reported speech of hungry

What is Reported Speech and how to use it? with Examples

Reported speech and indirect speech are two terms that refer to the same concept, which is the act of expressing what someone else has said. Reported speech is different from direct speech because it does not use the speaker's exact words. Instead, the reporting verb is used to introduce the reported speech, and the tense and pronouns are changed to reflect the shift in perspective. There are two main types of reported speech: statements and questions. 1. Reported Statements: In reported statements, the reporting verb is usually "said." The tense in the reported speech changes from the present simple to the past simple, and any pronouns referring to the speaker or listener are changed to reflect the shift in perspective. For example, "I am going to the store," becomes "He said that he was going to the store." 2. Reported Questions: In reported questions, the reporting verb is usually "asked." The tense in the reported speech changes from the present simple to the past simple, and the word order changes from a question to a statement. For example, "What time is it?" becomes "She asked what time it was." It's important to note that the tense shift in reported speech depends on the context and the time of the reported speech. Here are a few more examples: ●  Direct speech: "I will call you later." Reported speech: He said that he would call me later. ●  Direct speech: "Did you finish your homework?" Reported speech: She asked if I had finished my homework. ●  Direct speech: "I love pizza." Reported speech: They said that they loved pizza.

When do we use reported speech?

Reported speech is used to report what someone else has said, thought, or written. It is often used in situations where you want to relate what someone else has said without quoting them directly. Reported speech can be used in a variety of contexts, such as in news reports, academic writing, and everyday conversation. Some common situations where reported speech is used include: News reports: Journalists often use reported speech to quote what someone said in an interview or press conference. Business and professional communication: In professional settings, reported speech can be used to summarize what was discussed in a meeting or to report feedback from a customer. Conversational English: In everyday conversations, reported speech is used to relate what someone else said. For example, "She told me that she was running late." Narration: In written narratives or storytelling, reported speech can be used to convey what a character said or thought.

How to make reported speech?

1. Change the pronouns and adverbs of time and place: In reported speech, you need to change the pronouns, adverbs of time and place to reflect the new speaker or point of view. Here's an example: Direct speech: "I'm going to the store now," she said. Reported speech: She said she was going to the store then. In this example, the pronoun "I" is changed to "she" and the adverb "now" is changed to "then." 2. Change the tense: In reported speech, you usually need to change the tense of the verb to reflect the change from direct to indirect speech. Here's an example: Direct speech: "I will meet you at the park tomorrow," he said. Reported speech: He said he would meet me at the park the next day. In this example, the present tense "will" is changed to the past tense "would." 3. Change reporting verbs: In reported speech, you can use different reporting verbs such as "say," "tell," "ask," or "inquire" depending on the context of the speech. Here's an example: Direct speech: "Did you finish your homework?" she asked. Reported speech: She asked if I had finished my homework. In this example, the reporting verb "asked" is changed to "said" and "did" is changed to "had." Overall, when making reported speech, it's important to pay attention to the verb tense and the changes in pronouns, adverbs, and reporting verbs to convey the original speaker's message accurately.

How do I change the pronouns and adverbs in reported speech?

1. Changing Pronouns: In reported speech, the pronouns in the original statement must be changed to reflect the perspective of the new speaker. Generally, the first person pronouns (I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours) are changed according to the subject of the reporting verb, while the second and third person pronouns (you, your, yours, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs) are changed according to the object of the reporting verb. For example: Direct speech: "I love chocolate." Reported speech: She said she loved chocolate. Direct speech: "You should study harder." Reported speech: He advised me to study harder. Direct speech: "She is reading a book." Reported speech: They noticed that she was reading a book. 2. Changing Adverbs: In reported speech, the adverbs and adverbial phrases that indicate time or place may need to be changed to reflect the perspective of the new speaker. For example: Direct speech: "I'm going to the cinema tonight." Reported speech: She said she was going to the cinema that night. Direct speech: "He is here." Reported speech: She said he was there. Note that the adverb "now" usually changes to "then" or is omitted altogether in reported speech, depending on the context. It's important to keep in mind that the changes made to pronouns and adverbs in reported speech depend on the context and the perspective of the new speaker. With practice, you can become more comfortable with making these changes in reported speech.

How do I change the tense in reported speech?

In reported speech, the tense of the reported verb usually changes to reflect the change from direct to indirect speech. Here are some guidelines on how to change the tense in reported speech: Present simple in direct speech changes to past simple in reported speech. For example: Direct speech: "I like pizza." Reported speech: She said she liked pizza. Present continuous in direct speech changes to past continuous in reported speech. For example: Direct speech: "I am studying for my exam." Reported speech: He said he was studying for his exam. Present perfect in direct speech changes to past perfect in reported speech. For example: Direct speech: "I have finished my work." Reported speech: She said she had finished her work. Past simple in direct speech changes to past perfect in reported speech. For example: Direct speech: "I visited my grandparents last weekend." Reported speech: She said she had visited her grandparents the previous weekend. Will in direct speech changes to would in reported speech. For example: Direct speech: "I will help you with your project." Reported speech: He said he would help me with my project. Can in direct speech changes to could in reported speech. For example: Direct speech: "I can speak French." Reported speech: She said she could speak French. Remember that the tense changes in reported speech depend on the tense of the verb in the direct speech, and the tense you use in reported speech should match the time frame of the new speaker's perspective. With practice, you can become more comfortable with changing the tense in reported speech.

Do I always need to use a reporting verb in reported speech?

No, you do not always need to use a reporting verb in reported speech. However, using a reporting verb can help to clarify who is speaking and add more context to the reported speech. In some cases, the reported speech can be introduced by phrases such as "I heard that" or "It seems that" without using a reporting verb. For example: Direct speech: "I'm going to the cinema tonight." Reported speech with a reporting verb: She said she was going to the cinema tonight. Reported speech without a reporting verb: It seems that she's going to the cinema tonight. However, it's important to note that using a reporting verb can help to make the reported speech more formal and accurate. When using reported speech in academic writing or journalism, it's generally recommended to use a reporting verb to make the reporting more clear and credible. Some common reporting verbs include say, tell, explain, ask, suggest, and advise. For example: Direct speech: "I think we should invest in renewable energy." Reported speech with a reporting verb: She suggested that they invest in renewable energy. Overall, while using a reporting verb is not always required, it can be helpful to make the reported speech more clear and accurate.

How to use reported speech to report questions and commands?

1. Reporting Questions: When reporting questions, you need to use an introductory phrase such as "asked" or "wondered" followed by the question word (if applicable), subject, and verb. You also need to change the word order to make it a statement. Here's an example: Direct speech: "What time is the meeting?" Reported speech: She asked what time the meeting was. Note that the question mark is not used in reported speech. 2. Reporting Commands: When reporting commands, you need to use an introductory phrase such as "ordered" or "told" followed by the person, to + infinitive, and any additional information. Here's an example: Direct speech: "Clean your room!" Reported speech: She ordered me to clean my room. Note that the exclamation mark is not used in reported speech. In both cases, the tense of the reported verb should be changed accordingly. For example, present simple changes to past simple, and future changes to conditional. Here are some examples: Direct speech: "Will you go to the party with me?" Reported speech: She asked if I would go to the party with her. Direct speech: "Please bring me a glass of water." Reported speech: She requested that I bring her a glass of water. Remember that when using reported speech to report questions and commands, the introductory phrases and verb tenses are important to convey the intended meaning accurately.

How to make questions in reported speech?

To make questions in reported speech, you need to use an introductory phrase such as "asked" or "wondered" followed by the question word (if applicable), subject, and verb. You also need to change the word order to make it a statement. Here are the steps to make questions in reported speech: Identify the reporting verb: The first step is to identify the reporting verb in the sentence. Common reporting verbs used to report questions include "asked," "inquired," "wondered," and "wanted to know." Change the tense and pronouns: Next, you need to change the tense and pronouns in the sentence to reflect the shift from direct to reported speech. The tense of the verb is usually shifted back one tense (e.g. from present simple to past simple) in reported speech. The pronouns should also be changed as necessary to reflect the shift in perspective from the original speaker to the reporting speaker. Use an appropriate question word: If the original question contained a question word (e.g. who, what, where, when, why, how), you should use the same question word in the reported question. If the original question did not contain a question word, you can use "if" or "whether" to introduce the reported question. Change the word order: In reported speech, the word order of the question changes from the inverted form to a normal statement form. The subject usually comes before the verb, unless the original question started with a question word. Here are some examples of reported questions: Direct speech: "What time is the meeting?" Reported speech: She asked what time the meeting was. Direct speech: "Did you finish your homework?" Reported speech: He wanted to know if I had finished my homework. Direct speech: "Where are you going?" Reported speech: She wondered where I was going. Remember that when making questions in reported speech, the introductory phrases and verb tenses are important to convey the intended meaning accurately. Here you can find more examples of direct and indirect questions

What is the difference between reported speech an indirect speech?

In reported or indirect speech, you are retelling or reporting what someone said using your own words. The tense of the reported speech is usually shifted back one tense from the tense used in the original statement. For example, if someone said, "I am going to the store," in reported speech you would say, "He/she said that he/she was going to the store." The main difference between reported speech and indirect speech is that reported speech usually refers to spoken language, while indirect speech can refer to both spoken and written language. Additionally, indirect speech is a broader term that includes reported speech as well as other ways of expressing what someone else has said, such as paraphrasing or summarizing.

Examples of direct speech to reported

1. Direct speech: "I am hungry," she said. Reported speech: She said she was hungry. 2. Direct speech: "Can you pass the salt, please?" he asked. Reported speech: He asked her to pass the salt. 3. Direct speech: "I will meet you at the cinema," he said. Reported speech: He said he would meet her at the cinema. 4. Direct speech: "I have been working on this project for hours," she said. Reported speech: She said she had been working on the project for hours. 5. Direct speech: "What time does the train leave?" he asked. Reported speech: He asked what time the train left. 6. Direct speech: "I love playing the piano," she said. Reported speech: She said she loved playing the piano. 7. Direct speech: "I am going to the grocery store," he said. Reported speech: He said he was going to the grocery store. 8. Direct speech: "Did you finish your homework?" the teacher asked. Reported speech: The teacher asked if he had finished his homework. 9. Direct speech: "I want to go to the beach," she said. Reported speech: She said she wanted to go to the beach. 10. Direct speech: "Do you need help with that?" he asked. Reported speech: He asked if she needed help with that. 11. Direct speech: "I can't come to the party," he said. Reported speech: He said he couldn't come to the party. 12. Direct speech: "Please don't leave me," she said. Reported speech: She begged him not to leave her. 13. Direct speech: "I have never been to London before," he said. Reported speech: He said he had never been to London before. 14. Direct speech: "Where did you put my phone?" she asked. Reported speech: She asked where she had put her phone. 15. Direct speech: "I'm sorry for being late," he said. Reported speech: He apologized for being late. 16. Direct speech: "I need some help with this math problem," she said. Reported speech: She said she needed some help with the math problem. 17. Direct speech: "I am going to study abroad next year," he said. Reported speech: He said he was going to study abroad the following year. 18. Direct speech: "Can you give me a ride to the airport?" she asked. Reported speech: She asked him to give her a ride to the airport. 19. Direct speech: "I don't know how to fix this," he said. Reported speech: He said he didn't know how to fix it. 20. Direct speech: "I hate it when it rains," she said. Reported speech: She said she hated it when it rained.

What is Direct and Indirect Speech?

Direct and indirect speech are two different ways of reporting spoken or written language. Let's delve into the details and provide some examples. Click here to read more

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Reported Speech: Rules, Examples, Exceptions

👉 Quiz 1 / Quiz 2

Advanced Grammar Course

What is reported speech?

“Reported speech” is when we talk about what somebody else said – for example:

• Direct Speech: “I’ve been to London three times.”
• Reported Speech: She said she’d been to London three times.

There are a lot of tricky little details to remember, but don’t worry, I’ll explain them and we’ll see lots of examples. The lesson will have three parts – we’ll start by looking at statements in reported speech, and then we’ll learn about some exceptions to the rules, and finally we’ll cover reported questions, requests, and commands.

So much of English grammar – like this topic, reported speech – can be confusing, hard to understand, and even harder to use correctly. I can help you learn grammar easily and use it confidently inside my Advanced English Grammar Course.

In this course, I will make even the most difficult parts of English grammar clear to you – and there are lots of opportunities for you to practice!

Backshift of Verb Tenses in Reported Speech

When we use reported speech, we often change the verb tense backwards in time. This can be called “backshift.”

Here are some examples in different verb tenses:

Reported Speech (Part 1) Quiz

Exceptions to backshift in reported speech.

Now that you know some of the reported speech rules about backshift, let’s learn some exceptions.

There are two situations in which we do NOT need to change the verb tense.

No backshift needed when the situation is still true

For example, if someone says “I have three children” (direct speech) then we would say “He said he has three children” because the situation continues to be true.

If I tell you “I live in the United States” (direct speech) then you could tell someone else “She said she lives in the United States” (that’s reported speech) because it is still true.

When the situation is still true, then we don’t need to backshift the verb.

He said he HAS three children

But when the situation is NOT still true, then we DO need to backshift the verb.

Imagine your friend says, “I have a headache.”

• If you immediately go and talk to another friend, you could say, “She said she has a headache,” because the situation is still true
• If you’re talking about that conversation a month after it happened, then you would say, “She said she had a headache,” because it’s no longer true.

No backshift needed when the situation is still in the future

We also don’t need to backshift to the verb when somebody said something about the future, and the event is still in the future.

Here’s an example:

• On Monday, my friend said, “I ‘ll call you on Friday .”
• “She said she ‘ll call me on Friday”, because Friday is still in the future from now.
• It is also possible to say, “She said she ‘d (she would) call me on Friday.”
• Both of them are correct, so the backshift in this case is optional.

Let’s look at a different situation:

• On Monday, my friend said, “I ‘ll call you on Tuesday .”
• “She said she ‘d  call me on Tuesday.” I must backshift because the event is NOT still in the future.

Review: Reported Speech, Backshift, & Exceptions

Quick review:

• Normally in reported speech we backshift the verb, we put it in a verb tense that’s a little bit further in the past.
• when the situation is still true
• when the situation is still in the future

Reported Requests, Orders, and Questions

Those were the rules for reported statements, just regular sentences.

What about reported speech for questions, requests, and orders?

For reported requests, we use “asked (someone) to do something”:

• “Please make a copy of this report.” (direct speech)
• She asked me to make a copy of the report. (reported speech)

For reported orders, we use “told (someone) to do something:”

• “Go to the bank.” (direct speech)
• “He told me to go to the bank.” (reported speech)

The main verb stays in the infinitive with “to”:

• She asked me to make a copy of the report. She asked me  make  a copy of the report.
• He told me to go to the bank. He told me  go  to the bank.

For yes/no questions, we use “asked if” and “wanted to know if” in reported speech.

• “Are you coming to the party?” (direct)
• He asked if I was coming to the party. (reported)
• “Did you turn off the TV?” (direct)
• She wanted to know if I had turned off the TV.” (reported)

The main verb changes and back shifts according to the rules and exceptions we learned earlier.

Notice that we don’t use do/does/did in the reported question:

• She wanted to know did I turn off the TV.
• She wanted to know if I had turned off the TV.

For other questions that are not yes/no questions, we use asked/wanted to know (without “if”):

• “When was the company founded?” (direct)
• She asked when the company was founded.” (reported)
• “What kind of car do you drive?” (direct)
• He wanted to know what kind of car I drive. (reported)

Again, notice that we don’t use do/does/did in reported questions:

• “Where does he work?”
• She wanted to know  where does he work.
• She wanted to know where he works.

Also, in questions with the verb “to be,” the word order changes in the reported question:

• “Where were you born?” ([to be] + subject)
• He asked where I was born. (subject + [to be])
• He asked where was I born.

Reported Speech (Part 2) Quiz

Learn more about reported speech:

• Reported speech: Perfect English Grammar
• Reported speech: BJYU’s

If you want to take your English grammar to the next level, then my Advanced English Grammar Course is for you! It will help you master the details of the English language, with clear explanations of essential grammar topics, and lots of practice. I hope to see you inside!

I’ve got one last little exercise for you, and that is to write sentences using reported speech. Think about a conversation you’ve had in the past, and write about it – let’s see you put this into practice right away.

Master the details of English grammar:

More Espresso English Lessons:

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Reported speech

Speech can be direct and indirect, or reported. 

When you express your thought orally or in writing, it is direct speech. We usually put it in quotes.

When you communicate what someone else said, it is reported speech.

Reported statements

Sue: "I am hungry."

Sue says (that)  she is hungry.

To transfer a positive or a negative sentence to reported speech, we need two parts:

• the main part (she says that... / he claims that... / they deny that...),
• the dependent part which is the transformed direct speech.

Pay attention

In the reported speech, we must replace the pronouns. Otherwise, we won't keep the meaning.

Mary: "I am glad to help you!"

Mary says she is glad to help me . BUT NOT Mary says I am glad to help you.

You should also be careful with  time indicators (today, now, next week etc.) not to lose the idea of the original direct statement.

The word  that  can be used or left out, both options are correct.

Backshift of tenses in reported speech

When we have a sentence that consists of the main and the dependent part we need to be careful with the verb tenses. The tense in the main part affects the tense in the dependent part. This is called backshifting.

If the main part is in the present simple (e.g., "she says...", "he tells me..."), the dependent part remains unchanged.

John: "I have just got up."

John says he has just got up. "Says" is the present simple → no backshifting

If the main part is in the  past simple, we have to do the backshifting. Its basic principle is that the past simple in the main part "pushes" the tense of the dependent part one step back in time. This way we balance both parts of the sentence.

You can view the topic ' reported statements ' with an explanation and exercises.

Reported questions

If the direct question began with a question word (when, what, how, why and so on), then in the reported speech:

• the sentence changes from question to positive, with a direct word order
• we need to do the backshifting if we have the past simple in the main part

"Why did you leave the door open?" → She asked me why I had left the door open.

"Where have you been?" → She asked me where I had been.

If the direct question didn't have a question word (it was a yes/no question), we add the word "if" to transform it into reported speech. The rules of backshifting are the same.

"Will it rain tomorrow?" → They wanted to know if it would rain the next day.

"Can I lend your pen for a second?" → I asked if I could lend his pen for a second.

You can also view the topic ' reported questions ' for a detailed explanation and exercises.

Reported requests and demands

If we want to transform somebody's demand or request into reported speech, we say:

• tell somebody to do something — for reported commands
• ask somebody to do something — for reported requests

If the imperative was negative (don't go, don't do), we put "not" before "to":  tell somebody not to do something.

"Do not cross the red line, please!" → The officer told us not to cross the red line.

"Could you put the flowers in the vase, please?" → She asked me to put the flowers in the vase.

You can also view the topic ' reported requests & demands ' for a detailed explanation and exercises.

Reported Speech in English Grammar

Direct speech, changing the tense (backshift), no change of tenses, question sentences, demands/requests, expressions with who/what/how + infinitive, typical changes of time and place.

• Lingolia Plus English

Introduction

In English grammar, we use reported speech to say what another person has said. We can use their exact words with quotation marks , this is known as direct speech , or we can use indirect speech . In indirect speech , we change the tense and pronouns to show that some time has passed. Indirect speech is often introduced by a reporting verb or phrase such as ones below.

Learn the rules for writing indirect speech in English with Lingolia’s simple explanation. In the exercises, you can test your grammar skills.

