how to write a literature review in hindi

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शिक्षा और संचार

कैसे आर्टिकल रिव्यु लिखें (Write an Article Review)

यह आर्टिकल लिखा गया सहयोगी लेखक द्वारा Jake Adams . जेक एडम्स एक एकेडेमिक ट्यूटर और PCH Tutors के मालिक हैं, जो मालिबू, कैलिफ़ोर्निया में स्थित किंडरगार्टन-कॉलेज, SAT & ACT प्रिपरेशन और कॉलेज एडमिशन काउंसलिंग जैसे सब्जेक्ट के लिए ट्यूटर और लर्निंग रीसोर्स देने वाला बिजनेस है। 11 साल के प्रोफेशनल ट्यूटरिंग एक्सपीरियंस के साथ, जेक Simplifi EDU के CEO भी हैं, जो ऑनलाइन ट्यूशन सर्विस है, जिसका उद्देश्य क्लाइंट्स को कैलिफोर्निया में स्थित अच्छे ट्यूटर्स के नेटवर्क की पहुँच प्रदान करना है। जेक नी पीपरडाइन यूनिवर्सिटी से इंटरनेशनल बिजनेस एंड मार्केटिंग में BA की है। यह आर्टिकल १६,६८९ बार देखा गया है।

आर्टिकल रिव्यु किसी अन्य राइटर के आर्टिकल की एक समरी और एक मूल्यांकन होता है। अक्सर टीचर्स स्टूडेंट्स को उस फील्ड के एक्सपर्ट्स के कार्य से परिचय कराने के लिए आर्टिकल रिव्युज देते हैं। एक्सपर्ट्स से भी अक्सर दूसरे प्रोफेशनल राइटर्स के कार्य को रिव्यु करने को कहा जाता है। सही परिणाम के लिए आवश्यक है कि आर्टिकल के मुख्य बिन्दु और तर्क समझ में आयें। आर्टिकल के मुख्य विषय का तर्कसंगत मूल्यांकन, सहायक तर्क, और भविष्य के शोध का अनुमान, किसी भी समीक्षा की महत्वपूर्ण मूलवस्तु होती है। आर्टिकल रिव्यु लिखने के लिए यहाँ कुछ दिशानिर्देश हैं।

समीक्षा लिखने की तैयारी

आर्टिकल रिव्युज विचार से बस कुछ अधिक प्रस्तुत करती हैं। विद्वान लेखकों के विचारों के प्रति प्रतिक्रिया देने के लिए आपको मूलपाठ का अध्ययन करना होगा। आपको उनके विचारों, सिद्धांतों, और शोधों के प्रति प्रतिक्रिया देने या उपयोग करने के लिए स्वयं अध्ययन करना होगा। लेख पर आपकी समीक्षा आपके प्रमाण और विचारपूर्ण तर्क पर आधारित होगी।
आर्टिकल रिव्यु केवल लेखक के शोध की समीक्षा करती है। यह कोई नया शोध नहीं प्रस्तुत करती। [२] X रिसर्च सोर्स
आर्टिकल रिव्यु लेख का सार और मूल्यांकन दोनों प्रस्तुत करती है।

लेख का सार प्रस्तुत करें। मुख्य बिंदुओं, दावों और सूचनाओं पर ध्यान दें।
लेख के सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोणों की चर्चा करें। सोचिए लेखक ने क्या अच्छा किया है, क्या अच्छे बिन्दु उठाए हैं और पैने निरीक्षण किए हैं।
मूलपाठ में विरोधाभासों, रिक्तता और असंगतियों को पहचानिए। [३] X रिसर्च सोर्स सुनिश्चित कीजिये कि क्या लेखक के दावों को प्रमाणित करने के लिए पर्याप्त डेटा और शोध उपलब्ध हैं। लेख में किन्हीं अनुत्तरित प्रश्नों को ढूंढिए।

उन शब्दों और मुद्दों का नोट बनाइये जिन्हें आप नहीं समझते और जो आपके प्रश्न हैं।
उन शब्दावलियों और संकल्पनाओं को देखिये जिनसे आप अनभिज्ञ हैं ताकि आप लेख को पूरा समझ सकें।

