them what they are today. Envisioning is basic for a person. Without dreams, you will lose enthusiasm forever lastly prefer not to live. You will be exhausted and tired of the equivalent dull schedules of your everyday life and won’t discover an enthusiasm for the most energizing things. Just with dreams, will you discover a reason to carry on with your life? You will begin buckling down towards the fantasy and will never lose enthusiasm forever. You will never tire and dependably be spurred. This is the most ideal approach to end up effective. So, dream and dream big. It is the only way to achieve contentment in life.

Be that as it may, with dreams, comes extraordinary duty. It is not just sufficient to dream and disregard that fantasy. Numerous individuals dream, however just some wake up and work for it.

It is basic to buckle down for your fantasies. Without this diligent work, a fantasy will just remain a craving in the subliminal personality and will never be accomplished.

On the off chance that you don’t have a fantasy, you can never appreciate the extravagances of life or all that life brings to the table. You will never feel that delighted sentiment of accomplishment. You will never get pride in what you do and what you have accomplished. Every one of these things is vital for people and without these emotions, there is no inspiration.

In the event that you don’t have inspiration, you will be a disappointment throughout everyday life. You won’t have the capacity to accomplish those objectives and will have a hopeless existence. You will never appreciate the extravagances of life and you will never feel glad. You will be a disappointment and you will be nothing throughout everyday life. We should go that additional mile to achieve our objectives. Disappointments may come, however a state of mind to continue proceeding onward and attempting to enhance is completely accomplished by dreams. Dreams are the fuel that continues invigorating you to go further. Regardless of whether there are numerous snags throughout everyday life, you will, in general, continue moving further and attempting to be superior to anything your identity. Consistent and endless enhancement is extremely imperative in advancing throughout everyday life. It improves your identity and furthermore whatever you need to advance in. It causes you to gain from your missteps

Only having career objectives and succeeding professionally can disregard you after one point throughout everyday life. Work as constantly to accomplish these as you do to understand your ultimate dreams. Having a dream is not important. What is important is striving continuously to achieving it. The sense of satisfaction you acquire once you have attained your goals cannot be explained in words and has no alternative in life. So, strive hard and live your dreams. Who knows, what is there in store for you?

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Essay on My Dream in English for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Essay on My Dream: Everyone has some ambition or the other. As children we get fascinated by several things every now and then and aspire to achieve them when we grow old. Some dreams and aspirations remain intact even as we grow and we work hard to achieve them. It is very important to have a dream/goal in life as it is only when you aspire to achieve something you get motivated to work hard to bring it in your life. Dreams are a prerequisite to succeed; without dreams you won’t have enough motivation to keep you going. Your dream motivates you; provides you the strength to face challenges and effort persistently towards its realization.

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Long and Short Essay on My Dream in English

Here are some short and long Essay on My Dream of varying lengths to help you with the topic in your exam. These My Dream essay will take you into both philosophical and realistic meanings of your dreams and what do they denote.

The essays will be useful in your school event/assignment etc. You can choose any of the following My Dream Essays given below and impress your teacher or evaluator.

My Dream Essay 1 (200 words)

Everyone wants to be successful and rich. I also dream of becoming successful in the field I choose although I am still indecisive about the career path I will choose. But I know whatever I choose I will work hard, stay focused and make it big.

I also dream of doing something for my country. There are so many problems in the country such as poverty, illiteracy and casteism to name a few. Our country was once known for its rich cultural heritage which is all robbed now. The crime rate in the country is at an all time rise and so are various other issues. While there are a lot of loopholes in the India political system that has led to these problems however we cannot blame it all on the government. Each one of us should contribute our bit towards our country’s development. I am a firm supporter of each one teach one and have been teaching my maid’s child since the last two years.

As I grow up, I aim to join an NGO to empower the poor and needy. I dream of eradicating poverty and social inequality from our country and will do my best in this direction. If we all join hands we shall certainly be able to free our country from these evils.

My Dream Essay – 2 (300 words)

It is rightly said, “Miracles start to happen when you give as much energy to your dreams as you do to your fears”. Dreams are essential. It is only when you dream big with all your heart you will be able to achieve big. As students our dream is to achieve good marks, have good friends, get support from the family and make it big in life.