When turning direct speech into indirect speech, we need to pay attention to the following points:

• changing the pronouns Example: He said, “ I saw a famous TV presenter.” He said (that) he had seen a famous TV presenter.
• changing the information about time and place (see the table at the end of this page) Example: He said, “I saw a famous TV presenter here yesterday .” He said (that) he had seen a famous TV presenter there the day before .
• changing the tense (backshift) Example: He said, “She was eating an ice-cream at the table where you are sitting .” He said (that) she had been eating an ice-cream at the table where I was sitting .

If the introductory clause is in the simple past (e.g. He said ), the tense has to be set back by one degree (see the table). The term for this in English is backshift .

The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used to normally do not change.

If the introductory clause is in the simple present , however (e.g. He says ), then the tense remains unchanged, because the introductory clause already indicates that the statement is being immediately repeated (and not at a later point in time).

In some cases, however, we have to change the verb form.

When turning questions into indirect speech, we have to pay attention to the following points:

• As in a declarative sentence, we have to change the pronouns, the time and place information, and set the tense back ( backshift ).
• Instead of that , we use a question word. If there is no question word, we use whether / if instead. Example: She asked him, “ How often do you work?” → She asked him how often he worked. He asked me, “Do you know any famous people?” → He asked me if/whether I knew any famous people.
• We put the subject before the verb in question sentences. (The subject goes after the auxiliary verb in normal questions.) Example: I asked him, “ Have you met any famous people before?” → I asked him if/whether he had met any famous people before.
• We don’t use the auxiliary verb do for questions in indirect speech. Therefore, we sometimes have to conjugate the main verb (for third person singular or in the simple past ). Example: I asked him, “What do you want to tell me?” → I asked him what he wanted to tell me.
• We put the verb directly after who or what in subject questions. Example: I asked him, “ Who is sitting here?” → I asked him who was sitting there.

We don’t just use indirect questions to report what another person has asked. We also use them to ask questions in a very polite manner.

When turning demands and requests into indirect speech, we only need to change the pronouns and the time and place information. We don’t have to pay attention to the tenses – we simply use an infinitive .

If it is a negative demand, then in indirect speech we use not + infinitive .

To express what someone should or can do in reported speech, we leave out the subject and the modal verb and instead we use the construction who/what/where/how + infinitive.

Say or Tell?

The words say and tell are not interchangeable. say = say something tell = say something to someone

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• B1-B2 grammar

Reported speech

Daisy has just had an interview for a summer job. 

Instructions

As you watch the video, look at the examples of reported speech. They are in  red  in the subtitles. Then read the conversation below to learn more. Finally, do the grammar exercises to check you understand, and can use, reported speech correctly.

Sophie:  Mmm, it’s so nice to be chilling out at home after all that running around.

Ollie: Oh, yeah, travelling to glamorous places for a living must be such a drag!

Ollie: Mum, you can be so childish sometimes. Hey, I wonder how Daisy’s getting on in her job interview.

Sophie: Oh, yes, she said she was having it at four o’clock, so it’ll have finished by now. That’ll be her ... yes. Hi, love. How did it go?

Daisy: Well, good I think, but I don’t really know. They said they’d phone later and let me know.

Sophie: What kind of thing did they ask you?

Daisy: They asked if I had any experience with people, so I told them about helping at the school fair and visiting old people at the home, that sort of stuff. But I think they meant work experience.

Sophie: I’m sure what you said was impressive. They can’t expect you to have had much work experience at your age.

Daisy:  And then they asked me what acting I had done, so I told them that I’d had a main part in the school play, and I showed them a bit of the video, so that was cool.

Sophie:  Great!

Daisy: Oh, and they also asked if I spoke any foreign languages.

Sophie: Languages?

Daisy: Yeah, because I might have to talk to tourists, you know.

Sophie: Oh, right, of course.

Daisy: So that was it really. They showed me the costume I’ll be wearing if I get the job. Sending it over ...

Ollie: Hey, sis, I heard that Brad Pitt started out as a giant chicken too! This could be your big break!

Daisy: Ha, ha, very funny.

Sophie: Take no notice, darling. I’m sure you’ll be a marvellous chicken.

We use reported speech when we want to tell someone what someone said. We usually use a reporting verb (e.g. say, tell, ask, etc.) and then change the tense of what was actually said in direct speech.

So, direct speech is what someone actually says? Like 'I want to know about reported speech'?

Yes, and you report it with a reporting verb.

He said he wanted to know about reported speech.

I said, I want and you changed it to he wanted .

Exactly. Verbs in the present simple change to the past simple; the present continuous changes to the past continuous; the present perfect changes to the past perfect; can changes to could ; will changes to would ; etc.

She said she was having the interview at four o’clock. (Direct speech: ' I’m having the interview at four o’clock.') They said they’d phone later and let me know. (Direct speech: ' We’ll phone later and let you know.')

OK, in that last example, you changed you to me too.

Yes, apart from changing the tense of the verb, you also have to think about changing other things, like pronouns and adverbs of time and place.

'We went yesterday.'  > She said they had been the day before. 'I’ll come tomorrow.' >  He said he’d come the next day.

I see, but what if you’re reporting something on the same day, like 'We went yesterday'?

Well, then you would leave the time reference as 'yesterday'. You have to use your common sense. For example, if someone is saying something which is true now or always, you wouldn’t change the tense.

'Dogs can’t eat chocolate.' > She said that dogs can’t eat chocolate. 'My hair grows really slowly.' >  He told me that his hair grows really slowly.

What about reporting questions?

We often use ask + if/whether , then change the tenses as with statements. In reported questions we don’t use question forms after the reporting verb.

'Do you have any experience working with people?' They asked if I had any experience working with people. 'What acting have you done?' They asked me what acting I had done .

Is there anything else I need to know about reported speech?

One thing that sometimes causes problems is imperative sentences.

You mean like 'Sit down, please' or 'Don’t go!'?

Exactly. Sentences that start with a verb in direct speech need a to + infinitive in reported speech.

She told him to be good. (Direct speech: 'Be good!') He told them not to forget. (Direct speech: 'Please don’t forget.')

OK. Can I also say 'He asked me to sit down'?

Yes. You could say 'He told me to …' or 'He asked me to …' depending on how it was said.

OK, I see. Are there any more reporting verbs?

Yes, there are lots of other reporting verbs like promise , remind , warn , advise , recommend , encourage which you can choose, depending on the situation. But say , tell and ask are the most common.

Great. I understand! My teacher said reported speech was difficult.

And I told you not to worry!

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• English Grammar
• Reported Speech

Reported Speech - Definition, Rules and Usage with Examples

Reported speech or indirect speech is the form of speech used to convey what was said by someone at some point of time. This article will help you with all that you need to know about reported speech, its meaning, definition, how and when to use them along with examples. Furthermore, try out the practice questions given to check how far you have understood the topic.

Table of Contents

Definition of reported speech, rules to be followed when using reported speech, table 1 – change of pronouns, table 2 – change of adverbs of place and adverbs of time, table 3 – change of tense, table 4 – change of modal verbs, tips to practise reported speech, examples of reported speech, check your understanding of reported speech, frequently asked questions on reported speech in english, what is reported speech.

Reported speech is the form in which one can convey a message said by oneself or someone else, mostly in the past. It can also be said to be the third person view of what someone has said. In this form of speech, you need not use quotation marks as you are not quoting the exact words spoken by the speaker, but just conveying the message.

Now, take a look at the following dictionary definitions for a clearer idea of what it is.

Reported speech, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a report of what somebody has said that does not use their exact words.” The Collins Dictionary defines reported speech as “speech which tells you what someone said, but does not use the person’s actual words.” According to the Cambridge Dictionary, reported speech is defined as “the act of reporting something that was said, but not using exactly the same words.” The Macmillan Dictionary defines reported speech as “the words that you use to report what someone else has said.”

Reported speech is a little different from direct speech . As it has been discussed already, reported speech is used to tell what someone said and does not use the exact words of the speaker. Take a look at the following rules so that you can make use of reported speech effectively.

• The first thing you have to keep in mind is that you need not use any quotation marks as you are not using the exact words of the speaker.
• You can use the following formula to construct a sentence in the reported speech.
• You can use verbs like said, asked, requested, ordered, complained, exclaimed, screamed, told, etc. If you are just reporting a declarative sentence , you can use verbs like told, said, etc. followed by ‘that’ and end the sentence with a full stop . When you are reporting interrogative sentences, you can use the verbs – enquired, inquired, asked, etc. and remove the question mark . In case you are reporting imperative sentences , you can use verbs like requested, commanded, pleaded, ordered, etc. If you are reporting exclamatory sentences , you can use the verb exclaimed and remove the exclamation mark . Remember that the structure of the sentences also changes accordingly.
• Furthermore, keep in mind that the sentence structure , tense , pronouns , modal verbs , some specific adverbs of place and adverbs of time change when a sentence is transformed into indirect/reported speech.

Transforming Direct Speech into Reported Speech

As discussed earlier, when transforming a sentence from direct speech into reported speech, you will have to change the pronouns, tense and adverbs of time and place used by the speaker. Let us look at the following tables to see how they work.

Here are some tips you can follow to become a pro in using reported speech.

• Select a play, a drama or a short story with dialogues and try transforming the sentences in direct speech into reported speech.
• Write about an incident or speak about a day in your life using reported speech.
• Develop a story by following prompts or on your own using reported speech.

Given below are a few examples to show you how reported speech can be written. Check them out.

• Santana said that she would be auditioning for the lead role in Funny Girl.
• Blaine requested us to help him with the algebraic equations.
• Karishma asked me if I knew where her car keys were.
• The judges announced that the Warblers were the winners of the annual acapella competition.
• Binsha assured that she would reach Bangalore by 8 p.m.
• Kumar said that he had gone to the doctor the previous day.
• Lakshmi asked Teena if she would accompany her to the railway station.
• Jibin told me that he would help me out after lunch.
• The police ordered everyone to leave from the bus stop immediately.
• Rahul said that he was drawing a caricature.

Transform the following sentences into reported speech by making the necessary changes.

1. Rachel said, “I have an interview tomorrow.”

2. Mahesh said, “What is he doing?”

3. Sherly said, “My daughter is playing the lead role in the skit.”

4. Dinesh said, “It is a wonderful movie!”

5. Suresh said, “My son is getting married next month.”

6. Preetha said, “Can you please help me with the invitations?”

7. Anna said, “I look forward to meeting you.”

8. The teacher said, “Make sure you complete the homework before tomorrow.”

9. Sylvester said, “I am not going to cry anymore.”

10. Jade said, “My sister is moving to Los Angeles.”

Now, find out if you have answered all of them correctly.

1. Rachel said that she had an interview the next day.

2. Mahesh asked what he was doing.

3. Sherly said that her daughter was playing the lead role in the skit.

4. Dinesh exclaimed that it was a wonderful movie.

5. Suresh said that his son was getting married the following month.

6. Preetha asked if I could help her with the invitations.

7. Anna said that she looked forward to meeting me.

8. The teacher told us to make sure we completed the homework before the next day.

9. Sylvester said that he was not going to cry anymore.

10. Jade said that his sister was moving to Los Angeles.

What is reported speech?

What is the definition of reported speech.

Reported speech, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a report of what somebody has said that does not use their exact words.” The Collins Dictionary defines reported speech as “speech which tells you what someone said, but does not use the person’s actual words.” According to the Cambridge Dictionary, reported speech is defined as “the act of reporting something that was said, but not using exactly the same words.” The Macmillan Dictionary defines reported speech as “the words that you use to report what someone else has said.”

What is the formula of reported speech?

You can use the following formula to construct a sentence in the reported speech. Subject said that (report whatever the speaker said)

Give some examples of reported speech.

Given below are a few examples to show you how reported speech can be written.

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Exercise on Reported Speech

Backshift and place expressions.

Imagine you want to repeat sentences that you heard two weeks ago in another place. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Change pronouns and expressions of time and place where necessary.

• They said, "This is our book." → They said
• She said, "I went to the cinema yesterday." → She said
• He said, "I am writing a test tomorrow." → He said
• You said, "I will do this for him." → You said
• She said, "I am not hungry now." → She said
• They said, "We have never been here before." → They said
• They said, "We were in London last week." → They said
• He said, "I will have finished this paper by tomorrow." → He said
• He said, "They won't sleep." → He said
• She said, "It is very quiet here." → She said

• B1-B2 grammar

Reported speech: statements

Do you know how to report what somebody else said? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.

Look at these examples to see how we can tell someone what another person said.

direct speech: 'I love the Toy Story films,' she said. indirect speech: She said she loved the Toy Story films. direct speech: 'I worked as a waiter before becoming a chef,' he said. indirect speech: He said he'd worked as a waiter before becoming a chef. direct speech: 'I'll phone you tomorrow,' he said. indirect speech: He said he'd phone me the next day.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Grammar B1-B2: Reported speech 1: 1

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

Reported speech is when we tell someone what another person said. To do this, we can use direct speech or indirect speech.

direct speech: 'I work in a bank,' said Daniel. indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank.

In indirect speech, we often use a tense which is 'further back' in the past (e.g. worked ) than the tense originally used (e.g. work ). This is called 'backshift'. We also may need to change other words that were used, for example pronouns.

Present simple, present continuous and present perfect

When we backshift, present simple changes to past simple, present continuous changes to past continuous and present perfect changes to past perfect.

'I travel a lot in my job.' Jamila said that she travelled a lot in her job. 'The baby's sleeping!' He told me the baby was sleeping. 'I've hurt my leg.' She said she'd hurt her leg.

Past simple and past continuous

When we backshift, past simple usually changes to past perfect simple, and past continuous usually changes to past perfect continuous.

'We lived in China for five years.' She told me they'd lived in China for five years. 'It was raining all day.' He told me it had been raining all day.

Past perfect

The past perfect doesn't change.

'I'd tried everything without success, but this new medicine is great.' He said he'd tried everything without success, but the new medicine was great.

No backshift

If what the speaker has said is still true or relevant, it's not always necessary to change the tense. This might happen when the speaker has used a present tense.

'I go to the gym next to your house.' Jenny told me that she goes to the gym next to my house. I'm thinking about going with her. 'I'm working in Italy for the next six months.' He told me he's working in Italy for the next six months. Maybe I should visit him! 'I've broken my arm!' She said she's broken her arm, so she won't be at work this week.

Pronouns, demonstratives and adverbs of time and place

Pronouns also usually change in indirect speech.

'I enjoy working in my garden,' said Bob. Bob said that he enjoyed working in his garden. 'We played tennis for our school,' said Alina. Alina told me they'd played tennis for their school.

However, if you are the person or one of the people who spoke, then the pronouns don't change.

'I'm working on my thesis,' I said. I told her that I was working on my thesis. 'We want our jobs back!' we said. We said that we wanted our jobs back.

We also change demonstratives and adverbs of time and place if they are no longer accurate.

'This is my house.' He said this was his house. [You are currently in front of the house.] He said that was his house. [You are not currently in front of the house.] 'We like it here.' She told me they like it here. [You are currently in the place they like.] She told me they like it there. [You are not in the place they like.] 'I'm planning to do it today.' She told me she's planning to do it today. [It is currently still the same day.] She told me she was planning to do it that day. [It is not the same day any more.]

In the same way, these changes to those , now changes to then , yesterday changes to the day before , tomorrow changes to the next/following day and ago changes to before .

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Grammar B1-B2: Reported speech 1: 2

Language level

Hello Team. If the reporting verb is in the present perfect, do we have to backshift the tenses of the direct speech or not?    For example: He has said, "I bought a car yesterday."    

1- He has said that he bought a car yesterday.

2- He has said that he had bought a car the previous day.

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Hello Ahmed Imam,

It's not necessary to backshift the verb form if the situation being reported is still true. For example:

"I'm a doctor"

She told me she is a doctor. [she was a doctor when she said it and she is still doctor now]

She told me she was a doctor. [she was a doctor when she said it and may or may not still be a doctor now]

The reporting verb in your example would be 'said' rather than 'has said' as we are talking about a particular moment in the past. For the other verb both 'bought' and 'had bought' are possible without any change in meaning. In fact, when the verb is past in the original sentence we usually do not shift the verb form back.

The LearnEnglish Team

Hello again. Which one is correct? Why?

- He has said that he (will - would) travel to Cairo with his father.

The present perfect is a present form, so generally 'will' is the correct form.

In this case, assuming that the man said 'I will travel to Cairo', then 'will' is the correct form. But if the man said 'I would travel to Cairo if I had time to do it', then 'would' would be the correct form since it is part of a conditional statement.

I think you were asking about the first situation (the general one), though. Does that make sense?

Best wishes, Kirk LearnEnglish team

Thank you for the information. It states that If what the speaker has said is still true or relevant, it's not always necessary to change the tense. I wonder if it is still correct to change the tense in this example: 'London is in the UK', he said. to He said London was in the UK. Or  it has to be the present tense. 

Hello Wen1996,

Yes, your version of the sentence is also correct. In this case, the past tense refers to the time the speaker made this statement. But this doesn't mean the statement isn't also true now.

Good evening from Turkey.

Is the following example correct: Question: When did she watch the movie?

She asked me when she had watched the movie. or is it had she watched the movie. 

Do Subjects come before the verbs? Thank you. 

Hello muratt,

This is a reported question, not an actual question, as you can see from the fact that it has no question mark at the end. Therefore no inversion is needed and the normal subject-verb word order is maintained: ...she had watched... is correct.

You can read more about this here:

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/b1-b2-grammar/reported-speech-questions

Thank you for your response.

Hello Sir, kindly help with the following sentence-

She said, "When I was a child I wasn't afraid of ghosts." 

Please tell me how to write this sentence in reported/ indirect speech.

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Reported Speech in English

“Reported speech” might sound fancy, but it isn’t that complicated.

It’s just how you talk about what someone said.

Luckily, it’s pretty simple to learn the basics in English, beginning with the two types of reported speech: direct (reporting the exact words someone said) and indirect (reporting what someone said without using their exact words ).

Read this post to learn how to report speech, with tips and tricks for each, plenty of examples and a resources section that tells you about real world resources you can use to practice reporting speech.

How to Report Direct Speech

How to report indirect speech, reporting questions in indirect speech, verb tenses in indirect reported speech, simple present, present continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous, simple past, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous, simple future, future continuous, future perfect, future perfect continuous, authentic resources for practicing reported speech, novels and short stories, native english videos, celebrity profiles.

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. (Download)

Direct speech refers to the exact words that a person says. You can “report” direct speech in a few different ways.

To see how this works, let’s pretend that I (Elisabeth) told some people that I liked green onions.

Here are some different ways that those people could explain what I said:

Direct speech: “I like green onions,” Elisabeth said.

Direct speech: “I like green onions,” she told me. — In this sentence, we replace my name (Elisabeth) with the pronoun she.

In all of these examples, the part that was said is between quotation marks and is followed by a noun (“she” or “Elisabeth”) and a verb. Each of these verbs (“to say,” “to tell [someone],” “to explain”) are ways to describe someone talking. You can use any verb that refers to speech in this way.

You can also put the noun and verb before what was said.

Direct speech: Elisabeth said, “I like spaghetti.”

The example above would be much more likely to be said out loud than the first set of examples.

Here’s a conversation that might happen between two people:

1: Did you ask her if she liked coffee?

2: Yeah, I asked her.