विषय पर अपने मौजूदा ज्ञान को जो लेख में पढ़ा उससे जोड़िए। उन चीजों के बारे में सोचिए जिन पर आपने क्लास में चर्चा की है या अन्य लेख जो आपने पढ़े हैं। आपके पूर्व ज्ञान से लेख में सहमति या असहमति है? क्या यह क्षेत्र के अन्य ज्ञान पर रचा गया है? निर्णय कीजिये कि जिस लेख की आप समीक्षा कर रहे हैं वह किस प्रकार, इस विषय पर आपके पढ़े हुए मूलपाठों के अनुरूप अथवा भिन्न है।
लेख के अर्थ पर सावधानी से ध्यान दीजिये। यह सुनिश्चित कीजिये कि आप लेख पूरी तरह से समझते हैं। अच्छी आर्टिकल रिव्यु लिखने का केवल एक तरीक़ा है लेख को अच्छी तरह से समझना।

किसी भी विधि से, लेख में दिये गए मुख्य बिंदुओं और सहायक शोध या तर्कों की एक रूपरेखा बनाएँ। यह पूरी तरह से पुनरीक्षित स्टेटमेंट होता है और इसमें आपके विचार सम्मिलित नहीं होते हैं।
लेख को अपने शब्दों में रखने के बाद, इस बात का निर्णय करें कि आप समीक्षा में लेख के किन भागों पर चर्चा करना चाहेंगे। आप सैद्धान्तिक दृष्टिकोण, विषय-वस्तु, प्रस्तुति, या साक्ष्य की विवेचना पर फ़ोकस करना चाहेंगे, या शैली पर। आप हमेशा लेख के मुख्य मुद्दों पर चर्चा करेंगे, पर किसी समय कुछ पहलुओं पर भी फ़ोकस कर सकते है। यह सुविधाजनक हो जाता है अगर आप किसी पाठ्यक्रम की विषय वस्तु के लिए समीक्षा में फ़ोकस करना चाहते हैं। [६] X रिसर्च सोर्स
अनावश्यक अंशों को निकालने के लिए सार की रूपरेखा की समीक्षा कीजिये। कम महत्वपूर्ण तर्कों या अनुपूरक सूचना को मिटा दीजिये या काट दीजिये।

लेख का उद्देश्य क्या है?
सैद्धान्तिक ढांचा या पूर्वानुमान क्या है?
क्या मुख्य अवधारणायेँ स्पष्ट रूप से परिभाषित हैं?
प्रमाण कितना यथेष्ट है?
साहित्य और क्षेत्र में लेख कितना उपयुक्त है?
क्या यह विषय पर जानकारी को बढ़ाएगा?
रचनाकार का लेख कितना स्पष्ट है? [७] X रिसर्च सोर्स मत करिए: सतही राय और व्यक्तिगत प्रतिक्रियाएँ शामिल करना। करिए: अपने पूर्वाग्रहों का ध्यान रखिए ताकि उन पर विजय पा सकें।

लेख की समीक्षा लिखना

उदाहरणार्थ, एमएलए में, एक उद्धरण ऐसा दिखेगा: डुवाल, जॉन एन। "The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo's White Noise ." Arizona Quarterly 50.3 (1994): 127-53. Print.

उदाहरण के लिए: लेख, "कंडोम यूज़ विल इंक्रीज़ द स्प्रेड ऑफ़ एड्स, " एक कैथोलिक प्रीस्ट, एन्टोनी ज़िमरमैन के द्वारा लिखा गया था।

आपकी प्रस्तावना, समीक्षा का केवल 10-25% होनी चाहिए। [११] X रिसर्च सोर्स
अपनी थीसिस से अपनी प्रस्तावना का अंत करे। आपकी थीसिस में उपर्लिखित मुद्दों का ज़िक्र होना चाहिए। उदाहरण के लिए: जबकि लेखक ने कुछ अच्छे बिन्दु दिये हैं, लेकिन लेख पक्षपातपूर्ण है और कंडोम के प्रभावशाली होने के बारे में दूसरे के विश्लेषण के डेटा को तोड़ा मरोड़ा गया है। [१२] X रिसर्च सोर्स

लेखक के सीधे उदाहरणों का संयम से उपयोग करें।
जो सारांश आपने लिखा है उसकी समीक्षा कीजिये। यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कि आपके शब्द रचनाकार के लेख का सही वर्णन करते हैं अपने सारांश को कई बार पढ़ें।