Just like others, I have also nurtured a career dream from an early age. I aspire to become a famous writer and wish to write and publish a novel one day. I have never been very good when it came to verbal communication. It is embedded in my nature. I do not like to be blunt or impolite even when someone says something to me. I choose to remain quite during such situations. It is not that I cannot reply back, as mentioned “I choose” to do so as I am a peace loving person. I am also a bit of an introvert and do not like opening up with everyone. However, it is not good to pent up feelings and emotions as it can lead to stress and drain you emotionally.

I always felt an urge to shout out loud and get rid of these feelings when I was alone and soon figured out that a good way to vent these is through writing. I began writing and found out that I am actually good at it. It is hard for me to communicate my feelings verbally however it is quite easy for me to pen them down. Writing for me has now become a way of life I keep journaling all my feelings and this keeps me sorted. It has become more of a passion for me and I now aspire to turn it into my profession.

Apart from writing bits and pieces about the happenings in my life, I also love writing stories and will soon come up with my own novel. My family is completely supportive about my career dream.

My Dream Essay – 3 (400 words)

Introduction

From a very early age, kids are made to dream about becoming big professionally. They are fed with the importance of making a successful career. Everyone they come across asks them about their aim in life and career becomes the prime focus of most. They set an aim and give their best to achieve the same. While it is of utmost importance to establish oneself professionally, what people forget is that it is equally important to invest time to nurture relationships, health and other aspects of life. So if you can dream about having a rocking career then why not dream of a good relationship and great health too?

Career Goal

Everyone has a career dream. As kids, I also dreamt of becoming a scientist then as I grew I was fascinated by the Bollywood actors and wanted to become an actor however it was only when I completed my 12 th standard that I realised that I had a technical bent of mind and decided to get into engineering. There is no harm in dreaming big however choose your path wisely keeping in mind your potential and other aspects. Don’t set unrealistic career goals.

Health and Fitness Goals

Your health is of utmost importance. It is only when you enjoy good health you shall be able to focus on other things in life. So why just dream of a big car, huge bungalow and a six figure salary, why not dream about enjoying good health as well? Everyone should dream about having good health and work in that direction. It is essential to take out some time from your schedule to indulge in exercise daily. Also make it a point to have wholesome food that includes all the essential micronutrients.

Relationship Goals

Relationships hold a special place in our lives. Be it our parents, spouse, kids, siblings, cousins or friends – each relationship plays a significant role in our life. However, caught in the rat race our relationships often take a back seat. Most people forget about these relationships when they are doing well in life and only realise their need when they require someone to fall back on after failure. It is essential to nurture these relationships by investing time in them. Set relationship goals just as you set career goals and see how abundantly you are showered with love and affection.

Merely having career goals and succeeding professionally can leave you alone after one point in life. It is thus as important to dream of having loving relationships and having fitness goals as it is to dream of succeeding professionally. Work as diligently to achieve these as you do to realise your career dreams.

My Dream Essay – 4 (500 words)

“Create the highest grandest vision possible for your life because you become what you believe”. Yes, your thoughts and dreams have the power of becoming your reality if you believe in them and work diligently to achieve them. Dream of abundance of love, success and money and you shall have them all.

Attract Your Dream Life

Do you know you can actually turn your dreams into reality? It must have happened with you at some point in life? Remember, the day you so wanted to eat those delicious sweets and got back home only to see that your father has brought them for you without you even telling him about your wish? Or your heart went pounding over that beautiful dress and your friend gifted exactly the same dress to you on your next birthday without you having discussed anything about the same with her. What was it? You attracted those things in your life. Yes, you literally did! That is the power of dreams and thoughts and it is backed by the theory of the Law of Attraction.

The theory states that whatever we think and dream of, we can bring it into our life. Our dominant thoughts become our reality and the universe helps us to achieve the same. As Paulo Coelho said, “When your heart truly desires something, the whole universe conspires to help you achieve that thing, simply because it is a desire that originated from the soul of the world”.

The law of attraction said to work as accurately as the law of gravitation. It said that whatever dreams and aspirations we feed in our subconscious mind come true. People often question the authenticity of this theory stating that if only dreaming could turn them into millionaires and attract all the happiness in life then everyone would be rich and happy.