1: What did she say?

2. She said, “Yeah, I like coffee.” ( Direct speech )

Usually, reporting of direct speech is something you see in writing. It doesn’t happen as often when people are talking to each other. 

Direct reported speech often happens in the past. However, there are all kinds of stories, including journalism pieces, profiles and fiction, where you might see speech reported in the present as well.

This is sometimes done when the author of the piece wants you to feel that you’re experiencing events in the present moment.

For example, a profile of Kristen Stewart in Vanity Fair  has a funny moment that describes how the actress isn’t a very good swimmer:

Direct speech: “I don’t want to enter the water, ever,” she says. “If everyone’s going in the ocean, I’m like, no.”

Here, the speech is reported as though it’s in the present tense (“she says”) instead of in the past (“she said”).

In writing of all kinds, direct reported speech is often split into two or more parts, as it is above.

Here’s an example from Lewis Carroll’s “ Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland ,” where the speech is even more split up:

Direct speech: “I won’t indeed!” said Alice, in a great hurry to change the subject of conversation. “Are you—are you fond—of—of dogs?” The Mouse did not answer, so Alice went on eagerly: “There is such a nice little dog near our house I should like to show you!”

Reporting indirect speech is what happens when you explain what someone said without using their exact words.

Let’s start with an example of direct reported speech like those used above.

Direct speech: Elisabeth said, “I like coffee.”

As indirect reported speech, it looks like this:

Indirect speech: Elisabeth said she liked coffee.

You can see that the subject (“I”) has been changed to “she,” to show who is being spoken about. If I’m reporting the direct speech of someone else, and this person says “I,” I’d repeat their sentence exactly as they said it. If I’m reporting this person’s speech indirectly to someone else, however, I’d speak about them in the third person—using “she,” “he” or “they.”

You may also notice that the tense changes here: If “I like coffee” is what she said, this can become “She liked coffee” in indirect speech.

However, you might just as often hear someone say something like, “She said she likes coffee.” Since people’s likes and preferences tend to change over time and not right away, it makes sense to keep them in the present tense.

Indirect speech often uses the word “that” before what was said:

Indirect speech: She said that she liked coffee.

There’s no real difference between “She said she liked coffee” and “She said that she liked coffee.” However, using “that” can help make the different parts of the sentence clearer.

Let’s look at a few other examples:

Indirect speech: I said I was going outside today.

Indirect speech: They told me that they wanted to order pizza.

Indirect speech: He mentioned it was raining.

Indirect speech: She said that her father was coming over for dinner.

You can see an example of reporting indirect speech in the funny video “ Cell Phone Crashing .” In this video, a traveler in an airport sits down next to another traveler talking on his cell phone. The first traveler pretends to be talking to someone on his phone, but he appears to be responding to the second traveler’s conversation, which leads to this exchange:

Woman: “Are you answering what I’m saying?”

Man “No, no… I’m on the phone with somebody, sorry. I don’t mean to be rude.” (Direct speech)

Woman: “What was that?”

Man: “I just said I was on the phone with somebody.” (Indirect speech)

When reporting questions in indirect speech, you can use words like “whether” or “if” with verbs that show questioning, such as “to ask” or “to wonder.”

Direct speech: She asked, “Is that a new restaurant?”

Indirect speech: She asked if that was a new restaurant. 

In any case where you’re reporting a question, you can say that someone was “wondering” or “wanted to know” something. Notice that these verbs don’t directly show that someone asked a question. They don’t describe an action that happened at a single point in time. But you can usually assume that someone was wondering or wanted to know what they asked.

Indirect speech: She was wondering if that was a new restaurant.

Indirect speech: She wanted to know whether that was a new restaurant.

It can be tricky to know how to use tenses when reporting indirect speech. Let’s break it down, tense by tense.

Sometimes, indirect speech “ backshifts ,” or moves one tense further back into the past. We already saw this in the example from above:

Direct speech: She said, “I like coffee.”

Indirect speech: She said she liked coffee.

Also as mentioned above, backshifting doesn’t always happen. This might seem confusing, but it isn’t that difficult to understand once you start using reported speech regularly.

What tense you use in indirect reported speech often just depends on when what you’re reporting happened or was true.

Let’s look at some examples of how direct speech in certain tenses commonly changes (or doesn’t) when it’s reported as indirect speech.

To learn about all the English tenses (or for a quick review), check out this post .

Direct speech: I said, “I play video games.”

Indirect speech: I said that I played video games (simple past) or I said that I play video games  (simple present).

Backshifting into the past or staying in the present here can change the meaning slightly. If you use the first example, it’s unclear whether or not you still play video games; all we know is that you said you played them in the past.

If you use the second example, though, you probably still play video games (unless you were lying for some reason).

However, the difference in meaning is so small, you can use either one and you won’t have a problem.

Direct speech: I said, “I’m playing video games.”

Indirect speech: I said that I was playing video games (past continuous) or I said that I’m playing video games (present continuous).

In this case, you’d likely use the first example if you were telling a story about something that happened in the past.

You could use the second example to repeat or stress what you just said. For example:

Hey, want to go for a walk?

Direct speech: No, I’m playing video games.

But it’s such a nice day!

Indirect speech: I said that I’m playing video games!

Direct speech: Marie said, “I have read that book.”

Indirect speech: Marie said that she had read that book (past perfect) or Marie said that she has read that book (present perfect).

The past perfect is used a lot in writing and other kinds of narration. This is because it helps point out an exact moment in time when something was true.

The past perfect isn’t quite as useful in conversation, where people are usually more interested in what’s true now. So, in a lot of cases, people would use the second example above when speaking.

Direct speech: She said, “I have been watching that show.”

Indirect speech: She said that she had been watching that show (past perfect continuous) or She said that she has been watching that show (present perfect continuous).

These examples are similar to the others above. You could use the first example whether or not this person was still watching the show, but if you used the second example, it’d probably seem like you either knew or guessed that she was still watching it.

Direct speech: You told me, “I charged my phone.”

Indirect speech: You told me that you had charged your phone (past perfect) or You told me that you charged your phone (simple past).

Here, most people would probably just use the second example, because it’s simpler, and gets across the same meaning.

Direct speech: You told me, “I was charging my phone.”

Indirect speech: You told me that you had been charging your phone (past perfect continuous) or You told me that you were charging your phone (past continuous).

Here, the difference is between whether you had been charging your phone before or were charging your phone at the time. However, a lot of people would still use the second example in either situation.

Direct speech: They explained, “We had bathed the cat on Wednesday.”

Indirect speech: They explained that they had bathed the cat on Wednesday. (past perfect)

Once we start reporting the past perfect tenses, we don’t backshift because there are no tenses to backshift to.

So in this case, it’s simple. The tense stays exactly as is. However, many people might simplify even more and use the simple past, saying, “They explained that they bathed the cat on Wednesday.”

Direct speech: They said, “The cat had been going outside and getting dirty for a long time!”

Indirect speech: They said that the cat had been going outside and getting dirty for a long time. (past perfect continuous)

Again, we don’t shift the tense back here; we leave it like it is. And again, a lot of people would report this speech as, “They said the cat was going outside and getting dirty for a long time.” It’s just a simpler way to say almost the same thing.

Direct speech: I told you, “I will be here no matter what.”

Indirect speech: I told you that I would be here no matter what. (present conditional)

At this point, we don’t just have to think about tenses, but grammatical mood, too. However, the idea is still pretty simple. We use the conditional (with “would”) to show that at the time the words were spoken, the future was uncertain.

In this case, you could also say, “I told you that I will be here no matter what,” but only if you “being here” is still something that you expect to happen in the future.

What matters here is what’s intended. Since this example shows a person reporting their own speech, it’s more likely that they’d want to stress the truth of their own intention, and so they might be more likely to use “will” than “would.”

But if you were reporting someone else’s words, you might be more likely to say something like, “She told me that she would be here no matter what.”

Direct speech: I said, “I’ll be waiting for your call.”

Indirect speech: I said that I would be waiting for your call. (conditional continuous)

These are similar to the above examples, but apply to a continuous or ongoing action.

Direct speech: She said, “I will have learned a lot about myself.”

Indirect speech: She said that she would have learned a lot about herself (conditional perfect) or She said that she will have learned a lot about herself (future perfect).

In this case, using the conditional (as in the first example) suggests that maybe a certain event didn’t happen, or something didn’t turn out as expected.

However, that might not always be the case, especially if this was a sentence that was written in an article or a work of fiction. The second example, however, suggests that the future that’s being talked about still hasn’t happened yet.

Direct speech: She said, “By next Tuesday, I will have been staying inside every day for the past month.”

Indirect speech: She said that by next Tuesday, she would have been staying inside every day for the past month (perfect continuous conditional) or She said that by next Tuesday, she will have been staying inside every day for the past month (past perfect continuous).

Again, in this case, the first example might suggest that the event didn’t happen. Maybe the person didn’t stay inside until next Tuesday! However, this could also just be a way of explaining that at the time she said this in the past, it was uncertain whether she really would stay inside for as long as she thought.

The second example, on the other hand, would only be used if next Tuesday hadn’t happened yet.

Let’s take a look at where you can find resources for practicing reporting speech in the real world.

One of the most common uses for reported speech is in fiction. You’ll find plenty of reported speech in novels and short stories . Look for books that have long sections of text with dialogue marked by quotation marks (“…”). Once you understand the different kinds of reported speech, you can look for it in your reading and use it in your own writing.

Writing your own stories is a great way to get even better at understanding reported speech.

One of the best ways to practice any aspect of English is to watch native English videos. By watching English speakers use the language, you can understand how reported speech is used in real world situations.

FluentU takes authentic videos—like music videos, movie trailers, news and inspiring talks—and turns them into personalized language learning lessons.

You can try FluentU for free for 2 weeks. Check out the website or download the iOS app or Android app.

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Celebrity profiles, which you can find in print magazines and online, can help you find and practice reported speech, too. Celebrity profiles are stories that focus on a famous person. They often include some kind of interview. The writer will usually spend some time describing the person and then mention things that they say; this is when they use reported speech.

Because many of these profiles are written in the present tense, they can help you get used to the basics of reported speech without having to worry too much about different verb tenses.

While the above may seem really complicated, it isn’t that difficult to start using reported speech.

Mastering it may be a little difficult, but the truth is that many, many people who speak English as a first language struggle with it, too!

Reported speech is flexible, and even if you make mistakes, there’s a good chance that no one will notice.

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Grammar: Reported Speech in English

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357 comments.

Dear Madam I thank you very much for your efforts & hard work to help people like me. I loved above video abuot repported speech. i got it but what is reported speech when original sentence it a past perfect / past perfect continuous and future’s other 3 tenses.

Some more things i m not sure are . how would be negative sentence of this

1.she has a nice car.

she doesn’t have a nice car. or she doesn’t has a nice car.

Ravi Burlington, Canada

She doesn’t have a car

sorry has is wrong

She doesn’t have a car.

Hello Rebecca!!

i love ur lectures, infact im now in love with this website. all of u are doing great.

your lesson on reported speech is very clear n precised. it helped me a lot. but could u please, if possible, manage to record a lesson on “WH” words (like who, what, when, where, and how) reported speech with their affirmative, negative and interrogative also please try to cover the topic about “let” reported speech sentences.

hoping to hear from you soon. thanks.

she told me that he doesn’t have a car

Hey! i can help you with this sentences: 1. She has a nice car (Present Simple Tense) Angela said me that she had a nice car. 2. she doesn’t have a nice car(the same tense) Angela mentioned that she didn’t has a nice car. there is nothing hard. you must also take it in next tense (present simple to past simple; present continuous to past continuous and so on).

James, sorry but you have done a mistake. Use always said without me. You have to use me as told me. An example: She told me she had a car or She said she had a car. Tks.

she doesn’t have a nice car because you’re usind DOES. You can say : She hasn’t a nice car

According with Essential Grammar in use 2nd edition unit 7 section c pag 20 she hasn’t got a car indicates a possession (like she has got green eyes or she has green eyes) when you are using a negative sentence in present simple the auxiliary verb doesn’t indicates the third singular person and the negation so the main verb goes in its base form: she doesn’t have a car otherwise using has after doesn’t will be a grammatical error (she doesn’t has a car) because you will be making two negations in the same sentence. Good night!

hi hgnis 76; past perfect doesn’t change: She said, “The lesson had already started when he arrived.”= she said that she had already started when he arrived. past perfect continous doesn’t change: She said, “I’d already been teaching for five minutes.”=She said she’d already been teaching for five minutes.

-she dosn’t have a nice car

We thank her

Dear hgnis76,

my English has a poor level but I’m sure “she doesn’t has a nice car” is ungrammatical. Only one verb can give -s in one sentence (clause).

Dear Rebecca,

does exist a reporting speech? I mean for example: I tell you (not past tense!) that you’re very nice because of this cool online teaching.

Yes, reported speech exists but not in your sentence. Thanks for your feedback. All the best to you,Skalkaz.

hello english teacher. how are you doing? this is deepak. could u please tell me difference between, do, does, did, don’t, & has, have, had, &how to use them like, he don’t, or he doesn’t, he has, had. please help me with this, hoping for a very soon reply. T.K.G.B….

Thanks for helping and for the cool comments.

Thanks for the ideas for future lessons. We’ll try and help you in this way.

Please explain the followinng:

In indirect speech after writing reporting verb “THAT” is written while you did not use “that” in indirect speech please explain

The conjunction that is often dropped, especially after common reporting verbs (e.g. say, think) in informal speech. She said (that) she’d had enough. I think (that) you’re probably right.

That cannot be dropped after certain verbs, especially intransitive verbs – e.g. reply, email, shout. James replied that he was feeling better, (NOT James replied he was …) She shouted that she was busy, (NOT She shouted she was busy.)

(source: Practical English Usage)

Thanks for your question, Noor, and thanks for providing the answer, Shalkaz! Good work!

Hi Rebecca,

Just a thought… In the first set of examples: to change “He is a teacher” into “He told me he was a teacher” does kind of mean he wasn’t a teacher anymore. This might be mis-leading (although I know it doesn’t intend to).

Does this mean the listener to the report should also adjust himself to the english style of reporting?

When you say “He told me he was a teacher.” , you are using reported speech correctly. It means the person is still a teacher, even though it may sound like it’s not true right now.

If you say, ” He told me he used to be a teacher.” then it means he is not a teacher any more.

See the difference?

hi, mrs Rebecca u really r the best teacher of mine!!!!

Mrs. Rebecca, If the original sentence was “He USED to be a teacher”, would the reported speech be “He told me he HAD used to be a teacher” or “He told me he USED to be a teacher”? Thank you for the reply and the nice lesson.. :)

Thanks for this reply. It’s quite clear now.

Hello Rebecca .

Just stopped by to say Hi to you and James . I am an English teacher here in Brazil and always recomend your website to my students . I think it is a great tool for them . Thank YOU ! God bless you . tchau …

Thanks for help, I will have exam for 2 days and it it helped me to understand my problems. by love from Zagreb

Hope you got a really high score on your exam! Thanks for your feedback, Matej.

You are doing a great job with this site to teach English. Thank you very much. And I would like to tell, I felt that I was learned something about your “Reported Speech” lesson. I like to learn more in future.

Best Regards. Prabath – Sri lanka

Thanks Prabath. Glad I could help you understand Reported Speech a little better. Good luck with your English.

A lesson is really good, Madam!

first of all thanks for your help ,but i still have a doubt ,i read that when that If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in Reported speech. Example: Susan: “I work in an office.” Susan says that she works in an office. If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in Reported speech. (see: Note) Example: Susan: “I work in an office.” Susan said that she worked in an office.

as you can see both examples are in present. how to know if i have to change the sentence at past or not?——————————————————————————–

Thanks for your feedback, Elizabet. Please see my detailed comments to Jonathan below.

My best wishes to you.

thank you very very very very very much

i realy benfite from you thanks alot alot alot

You’re very, very, very welcome! So glad the lesson helped you.

thank you can you explan time perfect??

Okay, I will record a lesson on this just for you and the many others who are confused by the perfect tenses in English.

In the meantime, make sure to review the present and past simple, present and past continuous and the future tenses, because you can also express your thoughts quite adequately using just these tenses. So making sure you master these first will make your life easier.

Thanks again for your suggestion.

I enjoyed your lesson and I wanted to give you my thanks.

I would like if you could do a video with the explication to use the words “by” and “for”. They mean very similar in spanish. Also about “Although” and “despite”.

Have a nice day Raul

Thanks, Raul for the compliment and your suggestion. I will be recording some new lessons soon and will do the ones you’ve suggested. Thanks.

Thanks again your another useful video lesson. I have had 100.00 score. That’s cool. Tata very much.

Great stuff!

These lessons are so very important,I was need it.Now I feel better because day by day I´m improving faster than a few years ago.

Thank you Rebecca,God Blees you!

So glad the lesson helped you. Good for you!

Thank you for refreshing my memory teacher. :-)

My pleasure.

Dear Rebecca, thanks for the great things you have shared with the world. I do understand the reported Speech, but I am not sure with the qouted speech. What is the differences between the other two? when should I use reported Speech and when should I use the qouted speech. Please educate me here.

Thanks Dismas

Thanks for your feedback.

Well, usually, it’s difficult to quote someone when we’re speaking. We usually only refer to famous quotations in speech.

In writing, it’s possible to use the exact quotation because we can see the quotation marks and understand that it is a direct quote.

Also, while speaking we only use the exact words when there is a special reason to quote the person. Perhaps what he or she said was surprising or shocking or wonderful…something exceptional.

Otherwise, we just use reported speech. Hope this helps to clarify the issue a little.

Hi, Teacher !

I love yr lesson ! Tks for enlighten me ! I will keep updating lessons here, hope u dont mind..

Yes, please do come back as we add new lessons all the time. Happy I could help you.

I have some questions about reported specch. 1. Can we keep the tense in reported speech if it still true? For example: Jay said,” I like / love/ hate eating apples.” ( Jay said that he likes/ loves/ hates eating apples)

2. Can we use ‘say(s)’ as reporting verb in reported speech? Jane says, ” I like action film.” ( Jane says that she likes action film.)

3. Any rules in reported speech about stative verbs (like, love, see, seem, etc)?

Thanks for your questions, Itim.

1) Yes, it is possible.

3) The same rules apply as to other verbs.

frist to all, thank you very much for the lessons, they are very useful for me. I think that never had seen “she doesn’t have”… I thought that the correct form was: “she hasn´t” are both forms correct? Thanks!

thanks for teach. Good luck to you!!!

Thanks; the same to you!

wow.. it’s difficult.. but i must try to loved it.. thanks for the teach.. and good luck for your job

Good for you, for not giving up! My best to you, Karel.

Hi thank you very much . I have learnt a lot. However I have some questions about time indicators: for example: I am going to see my mother today. I think that this film is amazing. could you please change them to indirect speech, and explain.

Thanks a lot

He said he was going to see his mother today.

She said she thought this film was amazing.

All the best to you, Souri.

hi rebecca, thank you for your all help.best wishes for you.

And to you too, Noureen. Thanks for watching and for your feedback.

hi ! My name is anh . I come from vietnam. Ilike you very much when you teach english . I could ask you some questions if you agree I will ask you later. do you teach me english on internet ? which way I pay money to you

Thank you kindly for your offer, Anh. At this time, I don’t teach English over the Internet. There are many other excellent teachers who do. I wish you the best, Anh.