अपनी समीक्षा का लेख के प्रमाण या अन्य मूलपाठ से समर्थन करें।
आपकी समीक्षा के लिए सारांश का हिस्सा बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है। आपको सारांश सेक्शन में रचनाकार के तर्कों को स्पष्ट कर देना चाहिए ताकि आपका मूल्यांकन विवेकपूर्ण लगे। [१४] X रिसर्च सोर्स
याद रखिए, यहाँ पर आप यह नहीं कह सकते आपको लेख पसंद आया या नहीं। आप लेख के महत्व और प्रासंगिकता का आकलन कर रहे हैं। [१५] X रिसर्च सोर्स
हर विचार के लिए विषय से संबन्धित वाक्य और समर्थक तर्कों का प्रयोग कीजिये। उदाहरण के लिए, आप ओपिनियन सेक्शन के पहले वाक्य में किसी विशेष मज़बूती का ज़िक्र कर सकते हैं, जिसके बाद उसके महत्व को विस्तृत करने के लिए कई वाक्य दिये जा सकते हैं।

यह आपके पूरे निबंध का 10% होना चाहिए
उदाहरण के लिए, इस आलोचनात्मक समीक्षा ने लेख का मूल्यांकन किया है "कंडोम यूज़ विल इंक्रीज़ द स्प्रेड ऑफ़ एड्स" जिसे लिखा है एन्टोनी ज़िमरमैन ने। लेख में जो तर्क दिये गए हैं उनसे पूर्वाग्रह, पक्षपात, विवादपूर्ण लेख लगता है जिसमें संबन्धित ब्योरा नहीं है, और ग़लत सूचना है। इन बातों से लेखक के तर्क कमज़ोर पड़ जाते हैं और उसकी विश्वसनीयता कम हो जाती है। [१६] X रिसर्च सोर्स

सुनिश्चित करें कि आपने लेख के 3-4 मुख्य मुद्दे पहचान लिए हैं और उन पर चर्चा की है। [१७] X रिसर्च सोर्स

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यह लेख ने कैसे आपकी मदद की?

सम्बंधित लेख.

हमें कॉन्टैक्ट करें
यूज़ करने की शर्तें (अंग्रेजी में)
Do Not Sell or Share My Info
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हमें फॉलो करें

साहित्य समीक्षा: क्या, क्यों और कैसे (Literature Review: What, Why and How)

Post author: admin
Post category: Research Aptitude / Research Methodology / UGC NET

।। साहित्य समीक्षा के अर्थ ।। साहित्य समीक्षा की आवश्यकता ।। साहित्य समीक्षा के उद्येश्य ।। साहित्य समीक्षा के स्रोत ।। साहित्य समीक्षा की उपयोगिता एवं महत्व ।।

साहित्य समीक्षा शोध की प्रक्रिया में एक महत्वपूर्ण कार्य है। यह सामान्यत: किसी शोध समस्या को ध्यान में रखकर शुरू किया जाता है। शोधकर्ता किसी विषय पर किए गए शोध का संक्षिप्त रूपरेखा तैयार करता है। साहित्य समीक्षा में शोध समस्या से संबंधित कार्यों का विवरण, सारांश और महत्वपूर्ण मूल्यांकन प्रदान करना होता है और साथ ही साथ यह प्रदर्शित करना होता है कि आपका शोध अध्ययन एक विशेष विषय क्षेत्र में कैसे सारगर्भित एवं महत्वपूर्ण होगा।

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साहित्य समीक्षा क्या है ?

साहित्य समीक्षा एक सतत प्रक्रिया है। शोध प्रक्रिया के पहले चरण में किसी विषय की खोज और चयन करना शामिल होता है। यह एक विषय पर ज्ञान का आधार प्रदान करने वाली पुस्तकों, विद्वानों के लेखों और किसी विशिष्ट विषय से संबंधित अन्य स्रोतों का एक व्यवस्थित और व्यापक विश्लेषण है। शोध में अंतराल को उजागर करके अपने शोध को सही ठहराने के लिए किसी विषय पर मौजूदा साहित्य की पहचान करने और उसकी आलोचना करने के लिए साहित्य समीक्षा तैयार की जाती है। एक साहित्य समीक्षा के अंतर्गत किसी विषय पर वर्तमान शोध के महत्वपूर्ण विन्दुओं पर विश्लेषण की जाती है और उस विश्लेषण के आधार पर आपने शोध उद्देश्य को निर्धारित करना होता है। एक अच्छी साहित्य समीक्षा की कुंजी शोध प्रक्रिया का प्रलेखन होता है। शोध अध्ययन को रेखांकित करने वाले विश्लेषण को साहित्य समीक्षा कहा जाता है