However, this is the catch! The subconscious mind does not understand the difference between the positive and the negative. It treats both the positive and the negative in the same way. If you dream of success, power and love it would pull the same in your life. Likewise, if you doubt your dreams and aspirations, fear dreaming big and dwell on negativity that is what you will attract in life. And this is where most people fall short. Most people dream big but doubt their calibre. They want to attain big heights what feel that they are just ordinary people and cannot get there and their belief that they are ordinary actually turns into their reality.

Always remember, in order to attain your dreams you must believe in them and have complete faith in yourself.

When was the last time someone told you to stop dreaming and start working? The next time someone says so tell them the power of dreaming now that you have this theory to back your answer. However, having said that, merely dreaming would not help, you must also work hard to attain your dreams simultaneously. So keep dreaming, believe in yourself and put in as much effort to realise your dreams.

My Dream Essay – 5 (600 words)

Dreams play a vital role in shaping our future. It is rightly said, “If you can imagine it, you can achieve it; if you can dream it, you can become it”. So if you have a dream then set it up as your goal and work hard towards achieving it. Though it easier said than done however if you are really hard pressed towards achieving it you shall definitely able to make it.

Take One Step at a Time

You may have a big dream in life however in order to attain the same you must set both short term and long term goals and take small and steady steps. Taking one step at a time always helps rather than rushing into it all at once. For instance, my dream is to become a fashion designer and I know that it would only be possible if I complete a course in Fashion Designing from a reputed institute and there is nothing much that I can do to speed up the attainment of my dream right now when I am still schooling.

However, this does not dither me from following fashion blogs and websites to explore the world of fashion. By doing so I am taking the little steps I can to achieve my dream. While my ultimate goal is to become an established Fashion Designer, I have set various small goals for the months and years to come so that these take me to my ultimate goal.

Stay Motivated to Attain Your Dream

One of the main hindrances in achieving the dreams and goals is lack of motivation. Many people give up on their dreams as they get tired mid way. It is essential to stay motivated and stop only when you have achieved your dream. Here are a few tips to keep you motivated:

• Remind Yourself of Your Ultimate Goal

If ever you see yourself running out of energy and get too tired to follow the set goals it is time to remind yourself of your ultimate goal and the joy and pride you will experience as you achieve it. This is like pressing the reset button to begin with a fresh mind once again.

• Reward Yourself

As you set short term goals, also keep a reward for each milestone you achieve. The reward can be anything from buying yourself a dress or visiting your favourite café or going out with friends. This is a good way to stay motivated towards achieving your goals.

• Take Some Time Off

Too much work and no play can make you rather dull and hamper your productivity which in turn can de-motivate you. It is thus a good idea to take some time off every now and then to indulge in something you love. Ideally you must squeeze in half an hour from your schedule each day to indulge in your favourite sport.

• Surround Yourself with Positive People

Surrounding yourself with people who believe in your dreams and inspire you to work hard to attain the same is a good way to stay motivated.

• Learn From Your Mistakes

Rather than getting disheartened and giving up on your dreams when you make a mistake and face tough time, it suggested to learn from your mistakes and let them make you stronger.

As you dream and set goals, it is essential to put a plan in place and work according to it to move in the right direction. Preparing a plan and getting organized are the initial steps towards attaining your dream. Dream big and overcome every obstacle to achieve the same!

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Frequently Asked Question on My Dream Essay

What is my dream in my life.

Everyone's dream for the future varies. It could be a personal goal, like having a family, traveling the world, or achieving a professional milestone.

How can I write about my dream?

Start by reflecting on what truly inspires you. Write down specific goals, why they matter to you, and the steps you'll take to achieve them. Use vivid and descriptive language to convey your passion.

What is unique about me?

What's unique about you is the combination of your experiences, values, skills, and perspectives. It's what sets you apart from others and defines your individuality.

What is the biggest dream in your life?

The biggest dream in one's life is often a culmination of their deepest desires and aspirations, whether it's making a significant impact in a field, achieving personal happiness, or creating lasting memories.

Why do you want this job?

Answer: Someone might want a job because it aligns with their career goals, offers opportunities for growth, or because they're passionate about the company's mission and values.

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Dreams happen during a special part of sleep called REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. During REM sleep, our brains are very active, almost as if we’re awake. That’s when dreams occur. They can be like magical journeys, taking us to far-off places or letting us meet people we’ve never seen before.