Thanks a lof …. The lesson was very useful.. I learnt a lot!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

So glad I could help, Nathy. All the best to you in the future.

thank you very much your lesson very useful Thank you very very very very much again I am very happy for your lossen

My pleasure, Ebrahim. Thank you for your kind comments. All the best to you, too.

Dear Rebicca, I thank you vey much for your effort to help people to learn the most great language in all over the world . I was so happy when i found your site because I think that the teaching directly by videos is most usefull and helpsull. Thanks again and may allah pless and help you .

Thank you for your kind feedback, Ali. I wish you all the best.

Dear Rebecca

Thanks a lot, this lesson was very useful for me.

So glad the lesson helped you. My best wishes to you, elhidrologo.

Dear Rebbecca Thank you very much for your excellent explanation english lessons that you corronspound to your worldwide students,and i hope you you will be the winner of english teachers all over the world THANK YOU AGAIN.

Thank you kindly, Ahmed. Everyone gains when we help each other. I learn from my students each day, too. There are so many lessons to learn in life, and luckily, learning keeps life interesting.

My best wishes to you, Ahmed.

Hi Rebecca, I have some questions to you about some special usage of the word get. Here is the pattern. get+noun+adjective. i saw it in the dictionary but i can’t understand the explanation it says here that the word get is being used to cause somebody or something to be or become. i hope you will answer my question as soon as possible. May the lord always blessed you. Thank you.

Thanks so much for your comments, Bg.

I am not sure exactly what you’re asking me so please give me an example so I can help you. Maybe you mean, “You got your mother worried by not calling for so long.’ This would mean that you made your mother become worried.

We use get in lots of different ways in English. I wish you all the best.

thank u mam.i really happy to watch your web site.my speaking power is week and i m so happy to see u.again thanks..

Keep practicing and you will improve each day. All the best to you, Anjali.

hi Rubecca,i am Dibad and i am from Somlia,i recently joined this wonderful sate which i realy found helpful, particularly report speech lessons so i strongly say to you, thank you very much for your effort that you have done for sake of us.

Welcome to engvid, Dibad. So glad you are enjoying the lessons and learning from them too. My best to you.

hi i am juhi i am in 7th std thank u for explaning so nicely

Thanks. I am sure you will do very well in your English studies, since you are taking the initiative to increase your knowledge at such a young age. Good for you, Juhi! My best wishes to you.

i am very thankful to you for your priceless advice here

.thnks ,thanks alot madam

You’re very welcome, Ashu. All the best to you.

Thanks mam. The way u teach us is awesome.

That’s very kind of you. Thanks!My best wishes to you, Jack.

Hello, dear Rebbeca. thanks for your help. I see that you are very generous and humble. you deserve all the best. just a questions. what is the difference between indirect quesiotns and reposted questions. indirect questions=embedded questions Do you know what time it is? REPORTED QUESTIONS He asked me what time it is.

thanks in advance from Peru Norma

Thanks for your comments, Norma.

In embedded questions, we change the order of the words, but we do not change the tense.

Example: Where is the supermarket? becomes Do you know where the supermarket is?

In reported speech questions, we usually change the tense.

Where is the supermarket/ becomes He asked me where the supermarket was.

My best wishes to you, Norma.

hello madam, first of all thank you for the effort you make to help us,may god bless you. second i’m a student from an arabic country,and my question is :some times we are given exersices in which we find indirect speeches and we are asked to write the direst ones, my problem is with the past perfect,for exemple:(mike said that he had finished writing his book), i don’t know whether i write :mike said:”i have finished/finished or had finished writing my book”. thank you in advance fifi

In this case, because you are adding a direct quote, you would write:

Mike said, : I have finished writing my book.”

All the best to you, Fifi.

i like your maner of teaching. you make your lessons understood easily and staying in mind of people.

I’m glad you found the lesson effective. Thank you kindly for your feedback. my best wishes to you, Clovis.

good lesson

Thanks, Samreen. All the best.

Hi Rebecca, I came across your videos because I was looking for reported speech in Spanish and was curious because I had just had a minor disagreement with my Venezuelan-born teacher over how English reported speech is constructed. Her position was the same as yours, that there is always a back-step in tense in reporting, however I do not believe that this is a universal truth. The back-step, if made, is almost always in the context of some other point that the speaker wants to stress. So for example, there is nothing at all that I can see that is wrong with the construction “the professor said that you are smart”. To use the past tense in this case would likely indicate some other issue within the sentence and likely a one-time situation, so for example “the professor said that you were smart to choose the MBA course ” for example, although in such a case it is likely that the original sentence would also have been in the past “Jane, you were smart to choose the MBA course”. Alternatively, the use of the past tense might indicate a true past event “the professor said that you were smart once but are not any more” but again in that case, the original sentence would also have been expressed in the past “you were smart once but not anymore”. Sorry therefore, but I cannot agree with your analysis that you always step back a tense in reporting speech and I believe that this is something that should be corrected with the people that are learning English through your programme.

Thanks for your question, Jonathan. I can understand your point of view.

In these video lessons, we explain the basic rules of English grammar, as applicable most of the time. There are always grammatically correct exceptions, and there are also grammatically incorrect expressions used commonly by native speakers of a language without too much regard to the rules. Reported speech certainly falls into this category. This is why your sample sentence, “The professor said you are smart.” seems quite acceptable and certainly understandable.

In terms of the grammatical rules, when we report what someone has said though, we are supposed to do the back step. The exceptions are as follows:

a) Sentences with should, ought to and might do not change b) Sometimes, if reporting something immediately after or soon after it was said, we need not do a back step in tense. c) If we’re talking about general truths, we need not make the change. d) If the reporting verb itself is simple present, present perfect or future, we do not change the tense. Example: She SAYS she jogs every day.

Hope this helps to clarify the issue.

I want lesson of concession please. thanks bye

you are smart and good job of ours lessons video thank you so much.

hı teacher I am from turkey everyday I watchıng your lesson very usefull for me..

Dear Rebecca, How can I change the following sentence into a reported speech? “It’s can’t be very nice having all these cars going by all the time” Thank you in advance!

thank you teacher rebbeca!^^ it will help me a lot for my study in english..

Everything is correct in this quiz.I was very excited,I know this very good.

hello again,let me try with your sentence ANH: first there is a mistake at the beginning,there shouldn’t be an auxiliary before the modal verb “can”, so you may say: it couldn’t be very nice having all those cars going all that time. I wish the teacher would agree with me.goodluck for all.

hi rebecca, i have a question for you …

when you were explaining the first part of the video you didn’t use the word “that” in the sentences , but when you asked to the audience some examples, you used “that”…. is “that” an optional word?

you are a great teacher!!! ^.^b greetings from Mexico

Thank you so much. I really learned a lot.I am going through more on your website.Thank you so much, I really found it helpful.

THIS IS A WONDERFULL PAGE TO PRECTICE MY ENGLISH I´M HAPPY TO HAVE FOUND IT! :)

i got 100 score))))…thanks Mrs.Rebecca.U r great teacher.

rebecca u r amazing teacher.i have problem that i understand all english but im scare to speak english and do some mistkes when i go to speak actually i know all the tenses but i do mistakes when i speak plz rebecca help me out thanks waithing for replay

thanks a lot it was really helpful

THANK YOU MS.REBECCA;*

“I used to smoke” he said He said he used to smoke /OR hE SAID HE HAD USED TO SMOKE. PLEASE WHICH ONE IS APPROPRIATE. mANY THANKS MRS REBECCA

heloo rebecca,,,, nice to see your video,,, thanks to teach us english

Hi Rebecca :) what are the different functions of reported speech?…actually me and my friends are going to report “Reported Speech” in our English class and because of your video we are somewhat enlightened to what is “Reported Speech”…thanks :)

I need ask you something when we write he toled me ….. it always like this and … when we can write said thnx:)

Thank you for your teaching. It’s very helpful. I couldn’t using grammar correctly before. but from now, I have a little bit increasing. Thank you again.

What a nice explination it’s my first time to understand this grammer clearly thanks alot.

Thanks a lot My Score in the Reported Speech was : 100.00 . I got 10 correct out of 10. you are the best I’m Arabic and I am English teacher. I will learn from you a lot about how to teach English because you are the best . :)

hi Rebecca. Could you please give me a lesson about the differences between MUST and HAVE TO.I sometimes make a mistake between them.

Thank you very much for your help

Dear Madam , I have a very important question. Is it possible to use present perfect tense,or past perfect tense in the main sentence? I have told you that….. I had told you that….. If yes, does the tenses changes after them or not like after the simple past tense? For example: I had told you that you would be happy. /instead of you will be happy/ I wait for your answer urgently Thank you in advance Teoleander

Hi rebaca, your lessons are excellent. I attended for many English classes but I never met a teacher like you.

In your profile by saying that “there is no bad student” you given me lot of confidence.

your accent is neutral.please suggest good books(novels,grammer) which will help in improving my English. I am from India.

Hi, rebaca Iam from Indonesia and your lesson are excellent but sorry my english is not good, Rebaca, Do you know Toeic ?

Rebecca, when we use told and said in reported speech. I don’t understand. Please help me!

“Cindy’s voice was music to my ears,” Roger told me. Was changes to what?

Dear Rebecca i am from Afghanistan i would like to thank you so much for vidio teaching i learned so much from it and i appreciate your hard work and your friendly teaching. best regards

hi. rebecca what do u mean for ‘one step back in tense’? is that i have understood below? simple present ——>simple past present conti.——->past conti. present perfect——>past perfect present perfect conti——> past perfect conti simple past———->past perfect past perfect———>past perfect past conti.———->past perfect conti. past perfect conti—–>past perfect conti simple future——->simple past future conti——>past conti future perfect——->past perfect future perfect conti——->past perfect conti.

am i right? please throw light. thanks.

Thank you Rebecca! It was a very useful lesson to me.

I can’t come to the party tonight.”

Why is it? couldn’t came… It is couldn’t come?

Thanks ma am You theach very very well!!!

thanks my angel

This is very, very useful lesson for all of us who have been practising English as foreign language. Just keep doing that, you are the best. . .

Hi Rebecca, I am confused.In spoken english people always use the tense in a diffrent way.Once I was talking with one English man.He used the following. ” Yeasterday I told Thomas to arrange a car for me.He told I will do it .But he did not do anything .I think these people are irresponsible.” later I called him he said sorry, I forgot ” .In this sentence as per correct grammer He should say 1) ” He told he would do it” and 2) he said he was sorry, he had forgotten”.Any comments from your side.

Very simple: people don’t always speak correctly.

what about “you should say that”? Would it be “he told me:”you could say that”? So, ‘should’ becomes ‘could’, ‘shall’ becomes ‘should’, is this correct? Lastly, what about ‘could’, ‘would’, and ‘must’?

Thank you Rebecca.You’re very nice to explain.Lily from Brasil

thank you.u’re very patient to explain a lot..thanks to ur brain…

Thanks Rebeca. could you please tech about third conditional or second. I really appreciate.

dear madam rebeca,ur’just fantastick!

What makes you perfect, that you are versed of what you say. Thanks.

thaaank you so much for the hard work that you are doing i have an exam tom and en sa2 allh i will bass it

I like your lessons so much, please do more lessons soon. Thanks.

Love u much teacher Rebecca for what you have done

Hello Madam . You explained the reported speech very well but what about the imperative and the question in the reported speech ?

Thank you so much. I did not understand “Future report speech”. Example on the test: Rachel: “Michael and I are getting married next summer.” Rachel announced that _____ next summer. May i use “were” or “are” ..

Thank you so much

hi what about the imperative and the question ?

Hi Rebecca that was excellent on reported speech. I would really like to know the difference between indirect and reported speech. Kamal

Would u like to give me some lectres on WH question.

very nice explanation,good teacher

Thanks a lot Rebecca!

It was a nice video. I’ve been watching these videos from past few months. They are very interesting.

sincerely, Vivek

i’m happy, i got full marks. thank you teacher

really useful

dear madam: i like your teaching way. i got 80 marks this lesson.

Hi Rebecca!

When I was high school,I got lowest grade on my English subject because I didn’t know how to use the grammar rules correctly.But when I was watching your video Ive learned a lot.My English skills are improving and I can’t thank you enough for the help… God Bless and more power!

What about the example of She said, “My name is Sally”. Do you change the tense in the reported speech and make it. She said her name was Sally?! I think it should be “her name is..”.. What do you think? Need to know your opinion about this one and about the change of tense when you report facts.

we must change “to be”,so its indirect speech must be (her name was),if reporting verb is in past simple,this rule is followed,am i rite Rebbeca?

oh! i need learn english

Hai rebecca , it was a nice video and i learnt a lot from your website. I dont have a strong foundation in english but still i am planning to give GRE and TOEFL in next four months. Could u please give some tips for english preparation. It will be helpful for me.

in the indirect speech we also change the pronouns as u did’nt change “you” into another pronoun.

Hi! And what’s the reported speech for this:”I would like to speak to you”?

this video site it’s really helpful for everyone including me,i’ve learnt English since i was young and i’m becoming an English Teacher now but i’m still learning and increasing my ability to explain some material to my students because i think the good explanation give the good impact and result,and you guys are the best tutor,espesially you Rebecca.say hi from Indonesia =)

Dear Teacher,

I would like to express my profound thanks to you for explaining clearly about report speed grammar and I think that your lesson and your explanation will really help me improve my English. Teacher could I ask you about English words outside the lesson? I have wondered so long already about one English word and that word is :the plant which produce cauliflower what is English called ? because I have ever seen the cauliflower only but never seen its plant’s name. I’m sorry teacher asking that word which is not related to the lesson above.

Respectfully,

SOM.SOPHEAK RITH FROM CAMBODIA

The plant is also called cauliflower.

Dear Teacher REBECCA,

Thank you very much for answering my question.

SOM.SOPHEAK RITH

Actually i don’t know how to thank you miss Rebecca. thank you so much

Dear Rebecca, in my test I made just one mistake, the 5th one. Could you tell me why the correct answer is “she couldn´t come” instead “she couldn´t came”, suposed to be the verb must be changed to past.

Thank you in advanced.

I was really excited to come across this site that provides comprehensive details in grammar. My question to you is how do we identify a habitual action? This in turn means that we don’t have to change the verb tense? I need some constructive examples.

I love study English!!! do and accecpt is wonderful…thanks very much Rebecca…

Hi Rebecca, I really got excited after I found this site that provides comprehensive details in grammar. My question to you is about the differences between “indirect Questions” and “Embedded Questions”. They seem to be the same to me. I need some constructive examples. Thanks

Hi Rebecca, What about indirect questions??

Sue said that she was very happy with her new job.into direct speech I am very happy with her new job,Sue said

thank vrey much for this fantastck lesoon <3

Hello madam Rebecca, Direct Speech And Indirect Speech…. is it same with reported speech??… Thanks

Dear Madam: Could you explain me the difference using “Must and Have to” in indirect speech?

I am waiting for answer!!

Past tomorrow I will have a exam and I´m really very happy watching your class about Report Speech. In a short time you explained the subject very clear. Actually I´m very glad to have found these excellent teachers spending the time for teaching us. I let to you my hug and Hello from Chile. I´m Brazilian but I’m living at Chile and I studying at Chilean College, Translation from English to Spanish. It’s no easy because both languages are not mine, but I can say to you that it’s very interesting challenge. My best regards from South America to everybody.

Bye, Marcio

Day after tomorrow I will have a exam and I´m really very happy watching your class about Report Speech. In a short time you explained the subject very clear. Actually I´m very glad to have found these excellent teachers spending the time for teaching us. Receive my hug and Hello from Chile. I´m Brazilian (Portuguese language)but I’m living in Chile and I’m studying at Chilean College, Translation from English to Spanish. It’s no easy because both languages are not mine, but I can say to you that it’s very interesting challenge. My best regards from South America to everybody. Bye, Màrcio

We like these hugs!

Dear Rebbeca,

In Brazil we have this greeting like normal to say goodbye. I think is too important to change our energies through the hugs. Let the physical distance to the Asiatics!

Many hugs to you.

Thank you… :)

Hello,teacher.I think i may be your young student. i want to know lesson Report Speech, if it is posible Can you explain me.

Thanks a lot!

hello madam, i would like to ask you how to speak direct and indirect speech.if anybody tell something ,the same word tell to the third person.most of the peoples are using said that,said,he was saying,told me.please explin me with example and send to my mail id

Thank you Rebicca you are awesome teacher and you will say in reported speach: he said : I was awesome.Thank you and “Merry Christmas”

thank you it was useful

I liked this lesson. It is easy to understand. Happy new year to all.

This lesson helps a lot! Thanks so much. This lesson will really improve grammatically and verbally my English skills.

Thanks! It is very useful for me. I was afraid to learn grammar before but I try to understand now……

Thank you. I was struggle in how to use Reported speech properly,now,I clarifies this concept.

Thank you so much!!!

Ma’am

In your 1st set of examples, “You are smart” isn’t it changed into “he said that I was smart” ?

thank you :D

thanx rebecca ..10/10 ı did. my friend told me rebecca was very good teacher. yes he is right..:)))

Hello Rebecca,

You are awesome teacher !!! I understand the whole lessen perfectly. Write down one fan to this website.

Thank you very much.

thank you Rebeca I listed this class several times with other teacher and you´re the best

hi you are a clever teacher.

Hello everybody. I’m Ole.

Hello! It of great help to me as I took that quiz just below the video.I did not see the video, but I could get all the answers correct except for the first one.I am very happy with my results.I whole-heartedly thank you.

Hmm.. do we use reported speech after: -He noticed….. -They suggested… -She proposed… etc. when it is clear that the person was saying something ?

{Jeevan said to his teacher ,” I cannot understand this lesson .Will you teach it to me once again?}

MAM THIS IS A QUESTION THAT REWRITE IN A REPORTED SPEECH….

I feel that oral questions more effective for me than written.

questions is more fix

Rebecca i want to say something for you: YOU ARE SWEET AND THE BEST ONE…love you! Bisous

what is the meaning of WOULD i really be mad :((( please help me my teacher i will wait your unswer it is so important for me

hello !!! i have a question : jean asked jeany “are you a student ?” – “yes, i am” can you transform this question to reported speech for me ? Thanks

hi mrs,it’s for the first time i get on this website,i really love this lesson,it is so useful for me,my name is Jeff,from haiti bye

Hi Rebecca, I have a question. What if the reporting person is first and second person who report about themselves. Does the pronoun remain the same in the reported speech? Eg: I said:’I am here’ and You said:’you are here’ Thanks in advance

Hi Rebecca. Thanks so much all of you teaching.

Hi Rebecca, Fantastic lesson…it will be useful for my students

it is really confusion bt i understood it well n thank u alot for making me understand it well

That is so wonderful. I will try to learn from you and I will ask you whenever I have the question. Please you good luck and please you keep your mission to help to many people around the world. Thanks from Pharin.

i have no words to express my feelings .because this site solve my big problems .but now i want to start from the start but how??

HI REBECCA, VERY GOOD LESSON. I GOT A QUESTION ABOUT EMBEDDED QUESTION. DO YOU CHANGE THE SENTENCE FROM PRESENT TO PAST IN THE EMBEDDED QUESTION?