साहित्य समीक्षा का अर्थ

शोध में साहित्य का अर्थ किसी शोध-विषय के विशेष क्षेत्र के ज्ञान से है। जिसके अन्तर्गत सैद्धांतिक, वैज्ञानिक, व्यावहारिक शोध अध्ययन अंतर्निहित है। समीक्षा का अर्थ शोध के विशेष क्षेत्र में पूर्व में हुए कार्यों का पुनर्निरीक्षण करने से है। साहित्य पुनर्निरीक्षण के लिए किसी विशिष्ट विषय संबंधी पूर्व में हुए कार्यों की समीक्षा करना होता है। साहित्य समीक्षा के माध्यम से शोधकर्ता यह निश्चित करता है कि उसके द्वारा प्रस्तावित शोध से संबंधित विषय पर विचारणीय कार्य पहले भी हो चुका है या नहीं, इसके लिए वह शोध-विषय क्षेत्र से संबंधित विविध साहित्य का अवलोकन करता है।

साहित्य समीक्षा की आवश्यकता

साहित्य समीक्षा की आवश्यकता शोध कार्य की योजना बनाने में, शोध समस्या के चयन करने में, अपने शोध अध्ययन के लिए परिकल्पना के निर्माण करने में निहित है। यह शोधकर्ता को एक दिशा प्रदान करती है। साथ ही शोधकर्ता अपने साहित्यिक समीक्षा के आधार पर ही अपनी शोध परिकल्पना तैयार कर एक नवीन ज्ञान को सृजित व अन्वेषित करता है। साहित्य की समीक्षा शोध समस्या के चयन से पहले प्रारंभ करना होता है, ताकि शोधकर्ता को शोध समस्या की पहचान और चयन करने में सहायता मिल सके। एक शोधकर्ता को अपने विषय क्षेत्र से संबंधित विषय साहित्य के लिए निरंतर पुस्तकालय एवं सूचना केंद्र से संपर्क में रहकर नवीन और अद्यतन ज्ञान प्राप्त करते रहना होता है, ताकि अपने शोध अध्ययन को वैज्ञानिक और नवीनता प्रदान कर सके।

साहित्य समीक्षा के उद्देश्य

साहित्य समीक्षा शोध परिकल्पना के लिए साधन प्रदान करती है, जो शोधकर्ता को शोध परिकल्पना के निर्माण में सहायता प्रदान करती है।
यह शोध परिकल्पनाए प्रदान करती है जो नए शोध के लिए उपयोगी एवं शोध समस्या के चयन में सहायता प्रदान करती है।
यह शोध समस्या के समाधान के उचित शोध प्रविधि, प्रक्रिया, तथ्यों के साधन और सांख्यिकी तकनीक का सुझाव देती है।
यह परिणामों के विश्लेषीकरण में उपयोगी निष्कर्षों और तुलनात्मक तथ्यों को निर्धारित करती है।
यह संबंधित अध्ययन के लिए एक उपयोगी निष्कर्ष निकालने में सहायता प्रदान करता है।
यह शोधकर्ता को निपुण और समान विद्वता को विकसित करने में सहायता प्रदान करता है।
यह प्रस्तुत की जाने वाली शोध विषय की जानकारी को गहराई से स्पष्ट करता है।

साहित्य समीक्षा के साधन या स्रोत

शोध के क्षेत्र में संबंधित साहित्य की समीक्षा करना आवश्यक ही नहीं बल्कि अनिवार्य होता है जिसके लिए हमें मुद्रित, अमुद्रित, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक माध्यमों में उपलब्ध विशेष क्षेत्र से संबंधित ज्ञान और सूचना की खोज और समीक्षा की जा सकती है। इसके लिए निम्नलिखित प्रमुख स्रोतों का खोज, गहन अध्ययन, समीक्षा, पुनर्निरीक्षण करना आवश्यक ही नहीं वल्कि अपेक्षित है।