Dreams can be all sorts of things. Sometimes they’re happy and exciting, like flying high above the clouds or meeting a friendly dinosaur. Other times, they can be scary, like being chased by a monster or getting lost in a dark forest. But don’t worry! Even scary dreams are just our imagination playing tricks on us. They can’t hurt us. Have you ever tried to remember a dream? It’s like trying to catch a butterfly – sometimes they slip away before we can hold onto them. But if you keep a dream journal by your bed, you can write down your dreams as soon as you wake up. That way, you won’t forget them!

In this article, we will provide you with an essay on my dream.

500+ Word Essay on My Dream

Since I was a young child, I have been fascinated by the built environment surrounding me. Whenever I walked through cities or towns, I found myself in awe of the structures crafted by human hands. From soaring skyscrapers to cosy cottages, I marvelled at how these buildings were able to merge forms and functions in remarkable ways. Little did I know then that this youthful sense of wonder would eventually inspire a lifelong dream to become an architect myself.

Architecture has been a calling that has steadily risen to the forefront as I’ve grown older. Beyond just admiring edifices aesthetically, I’ve come to understand the deeper complexities and considerations involved in architectural design. Architects must strike a careful balance between form and function, art and pragmatism, expression and live ability. This powerful duality is part of what draws me so strongly to this profession. On one level, architecture is a masterful creative endeavor akin to sculptural art. Architects envision bold, iconic structures that make a statement and capture the imagination. They have a mind’s eye for blending flourishes of style and innovative design elements into buildings that are genuinely awe-inspiring. Dreaming up these symbolic landmarks that will endure long into the future is an incredible legacy to leave behind.

Yet architecture is so much more than just an artistic pursuit. It is a rigorous technical discipline grounded in scientific and engineering principles. Architects must meticulously map out and test the feasibility of their grandest visions to ensure they comply with structural realities, material requirements, environmental standards, codes and regulations. Transforming an abstract concept into a constructible and sustainable reality is an immense challenge requiring analytical skills and practical knowledge.

This duality of creativity and pragmatism is something that naturally fits my personal strengths and passions. I possess a combination of logical, quantitative intelligence and three-dimensional spatial reasoning abilities. At the same time, I have a profound appreciation for aesthetics, design and self-expression through imagery and physical objects. My educational path towards realizing this dream has involved balancing architectural curricula including drafting, modeling, physics and materials sciences alongside studio art, sculpture and computer-aided design. Bridging these intersecting domains is deeply fulfilling. Beyond the inherent intellectual rewards of this field, a driving factor that solidified my desire to become an architect is the meaningful impact the profession has on communities and the human experience. The spaces architects craft shape our daily lives in both seen and unseen ways. We feel the energy and ambiance crafted by thoughtful architectural decisions – even if we aren’t consciously aware of it. Everything from natural lighting to flow and layout exerts a powerful effect on our moods, interactions and quality of life.

Architects also fundamentally shape how humanity co-exists and behaves within our cities, neighborhoods and civic spheres. Well-designed buildings and infrastructure foster community integration and engagement. Compelling public spaces encourage human congregation and connection. Even mundane structural features like sidewalks and green spaces influence activity levels and social habits. This incredible power to influence society at such a root level through physical design is both empowering and humbling. Within this vast architectural scope, my dream is to eventually apply these principles towards sustainable urban planning and transformative civic projects to improve quality of life and community connectivity. I am particularly passionate about creating dynamic mixed-use developments that artfully combine residential, commercial and recreational elements into thriving pedestrian-friendly environments. This interdisciplinary challenge spans designing individual buildings to choreographing the flow and interaction between adjoining structures and public realms.

Another sub-specialty that ignites my passion is re-adaptive architectural design – the innovative practice of repurposing and reinvigorating aging buildings and infrastructure to meet evolving modern needs. Instead of letting dilapidated or obsolete structures go to waste, architects can reimagine these diamonds in the rough with sustainable renovations and creative redesigns to usher in new eras of functionality and public use. From breathing new life into historic edifices to greening dated office complexes, this architectural renaissance is an extraordinary way to merge preservation with progress.

