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Long-Span Buildings That Defy Gravity
- Written by Equipe ArchDaily Brasil | Translated by Tarsila Duduch
- Published on September 03, 2021
In architecture, ‘span’ is the term given to the length of a structural component that extends between two supports, or the continuous space created between two pillars of a building structure, and when we think of this element, one cannot help recalling classics such as Lina Bo Bardi's MASP , Álvaro Siza's Expo'98 Portuguese National Pavilion , and the Roman Pantheon . However, there are several other buildings with this feature, and recent projects have been using innovative and bold structures to create even more unexpected designs.
Here, we have gathered some of these creations featuring structures that span long distances using different materials, such as steel, concrete, and bamboo. Among the many different types of buildings, some even use unusual materials such as polyurethane foam and plastic, proving that there's always room for creativity and innovation in architecture.
Tianjin Binhai Library / MVRDV + Tianjin Urban Planning and Design Institute
Teshima Art Museum / Ryue Nishizawa
Soft Matter / NATURALBUILD
Tian Han Cultural Park / WCY Regional Studio
Hangzhou Xixi Green Office Complex / gad
Changsha Meixihu International Culture and Art Centre / Zaha Hadid Architects
Jewel Changi Airport / Safdie Architects
Upper Skeena Recreation Center / Hemsworth Architecture
The Arc at Green School / IBUKU
Taiyuan Botanical Garden / Delugan Meissl Associated Architects
BUGA Fibre Pavilion / ICD/ITKE University of Stuttgart
Urban Podium In Rotterdam / Atelier Kempe Thill
Bridge Gallery / Atelier Lai
Tianjin Binhai Cultural Center / gmp Architects
Beyond the Geometry Plastic 3D Printed Pavilion / Archi-Union Architects + Fab-Union
Le Monde Office Building / Snøhetta + SRA Architects
Suzhou Bay Grand Theater / Christian de Portzamparc
Moynihan Train Hall / SOM
Habitat Qinhuangdao / Safdie Architects
PGA TOUR Headquarters / Foster + Partners
Image gallery
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The Constructor
2 important failure case studies of long-span steel structures.
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Space structures are generally utilized in the construction of airport terminals, stockrooms, historical centers, and shopping centers where huge transverse space is required. They are architecturally appealing and structurally adaptable. Moreover, space structures are light in weight, which reduces the construction cost and help cover large zones of continuous spans effectively.
In recent years, space structures have developed and discovered their utility in the cutting-edge world of construction. Hollow steel section members and nodes with improved properties have altogether affected their application in storage spaces.
In comparison with the ordinary column-beam structure, long-range space structures are unpredictable in design and need explicit design rules. Thus, the chances of the generation of inaccurate data for mathematical models are high. Also, because of their simplicity, grid uniformity, and redundancy, structural engineers and contractors tend to assume their strength and stability.
Primary codes for the design of long-span steel structures lack procedural rules as the codes assume the behavior of a steel structure. Thus, experience in their planning, designing, construction, and assembly plays a fundamental role in avoiding failure.
The collapse of space structure has distinctive mechanisms due to variance in their structural form. Multi-layer framework structures (MLFS) have exceptionally large statistic redundancy and indeterminacy. Therefore, they are not inclined to progressive failure even after the collapse of an individual part. But, the progressive failure of the structure may occur if the critical members fail during service loading.
Likewise, progressive failure can occur in structures if the critical members are subjected to higher wind and snow load. Thus, to prevent the progressive failure of the structures, an additional factor of safety is to be utilized in critical members. Sensitivity analysis can be used to determine the critical members subjected to high loading and can be susceptible to failure.
On the other hand, the collapse of single-layer framework structures (SLFS) might be initiated due to the buckling of a single member. Therefore, examining the stability of the individuals is very vital. SLFS shows more sensitivity to buckling than MLFS because of the transfer of the forces through just only one layer. The local buckling in SLFS may occur due to the snap-through buckling of single members in a localized area. Whereas the global buckling happens when a bigger region of instability is considered in the space structure.
In this article, we discuss various causes of failure and investigation methodology and two failure case studies specifically for long-span steel structures.