पाठ्य पुस्तकें (Books) – साहित्य समीक्षा के लिए विषय सबंधी पुस्तकें और पाठ्य पुस्तकें अध्ययन करना आवश्यक होता है जिसकी जानकारी भारतीय राष्ट्रीय ग्रंथसूची (आईएनबी) , ब्रिटिश राष्ट्रीय ग्रंथसूची (बीएनबी) अंग्रेजी भाषा में प्रकाशित कम्युलेटिव बुक इंडेक्स, बुक रिव्यू इंडेक्स से प्राप्त की जा सकती है।
सामयिकी प्रकाशन (Periodicals) (पत्रिकाएँ एवं जर्नल्स) – किसी विषय के बारे में नवीन जानकारी प्रदान करने में पत्रिकाओं और जर्नल्स की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका होती है। शोध एवं प्रगति के लिए किसी विषय की नवीन सूचना से अवगत होना आवश्यक होता है पत्रिकाएं सामान्यतः साप्ताहिक, पाक्षिक, मासिक, अर्धवार्षिक, वार्षिक रूप में प्रकाशित होती है शोध में साहित्यिक समीक्षा हेतु संबंधित शोध पत्रिकाएं व जर्नल का नियमित रूप से अध्ययन करना होता है।
सारांश पत्रिकाएं (Abstract Periodicals) – सारांश पत्रिका में शोधकर्ता एवं वैज्ञानिकों के लिए सम्बंधित विषय में नवीनतम वैज्ञानिक एवं तकनीकी प्रगति एवं विकास के बारे में संक्षिप्त जानकारी उपलब्ध होती है। विभिन्न पत्रिकाओं में विद्वानों के प्रकाशित शोध आलेख से सारांश पत्रिका तैयार किया जाता है, जो शोध में अत्यधिक सहायक होता है। सारांश पत्रिकाओं की सहायता से शोधकर्ता अपने विषय वस्तु से संबंधित आवश्यक विषय सामग्री शीघ्रता पूर्वक प्राप्त कर सकता है। जैसे – Chemical abstracts , बायोलॉजिकल सारांश पत्रिका, एजुकेशनल सारांश पत्रिका आदि।
विश्वकोश (Encyclopaedia) – विश्वकोश में विशेषज्ञों द्वारा लिखे गए विभिन्न विषयों पर संक्षिप्त आलेख होते हैं जिसके अंतर्गत संबंधित विषय क्षेत्र का संक्षिप्त एवं सार सूचनाएं उपलब्ध होती है। विश्वकोश एक प्रकार की आदर्श पुस्तक होती है क्योंकि यह ज्ञान का ऐसा स्रोत है जो ज्ञान जगत के सभी विषयों से संबंधित सूचनाएं प्रदान करती है। इसमें विषयों से संबंधित वर्णनात्मक, व्याख्यात्मक और ऐतिहासिक, सचित्र, चार्ट सहित संक्षिप्त विवरण होता है। संदर्भ स्रोतों में विश्वकोश का प्रमुख स्थान है। जिसका उपयोग सर्वाधिक पाठकों द्वारा किया जाता है। जैसे इनसाइक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटानिका , इनसाइक्लोपीडिया अमेरिकाना, इंटरनेशनल इनसाइक्लोपीडिया ऑफ साइंस आदि।
शब्दकोश ( Dictionary) – शब्दकोश किसी विषय की बोधगम्यता अथवा किसी प्रश्न का उत्तर प्राप्त करने के लिए सर्वप्रथम शब्द या पद का अभिप्राय या तात्पर्य तथा अवधारणाओं से अवगत होना पड़ता है और उसे परिभाषित करना पड़ता है, इसके लिए हमें शब्दकोश का अवलोकन करना आवश्यक होता है। अर्थात शब्द या पदों के तात्पर्य, व्युत्पत्ति, परिभाषा, प्रयोग आदि की जानकारी के लिए जिस ग्रंथ का हमें अवलोकन करना होता है, उसे शब्दकोश संदर्भ ग्रंथ कहा जाता है। शब्दकोश शब्दों के भंडार होता है जो शोध के क्रम में काफी सहायक होता है। किसी विशेष विषय से संबंधित शब्दकोश का प्रकाशन किया जाता है।
लघु-शोध प्रबंध एवं शोध-प्रबंध (Dissertations and Thesis) – शोध-प्रबंध का संग्रह ‘ शोधगंगा ’ इन्फ्लिबनेट द्वारा स्थापित भारतीय इलेक्ट्रॉनिक थीसिस और शोध निबंधों का डिजिटल भंडार है। यह शोधार्थियों को पीएचडी थीसिस जमा करने के लिए एक मंच प्रदान करता है और साथ ही पूरे विद्वान समुदाय और शोध विद्वानों के लिए खुले तौर पर उपलब्ध है। इसमें विभिन्न विषयों के शोध की प्रस्तुतीकरण का समावेश होता है, जो शोध विषय से संबंधित शोध-प्रबंध का पुनर्निरीक्षण के लिए प्रमुख साधन है।

इस प्रकार पुस्तकें पत्रिकाएँ एवं जर्नल्स, सारांश पत्रिकाएं, विश्वकोश, शब्दकोश, लघु-शोध प्रबंध एवं शोध-प्रबंध मुद्रित व इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स स्रोत के माध्यम से शोधकर्ता अपने शोध विषय से संबंधित साहित्य की खोज और पुनर्निरीक्षण कर सकने में सक्षम होता है. विविध सूचना स्रोतों की खोज तथा समीक्षा शोध अध्ययन को दिशा और गति देने में उपयोगी सिद्ध होता है.