In the bigger picture, the imminent challenges posed by climate change, urbanization and population growth have made environmental stewardship and resourceful architectural resilience an essential priority. Pioneering sustainable designs, materials and processes represents one of the most pivotal responsibilities of our times. Crafting energy-efficient buildings, LEED-certified infrastructure and resilient civic foundations hardy enough to withstand worsening natural disasters has become a pressing moral mission for the architects of our era. I dream of driving this mission full speed ahead.

800+ Word Essay on My Dream

From a young age, I have been fascinated by the power of the internet and websites. Even as a child, I marveled at how we could access any information in the world just by typing on a computer. Whenever I visited a new website, I was filled with a sense of wonder about how such incredible digital realms were constructed. Little did I know then that my childhood curiosity would eventually blossom into a full-fledged dream career: becoming a web developer.

As I grew older and my passion for technology deepened, I became intrigued by the intricacies of how websites function. These dynamic platforms are not just static online pages, but complex coding environments bringing together diverse elements like text, images, audio, video, databases, and user interactions. Websites are true feats of digital architecture and design. The prospect of being able to build these vast virtual worlds from the ground up was immensely appealing.

Pursuing this dream profession aligns seamlessly with my personal strengths and interests. I have always excelled at subjects requiring a logical, structured way of thinking. Mathematics, computer science, problem-solving – these are the scholastic areas where I consistently thrived. Coding and programming languages like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript feel like natural extensions of this skills trajectory. They involve breaking down complex objectives into clear step-by-step components and processes.

Beyond the intellectual appeal, a career in web development would allow me to merge my analytical capabilities with my creativity and eye for design. I have a passion for art and visually representing information in a clean, polished manner. The coding aspect would enable me to construct the robust infrastructure and functionality of a website, while the design portion would let me craft elegant user experiences and aesthetically-pleasing interfaces. Achieving this harmonious blend of structure and style is incredibly motivating.

One aspect that has firmed my resolve to pursue web development as a calling is the sheer vast scope for innovation and growth within the field. The internet and the avenues for connectivity are constantly evolving at lightning speeds. Each year brings new disruptive technologies, languages, frameworks, and frontiers to explore. This volatility ensures that no two projects or challenges will ever be the same for a web developer. We must remain nimble, ceaselessly adapting and pushing the boundaries of what is possible in the online world. This infinite learning curve is energizing rather than daunting. The future of web development includes some of the most bleeding-edge and transformative digital breakthroughs on the horizon like virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things. Being a web developer will undoubtedly place me at the forefront of sculpting these revolutionary user experiences and technologies. The potential to creativity shape how we interact and integrate the digital domain into our daily lives is tremendously exciting.

From a pragmatic perspective, web development represents a lucrative, future-proof field with rising demand for skilled professionals. Every company from small local businesses to globe-spanning enterprises requires a robust online presence to conduct marketing, sales, operations, and customer service. Developers who can concept and construct dynamic websites and applications to drive these digital strategies will always enjoy superb career prospects and opportunities.

Within this vast ocean of web development, my goal is to become a Frontend Developer specializing in user experience and interfacing. This specialized role would allow me to focus on the structure, design, interactivity and performance of the visible and outward-facing components that humans directly see and utilize. I could employ languages like HTML, CSS and JavaScript along with frameworks like React or Angular to blend code and artistry into immersive websites and web applications. Crafting the precise look, feel and behavior that facilitates intuitive interactions between humans and digital products is the raison d’etre of this profession.

Beyond just coding customer-facing websites and apps, I aspire to work on exciting virtual reality or mixed reality projects as the scope of web development expands into these visionary new territories. These innovative experiences will require frontier frameworks and paradigms yet to be pioneered. Helping define that frontier is an incredible motivating force.

The path towards realizing this dream involves relentlessly cultivating my skills in coding, programming, UI/UX design, database management, and digital product lifecycles. Academic study supplemented by self-guided online tutorials, virtual trainings, personal projects and coding boot camps will be critical. But the reward for these efforts of becoming a master of the digital craft is immense: the ability to breathe life into the vast Internet cosmos and shape how humanity navigates the boundless online frontier. That is the intoxicating promise of web development that has captured my imagination and drives me to make this dream a reality through tireless work and dedication.