Thanks teacher for your nice lesson I hope that you will bring new Technic for this subject. Thanks.

can you explain how i can Utter sounds

I hate to see you tell students that we use ‘reported speech’ because we use ‘reported speech’. I think you said we HAVE to use ‘reported speech. But only if you don’t care about accuracy. You say, ‘He told me he was a teacher’, but that’s not true. He told you he IS a teacher, if he is still a teacher. If he was a teacher from 1995 to 2006, then you would say, ‘He told me he was a teacher (from 1995 to 2006). The notion of ‘reported speech’ is a CONSTRUCT, it is not something that makes any sense. We should stop trying to teach it. It is NOT useful. Sorry, I’m not shouting but there is no way to underline. Contact me if you like .

br dot hadvines at yahoo dot com

Thanks a lot. it was helpful :)

Rebecca, could you explain the topic of: the direct and indirect questions with reported speech please? thank you =)

Rebecca, I just watched your VDO, It’s very good VDO !!! Now I’m studying english in USA ,I’m looking for writing learning on internet.

Could you please recommend me.

Regards,Kit

Hello Madam, could you please help me to identify whether the following sentence is in reported speech or not? “The death toll is expected to rise.”

thanks alot

Thank you so much Rebecca! You’re great :)

Hey Rebecca, nice videos you’re great! I have a question regarding reported speech. For example:

Mary: There’s a great movie on TV today.

In reported speech it could written in two ways right? First: “Mary told me there was a great movie on TV that day.” – Which implies the day she said it was before the day I was talking.

Second: “Mary told me there’s a great movie on TV today”. – It can stay the same because we are living the day the movie is going to be on right? Thanks in advance!

Hi miss…

ty for ur lesson…10/10—actually reported speeches are a bit confusing, yet we have to practice to gain more confidence… regards… carlos,lima..peru

Very useful! Thanks for your classes.

Thank you!! Finally I understood “reported speech”!!

Could you complete the list please:

Present simple becomes Past Simple Past Simple…..Past Perfect Past Perfect….? Past Continuos….Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect…Past Perfect

And all verb tenses

Thank you again!!

sometimes it is a little difficult to understand that kind of thing, but thanks to you it is easier for me.

he tOLD me he would ( wrong) I WOULD TRUE 7 .00

hi Rebica thank you for all hose who stand in front of the cam to teach and gives there time to us, I have problem when i talk to the people who are poor in the english language i ll be confused and i can not understand from them at all not like the native one second pro. is when i talk i m posing or tattering any suggestion best regard Hassan

10 out of 10 thanks Rebeca

Hi,thanks for a very nice lesson about reported speech. But would you like give us a lesson about REPORTING VERBS?

OK I got 10 out of 10 corect, so I can’t explain why I can’t pass an exam that I’m doing online about reported speech. By the way I saw you didn’t talk about “asked” form of reported speech, so if you can do it in future lessons that will be great. Thank so much for your help.

thanks I got from 10 -10 grade

Hi Rebecca Thank u very much for ur great lessons on reported speech. Please explain to me when do we use “that” in reported speech. I noticed u have used in some sentences and left in others. What is the right set of rule to follow.? Waiting for ur reply, thanks

THANK YOU SO MUCH !REBECCA .YOU ARE MY IDOL !

it helped me a lot and thank you because it was an assignment in my school thanks a lot.

good job teacher i really love ur explaination

Thanks dear Rebecca it was easy and understanduable Thanks again

please explain for students how to make question in reported speach ! i heard that it is a bit difficult

Dear rebecca madam, tomorrow is my eng. Exam n ur dis video wz vry helpful to me n u made it vry clr..now i feel i don need to open the book..thnxx.. U r even better den mah english teacher..:)

thank you very much for the lessons

9 out of 10

Thank you very much for clear lesson :-)

hi every one I want to know if some one told me “you ate dinner” the reported speech will be “he said that I had eaten dinner” or as the teacher said it will be “he said that you had eaten dinner”?

Thanks ma’am this lesson’s realy work!!!

Thnahs Rebecca…very very helpful lesson

Dear Rebecca, I am a form two student from Hong Kong.It is my first time to ask questions here.Thanks your help first. I want to ask you three questions. First, do we need to change the tense in reported speech if it is a fact or it is a opinion in direct speech. I asked many people before but someone answered “Yes” and someone answered “No”. So,I really feel confused about it. For example,Mary said”It is a fantastic place.” A.Mary said that it was a fantastic place. or B. Mary said that it is a fantastic place. Which answer is correct? Second, I want to ask a question about pronoun in reported speech. For example,”You needn’t wait for me” said Mary. We need to answer [Mary said that I needn’t wait for her.] or [Mary said that he/she need’t wait for her.]This means if the direct speech doesn’t mention which person it is talking to but there is “you”, we need to change “you” to “I” or”he” or”she”? For example, [“She will take you all to Stanley Market.” said Mary] We need to answer [Mary said that she would take us all to Stanley Market] or {Mary said that she would take them all to Stanley Market] Lastly, I want to ask what is the different about “said” and”told” For example, [Mary said to us”We got married six months ago.” We should say[Mary told us they had got married six months before.” or [Maru said to us they had got married six months before.]? Please answer the questions as soon as possible because I had a test on Monday about reported speech. Thanks you so much! Best wishes, Alice

tnx reBecca Very HelpFul lessOn

Hello Rebecca! Thanks for the videos. In fact I had a test on the 3rd of march and my grammer class work was with one of my classmates.It was just then that i came across the website of eduvid and got a practice on reported speech. Thanks a million, Regard, prashant,banglore,india

Excellent! It’s easier than I thought! Thanks for your explanations :)

I used to be panic about reported speech–too complicated . I had to change the tense , paid attention to pronoun and felt slight boring to say told told told… From your given quiz , I got D too, I learned more useful words , such as comment , admit , announce,confide. I am so excited. Thank you.

i’m going to cry :( this is the first time in my life… it did not happened to me before i got many full marks in the same day realy i don’t know how can i thank you rebecca

hi rebacca i’m amine in morrocco i love the way how you explain thank you

Great lesson !

Hi Rebacca, Can we use this concept in writing as well? Or it’s only in speech

hi mam if there is an universal sentence how we could change it , into reported speech ? for example. sun rises from east i am waiting for your answer .I hope u will be replay me an answer

Thanks Rebecca, it’s so useful lesson.

i got 7/10 ;(

Rebacca, you are An amazing Teacher … You make The English More Easier to Me :)

i have a question about it, is it correct?

john: What did you do? mary : John asked what i did

why could it be correct? if past switched to past perfert.

thank a lot for this lesson video!

Hello,teacher Rebecca.Thanks you so much for your teaching you are perfect teacher.

A little difficult to catch it immediately but I’m pleased for the lesson, thanks!

I had a little problem with this subject. But not any more. I got the lesson. :) I got 10 correct out of 10. :) Thanks Rebecca. Whatever a lesson is difficult, you make it very simple. And I like your teaching because you are very patient, and you give us many examples. :)

thank you so much .i have a question i don’t know when to say in reported speech she told and she said…i really get confused when it comes to said and told.do they have the same meaning or not if not when to use them correctly. thank you

hi rebecca can you explain to us about active and passive voice because these days i will be an exam and you will have helped me by the and of this month

I loved this explanation. Thank you so much for all the effort that you guys do for teaching us in wherever places we are. I’m so grateful. However in my case it could’ve been more useful if instead of the original sentences that were writing on the board we had the report speech examples.

Hello Rebeca, Thank you very much for your lesson. I learned Reported Speech in high school as well as in ESL classes and here watched your lesson, the rules are same, but I find native speakers often don’t follow the rules. It’s very confusing. Finally I found this site that explains the why. I wanted to run by you and see if what it says is right, http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/repspee.htm “The main problem for the learner of English is to decide which tense is needed for the verb(s) in what is reported. Generally, English speakers do not change the tense if what is said is still true or has not happened yet, and they believe the speaker.” it has examples, which are exactly what I often hear how native speakers talk. I look forward to hearing your reply. Thank you very much.

In the video you had this example: “you ate dinner.” and you reported it as “he said that you had eaten dinner.” Shouldn’t we report you as I in this sentence and report it like this: “He said that I had eaten dinner.” ?

great lesson

Thank you very much

Simply excelent

Thanks Rebbeca.

I’m deeply grateful for your lesson!It’s was very interesting!)

Thank you Ms Rebbeca

super ı have 100 points

Hi, Rebecca thank you for your teaching, you are great. I got 100 %. Was very usefull.I appreciate

Thank you very much, got 90%.

Thank you dear Rebecca, you are a saviour ;)

I GOT 100% ON THE TEST!!! IT WAS EASY THANKS TO YOUR LESSON DEAR REBECCA, xoxoxoxo

i got 10 correct out of 10…..thanks rebecca.

Rebecca, thank you very much for your interesting lesson! I like it very much!

I’ve got 100! thanks,Rebecca

Thank you sir.

I got 100, thanks for your help Rebecca!

Thank you ,Rebecca.

i got 100 score :) thank you :*

Hi MS REBECCA! WHAT WOULD BE THE REPORTED SPEECH OF “HE IS MY BROTHER”. THANK YOU!

thank a lot of mam . God bless…

Thank you Rebecca

merci madam

Hello Rebecca! I got 100%, but I have a doubt if I had to pass PRESENT SIMPLE or WILL from REPORTED SPEECH to DIRECT SPEECH, how would be it? Do I have to change the tense or not? for example:

Reported speech: He refuses to sell the movie rights

Direct speech: I refuse to sell the movie rights

Is it right?

Thanks, Rebecca!

Thamks millions

Thanks, Nice.

thank you for the help it was amazing

I want to ask the question of whether I can put [ told me that ]

9 of 9 thank you very much

Thanks for this useful video. This help me to understand clearly about this grammar. Thank you very much.

Dear Rebecca, I convey you a great thank you for this lesson. Yours sincerely.

my quiz 100 You got 10 correct out of 10. :D

hi, teacher your lessons are good, but I noticed that you don’t explain every example on blackboard, you always face to the camera and give us examples, whereas using the board is effective for students! thanks teacher

hi rebecca how will you tell someone in a polite way that he’s/she’s using a wrong grammar.

thank you so much Rebeecca

i am just ask when say He/She Said and when i say He/She Told me ?

Thank you Rebecca.

why you don’t use (that)

He told me that he was a teacher ????

help plz!!!

Thank you teacher , I got 100 :) I like this lesson very easy to understand .

I like this part of the grammer very much. I got 10. thanks.

Hello Rebecca, In the question, “John: “I love chocolate cake.” John told me _____ chocolate cake.”

Is it “he loved” or “that he loved”?

Kindly clarify the difference.

Thank you in advance,

Hi,teacher,hope,you’ll be fine.I’m a student of O levels,Teacher please will you help me with the english,I go through from many mistakes.

I really admire the way,you teach,I did 8 idioms yesterday from your given lecture,really adoring,thank you loads

Yessss. I got 10 correct out of 10. :D

This grammar was new for me, thanks a lot Rebbeca.

Thank you, dear Rebecca!

what is the difference between they live in Russia and They are living in Russia…?

I scored 100% in the quiz. thank you! :)

I wish to understand correctly this lesson, but I can’t. It is so confussing to learn the English tenses. How you can help me the different way or What technique I should to use for that?

Thanks Rebecca Nice lesson :)

Hi Rebecca I’d like to ask you a question…. I watched a video of yours in which you were teaching the reported speech….you mentioned an example in direct speech “he is a teacher.” Then you wrote the corresponding indirect form of it…like ( he told me he was a teacher ) … My question is that doesn’t it have to be like ( he told me he were a teacher) because I read in the English grammar digest by Trudy Aronson it is to be always “were” form of be instead of “was”

Hi I myself found the answer….I was confusing it with the conditional forms….but I didn’t know how to remove the comment…

Thank you so much, very useful.

My friend told me that she had eaten rice and kimchi for lunch today.:D Thank you Rebecca.

thank you ma’am i got 90

You are the only teacher that I could understand every lesson very well without getting confused or tired

thank you teacher I got 100 % you’re a vary good teacher thanks allot.

Easy peasy lemon squeezy

10/10 …. very good lesson thanks for your help ?

Thanks Rebecca! You made it so simple to understand.

nice speech regarding narrations moreover I have passed the test by giving correct answers 10 / 10

Thanks Rebecca!

You got 10 correct out of 10.

I was watching the following video https://www.engvid.com/english-grammar-if-will-would-were/ and tried to practice reported speech with something that James said.

James: If I were to pay atention what I was doing I would be better at the board.

So James commented on the fact that if he had been paying atention what he had been doing he would be better at the board.

Well I kindly ask you to advice whether the reported speech was applied correctly.

Thanks in advance. Best regards,

This lesson was very hard. Could you please make more videos about reported speech? thanks

Hi Mrs.Rebecca.

My name is Ilgar.I am 32 years old and from Azerbaijan. I would like to improve my english skill and get IELTS certificate.I have watched yours videos on YouTube and enjoy your tutoring. I am looking for English tutor and I think if you will be agree,I would be glad to improve my english to the high level by your support. How can it be possible to be your student?Do you conduct lessons on SKYPE? I will look forward to hearing about the ways how I can be your student.

Thanks for attention

Hi Rebecca Do you have any personal website? If you have, please send me it’s URL address. My email: [email protected] My websites: http://www.sheshjavan.ir http://www.venuscomputer.ir

it’s the first time to understand his lesson. thank you very much.

thank you. You said that we had to use the reported speech when we had to say something that someone else had said.

i am happy i got 10/10

Thank you …

9/10. Thank you! Rebecca, could you please to explain, why in the 4th question the right answer is she “couldn’t come”? Thank you for all your help to us!!

i think can not-could not.therefore come no past tense.

thank you Rebecca. you are really helping for my study processing.

THANKS A LOT

‘do you have exams this Friday?’ mum asked me. can you please tell me how to write this sentence in reported speech.

10/10 tanks again

I watched this video twice on July 30, 2021, and took the quiz after watching it once. I got ten out of 10.

Hello….I’d like to brush my speaking up. Is there anyone else who is interested in speaking to me on a regular basis? My whatsapp number is +88 01812788727. Thank you. Rasho.

10/10 thanks Rebecca <3

10/10 thanks Rebecca

Regarding the 5th question. Angela: “I can’t come to the party tonight.” Angela explained she couldn’t come to the party tonight. Aren’t we supposed to change the word ‘tonight’ into ‘that night’ as well?

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told him she <was hungry / had been hungry> [Reported speech]

• Thread starter barman
• Start date May 11, 2011
• May 11, 2011

Hello, I'm a little confused when it comes to report what someone else has reported. For example: 1 - Maria: " I am hungry". 2 - Jose: Maria said she was hungry. 3 - Luis: Jose said Maria had told him she was hungry. Is "Jose said Maria had told him she was hungry" correct?, or is it? "Jose said Maria told him she was hungry" or "Jose said Maria had told him she had been hungry". Since Jose's statement is " Maria said she was hungry" how about "Jose said Maria had said she had been hungry". what did Jose say?  

Senior Member

Moderato con anima (English Only)

entangledbank

The past perfect is often avoided. We often use simple past instead: 'Jose said Maria told him she was hungry' is perfectly acceptable. One 'had said' or 'had been' is fine, but if you have two past perfects in a sentence, you can almost certainly simplify one of them.  

Backshift in Reported Speech

In simple terms, the structure of reported speech is:

reporting clause [+ conjunction] + reported clause

We sometimes change the tense of the reported clause by moving it back one tense. For example, present simple goes back one tense to past simple . We call this change " backshift ".

When do we use backshift?

We use backshift when it is logical to use backshift. So, for example, if two minutes ago John said "I am hungry" and I am now telling his sister, I might NOT use backshift (because John is still hungry):

• John just said that he is hungry.

But if yesterday John said "I am hungry" and I am now telling his sister, I would likely use backshift:

• Yesterday, John said that he was hungry. [We hope that John has eaten since yesterday ;-) ]

So we use backshift SOMETIMES but not always. And WHEN we use backshift, here's how it works with these common tenses and modals:

We NEVER use backshift when the original words are:

• past perfect
• If a situation is still true , backshift is optional .
• For a general truth there is no need for backshift.

Look at the following examples. See if you can understand when and why they use backshift:

* if still true, change is optional (sometimes a matter of emphasis) ** never changes

My English Grammar

Ultimate English Grammar, Vocabulary, and Names Database

Changes in Indirect Speech

Welcome to a comprehensive tutorial providing guidance on the proper use, types, and rules of indirect speech in English grammar. Indirect speech, also called reported speech, allows us to share another person’s exact words without using quotes. It is particularly useful in written language. This tutorial aims to brief you about the changes that occur when switching from direct speech to indirect speech. It further explains the necessary rules which must be followed during this transition.

Table of Contents

Understanding Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct speech refers to the exact wording that someone uses when performing an act of speech. However, indirect speech implicitly shares the content of the person’s original words.

Direct Speech: He said, “I am hungry.” Indirect Speech: He said that he was hungry.

Notably, an essential component of indirect speech is the change in verb tense. In the direct speech example, the speaker uses the present tense “am.” In the indirect version, even though the speaker is still hungry, the tense changes to the past “was.”

Changes in Verb Tenses

The verb tense in indirect speech is one step back in time from the tense in the direct speech. Here are the common changes:

• Present Simple becomes Past Simple.
• Present Continuous becomes Past Continuous.
• Present Perfect becomes Past Perfect.
• Present Perfect Continuous becomes Past Perfect Continuous.
• Past Simple becomes Past Perfect.

Direct: He says, “I need help.” Indirect: He said he needed help.

Direct: She is saying, “I am reading a book.” Indirect: She was saying that she was reading a book.

Changes in Time and Place References

Besides the tense, word usage for place and time often changes when converting from direct to indirect speech.

• ‘Now’ changes to ‘then’.
• ‘Today’ changes to ‘that day’.
• ‘Yesterday’ turns into ‘the day before’ or ‘the previous day’.
• ‘Tomorrow’ changes to ‘the next day’ or ‘the following day’.
• ‘Last week/month/year’ switches to ‘the previous week/month/year’.
• ‘Next week/month/year’ changes to ‘the following week/month/year’.
• ‘Here’ turns into ‘there’.

Direct: He said, “I will do it tomorrow.” Indirect: He said that he would do it the next day.

Direct: She said, “I was here.”

Indirect: She said that she was there.

Changes in Modals

Modals also change when transforming direct speech into indirect speech. Here are some common changes:

• ‘Can’ changes to ‘could’.
• ‘May’ changes to ‘might’.
• ‘Will’ changes to ‘would’.
• ‘Shall’ changes to ‘should’.

Direct: She said, “I can play the piano.” Indirect: She said that she could play the piano.

Direct: He said, “I will go shopping.” Indirect: He said that he would go shopping.

Reporting Orders, Requests, and Questions

When reporting orders, requests, and questions, the structure also changes. The following is the structure:

• ‘To’ + infinitive for orders.
• Interrogative word + subject + verb for questions.
• Could/Would + subject + verb for polite requests.

Direct: He said to her, “Close the door.” Indirect: He told her to close the door.

Direct: She asked, “Where is the station?” Indirect: She asked where the station was.

In conclusion, reported speech becomes easier to understand and use effectively with practice. Understanding the transition from direct to indirect speech is vital to expressing yourself accurately and professionally, especially in written English. This guide provides the foundational information for mastering the changes in indirect speech. Practice these rules to become more fluent and confident in your English communication skills.

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Reported speech

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Indirect speech, introduction.