साहित्य समीक्षा की उपयोगिता व महत्त्व

विचारणीय शोध के लिए निर्देशों और संदर्भों की धारणा को स्पष्ट करती है.
समस्या क्षेत्र के शोध की वस्तुस्थिति को समझने में मदद करता है.
शोध प्रविधियों तथा तथ्यों के विश्लेषण के लिए आधार प्रदान करती है.
विचारणीय शोध की सफलता और निष्कर्ष की उपयोगिता और महत्ता की संभावनाओं को आंकना में मदद करता है.
शोध की परिभाषा, सीमा और परिकल्पना का निर्धारण कर आवश्यक विशिष्ट जानकारी प्राप्त करने में मदद करता है.
परंपरागत संचार माध्यम (Conventional Communication Media)
तर्कवाक्य : स्वरूप, संरचना एवं उनके प्रकार (Proposition: Nature, Structure and its Type)
शोध के प्रकार (Type of Research)
शोध के उपयोग व महत्व (Use and Important of Research)
कम्प्यूटर के प्रकार (Types of Computer)

शोधगंगा क्या है?

‘शोधगंगा’ इन्फ्लिबनेट द्वारा स्थापित भारतीय इलेक्ट्रॉनिक थीसिस और शोध निबंधों का डिजिटल भंडार है। यह शोधार्थियों को पीएचडी थीसिस जमा करने के लिए एक मंच प्रदान करता है और साथ ही पूरे विद्वान समुदाय और शोध विद्वानों के लिए खुले तौर पर उपलब्ध है। शोधगंगा, थीसिस और शोध-निबंध सूचना के समृद्ध और अद्वितीय स्रोत के रूप में जाना जाता है। अक्सर शोध कार्य का एकमात्र स्रोत जो विभिन्न प्रकाशन चैनलों में अपना रास्ता नहीं खोज पाता है। थीसिस डेटाबेस में संबंधित विश्वविद्यालयों से प्राप्त सूचनाओं के आधार पर भारतीय विश्वविद्यालय को प्रस्तुत पीएचडी थीसिस के रिकॉर्ड शामिल हैं। भारतीय विश्वविद्यालय को प्रस्तुत पीएचडी थीसिस के यूनियन डेटाबेस है। इसमें सभी विषय क्षेत्रों से लगभग 4,55,193 शोध प्रबन्धों का अद्वितीय रिकॉर्ड हैं।

विश्वकोश क्या है?

विश्वकोश एक प्रकार की आदर्श पुस्तक होती है क्योंकि यह ज्ञान का ऐसा स्रोत है जो ज्ञान जगत के सभी विषयों से संबंधित सूचनाएं प्रदान करती है। जिसमें सभी विषयों पर संक्षिप्त विवरण आलेख के रूप में वर्णानुक्रम में व्यवस्थित होते हैं। विषयों से संबंधित वर्णनात्मक, व्याख्यात्मक, ऐतिहासिक, सचित्र, चार्ट सहित विवरण होते हैं। सामान्य विश्वकोश जो किसी एक विशिष्ट विषय से संबंधित न होकर संपूर्ण जानकारी विभिन्न विषयों से संबंधित प्रदान करती है। जैसे – इनसाइक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटानिका , इनसाइक्लोपीडिया अमेरिकाना। किसी विशिष्ट विषय से संबंधित संपूर्ण ज्ञान की जानकारी प्रदान करने वाली विश्वकोश को विशिष्ट विश्वकोश कहा जाता है। जैसे – इंटरनेशनल इनसाइक्लोपीडिया ऑफ साइंस, इनसाइक्लोपीडिया ऑफ साइंस एंड टेक्नोलॉजी आदि।

भारतीय राष्ट्रीय ग्रंथसूची क्या है?