1. Ceiling Collapse of Charles De Gaulle Airport-Terminal 2E, France
On 23 rd May 2004, the ceiling of Terminal 2E of the Charles De Gaulle Airport collapsed near gate E50. A 300 mm thick curved reinforced concrete precast slab was designed for the structure of 30 m width. Researchers suggested that a 30 m long concrete precast slab collapsed on to the boarding footpath. Four people lost their lives and three were critically injured.
1.1 Investigation Findings
The design concept used to construct the ceiling of the terminal was somewhat unusual. It was complex to understand and evaluate the force distribution since the 2D model made by the design office was not adequate as per code provisions. Redistribution of local forces from the struts to the panel was absent. Thus, the failure of a single member due to punching shear produced the collapse of domed concrete.
In the zone of concrete failure, the composite panels seemed to be loaded by a higher level of roof loads, increasing the punching shear by 50%. Also, the structural model failed to take into account the long-term effects of terminal structure.
More than 400 firms were engaged with the venture, and a serious level of inefficient complexity was observed in the management of the project. A high likelihood of coordination error was inescapable because of the collective individual errors and mistakes. Thus, it played a pivotal role in amounting to failure.
The quality of the assembled panels was affected due to the delay in executing the work. Also, the delay caused the misalignment between the composite panels of concrete. Therefore, the stresses were getting accumulated due to the eccentric loading on the composite panels.
It was observed that the design error of the slab thickness was a trade-off due to the architectural requirement. The airport authorities themselves acted as the financier and the project manager. Thus, there was no external authority to check and regulate the project.
Reports and investigations confirmed that the terminal ceiling failed due to the poor practice of construction, low-quality concrete, and lack of structural design knowledge.
1.2 Causes of Failure
The following points describe the leading causes of the progressive collapse:
- Inadequate shear stiffness was developed due to the insufficient design of shear reinforcement.
- Dowel bars were deeply embedded inside the concrete shell and created cracks in the concrete roof.
- Several cracks were formed as a result of higher-than-expected construction loads and differential moisture and thermal movements.
- Investigation reports suggested that the margin of safety was lesser than anticipated during the design.
- Cracks in concrete developed due to the misplacement of tensile reinforcement. Thus, the tensile stresses were not resisted effectively.
- The horizontal column ties and longitudinal support beams were inadequate to provide enough support to the structural members.
2. Collapse of Roof of Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium, Malaysia
The Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium was constructed for hosting multi-purpose games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The seating capacity of the stadium was 50,000. The stadium was intended to have two-shell like rooftops. The support for rooftops was provided in the form of concrete buttresses and space framework structure. The stadium was comprised of a curved double-layer space network made of cylinders and steel ball joints.
On 3 rd June 2009, a tragic collapse of the roof of the stadium occurred soon after it had opened for one year. Luckily, there were no lives lost after the failure of the long-span space structure.
2.1 Investigation Findings
After the failure of the roof of the stadium, an investigation committee was formed. The committee reported that the design of the stadium was not as per the codal provisions.
The structural engineer didn't consider the support conditions while modeling the roof of the stadium. The span of the roof was very large and hence the roof was susceptible to the movements at the supports.
The roof was constructed ineffectively and prompted additional stresses in the members at support because of misalignment. The quality of materials, nature of workmanship, and testing of preliminary materials were far below the standard prerequisites.
The structural engineer didn't take the stiffness of supports into account, which is very sensitive for large span roof structures. The complexity of the space structure was of a higher degree; therefore, a detailed structural analysis was needed to prepare working drawings for constructing the stadium. However, the designers didn't analyze the structure considering the complex architectural shape of the stadium.
2.2 Causes of Failure
The following points describe the main reasons behind the collapse of the roof of the Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium:
- After the failure of the structure, it was evident from the site debris that the steel components were defectively welded. Therefore, quality control in the pre-fabrication stage was lacking.
- The design for temporary supports was not adequate. Thus, additional construction loads were applied to the supports.
- No internal checks were conducted on the strength of the structure during the erection process.
- During the modeling of the stadium, the critical factors for wind speed, wind direction, risk factor, and importance factor were not considered.
- The orientation of the stadium was not based upon the topological conditions of the site. Moreover, the stadium was not designed for critically identified wind loads.
- Due to the use of poor-quality material and improper design, the overall factor of safety of the structure was reduced.