Complete the indirect speech by changing the tense of the direct speech verb:

Complete the indirect speech with the correct pronouns:

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Breaking news, ‘princeton princess’ whines that she’s ‘starving,’ blames university after choosing to go on anti-israel hunger strike.

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An anti-Israel protester at Princeton University sounded off about how she was “starving” during a self-imposed hunger strike and accused the prestigious university of purposefully “physically weakening” students.

Video shows the protester and other demonstrators railing into a megaphone about the New Jersey Ivy League school’s refusal to divest from Israel following Hamas’ unprovoked attack on the Jewish state on Oct. 7.

“This is absolutely unfair. My peers and I, we are starving. We are physically exhausted. I am quite literally shaking right now as you can see,” the protester says into the megaphone in a widely shared video on X .

A student-led hunger strike began Friday, with protesters demanding the school meet with them to discuss divestment and drop the criminal and disciplinary charges against two students who were arrested for erecting tents and 13 other peers who were arrested for trespassing an academic hall last month, Princeton’s student newspaper, the Daily Princetonian, reported Monday.

After meeting with administrators on Monday, students indicated that they have no intention of halting their protest, which has left them “immunocompromised,” according to the female protester whose rally cry has gone viral online.

“We are both hot and cold at the same time. We are all immunocompromised and based on the university’s meeting yesterday with some of our bargaining team, they would love to continue physically weakening us because they can’t stand to say no to unjust murder,” the protester said to cheers and banging of drums.

Despite the complaints, the protester in the video concedes that going on a hunger strike was their choice.

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“My colleagues and I are now in direct conversation with the protestors,” he wrote. “I have told them that we can consider their concerns through appropriate processes that respect the interests of multiple parties and viewpoints, but we cannot allow any group to circumvent those processes or exert special leverage.”

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TikTok challenges U.S. ban in court, calling it unconstitutional

Bobby Allyn

TikTok's suit is in response to a law passed by Congress giving ByteDance up to a year to divest from TikTok and find a new buyer, or face a nationwide ban. Kiichiro Sato/AP hide caption

TikTok's suit is in response to a law passed by Congress giving ByteDance up to a year to divest from TikTok and find a new buyer, or face a nationwide ban.

TikTok and its parent company on Tuesday filed a legal challenge against the United States over a law that President Biden signed last month outlawing the app nationwide unless it finds a buyer within a year.

In the petition filed in the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, the company said the legislation exceeds the bounds of the constitution and suppresses the speech of millions of Americans.

"Banning TikTok is so obviously unconstitutional, in fact, that even the Act's sponsors recognized that reality, and therefore have tried mightily to depict the law not as a ban at all, but merely a regulation of TikTok's ownership," according to the filing.

The law, passed through Congress at lightning speed, which caught many inside TikTok off guard, is intended to force TikTok to be sold to a non-Chinese company in nine months, with the possibility of a three month extension if a possible sale is in play.

Yet lawyers for TikTok say the law offers the company a false choice, since fully divesting from its parent company, ByteDance, is "simply not possible: not commercially, not technologically, not legally," the challenge states. "And certainly not on the 270-day timeline required by the Act."

Anupam Chander, a law professor at Georgetown University who specializes in technology regulations, said if TikTok loses this legal fight, it will likely shut down in the U.S.

"The problem for TikTok is that they have a parent company that has these obligation in China, but they're trying to live by free speech rules by the United States," Chander said in an interview. "The question is whether American courts will believe that that's even possible."

TikTok says law based on "speculative and analytically flawed concerns"

Lawmakers in Washington have long been suspicious of TikTok, fearing its Chinese owner could use the popular app to spy on Americans or spread dangerous disinformation.

But in the company's legal petition, lawyers for TikTok say invoking "national security" does not give the government a free pass to violate the First Amendment, especially, TikTok, argues, when no public evidence has been presented of the Chinese government using the app as a weapon against Americans.

Possible TikTok ban could be 'an extinction-level event' for the creator economy

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New DOJ Filing: TikTok's Owner Is 'A Mouthpiece' Of Chinese Communist Party

Constitutional scholars say there are few ways for the government to restrict speech in a way that would survive a legal challenge. One of those ways is if the government can demonstrate a national security risk. Also key, legal experts say, is the government showing the speech suppression was the least restrictive option on the table.

TikTok said Congress ignored less restrictive ways of addressing the government's national security concerns.

"If Congress can do this, it can circumvent the First Amendment by invoking national security and ordering the publisher of any individual newspaper or website to sell to avoid being shut down," the filing states. "And for TikTok, any such divestiture would disconnect Americans from the rest of the global community."

Since more than 90% of TikTok's users are outside of America, Georgetown's Chander said selling the U.S.-based app to a different owner would cannibalize its own business.

"You can't really create a TikTok U.S., while having a different company manage TikTok Canada," Chander said in an interview. "What you're doing essentially is creating a rival between two TikToks," he said. " It may be better to take your marbles out of the United States and hope to make money outside of the U.S., rather than sell it at a fire-sale price."

TikTok critics call app a 'spy balloon on your phone'

The filing sets off what could be the most important battle for TikTok. It has been fending off legal challenges to its existence since former President Trump first sought to ban the app through an executive order in the summer of 2020. That effort was blocked by federal courts.

Since then, Democrats and Republicans have shown a rare moment of unity around calls to pressure TikTok to sever its ties with ByteDance, the Beijing-based tech giant that owns the video-streaming app.

Trump's Ban On TikTok Suffers Another Legal Setback

Congress has never before passed legislation that could outright ban a wildly popular social media app, a gesture the U.S. government has criticized authoritarian nations for doing.

In the case of TikTok, however, lawmakers have called the app a "spy balloon on your phone," emphasizing how the Chinese government could gain access to the personal data of U.S. citizens.

Worries also persist in Washington that Beijing could influence the views of Americans by dictating what videos are boosted on the platform. That concern has only become heightened seven months before a presidential election.

Yet the fears so far indeed remain hypothetical.

There is no publicly available example of the Chinese government attempting to use TikTok as an espionage or data collection tool. And no proof that the Chinese government has ever had a hand over what TikTok's 170 million American users see every day on the app.

TikTok says it offers U.S. a plan that would shut app down if it violated agreement

TikTok, for its part, says it has invested $2 billion on a plan, dubbed Project Texas, to separate its U.S. operation from its Chinese parent company. It deleted all of Americans' data from foreign servers and relocated all of the data to servers on U.S. soil overseen by the Austin-based tech company Oracle.

While the plan was intended to build trust with U.S. lawmakers and users, reports surfaced showing that data was still moving between staff in California and Beijing.

In the filing on Tuesday, TikTok said it submitted an agreement to the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, which has been probing the app for five years, that would allow the U.S. to suspend TikTok if it violated terms set forth in a national security plan.

But, lawyers for TikTok say, the deal was swept aside, "in favor of the politically expedient and punitive approach," the petition states.

Mnuchin claims he will place a bid to buy TikTok, even though app is not for sale

Despite the new law giving TikTok the ultimatum of selling or being shut down, there are many questions around how the app could even be bought by another company or group of investors.

Former Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin told NPR on Monday, he is planning to assemble a group of investors to try to purchase TikTok without the app's algorithm.

Mnuchin, who declined to answer additional questions, said in between sessions at the Milken Institute Global Conference in Los Angeles that the proposal to buy the app is still in the works, but he would not say when it would be formally submitted.

One major obstacle in any possible sale of TikTok is a glaring problem: The app is not for sale.

TikTok Ban Averted: Trump Gives Oracle-Walmart Deal His 'Blessing'

Despite the new law in the U.S., ByteDance says it does not intend to let go of the service. Furthermore, winning the support of China would be necessary, and officials in Beijing are adamantly against any forced sale.

In 2020, amid the Trump administration's clamp down on the app, China added "content-recommendation algorithms" to its export-control list, effectively adding new regulations over how TikTok's all-powerful algorithm could ever be sold.

ByteDance, not TikTok, developed and controls the algorithm that determines what millions see on the app every day. The technology has become the envy of Silicon Valley, and no U.S. tech company has been able dislodge TikTok's firm hold on the short-form video market. Experts say key to its success is its highly engaging and hyper-personalized video-ranking algorithm.

The algorithm, which involves millions of lines of software code developed by thousands of engineers over many years, cannot be easily transferred to the U.S., even if China did allow it, TikTok's challenge states.

Lawyers for TikTok argue that "any severance [of the algorithm] would leave TikTok without access to the recommendation engine that has created a unique style and community that cannot be replicated on any other platform today."

Xavier University cancels UN ambassador’s commencement speech after student outcry

Xavier University of Louisiana has reversed course and canceled Saturday’s planned commencement address by U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Linda Thomas-Greenfield

NEW ORLEANS -- Xavier University of Louisiana has reversed course and canceled Saturday's planned commencement address by U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Linda Thomas-Greenfield after news of her appearance sparked outrage among some students.

University President Reynold Verret announced the decision in an email Wednesday to faculty, staff and students.

“Everyone’s goal is to have a commencement ceremony that appropriately honors the graduates and their achievements,” Verret wrote. “The vast majority of students want to be able to enjoy a commencement ceremony free of disruptions. Therefore, we will not be moving forward with the commencement speaker as originally planned.”

Students were outraged over Thomas-Greenfield's invitation to speak because of their opposition to the past positions by the U.S. on the war in Gaza. Before presenting a March resolution to the U.N.’s Security Council that called for an “immediate and sustained ceasefire in Gaza,” the U.S. vetoed three other cease-fire resolutions proposed by other countries.

In explaining one veto, Thomas-Greenfield said the U.S. could not support cease-fire resolutions that do not mention Israel’s right to self-defense; in explaining another, she said the U.S. could not support a cease-fire until Hamas freed hostages it took during its Oct. 7 attack on Israel.

Verret called the cancellation a “regrettable conclusion” and said the decision was made in partnership with the ambassador.

Thomas-Greenfield did not comment on the decision. She faced similar backlash at the University of Vermont, where she was set to deliver the commencement address May 19. Pro-Palestinian student protesters called for the school to cancel her speech, citing the vetoed cease-fire resolutions. The school announced Friday that she would not be speaking.

Xavier Student Government Association President Chase Patterson, who had written a letter to administrators calling on them to reconsider their commencement choice, applauded Verret’s decision to listen to their concerns.

“We are grateful that President Verret actually listened to our call,” Patterson told The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate. “This does make me optimistic that students will continue to support us and we will continue to support them and that the administration will continue to listen to us.”

Though many students and others spoke out against the invitation, Verret said many still believe that Thomas-Greenfield’s contribution to the ceremony would have been meaningful, the newspaper reported.

“We look forward to welcoming the ambassador to campus in the future to engage with our students and faculty in substantive conversations,” he said.

The graduation ceremony is planned for 1 p.m. Saturday at the university's Convocation Center. Verret did not say whether there will be a new speaker to fill Thomas-Greenfield's spot.

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How Republicans Echo Antisemitic Tropes Despite Declaring Support for Israel

Prominent Republicans have seized on campus protests to assail what they say is antisemitism on the left. But for years they have mainstreamed anti-Jewish rhetoric.

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By Karen Yourish ,  Danielle Ivory ,  Jennifer Valentino-DeVries and Alex Lemonides

The reporters collected and analyzed thousands of public statements from Republican and Democratic politicians and transcripts of extremist podcasts to identify trends in the use of antisemitic rhetoric.

The Republican speaker of the House, Mike Johnson, traveled to Columbia University two weeks ago to decry the “virus of antisemitism” that he said pro-Palestinian protesters were spreading across the country. “They have chased down Jewish students. They have mocked them and reviled them,” he said to jeers from protesters. “They have shouted racial epithets. They have screamed at those who bear the Star of David.”

Former President Donald J. Trump chimed in. President Biden, he wrote on Truth Social, “HATES Israel and Hates the Jewish people.”

Amid the widening protests and the unease, if not fear, among many Jews, Republicans have sought to seize the political advantage by portraying themselves as the true protectors of Israel and Jews under assault from the progressive left.

While largely peaceful, the campus protests over Israel’s bombardment of Gaza that has killed tens of thousands have been loud and disruptive and have at times taken on a sharpened edge. Jewish students have been shouted at to return to Poland, where Nazis killed three million Jews during the Holocaust. There are chants and signs in support of Hamas, whose attack on Israel sparked the current war. A leader of the Columbia protests declared in a video that “Zionists don’t deserve to live.”

Debate rages over the extent to which the protests on the political left constitute coded or even direct attacks on Jews. But far less attention has been paid to a trend on the right: For all of their rhetoric of the moment, increasingly through the Trump era many Republicans have helped inject into the mainstream thinly veiled anti-Jewish messages with deep historical roots.

The conspiracy theory taking on fresh currency is one that dates back hundreds of years and has perennially bubbled into view: that a shady cabal of wealthy Jews secretly controls events and institutions contrary to the national interest of whatever country it is operating in.

The current formulation of the trope taps into the populist loathing of an elite “ruling class.” “Globalists” or “globalist elites” are blamed for everything from Black Lives Matter to the influx of migrants across the southern border, often described as a plot to replace native-born Americans with foreigners who will vote for Democrats. The favored personification of the globalist enemy is George Soros, the 93-year-old Hungarian American Jewish financier and Holocaust survivor who has spent billions in support of liberal causes and democratic institutions.

This language is hardly new — Mr. Soros became a boogeyman of the American far right long before the ascendancy of Mr. Trump. And the elected officials now invoking him or the globalists rarely, if ever, directly mention Jews or blame them outright. Some of them may not immediately understand the antisemitic resonance of the meme, and in some cases its use may simply be reflexive political rhetoric. But its rising ubiquity reflects the breaking down of old guardrails on all types of degrading speech, and the cross-pollination with the raw, sometimes hate-filled speech of the extreme right, in a party under the sway of the norm-defying former, and perhaps future, president.

In a July 2023 email to supporters, the Trump campaign employed an image that bears striking resemblance to a Nazi-era cartoon of a hook-nosed puppet master manipulating world figures: Mr. Soros as puppet master , pulling the strings controlling President Biden.

To take a measure of the drumbeat of the cabal conspiracy theory among elected officials, The New York Times reviewed about five years of campaign emails from Mr. Trump, as well as press releases, tweets and newsletters of members of Congress over the last decade.

The review found that last year at least 790 emails from Mr. Trump to his supporters invoked Mr. Soros or globalists conspiratorially, a meteoric rise from prior years. The Times also found that House and Senate Republicans increasingly used “Soros” and “globalist” in ways that evoked the historical tropes, from just a handful of messages in 2013 to more than 300 messages from 79 members in 2023.

Antisemitic use of the terms “globalist” or “Soros” in public statements by members of Congress

Number of statements, number of members.

Note: The Times analyzed tweets, press releases and newsletters from members of Congress. Some press releases were provided by Legistorm. Newsletters were available at DCInbox.

By Lazaro Gamio

Mr. Trump frequently referred to Mr. Soros as “ shadowy ” and “ the man behind the curtain who’s destroying our country .” He linked Mr. Soros and other enemies to a “ globalist cabal ,” echoing the trope that Jews secretly control the world’s financial and political systems — an idea espoused in “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” a fraudulent document used by Stalin and the Nazis as a rationale for targeting Jews. Republican members of Congress repeatedly made incendiary and conspiratorial claims about Mr. Soros and globalists — that they were “ evil ,” that they “ hate America ” and that they wanted the American people to be “humiliated or destroyed and replaced or dead .” Republicans blamed them for leading people to “ forget about God and family values,” for controlling the media, for allowing “ violent criminals and rapists to get off scot-free” and more.

Conservative lawmakers dispute the notion that invoking Mr. Soros and globalists is antisemitic. “Not every criticism of Mr. Soros is antisemitic,” said Representative Matt Gaetz of Florida. “Every criticism of Mr. Soros that I have levied is directed specifically at his flawed policy goals.” What’s more, he said, “I regularly criticize globalists of all faiths.”

Republican elected officials also point to their longstanding support for Israel. “Jewish Americans and Jewish leaders around the world recognize that President Trump did more for them and the State of Israel than any president in history,” said a spokeswoman for Mr. Trump. She added, “Joe Biden can’t stand up to antisemitism in his own Democrat Party — primarily because his biggest donors like George Soros help fund it.”

Dov Waxman, a professor of Israel studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, said that Mr. Trump and other Republicans “are presenting themselves as committed to fighting antisemitism, but they’re actually mainstreaming some of the most antisemitic ideas in circulation today.”

That duality was encapsulated on the day the House speaker visited Columbia. Mr. Trump, speaking to reporters that evening at the Manhattan courthouse where he is on trial, amped up his criticism of the campus protests — and added a twist: He compared them to the violent 2017 march in Charlottesville, Va., where torch-bearing white supremacists chanted, “Jews will not replace us.” At the time, he sought to minimize the deadly Charlottesville rally by saying there were “very fine people on both sides.” Now, he called it “a little peanut,” adding: “The hate wasn’t the kind of hate that you have here. This is tremendous hate.”

Oct. 7 Creates an Opening

From campuses in turmoil to the halls of Congress, activism on the left has ignited ever-more-fevered debate over the meaning, propriety and limits of language.

Chief among the phrases at issue is “From the river to the sea, Palestine must be free,” which has become a mantra of the campus protests. While pro-Palestine activists describe the chant as a rallying cry for Palestinian liberation, to many supporters of Israel it signals a call for the destruction of the Jewish state.

Indeed, the pro-Palestinian movement has long faced accusations that its criticism of Israeli policy, particularly its opposition to the idea of a Jewish homeland on disputed territory, amounts to prejudice against Jews.

In November, the Republican-led House, with support from 22 Democrats, censured Representative Rashida Tlaib, a Michigan Democrat and Congress’s sole Palestinian American, for her statements after the Hamas attack, including “ from the river to the sea .”

(The Times’s review of lawmakers’ statements found roughly 20 from the last decade by a handful of Democrats, including Ms. Tlaib, that could be construed as antisemitic. These included “from the river to the sea,” as well as messages that Israel was a colonialist state or that lobbyist money was the driving force behind political support for Israel.)

In response to her censure, Ms. Tlaib said her criticisms were of Israel’s government, not Jews. “The idea that criticizing the government of Israel is antisemitic sets a very dangerous precedent, and it’s being used to silence diverse voices speaking up for human rights across our nation,” she said.

But the new surge of pro-Palestinian activism in traditionally left-wing spaces like college campuses has left some American Jews feeling especially vulnerable, an anxiety that has only grown as the protests and the efforts to shut them down have become more confrontational. In the wake of the Hamas attack, many have been stunned by what they see as a lack of empathy or solidarity from groups and people they had previously considered allies.

Accompanying the campus protests — and the furor surrounding them — have been sharp increases in reports of antisemitic incidents on a broader national canvas.

In 2023, the Anti-Defamation League reported more than 8,800 instances of anti-Jewish violence, harassment and vandalism, the most since it began tracking incidents in 1979 and a 140 percent increase from the record set the previous year. The tally included a 30 percent increase in antisemitic propaganda from white supremacists, from 852 incidents in 2022 to 1,112 in 2023.

The A.D.L.’s new figures, however, reflect the heightened sensitivities over language: After Oct. 7, as the Forward first reported, the A.D.L. broadened its criteria to include more “anti-Zionist chants and slogans” at rallies.