भारतीय राष्ट्रीय ग्रंथसूची (आईएनबी) राष्ट्रीय पुस्तकालय, कोलकाता, द्वारा पुस्तक वितरण अधिनियम, 1954 के प्रावधान के तहत प्राप्त पुस्तकों के आधार पर अंग्रेजी सहित भारत की 14 प्रमुख भाषाओं में प्रकाशित एक ग्रंथसूची है।

तर्कपूर्ण समीक्षा

तर्कपूर्ण समीक्षा में पहले से ही स्थापित एक तर्क, गहराई से अंतर्निहित धारणा या दार्शनिक समस्या का समर्थन या खंडन करने के लिए चुनिंदा साहित्य की जांच करता है। इसका उद्देश्य साहित्य के एक निकाय को विकसित करना है जो एक विरोधाभासी दृष्टिकोण स्थापित करता है।

एकीकृत समीक्षा

एकीकृत समीक्षा शोध का एक रूप माना जाता है जो एक विषय पर एकीकृत तरीके से प्रतिनिधि साहित्य की समीक्षा, समालोचना और विश्लेषण करता है। एक अच्छी तरह से की गई एकीकृत समीक्षा स्पष्टता और प्रतिरूप के संबंध में प्राथमिक शोध के समान मानकों को पूरा करती है।

ऐतिहासिक समीक्षा

ऐतिहासिक समीक्षा समय की अवधि के दौरान शोध की जांच करने पर केंद्रित होती है, अक्सर पहली बार साहित्य में एक मुद्दा, अवधारणा, सिद्धांत, घटना उभरती है, इसका उद्देश्य अत्याधुनिक विकास के साथ परिचितता दिखाने और भविष्य के शोध के लिए संभावित दिशाओं की पहचान करने के लिए एक ऐतिहासिक संदर्भ में शोध करना है।

पद्धति संबंधी समीक्षा

पद्धति संबंधी समीक्षा शोधकर्ताओं को वैचारिक स्तर से लेकर व्यावहारिक दस्तावेजों तक व्यापक ज्ञान प्राप्त करने में सक्षम बनाता है। कई नैतिक मुद्दों को भी उजागर करने में मदद करता है, जिनके बारे में हमें पता होना चाहिए और विचार करना चाहिए क्योंकि हमें अपने शोध अध्ययन को प्रासंगिक एवं महत्वपूर्ण बनाना होता है।

सुनियोजित समीक्षा

सुनियोजित समीक्षा में एक स्पष्ट रूप से तैयार किए गए शोध प्रश्न के प्रासंगिक मौजूदा साक्ष्य का अवलोकन शामिल है, जो प्रासंगिक शोध की पहचान करने और गंभीर रूप से मूल्यांकन करने के लिए पूर्व-निर्दिष्ट और मानकीकृत तरीकों का उपयोग करता है। एसे समीक्षात्मक अध्ययनों से डेटा एकत्र करने, रिपोर्ट तैयार करने और विश्लेषण करने में सहायता मिलती है।

सैद्धांतिक समीक्षा

सैद्धांतिक समीक्षा का उद्देश्य किसी मुद्दे, अवधारणा, सिद्धांत, घटना के संबंध में सैद्धांतिक जांच करना होता है। सैद्धांतिक साहित्य समीक्षा यह स्थापित करने में मदद करती है कि कौन से सिद्धांत पहले से मौजूद हैं, उनके बीच संबंध क्या है, और नई परिकल्पना विकसित करने के लिए सैद्धांतिक साहित्य समीक्षा की जाती है। सैद्धांतिक साहित्य समीक्षा का उपयोग उपयुक्त सिद्धांतों की कमी को स्थापित करने में मदद करने के लिए किया जाता है या यह प्रकट करता है कि नई या उभरती हुई शोध समस्याओं को समझाने के लिए वर्तमान सिद्धांत अपर्याप्त हैं।

ऐतिहासिक शोध पद्धति (Historical Research Method)

निगमनात्मक अनुमान (Deductive Inference/ Deduction)

संचार प्रक्रिया के तत्व (Elements of Communication Process)

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Methodology

How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.

What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .

There are five key steps to writing a literature review:

Search for relevant literature
Evaluate sources
Identify themes, debates, and gaps
Outline the structure
Write your literature review

A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

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What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.

Quick Run-through
Step 1 & 2

When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:

Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.

Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.

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Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.

Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)

You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.

Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:

Your university’s library catalogue
Google Scholar
Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
EconLit (economics)
Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.

Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.

You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.

For each publication, ask yourself:

What question or problem is the author addressing?
What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
What are the key theories, models, and methods?
Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
What are the results and conclusions of the study?
How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.

You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.

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how to write a literature review in hindi

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To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:

Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

Most research has focused on young women.
There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).

Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.

Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:

Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.

The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts

In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.

When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !

This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.

Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.

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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Sampling methods
Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Likert scales
Reproducibility

Statistics

Null hypothesis
Statistical power
Probability distribution
Effect size
Poisson distribution

Research bias

Optimism bias
Cognitive bias
Implicit bias
Hawthorne effect
Anchoring bias
Explicit bias

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .

It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.