In summary, my aspiration to become a web developer marries my core strengths and interests in logic, coding, digital design, and imagination into a captivating career path overflowing with possibility. The future of the internet and web is an endlessly expanding new universe awaiting exploration and construction. As a web developer – and specifically a Frontend Developer crafting immersive user experiences – I can play an integral role in this defining quest to bridge the physical and digital realms. Relentlessly striving to turn this dream into reality represents the ultimate blend of passion and profession

Similar Read Essay on My Village Essay on Mother Teresa 500+Words Ess ay on My Hobby in English

Essay on My Dream- FAQs

What are dreams.

Dreams are imaginative experiences that occur during sleep. They often involve vivid images, sounds, and emotions that our minds create while we rest.

Why do we dream?

While scientists are still exploring the exact reasons, dreams may help process emotions, memories, and experiences from our daily lives. They may also serve as a way for our brains to problem-solve and make sense of information.

Can dreams predict the future?

While some people believe in the idea of prophetic dreams, there is no scientific evidence to support this claim. Dreams are more likely to reflect our thoughts, feelings, and subconscious desires.

Why do we sometimes remember dreams and other times not?

The ability to recall dreams varies from person to person and can be influenced by factors such as sleep cycles, stress levels, and overall health. Dreams are often forgotten quickly upon waking if they are not rehearsed or written down.

Are recurring dreams significant?

Recurring dreams may indicate unresolved issues or emotions in our waking lives. Paying attention to recurring themes or symbols in dreams can offer insight into underlying concerns or patterns that may need addressing.

Can external factors influence dreams?

Yes, external factors such as environmental stimuli (like noise or light), medications, and substances (like alcohol or caffeine) can influence the content and intensity of dreams.

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Essay on Dreams and Aspirations in Life

Students are often asked to write an essay on Dreams and Aspirations in Life in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Dreams and Aspirations in Life

Significance of dreams and aspirations.

Dreams and aspirations are vital in life. They give us a sense of purpose and direction. They motivate us to work hard, be persistent, and overcome obstacles.

Types of Dreams and Aspirations

Dreams and aspirations can be personal, like becoming a doctor, or collective, like working for world peace. They can be short-term or long-term, realistic or idealistic.

Realizing Dreams and Aspirations

To realize our dreams and aspirations, we need to plan, set goals, and take action. We also need patience and perseverance, as success may not come immediately.

In conclusion, dreams and aspirations are essential for a fulfilling life. They inspire us to strive for greatness and make a positive impact on the world.

250 Words Essay on Dreams and Aspirations in Life

Introduction.

Dreams and aspirations are the fulcrum of human existence, shaping our lives and paving the path towards success and fulfillment. They serve as a compass, guiding us through life’s labyrinth of opportunities and challenges.

The Power of Dreams

Dreams are not mere figments of our imagination but powerful catalysts for transformation. They propel us to transcend our limitations and foster a sense of purpose. The dream of a better life can instigate revolutions, as seen in the civil rights movements, while the dream of knowledge can lead to groundbreaking scientific discoveries.

Aspirations: The Fuel of Progress

Aspirations, on the other hand, are the tangible targets we set to achieve our dreams. They are the milestones that mark our journey towards our dreams. Aspirations keep us grounded and focused, preventing us from getting lost in the vast sea of dreams. They provide the motivation necessary to overcome obstacles and persist in the face of adversity.

The Interplay of Dreams and Aspirations

The interplay between dreams and aspirations is a dynamic and ongoing process. Dreams provide the vision, and aspirations provide the roadmap. They are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Without dreams, aspirations lack direction, and without aspirations, dreams remain unfulfilled.

In conclusion, dreams and aspirations are the driving forces of life. They embody our hopes, desires, and ambitions, forming the blueprint of our life’s journey. Embracing them can lead to a life of fulfillment and satisfaction, a life that resonates with our deepest values and ideals.

500 Words Essay on Dreams and Aspirations in Life

The essence of dreams and aspirations.

Dreams and aspirations are the invisible forces that propel us forward on our life’s journey. They are the compass that guides us, the wind that fills our sails, and the beacon that illuminates our path. Dreams are not mere figments of our imagination; they are the blueprints of our future reality. Aspirations, on the other hand, are our desires for the attainment of something higher, something grander, something more profound.

Dreams are the seeds from which our future grows. They are the visions we create in our minds of what we want our life to be. Dreams give us a sense of purpose and direction. They are the catalysts that set us on our journey towards self-fulfillment and self-actualization. Dreams are not bound by the constraints of reality; they are the realm of the infinite, where anything is possible. They are the canvas on which we paint our future, the clay from which we mold our destiny.