“For us, the context has changed,” explained Oren Segal, vice president of the A.D.L. Center on Extremism. “After a massacre that kills 1,200 Israelis, we were including more of those expressions in support for terror, more of the calls that ‘Palestine will be free from the river to the sea’ as antisemitic incidents in a way that we had not traditionally done.”

The post-Oct. 7 turmoil has split both American Jewry and the Democratic Party. The protesters have assailed not just Israeli policy but also President Biden’s support for Israel in the Gaza war. Against that backdrop, there has been much political opportunism.

In March, when the Senate majority leader, Chuck Schumer, a New York Democrat and the nation’s highest-ranking Jewish elected official, called for new elections to replace Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, congressional Republicans accused him of being anti-Israel. Mr. Trump went further, saying that “any Jewish person that votes for Democrats hates their religion.” When Jewish groups criticized his comments, the Trump campaign held firm , saying that the Democratic Party “has turned into a full-blown anti-Israel, antisemitic, pro-terrorist cabal.”

The fissures have opened up on both sides of the aisle.

In a series of hearings since Oct. 7, House Republicans have grilled educational leaders on antisemitism, and last week they introduced a bill to crack down on antisemitic speech on college campuses.While it passed overwhelmingly, with bipartisan support, it gave Republicans a hoped-for opening to press their case that Democrats are soft on antisemitism: Seventy progressive Democrats voted “no,” with some worrying that it would inappropriately inhibit criticism of Israel. But the bill also ended up splitting the right: Twenty-one Republicans voted against it, saying that they feared it would outlaw parts of the Bible.

Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene, Republican of Georgia, said she would not vote for a bill that “could convict Christians of antisemitism for believing the gospel that says Jesus was handed over to Herod to be crucified by the Jews.” The assertion that Jews were responsible for the killing of Jesus is widely considered an antisemitic trope and has been disavowed by the Roman Catholic Church.

(Evangelical Christians, who have been central to Republicans’ support for Israel, believe that God made an unbreakable promise to Jews designating the region as their homeland. Some also connect Israel’s existence to biblical prophecies about the last days before a theocratic kingdom is established on Earth and, some believe, those who do not convert to Christianity perish.)

In this moment, many Jews in America feel that the most salient threats come from anti-Israel activity, even if in the long term they should not dismiss strains of antisemitism on the “reactionary right” and the “illiberal left,” said Alvin Rosenfeld, director of the Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism at Indiana University, Bloomington.

“If you were to ask me, where do I think the most serious threats today come from,” he said, “it wouldn’t be first and foremost from some things that politicians have said.”

But as America’s presidential election draws nearer, he cautioned, that might change.

“It’s turning very ugly,” he said, adding that Mr. Trump’s comments about Jews who vote for Democrats “go beyond what I could have imagined, even. It’s not just bad, it’s vile.”

Targeting Soros

Mr. Trump once claimed to be “the least antisemitic person that you’ve ever seen in your entire life,” but he has a history of trafficking in antisemitic tropes.

During the 2016 campaign, he tweeted a photo of Hillary Clinton against a backdrop of $100 bills and a Star of David. His closing campaign ad featured Mr. Soros — along with Janet L. Yellen, then chairwoman of the Federal Reserve, and Lloyd Blankfein, then the chief executive of Goldman Sachs, both of whom are Jewish — as examples of “global special interests” enriching themselves on the backs of working Americans.

In 2018, he helped popularize the unfounded conspiracy theory that Mr. Soros was financing a caravan of Central American migrants, a view shared by the gunman who killed 11 congregants at a Pittsburgh synagogue.

Mr. Trump’s targeting of Mr. Soros escalated in the run-up to his indictment last April in Manhattan on charges related to hush-money payments to a porn star who claimed they had had a sexual encounter. Mr. Trump said the Manhattan district attorney, Alvin L. Bragg, had been “handpicked and funded by George Soros,” an allegation then amplified by Trump acolytes.

In fact, Mr. Soros’s involvement was indirect: In 2021, the political arm of a racial-justice organization called Color of Change pledged $1 million to the Bragg campaign; shortly afterward, the group received $1 million from Mr. Soros, one of several donations, totaling about $4 million, since 2016. Color of Change eventually spent about $425,000 in support of Mr. Bragg; a spokesman for Mr. Soros said none of his contributions had been earmarked for the candidate.

Since then, Mr. Trump’s attacks have only intensified and widened — blaming Mr. Soros or globalists, for example, for letting “violent criminals” go free, “buying the White House” and turning America into a “Marxist Third World nation.”

In Congress, Republican lawmakers who followed Mr. Trump’s lead run the gamut, from conspiracy theorists like Ms. Greene and Paul Gosar of Arizona to party leaders like Elise Stefanik of New York, the No. 4 House Republican, and Mr. Johnson.

On several occasions, Mr. Johnson has criticized the Manhattan district attorney prosecuting Mr. Trump by prominently referring to his indirect links to Mr. Soros. Last spring, in a newsletter to constituents, he called Mr. Bragg the “Soros-selected D.A.”

In a statement for this article, a spokesman dismissed the idea that Mr. Johnson’s references to Mr. Soros were antisemitic, pointing to the antisemitism bill introduced last week by Republicans. He added, “No numbers of opinions from so-called ‘experts’ can change the fact that pro-Hamas campus agitators and the D.A.s who are supposed to prosecute them have both been funded by major Democrat donors including Mr. Soros.”

Ms. Greene has been among the most prolific users of the trope. She has invoked Mr. Soros or “globalists” at least 120 times over the last five years, including referring to him at least a dozen times during the 2020 election as an “enemy of the people,” an epithet used by Nazis and Stalinists that Mr. Trump has wielded against journalists and other perceived opponents. She did not respond to a request for comment.

Across the centuries, the conspiracy theory of the manipulative, avaricious Jew has worn many faces, from Judas to Shylock to the Rothschilds. Under Stalin, accusations of “rootless cosmopolitanism” echoed Hitler’s charges about a “poison injected by the international and cosmopolitan Jew[s],” to destroy the Aryan race.

After the Cold War, the code words “internationalist” and “cosmopolitan” were largely replaced by “globalist” and “Soros,” according to Pamela Nadell, a professor of history and Jewish studies at American University. Mr. Soros became a target of Hungary’s right-wing nationalist prime minister, Viktor Orban, who is something of a hero on the American right.

An analysis of right-wing extremist media in the United States — including neo-Nazi sites like The Daily Stormer and an A.D.L. database of the transcripts of more than 50,000 episodes of extremist and conspiracy-oriented podcasts — revealed a flood of bluntly antisemitic iterations of the globalist and Soros tropes.

In a June 2022 podcast, for example, Harry Vox, a self-described investigative journalist, railed against “every scumbag who uses the word ‘globalist’ because he’s afraid to use ‘Jewish banking cartel,’ which is the real definition for the term ‘globalist.’”

While people like Mr. Vox operate largely out of sight of mainstream politics, some purveyors of blatantly antisemitic rhetoric have become woven into Mr. Trump’s Republican Party.

Ms. Greene and Mr. Gaetz have appeared on the “Infowars” program hosted by Alex Jones, who said in 2017 that “the head of the Jewish mafia is George Soros.” Mr. Jones was an early supporter of Mr. Trump, who appeared on “Infowars” during his first presidential campaign. During a 2022 episode, Mr. Jones said, “I understand there’s a Jewish mafia, and they’re used to demonize anybody that promotes freedom, but I don’t blame Jews in general for that.” His guest on that episode was the rapper Kanye West — now known as Ye — who professed admiration for Hitler.

In late 2022, Mr. Trump hosted Mr. West at dinner at Mar-a-Lago along with Nick Fuentes, the white nationalist leader and outspoken Holocaust denier. In the ensuing publicity firestorm, Mr. Trump said in a statement that he did not know Mr. Fuentes, and that Mr. West “expressed no anti-Semitism, & I appreciated all of the nice things he said about me on ‘Tucker Carlson.’”

Last May, Mr. Trump phoned in to an event at his Miami resort hosted by the ReAwaken America Tour, a Christian nationalist road show featuring speakers who have promoted far-right, often antisemitic, conspiracy theories. The tour has been led in part by Lt. Gen. Michael T. Flynn, Mr. Trump’s former national security adviser, who said during a ReAwaken rally in 2021 that the United States should have only one religion. Mr. Trump praised the May attendees for being a part of an “important purpose,” and said he wanted to bring Mr. Flynn back to the White House. Mr. Trump’s eldest sons, and others from his inner circle, have been featured speakers on the tour.

The current climate has highlighted Republican politicians’ split-screen messaging.

After Oct. 7, Representative Andy Biggs of Arizona posted on X, “Anti-Semitism and calls for the destruction of Israel are detrimental to the safety of our Jewish communities.” Just months before, he had appeared on a show hosted by Stew Peters, a conspiracy theorist who promotes antisemitic tropes including that “the criminal cabal — primarily Jewish-controlled central banks” are funding evil in America. At least three other congressional Republicans have appeared on Mr. Peters’s show.

Recently some Republicans have blamed Mr. Soros for the pro-Palestinian protests. “America-hating, chaos-funding George Soros at work again trying to destabilize our nation on behalf of Hamas terrorists,” Representative Beth Van Duyne, Republican of Texas, wrote on X.

In fact, Mr. Soros’s connection to the protests is indirect : His foundation has donated to groups that have supported pro-Palestinian efforts, including recent protests, according to its financial records. It has also given to groups that focus on fighting antisemitism, the records show. “We have never and will never pay protesters, nor do we coordinate, train, or advise participants or grantees on the advocacy tactics they choose to pursue,” said a spokeswoman for the foundation.

Asked by The Times whether she was aware that the invocations of Mr. Soros are widely considered anti-Jewish in certain contexts, Ms. Van Duyne posted the questions and her response on X. In addition to funding “organizations that are driving antisemitism on college campuses,” she wrote, “Soros also funded the violent BLM movement, organizations who fought to defund the police, and helped elect pro-criminal district attorneys.”

And when conservative movers and shakers gathered in late February for the Conservative Political Action Conference, the annual homecoming of influential activists and politicians on the right, they were greeted this way: “Welcome to CPAC 2024, where globalism goes to die.”

Methodology

The Times used a variety of methods to examine the extent to which federal politicians have used language promoting antisemitic tropes.

Reporters examined official press releases, congressional newsletters and posts on X (formerly Twitter) of every person who served in Congress over the past 10 years that contained the words “Soros,” “globalist” or “globalism” — terms widely accepted by multiple historians and experts on antisemitism as “dog whistles” that refer to Jews. Reporters read each message to determine if the terms were used in a way that echoed conspiracy theories about Jews. The Times used a similar process to analyze about five years of campaign emails from former President Donald J. Trump.

The Times also examined congressional press releases, newsletters and posts on X for words and phrases that experts said could have antisemitic implications when used in conjunction with discussions of Israel. These included “from the river to the sea,” and variants of “colonial,” “Nazi” and “lobby.”

Retweets or approving quotes of other messages were counted in the Times analysis, and repeated messages that used the same or very similar language were each tallied separately.

Using computer analysis techniques that allow the examination of large amounts of text, The Times also analyzed extremist websites and podcasts to explore how they discussed Mr. Soros and globalists. The Anti-Defamation League provided transcripts of extremist and conspiracy-oriented podcasts that frequently mentioned Mr. Soros and globalists.

Additional sources for congressional newsletters, congressional press releases and emails from the campaign of Mr. Trump: DCinbox , LegiStorm , congressional websites, Archive of Political Emails .

Michael H. Keller contributed reporting. Additional work by Lazaro Gamio .

Karen Yourish is a Times reporter in the Graphics department, combining traditional reporting with data and visual analysis. More about Karen Yourish

Danielle Ivory is a Times investigative reporter. She has reported on a variety of topics, including gun deaths, the Covid pandemic and the war in Ukraine. More about Danielle Ivory

Jennifer Valentino-DeVries is an investigative reporter at The Times who often uses data analysis to explore complex subjects. More about Jennifer Valentino-DeVries

Alex Lemonides  is a news assistant in the Newsroom Development and Support team and works with other journalists contributing data research and reporting. He was part of the team that produced the coronavirus databases that won the 2021 Pulitzer Prize in Public Service. More about Alex Lemonides

Our Coverage of the U.S. Campus Protests

News and Analysis

Penn:  The Philadelphia Police Department cleared an encampment of pro-Palestinian demonstrators  off the campus of the University of Pennsylvania, making arrests and bringing an end to a two-week standoff  between administrators and protesting students.

M.I.T.:  The police entered a pro-Palestinian encampment at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and arrested about a dozen demonstrators , in what appeared to be an effort to clear the area after days of tensions.

Princeton:  The eruptions that have marked campus life have entered the hunger strike phase at Princeton University, where about a dozen students occupying a corner of Cannon Green were on the fifth day of a fast in solidarity  with the idea of Palestinian liberation.

A Brief Moment of Joy :  With fireworks, a marching band, celebrity congratulations and a drone show, the University of Southern California tried to smooth over the weeks of tumult that have cleaved its campus with a hastily assembled party for its graduates .

An Agreement to Divest :  Discontent over the war in Gaza had been building for months at Trinity College Dublin, but what had been a rumble suddenly became a roar . Here’s how pro-Palestinian students pushed  the school to divest.

Hillary Clinton’s Accusation :  In an interview on the MSNBC show “Morning Joe,” Clinton criticized student protesters , saying many were ignorant of the history of the Middle East, the United States and the world.

Republican Hypocrisy:  Prominent Republicans have seized on campus protests to assail what they say is antisemitism on the left. But for years they have mainstreamed anti-Jewish rhetoric .

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Israel-Gaza war: UN passed resolution for security council to reconsider and support Palestine membership – as it happened

This live blog is now closed. For the latest news on this UN vote, you can read our full report:

• UN general assembly votes to back Palestinian bid for membership
• 9h ago Closing summary
• 10h ago UN passed resolution for UN security council to reconsider and support Palestine membership into the UN
• 10h ago Erdan shreds copy of UN charter on stage
• 10h ago Israel delegate accuses UN of trying to allow 'terror state' to become a member
• 11h ago Mansour says 'Israel's war is against the Palestinian people as a whole'
• 11h ago 'No words can capture' the loss and trauma of Palestinians, permanent observer to UN says in speech
• 11h ago UN to vote on full membership for Palestine
• 11h ago Afternoon summary
• 13h ago About 110,000 people flee Rafah, says UN
• 13h ago Israeli whistleblowers claim abuse of Palestinians at detention centre
• 14h ago Nearly all Gaza campus protests in the US have been peaceful, study finds
• 15h ago Gaza aid could grind to a halt within days, UN agencies warn
• 17h ago Israeli demonstrators torch part of UN compound in Jerusalem
• 18h ago Blinken report expected to say Israel is not breaking weapons terms, Axios reports
• 19h ago ‘We will fight with our fingernails’ says Netanyahu after US threat to curb arms
• 19h ago Opening summary

UN passed resolution for UN security council to reconsider and support Palestine membership into the UN

The UN general assembly overwhelmingly passed the resolution for the UN security council to reconsider and support the full membership of Palestine into the United Nations.

143 countries supported it, nine voted against and 25 abstained.

The nine countries who opposed were:

Papua New Guinea

United States

Closing summary

It is just after 7.30pm in Gaza and Tel Aviv.

Here’s a summary of what has happened today:

The UN general assembly overwhelmingly passed a resolution for the UN security council to reconsider and support the full membership of Palestine into the United Nations . 143 countries supported it, nine voted against, including the United States, and 25 abstained.

The resolution also gives Palestine a range of rights and privileges, in addition to what it is allowed in its current observer status.

Riyad Mansour, the permanent observer of Palestine, addressed the UN as the international body weighs a resolution for Palestine’s full membership into the UN. Mansour said: “I stand before you as lives continue falling apart in the Gaza Strip … as more than 35,000 Palestinians have been killed, 80,000 have been maimed, 2 million have been displaced, and everything has been destroyed.” He added: “No words can capture what such loss and trauma signifies for Palestinians.”

Gilad Erdan, Israel’s UN delegate , accused the intentional body of attempting to allow a “terror state” into its membership led by the “Hitlers of our time” during debate on the upcoming resolution. Erdan also shredded a copy of the UN charter, accusing members of doing so while debating the resolution.

Three Israeli whistleblowers working at the Sde Teiman desert camp, a holding site for Palestinians detained during Israel’s invasion of Gaza, have claimed to have witnessed a series of abuses by the military, including prisoners being restrained, blindfolded and forced to wear diapers, reports CNN . The Israeli whistleblowers said of the prisoners: “We were told they were not allowed to move. They should sit upright. They’re not allowed to talk. Not allowed to peek under their blindfold.” According to the sources, guards were instructed to enforce silence by shouting “ uskot ” (Arabic for “shut up”) and to identify and punish problematic individuals.

Dwindling food and fuel stocks could force aid operations to grind to a halt within days in Gaza as vital crossings remain shut, forcing hospitals to close down and leading to more malnutrition, United Nations aid agencies warned on Friday. Humanitarian workers have sounded the alarm this week over the closure of the Rafah and Kerem Shalom crossings for aid and people as part of Israel’s military operation in Rafah, where around 1 million uprooted people have been sheltering, Reuters reported.

About 110,000 people have fled Rafah in southern Gaza and food and fuel supplies in the area are critically low, a United Nations official said. All crossings into southern Gaza remain closed, cutting off supplies and preventing medical evacuations and the movement of humanitarian staff, said Georgios Petropoulos, an official for the UN’s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs working in Rafah.

That’s it for today’s blog. Thank you for reading.

The United Nations general assembly voted overwhelmingly to enhance Palestinians status at the UN and take it closer to full membership.

The assembly voted 143 to 9 with 25 abstentions for a resolution calling on the security council to bestow full membership on the state of Palestine, while giving its mission a range of rights and privileges, in addition to what it is allowed in its current observer status.

The resolution was tailored over the past few days, diluting its language so as not to trigger a cutoff of US funding under a 1990 law. It does not make Palestine a full member, or give it voting rights in the assembly, or the right to stand for membership of the security council, but the vote was resounding expression of world opinion in favour of Palestinian statehood, galvanised by the continuing bloodshed and famine caused by Israel’s war in Gaza.

Even before the vote in the assembly on Friday morning, Israel and a group of leading Republicans urged funding be cut anyway because of the new privileges the resolution granted to the Palestinian mission.

The US mission, which voted no to the resolution, warned that it would also use its veto again if the general assembly’s call for Palestinian membership returned to the security council for another vote.

“Efforts to advance this resolution do not change the reality that the Palestinian Authority does not currently meet the criteria for UN membership under the UN charter,” the mission’s spokesperson, Nathan Evans, said. “Additionally, the draft resolution does not alter the status of the Palestinians as a ‘non-member state observer mission’.”

The historic resolution, which passed with a wide majority, gives Palestine a number of rights within the UN assembly.

According to the resolution text, Palestine now has the right to introduce and co-sponsor proposals as well as amendments within the assembly.

Palestine can also be seated among member states and raise procedural motions, among other rights.

The latest resolution also serves as a further reminder on where much of the world stands on whether Palestine should be granted membership in the UN.

The UN general assembly is now voting on the resolution.

Stay tuned.

Erdan shreds copy of UN charter on stage

Gilad Erdan shredded a copy of the UN charter on stage while alleging that UN would be violating its own charter by allowing Palestine to be admitted into the membership.

“Today, I will hold up a mirror for you,” Erdan said, taking out the paper shredder to destroy a copy of the charter.