- Incorporation of poorly conceived plans, strategies, and faulty implementation of quality control checks and control systems by the management contributed to the collapse
- Desired skills and competency of the project manager and his team members were questionable. They were not trained to handle an endeavor of such magnitude and complexity.
Multi-layer framework structures (MLFS) have exceptionally large statistic redundancy and indeterminacy. Therefore, they are not inclined to progressive failure even after the collapse of an individual part. But, the progressive failure of the structure may occur if the critical members fail during service loading. The progressive failure can likewise happen to structures if the critical members are subjected to higher wind and snow load. Thus, to prevent the progressive failure of the structures, an additional factor of safety is to be utilized in critical members.
The collapse of single-layer framework structures (SLFS) might be initiated due to the buckling of a single member. Therefore, examining the stability of the individuals is very vital. SLFS shows more sensitivity to buckling than MLFS because of the transfer of the forces through just only one layer. The local buckling in SLFS may occur due to the snap-through buckling of single members in a localized area. Whereas the global buckling happens when a bigger region of instability is considered in the space structure.
In comparison with the ordinary column-beam structure, long-range space structures are unpredictable in design and need explicit design rules. Thus, the chances of the generation of inaccurate data for mathematical models are high. Also, because of their simplicity, grid uniformity, and redundancy, structural engineers and contractors tend to assume their strength and stability. Primary codes for the design of long-span steel structures lack procedural rules as the codes assume the behavior of a steel structure. Thus, experience in their planning, designing, construction, and assembly plays a fundamental role in avoiding failure.
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Acrow Case Study
Long span rail bridge case study, long span rail bridge allows for innovative structure replacement.
An Acrow 700XS panel bridge was recently used in Columbus Ohio to provide temporary uninhibited travel for rail traffic, while a new permanent vehicular underpass was constructed.
While Acrow Panel bridges are common to vehicular applications, they are also used to carry extremely heavy rail traffic; even Cooper E80 loading requirements. In a combined project with TranSystems (permanent and temporary bridge engineer) Shelly and Sands Construction (bid winning contractor) and Franklin County (owner), Acrow was able to provide a 125 foot clear span bridge capable of carrying the rail owned by the Indiana and Ohio Railway.
The railroad bridge over Alkire Road was a simple stone tunnel that served users well for more than 100 years. However, changes in horizontal and vertical clearance requirements and roadway capacity necessitated a replacement of the bridge to provide a safer environment for motorists. The existing structure was built in 1902, with a span of 19.25 feet between the stone-faced abutments. The posted minimum vertical clearance at the spring line of the arch was 12.17 feet, which required many trucks, school buses and emergency vehicles to travel the middle of the roadway, forcing oncoming traffic to stop suddenly. The structure was hit several times throughout its life, so widening the roadway was a crucial adjustment.
The project began design in 2003. TranSystems Inc requested a quote from Acrow for a temporary structure capable of carrying a Cooper E80 load and spanning a 125 foot gap. As with all complex jobs, there were many obstacles that were in the way for the replacement of the existing structure including railroad outing restrictions, right of way traffic limitations, the proximity of two large stone culverts over the tributary to Scioto Big Run and construction cost limitations. The use of an Acrow panel bridge minimized these issues allowing the project to be completed within the established time given, and reducing the costly “car rerouting” expenses that the rail line imposed on the contractor should it be necessary. Additionally, with the limited time given by the rail line, only a fast modular system like Acrow’s panel bridge could be installed in the narrow 6 day timeframe given for the initial temporary replacement. The speed of the install was amplified during the removal; the entire Acrow structure was “picked” and disassembled offline and thus streamlined the swap of the permanent placed structure.
The total cost of the project was $6.1 million. This project won an award from the Regional ASHE Organization and continues to be recognized in the greater Ohio area for its on time completion and innovation. It was also submitted for the National ASHE recognition.
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20 examples of buildings with impressive spans.
1 abcm report case study (long span structures - beams/truss/portal frames) dimple b poddar sem 09 | date: 30 june 2020 smt.k. l. tiwari coa 2. 2 LONG SPAN BEAMS - World horti center International meeting point Smiemans Projecten built the superstructure of the knowledge and innovation centre "World Horti Center".