Aspirations, however, are the fuel that powers our journey. They are our desires for achievement, our yearning for growth, our longing for self-improvement. Aspirations are the driving force behind our actions, the motivation that pushes us to strive for excellence, the hunger that compels us to reach for the stars. Aspirations are not just about wanting to achieve something; they are about the journey towards achievement, the process of growth and self-improvement.

Dreams and aspirations are interdependent and interconnected. Dreams give birth to aspirations, and aspirations breathe life into dreams. They are two sides of the same coin, two halves of the same whole. Dreams are the destination, and aspirations are the journey. Dreams are the vision, and aspirations are the action. Dreams are the blueprint, and aspirations are the construction.

The Role of Dreams and Aspirations in Life

Dreams and aspirations play a pivotal role in our lives. They shape our thoughts, influence our actions, and define our identity. They give our lives purpose and meaning, drive and direction. They inspire us to rise above our limitations, to transcend our boundaries, to defy the odds. They push us to explore, to innovate, to create. They challenge us to grow, to evolve, to become the best version of ourselves.

In conclusion, dreams and aspirations are the lifeblood of our existence. They are the essence of our being, the core of our identity. They are the wings that enable us to soar, the roots that ground us, the fire that ignites our spirit. Without dreams and aspirations, we are like a ship adrift at sea, a bird without wings, a flame without heat. With dreams and aspirations, we are unstoppable, unbreakable, invincible. They are not just a part of life; they are life itself.

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Dreams help you process bad experiences

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A night spent dreaming can help you forget the mundane and better process the extreme, according to a new study.

The new work examines how dream recall and mood affects next-day memory consolidation and emotion regulation.

The findings in Scientific Reports  indicate a trade-off in which emotionally charged memories are prioritized, but their severity is diminished.

“We discovered that people who report dreaming show greater emotional memory processing, suggesting that dreams help us work through our emotional experiences,” says corresponding author Sara Mednick, professor of cognitive sciences and lab director at the University of California, Irvine.

“This is significant because we know that dreams can reflect our waking experiences, but this is the first evidence that they play an active role in transforming our responses to our waking experiences by prioritizing negative memories over neutral memories and reducing our next-day emotional response to them.”

Lead author Jing Zhang, who earned a PhD in cognitive sciences at UC Irvine in 2023 and is now a postdoctoral research fellow at Harvard Medical School, adds: “Our work provides the first empirical support for dreaming’s active involvement in sleep-dependent emotional memory processing, suggesting that dreaming after an emotional experience might help us feel better in the morning.”

The study involved 125 women—75 via Zoom and 50 at the Sleep and Cognition Lab—who were in their mid-30s and part of a larger research project on the effects of the menstrual cycle on sleep. Each subject’s session began at 7:30 pm with the completion of an emotional picture task in which they viewed a series of images depicting negative and neutral experiences (such as a car accident or a field of grass), rating each on a nine-point scale for the intensity of feeling it sparked.

Participants were then immediately given the same test with new pictures and only a sampling of previously viewed images. In addition to rating their emotional responses, the women had to indicate whether each image was old or new, which helped researchers develop a baseline for both memory and emotional response.

Then subjects went to sleep either at home or in one of the sleep lab’s private bedrooms. All wore a ring that monitored sleep-wake patterns. Upon waking the next day, they assessed whether they had dreamed the previous night and, if so, recorded in a sleep diary the dream details and overall mood, using a seven-point scale from extremely negative to extremely positive. Two hours after waking, the women completed the second emotional picture task from the night before to measure image recall and reaction.

“Different than typical sleep diary studies that collect data over weeks to see if daytime experiences appear in dreams, we used a single-night study focused on emotionally charged material and asked if the subject’s ability to recall their dream was associated with a change in memory and emotional response,” Zhang says.

Participants who reported dreaming had better recall and were less reactive to negative images over neutral ones, a pattern that was absent in those who did not remember dreaming. Additionally, the more positive the dream, the more positively that individual rated negative images the next day.

“This research gives us new insight into the active role dreams play in how we naturally process our day-to-day experiences and might lead to interventions that increase dreaming in order to help people work through hard life experiences,” Mednick says.