“You are shredding the UN charter with your own hands. Yes, yes, that’s what you’re doing. Shredding the UN charter. Shame on you.”

שגריר ישראל באו״ם גלעד ארדן תקף את האו״ם במהלך דיון בעצרת הכללית לפני הצבעה על החלטה שנותנת זכויות נוספות לפלסטינים באו״ם וקוראת למועצת הביטחון לשקול מחדש לקבל את מדינת פלסטין כחברה מלאה בארגון. הוא הוציא מגרסת נייר וגרס מעל הבמה את אמנת האו״ם pic.twitter.com/Q41n1UtvnT — Barak Ravid (@BarakRavid) May 10, 2024

Israel delegate accuses UN of trying to allow 'terror state' to become a member

Gilad Erdan, the UN delegate of Israel , accused the intentional body of attempting to allow a “terror state” into its membership led by the “Hitlers of our time” during debate on the upcoming resolution.

In starkly different tone to Mansour’s remarks, Erdan accused the UN of attempting to allow a “terror state … into its ranks”.

Erdan criticized the resolution, especially as it takes place during Holocaust remembrance week in Israel: “It is during our sacred week that this shameless body has chosen to reward modern day Nazis with rights and privileges?”

Erdan added that a Palestinian state would be led by the “Hitler of our times”.

“You are about to grant privileges and rights to the future terrorist state of Hamas. You have opened the UN modern day Nazis, to genocidal jihadists committed to establishing an Islamic state against Israel and the region,” Erdan added, alleging that such a state would murder “every Jewish man, woman, and child”.

Mansour also celebrated the ability of Palestinians to survive despite decades of injustice.

He also acknowledge that the Palestinian flag flys on Columbia University’s campus and is raised by those who “believe in freedom”.

“We face and continue to face attempts to push us out of geography and out of history … by ethnic cleansing, apartheid and genocide. But against all odds, we survive. Our flag flies high and proud in Palestine and across the globe and on the campus of Columbia University.”

“It has become a symbol raised by all those who believe in freedom,” he added.

Speaker Riyad Mansour added that civilians in Rafah fear for their survival and wonder where to relocate, as Israel prepares to launch a major attack on the southern Gaza city.

“As we speak, 1.4 million Palestinians in Rafah wonder if they will survive the day and wonder where to go next. There is nowhere left to go,” he said.

Mansour added that despite the countless times he has addressed the UN, he has never spoken to the international body for a more historic vote or during a time of such suffering.

“I have stood hundreds of times before at this podium, often in tragic circumstances, but none comparable to the ones my people endured today … never for a more significant vote than the one about to take place, a historic one,” he added.

Mansour says 'Israel's war is against the Palestinian people as a whole'

Speaker Riyad Mansour said that Israel’s war is “against the Palestinian people as a whole” while describing the intense suffering experienced by civilians in the Gaza territory.

“I stand before you as every inch of Gaza has witnessed massacres, as mass graves continue to be uncovered where hospitals used to stand. As the world is barely starting to grasp the cruel and extensive nature of the actions committed against the Palestinian people,” he said.

Mansour also accused Israel’s prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, of using the upcoming invasion of Rafah as a way to “ensure his political survival”.

“I stand before you as the Israel prime minister is ready to kill thousands more to ensure his political survival, as he openly declares the Palestinian people [as] an existential threat and together, with his co-conspirators, continues 76 years after the Nakba, to try and finish the job,” Mansour said.

“Israel’s war is against the Palestinian people as a whole,” he said.

Speaker Riyad Mansour called out mass famine that has spread across Gaza, blaming the Israel government for failing to allow aid to the most “vulnerable people”.

“I stand before you as famine is settling in, by design and by the decision of the Israel government, killing the most vulnerable among our people, women and children,” Mansour said.

“Israel closed the crossings instead of opening them … seizing by force the Palestinian crossing point of Rafah. Humanitarian convoys were attacked with its blessing and the honorable headquarters were assaulted with its complicity,” he added.

'No words can capture' the loss and trauma of Palestinians, permanent observer to UN says in speech

Riyad Mansour, the permanent observer of Palestine, is now addressing the UN as the international body weighs a resolution for Palestine’s full membership into the UN.

“I stand before you as lives continue falling apart in the Gaza Strip … as more than 35,000 Palestinians have been killed, 80,000 have been maimed, 2 million have been displaced, and everything has been destroyed.

“No words can capture what such loss and trauma signifies for Palestinians.”

UN to vote on full membership for Palestine

The UN representative for the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is now introducing the draft resolution for the UN security council to reconsider and support Palestine’s full membership into the UN.

“Granting Palestine full membership in the United Nations will send a message in support of the two-state solution,” said delegate Mohamed Abushahab.

“By voting in favor of today’s draft resolution, you will demonstrate that the international community refuses to settle for anything less than upholding the legitimate rights of people and rejecting double standards,” Abushahab added.

The resolution, which was previously introduced on 18 April, has widespread support in the UN.

But the United States vetoed the motion, the only country on the 15-member security council to oppose the resolution.

The United Nations has resumed the 10th emergency special session on the ongoing crisis in Gaza .

The special session is to vote on a resolution for the UN Security Council to reconsider and support the full membership of Palestine into the United Nations.

President of the general assembly Dennis Francis gavelled in the session, which was previously adjourned.

The latest special session comes as Israel prepares to launch a major military assault on the southern Gaza city of Rafah. The US, UN and humanitarian agencies have warned that such a move would cause a humanitarian disaster in the region.

Afternoon summary

Three Israeli whistleblowers working at the Sde Teiman desert camp, a holding site for Palestinians detained during Israel’s invasion of Gaza, have claimed to have witnessed a series of abuses by the military, including prisoners being restrained, blindfolded, and forced to wear diapers, reports CNN . The Israeli whistleblowers said of the prisoners: “We were told they were not allowed to move. They should sit upright. They’re not allowed to talk. Not allowed to peek under their blindfold.” According to the sources, guards were instructed to enforce silence by shouting “uskot” (Arabic for “shut up”) and to identify and punish problematic individuals.

An Israeli drone strike on a southern Lebanese village killed a paramedic and an employee of a telecommunications company on Friday as military activities have increased along the frontier in recent days. State-run National News said the paramedic and the technician died in the drone strike on Teir Harafa, about three kilometres (two miles) from the border with Israel, AP reported.

US Secretary of State Antony Blinken is expected to submit a highly critical report to Congress as soon as Friday on Israel’s conduct in Gaza that stops short of concluding it has violated the terms for its use of US weapons, Axios said. The report, citing three officials, added that the State Department was reviewing the use of weapons by Israel and six other countries engaged in different armed conflicts.

Dozens of women gathered at Tzahal Square in East Jerusalem on Friday for a silent sit-in, calling on the Israeli government to halt hostilities in Gaza and end the war. Dressed in white, they held banners with messages of ‘humanity’, ‘peace’ and ‘compassion’, as well as ‘stop the bloodshed’ - a poignant reminder of the toll of conflict.

The main United Nations aid agency for Palestinians closed its headquarters in East Jerusalem after local Israeli residents set fire to areas at the edge of the sprawling compound, the agency said. Philippe Lazzarini, the head of UNWRA, said in a post on the social media platform X that he had decided to close the compound until proper security was restored, Reuters reported. He said Thursday’s incident was the second in less than a week.

Spain, Ireland and other European Union member countries plan to recognise a Palestinian state on 21 May, the EU’s foreign policy chief, Josep Borrell, said late on Thursday ahead of an expected UN vote on Friday on a Palestinian bid to become a full member. Spanish prime minister Pedro Sanchez said in March that Spain and Ireland, along with Slovenia and Malta, had agreed to take the first steps towards recognition of a Palestinian state alongside Israel , seeing a two-state solution as essential for lasting peace.

Australia appears likely to support a UN vote on Palestinian membership after the draft resolution was significantly watered down in last-minute negotiations. The Australian government is continuing to consult on the matter ahead of a critical vote in the UN general assembly in New York, but the changes to the wording have allayed some of its earlier concerns.

Human Rights Watch has called on the German government to provide a public explanation for issuing a Schengen-wide ban on a prominent London surgeon who has provided testimony on the ongoing war in Gaza , as he is blocked from entering the Netherlands later this month. Last week, Prof Ghassan Abu-Sitta told the Guardian he felt criminalised after being denied entry to France over the weekend, where the plastic and reconstructive surgeon was due to speak about the war to the French parliament’s upper house.

On a visit to Washington, German defence minister Boris Pistorius expressed “understanding” for the US threat to limit arms supplies to Israel in the event of a full-blown Rafah offensive but stopped short of setting any new red lines on German weapons. However, he told ZDF public television that Germany must put pressure on Israel “not to go too far” and to “slow down” in its military response to the 7 October attacks.”

The United Kingdom Maritime Trade Operations (UKMTO) organisation said on Friday it had received a report of a failed hijacking attempt of a vessel 195 nautical miles east of Yemen’s Aden. The vessel’s master reported being approached by a small craft carrying five or six armed people with ladders.

Benjamin Netanyahu has vowed that Israel will stand alone and “fight with our fingernails” in defiance of US threats to further restrict arms deliveries if Israeli forces proceed with an offensive on the southern Gaza city of Rafah. Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister, was speaking on Thursday after Israeli and Hamas delegations left the ceasefire negotiations in Cairo. It was unclear whether the talks had broken down or simply paused. Hamas said early on Friday that the “ball is now completely” in Israel’s hands, while Israel has claimed that Hamas’ version of a deal fell far short of its requirements.

Egypt has said Hamas and Israel must show “flexibility” if they are to strike a deal for a ceasefire and hostage-prisoner exchange , according to a foreign ministry statement released Friday. The readout of a phone call between Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry and US secretary of state Antony Blinken said both diplomats agreed on “the importance of urging the parties to show flexibility and make all the necessary efforts to achieve a ceasefire agreement and put an end to the humanitarian tragedy in Gaza”.

Hamas said early Friday that its delegation attending Gaza ceasefire negotiations in Cairo had left the city for Qatar, adding the “ball is now completely” in Israel’s hands . “The negotiating delegation left Cairo heading to Doha. In practice, the occupation [Israel] rejected the proposal submitted by the mediators and raised objections to it on several central issues,” the group said in a message to other Palestinian factions, according to Agence France-Presse.

Dozens of women gathered at Tzahal Square in East Jerusalem on Friday for a silent sit-in, calling on the Israeli government to halt hostilities in Gaza and end the war.

Dressed in white, they held banners with messages of ‘humanity’, ‘peace’ and ‘compassion’, as well as ‘stop the bloodshed’ - a poignant reminder of the toll of conflict.

“We are trying to remind people that there is an alternative,” says Amit, a member of the organisation Women Peace Sit-In. “For too long, the discourse in Israel has been one-sided, culminating in the present extreme violence and militarism. We advocate for a path to peace and coexistence.”

“Regrettably,” she adds, “we find ourselves a minority within a minority.’’

“We are all human beings and we deserve the same rights, freedom of movement and food security’’, says Lena. “We heard words the like deal and ceasefire, but the word peace has completely disappeared from the discourse. We stand firm in the belief that peace is attainable and halting the bloodshed is imperative.”

After Israel vowed to enter the southern Gaza city and flush out Hamas forces, the country has faced increasing pressure as the operation could derail fragile humanitarian efforts in Gaza and endanger many more lives.

Anti-war movements, pacifists and families of hostages are mobilising nationwide, with thousands in recent days taking to the streets of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv to voice their dissent.

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Triumphal Putin is inaugurated for fifth term as Russian president

Vladimir Putin was inaugurated on Tuesday for a fifth term as president in a ceremony that highlighted his quarter-century grip on power in Russia.

In the gilded Andreyevsky Hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace where Russian czars were once crowned, Vladimir Putin on Tuesday swore the oath of allegiance on Russia’s constitution at his inauguration for a fifth term as president. The traditional pomp and ceremony conveyed his might as Russia’s supreme, uncontested leader for the past quarter-century.

Bristling with optimism about his ongoing war against Ukraine, Putin, 71, declared he would place Russia’s security above all else and promised that the country would be victorious. Russia is seeking to conquer and annex four regions of southeastern Ukraine, in addition to Crimea, which Russia invaded and illegally annexed in 2014.

“We are one great nation,” Putin declared in his inauguration speech. “Together we will overcome all obstacles. We will fulfill everything we have planned. Together we will win.” A 30-gun salute followed his remarks.

As he often does in his speeches, Putin, who has accused the West of instigating Russia’s war on Ukraine, used the occasion to demand respect from Western leaders. He criticized their “aggression” against Russia, stating that talks regarding security and strategic stability could take place only if the West changes its ways.

“The choice is theirs,” he said. “Do they intend to continue trying to contain Russia, continue the policy of aggression, continuous pressure on our country for years, or look for a path to cooperation and peace?”

Putin continued: “Dialogue, including on security and strategic stability, is possible, but not from a position of strength. Without any arrogance, swagger and claims to exclusivity, but only on equal terms and with due respect for each other’s interests.”

Since 2008, when he completed a second full term as president, Putin repeatedly has circumvented constitutional term limits to remain in power. First, he swapped jobs with then-Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, and then swapped again four years later, returning to the presidency. In 2020, he engineered constitutional amendments allowing him to run for two more six-year terms. His term that began Tuesday runs until 2030, and he is eligible to run for at least another, lasting through 2036, when he would be 83 years old.

This year, he claimed overwhelming victory in an election that was widely condemned as failing to meet basic democratic standards, with genuine opposition candidates barred from running and the Kremlin wielding nearly total control over the media.

In his inaugural address, Putin held out Russia’s stability — personified by his grip on Russia since he became acting president in 1999 — as the key goal of the Russian state, effectively equating his own political interests with those of all Russians.

“It is important for us not to forget the lessons of history, not to forget about the tragic cost of internal unrest and upheaval,” he said. “Therefore, our state, social, political system must be strong, absolutely stable, and stable to any challenges and threats, ensure the progressiveness and stability of the development of the unity and independence of the country.”

Putin, who is steadily re-engineering Russia as a conservative militarized nation implacably hostile to the West, played on his favorite theme of Russia as a unique millennium-old civilization. He vowed to proceed with his previously announced plan to create a new elite elevating those who have fought in the war on Ukraine or worked in support of Russia’s war effort.

He said he would “ensure that Russians who have proved their loyalty to their Motherland take leading positions in politics and economics.”

“Today, in fact, we are answering to our thousand-year history and our ancestors,” he said. “They took seemingly inaccessible heights, because they always put the Motherland first, knew that it is possible to achieve truly great goals only together with their country and their people, and created a world power, our Fatherland, and achieved such triumphs that inspire us today.”

Six years after Putin’s 2018 inauguration, Tuesday’s event marked just how much has changed. Putin’s main political rival, Alexei Navalny, died in February in an Arctic prison colony, not quite four years after surviving an assassination attempt with a nerve agent, and three years after being arrested and imprisoned upon returning to Russia after recovering in Germany.

In the past six years, Putin also has carried out a massive campaign of political repression, crushing the opposition, jailing activists, cultural figures, bloggers, journalists and politicians, and outlawing the LGBTQ+ “international movement.”

Yulia Navalnaya, Navalny’s widow, released a video before the inauguration listing the war on Ukraine, mass repressions, corruption and official lies as marking Putin’s last term, as well as the jailing, torture and the murder of her husband, “a true patriot,” which she has blamed squarely on Putin.

“This war is bloody and senseless and nobody needs it except Putin,” Navalnaya said.

Navalnaya, somber and clad in black, said the situation in Russia had worsened with each of Putin’s presidential terms. “It’s frightening to imagine what else will happen as Putin remains in power,” she said, adding: “Now our country is being led by a liar, a thief and a murderer, but this will come to an end.”

To swear the oath, Putin placed his right hand on the constitution, a red tome that was borne with ceremony into the hall by a white-gloved, goose-stepping member of the Russian presidential regiment, offering a veneer of constitutional legitimacy in a country where the rule of law has all but vanished.

Russian state television offered breathless second-by-second coverage as Putin walked through the long corridors of his Kremlin apartments, pausing briefly to examine a painting, then continuing under a black umbrella to his newly updated Auras Senat limousine, which drove him to the palace for the ceremony.

The weather was rainy and at one point snow fell, unusual in May in Moscow.

On his way, Putin passed by mounted members of the presidential regiment, with their swords drawn and their heads tilted back, turning their faces to follow his every move — a ceremony of such grandiose pomp that it evoked a royal event.

After the ceremony, Putin attended a church service in the Cathedral of the Annunciation, where Patriarch Kirill, the hawkish leader of the Russian Orthodox Church, a fervent supporter of the war against Ukraine, appeared to urge Putin not to spare his enemies.

“The head of state must sometimes make fateful and formidable decisions,” Kirill said. “And if such a decision is not taken, the consequences can be extremely dangerous for the people and the state.”

“Alexander Nevsky did not spare his enemies, but became famous as a saint,” the patriarch said, referring to a medieval prince of Novgorod who is often evoked by Putin.

The Russian leader has extolled the prince for paying tribute to Mongol invaders from the east and routing a Swedish invasion, but Putin has twisted the historical symbolism to suggest that Western nations have always sought Russia’s defea,t while those to the east can be trusted.

Members of the government and security officials attended the ceremony, including Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu, Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and others. Also present was the head of the Chechen Republic, Ramzan Kadyrov, amid swirling media speculation that he is in poor health.

As Putin met with members of the government Monday, preparing to begin his new term, Russia’s Defense Ministry announced it would stage tactical nuclear missile drills in the near future, accusing Western officials of escalatory rhetoric over the Ukraine war. Russia’s Foreign Ministry also summoned the British and French ambassadors for a scolding.

Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said the drills were in response to French and British statements on the war in Ukraine. French President Emmanuel Macron has been vocal in refusing to rule out sending ground forces to Ukraine. British Foreign Secretary David Cameron said last week that Ukraine is now entitled to use British weapons to strike Russian territory.

Russia’s 1993 constitution, enacted under President Boris Yeltsin, was Russia’s first attempt to establish the rule of law and democracy. It contained lofty commitments to free speech, the right to protest, free elections and human rights, declaring that people’s “rights and freedoms shall be the supreme value.”

Putin has steadily unraveled all of these since he was first elected in 2000, after being handed the mantle when Yeltsin resigned on the last day of 1999, naming Putin, then prime minister, as acting president.

Golos, an independent Russian election monitoring group, said after Putin’s reelection in March that Russia had never seen a vote “so much out of line with constitutional standards,” adding that the basic constitutional safeguards against usurpation of power had been dismantled.

“The foundational articles of the Russian constitution, which guarantee political rights and freedoms, were essentially not in effect,” the group said.

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe last month passed a resolution declaring that Putin’s reelection was illegitimate, calling on all European Union members to refuse to recognize him as Russian president after his inauguration.

The U.S. ambassador to Russia, Lynne Tracy, was absent on leave during Putin’s inauguration. Some other invited Western ambassadors did not attend, including those of Britain, Canada, Poland and the E.U. Among those present were representatives of France, Greece, Malta, Cyprus, Slovakia and Hungary.

Presidential aide Yury Ushakov strongly criticized those who snubbed the event. “I believe they simply forget where they’ve been accredited, that’s it,” Ushakov said. “They simply forget where they are posted, and most importantly, why.”

Natalia Abbakumova in Riga, Latvia, contributed to this report.