Material used for long-span structures (2): Each of previous materials is applicable up to a certain value of the (long) span. Steel is the MAJOR material for long-span structures, allowing for the maximum spans to be reached. The frequent use of steel is due to its advantages: i.e. light weight, high strength-to-weight ratio, ease of ...
as a case study currently in design at Oregon State University, the multi-performance criteria for four long span systems, including steel, two concrete and wood, are compared (Figure 1). These criteria include em-bodied energy and carbon, structural and spatial properties, acoustic properties, fire protection and thermal properties.
In this article, we discuss various causes of failure and investigation methodology and two failure case studies specifically for long-span steel structures. 1. Ceiling Collapse of Charles De Gaulle Airport-Terminal 2E, France. On 23 rd May 2004, the ceiling of Terminal 2E of the Charles De Gaulle Airport collapsed near gate E50.
After the collapse of fi ve major long-span roof facilities in the United States over a two year period in the late 1970's, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) convened a special blue-ribbon panel of industry experts to study the problem. The fi nal report in 1981, entitled "Towards Safer Long-Span
Since all of the case studies have a long main span, there is free interior floor space between the supports, allowing for easy occupant movement and a variety of interior programs. For each of the case studies, ... In each modeled case study, the left side of the structure (when looking at the 2D visualization) faces south, and the right side ...
The study results showed that the stiffness of the long-span space truss suspended dome structure gradually increased with the structural integrity during construction, and the vertical ...
Now, structure matters less than operational energy, but its impact will grow. Abstract. ... To demonstrate the capabilities of MOO in the conceptual design of long span structures, three case study models were developed and analyzed. The procedure for testing the case studies included the development of a parametric design space, using a MOO ...
Since all of the case studies have a long main span, there is free interio r floor space between th e supports, allowing for easy occupant movement and a variety of interior programs.
A long span structure in Romania. September 2013; IABSE Symposium Report ... Advanced nonlinear investigations of a 50 m span frame case study: "The steel structure of the ice rink, city of Targu ...
PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION CASE STUDY: THE HEMISPHERE Shivangi Saini ... LONG SPAN STRUCTURE'S Structures with span larger than 15-20 meters are regarded to as Long Span Structures. For Such structures span is unable to be achieved with ordinary R.C.C. construction. Generally long spans result in flexible, column-free internal spaces, reduces ...
To achieve a desirable long-span structure, two main structural considerations must be considered: (i) preventing both out-of-plan and in-plan buckling of timber elements and (ii) implementing suitable joints capable of resisting large induced tension and compression forces. ... more conceptual and case studies are needed to increase the ...
Long Span Rail Bridge Case Study Long Span Rail Bridge Allows for Innovative Structure Replacement. ... The existing structure was built in 1902, with a span of 19.25 feet between the stone-faced abutments. The posted minimum vertical clearance at the spring line of the arch was 12.17 feet, which required many trucks, school buses and emergency ...
long span structures case study-Shivani kothawade - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Long span structures case study for architecture students
This is report on topic of study of structural system for long span structure systems in convention center. It contain type of structure systems their uses, fixing details, material, span etc.
This model integrates the multi-functional space and long span structure and includes diverse types of geometries for sports arenas. Besides, considering that different structural types prefer certain geometries [41], three types of frequently-used long-span structures (grid-shell, space-frame, and. Case studies
Design of roof. 3D MODEL. ELEVATIONS ⮚ The facade. ⮚ The perforated. CONCLUSION : 1. The. Long span structures case study.pptx - Download as a PDF or view online for free.
1. Long Span Structures - Salahuddin - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free.
Shell structures Folded plate Multi-bay structures Shell structures Various forms of folded structures Examples of shell structures Development History of Long Span Structure The development of long span structures How arch was constructed to provide a long span roof for traditional western buildings Vaulted ceiling Long span roof structure as ...
A case study structure having a span of 40 m was selected for finite element modeling. A Finite element model (FEM) of ECC on a complete structural scale was developed for the case study structure. ... Selection and design of a case study long-span structure. The selected case study structure is an aircraft hangar located in Karachi, Sindh ...
The book comprises of detailed description and study of long-span structures. Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more.
Integrating multi-functional space and long-span structure in the early design stage of indoor sports arenas by using parametric modelling and multi-objective optimization. ... The case studies demonstrate how the proposed design process can be used in practice. In fact, besides the analyses in the case studies, there are various ways to study ...