Additional researchers from UC Irvine and SRI International contributed to the work.

Funding for this work came from the National Institute on Aging.

Source: UC Irvine

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Shattered Dreams: the Legacy of the 2008 Business Financial Meltdown

This essay about the 2008 financial meltdown highlights the catastrophic consequences of unchecked greed and speculative excess. Fueled by a toxic mix of subprime mortgages and risky financial instruments, the crisis triggered a global economic downturn, leaving millions jobless and homes foreclosed. It underscores the fragility of the financial system and the profound human toll of unchecked speculation. Despite efforts to stabilize markets and prevent a repeat, the scars of the crisis endure, serving as a stark reminder of the need for fundamental reform and a more resilient, equitable economic model.

How it works

In the chronicles of economic upheaval, few chapters resonate as profoundly as the 2008 financial meltdown. Often dubbed the Great Recession, this seismic event reshaped the contours of global finance, leaving an indelible mark on societies and economies worldwide. To comprehend its magnitude, one must delve into the intricate web of factors that precipitated this cataclysmic event.

At its epicenter lay the subprime mortgage crisis, a ticking time bomb fueled by a toxic cocktail of greed and lax regulation. Mortgage lenders, emboldened by the allure of quick profits, extended loans to borrowers with questionable creditworthiness, setting the stage for a housing market implosion.

As housing prices soared to unsustainable heights, a house of cards emerged, built upon a foundation of subprime mortgages bundled into complex financial instruments known as mortgage-backed securities.

When the housing bubble inevitably burst, the repercussions were felt far and wide. As homeowners defaulted on their mortgages en masse, financial institutions found themselves holding billions in toxic assets, their balance sheets hemorrhaging red ink. The contagion spread like wildfire, infecting banks, insurance companies, and investment firms, triggering a domino effect of bankruptcies and bailouts that reverberated across the globe.

Yet, the crisis was not solely the result of reckless lending practices; it was also a tale of hubris and unchecked speculation. Wall Street titans, emboldened by years of unfettered deregulation, engaged in a high-stakes game of financial alchemy, concocting ever more complex derivatives and exotic financial products in pursuit of outsized profits. As the music stopped and the bubble burst, these financial wizards found themselves exposed, their elaborate house of cards collapsing in a spectacular fashion.

The fallout from the crisis was swift and severe. Unemployment skyrocketed, homes were foreclosed upon, and retirement savings evaporated overnight. Families were torn apart, dreams shattered, and lives irrevocably altered. The human cost of the crisis was immeasurable, leaving scars that would take years to heal.

In the aftermath of the crisis, policymakers scrambled to contain the damage and prevent a complete economic meltdown. Central banks slashed interest rates to historic lows, while governments implemented massive stimulus packages aimed at jumpstarting economic growth. These measures, while controversial, were deemed necessary to prevent a repeat of the Great Depression and stabilize financial markets teetering on the brink of collapse.

Yet, despite these efforts, the scars of the 2008 financial meltdown still linger, casting a long shadow over the global economy. In its wake, trust in the financial system was shattered, faith in the American Dream shaken to its core. The crisis laid bare the inherent flaws of a system driven by greed and short-termism, prompting calls for fundamental reform and a reimagining of capitalism itself.

In conclusion, the 2008 financial meltdown stands as a cautionary tale, a stark reminder of the dangers of unchecked greed and speculative excess. It exposed the fragility of the global financial system, laying bare the interconnectedness of markets and the profound impact of financial crises on real people’s lives. As we reflect on the legacy of the crisis, we must heed its lessons and strive to build a more resilient, equitable, and sustainable economy for future generations.

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Shattered Dreams: The Legacy of the 2008 Business Financial Meltdown. (2024, May 12). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/shattered-dreams-the-legacy-of-the-2008-business-financial-meltdown/

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PapersOwl.com. (2024). Shattered Dreams: The Legacy of the 2008 Business Financial Meltdown . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/shattered-dreams-the-legacy-of-the-2008-business-financial-meltdown/ [Accessed: 18 May. 2024]

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PapersOwl.com. (2024). Shattered Dreams: The Legacy of the 2008 Business Financial Meltdown . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/shattered-dreams-the-legacy-of-the-2008-business-financial-meltdown/ [Accessed: 18-May-2024]

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