There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:

To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic

Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.

The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .

A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .

An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a paper .

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All areas of language and speech technology, directly or indirectly, require handling of real (unrestricted) text. For example, text-to-speech systems directly need to work on real text, whereas automatic speech recognition systems depend on language models that are trained on text. This paper reports our ongoing effort on Hindi text normalization. In that, a novel approach to text normalization, wherein tokenization and initial token classification are combined into one stage followed by a second level of token sense disambiguation, is described. Tokenization and initial token classification are performed using a lexical analyser that is derived from various token definitions in the form of regular expressions. For second level of token sense disambiguation, application of decision lists and decision trees are explored. Token-to-word rules are then applied, which are specific for each token type and also for each format within a token type.

How to write book review in Hindi with example- पुस्तक समीक्षा कैसे लिखें

अगर आप कोई ऐसी वेबसाइट खोलने की सोच रहे हैं जो किताबों पर आधारित है या किसी भी freelancer वेबसाइट पर book reviewer बनना चाहते हैं तो यह वेबसाइट आपके लिए ही है । आप इस पोस्ट में विस्तारपूर्वक जानेंगे कि how to write book review in Hindi यानि कि हिंदी में पुस्तक समीक्षा कैसे करें ? इस पोस्ट के माध्यम से आप आसानी से किसी भी book का review Hindi में कर सकते हैं ।

प्राचीन समय से ही किताबों की महत्ता विश्व समाज में सर्वोपरि रही है । पहले लोग किताबों के बारे में लोगों से सुन सुन कर , फिर किताब को पढ़ते थे । परन्तु , आज के digital दुनिया में लोग इंटरनेट पर किताबों के reviews खोजते हैं । इसके अलावा कई ऐसे publishers हैं जो अपनी किताब का review कराते हैं ताकि उन्हें सही मूल्यांकन का पता चल सकें । यह freelancing के अंतर्गत आता है ।

ऐसे में अगर आप किसी भी वजह या profession के लिए पुस्तक समीक्षा सीखना चाहते हैं तो how to write book review in Hindi का यह पोस्ट आपके लिए बहुत ही ज्यादा हेल्पफुल रहेगा । इसलिए इसे अंत तक पढ़ें और अगर आपको यह हेल्पफुल लगे तो शेयर जरुर करें । तो चलिए जानते हैं book review format in Hindi –

Book review क्या है ?

Book review एक पुस्तक का विश्लेषण है जिसमें इसके विषय, खूबियां, कमियां और संदर्भ शामिल हैं । इसमें किताब का संक्षिप्त सारांश, लेखक के पृष्ठभूमि की जानकारी, किताब का विषय और कंटेंट का evaluation किया जाता है ।

अपने विद्यार्थी दौर में आपने अपने हिंदी / इंगलिश शिक्षक से बुक रिव्यू करने का होमवर्क अवश्य पाया होगा या पा रहे होंगे । तो ऐसे में आप किताब के बारे में क्या राय रखते हैं या आपको किताब कैसी लगी , यही नहीं लिख सकते । सही मायनों में पुस्तक समीक्षा यह नहीं है । पुस्तक समीक्षा करते वक्त आपको निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखना चाहिए –

किताब का short summary ( सारांश )
लेखक की पृष्ठभूमि
किताब का टॉपिक
Content का critical evaluation

अगर आप ऊपर दिए इन 4 बिंदुओं को ध्यान में रखकर book review in Hindi करते हैं तो वह सही मायनों में पुस्तक समीक्षा होगी । आगे आप इस how to write book review in Hindi पोस्ट में उदाहरण के माध्यम से भी जानेंगे कि पुस्तक समीक्षा कैसे करें ?

How to write book review in Hindi

चलिए आपके प्रश्न book review kaise kare का उत्तर देते हैं । इसके पहले आप यह instagram infographic देख सकते हैं जिससे कि आपको इस पोस्ट के बारे में संक्षेप में idea हो जाएगा ।

अगर आप सच में एक expert book reviewer बनना चाहते हैं तो आपको सबसे पहले ढेर सारी किताबें पढ़ना चाहिए । आप किसी भी भाषा की किताबें पढ़कर काफी कुछ सीख सकते हैं इसलिए सबसे पहले पढ़ें ।

How to write book review in Hindi के लिए यह helpful infographic –

1. किताब की short summary लिखें

किसी भी किताब की समीक्षा करते समय , शुरुआत में उसकी short summary अवश्य लिखें । इससे लेखकों को उस किताब के content के बारे में थोड़ा idea हो जाता है कि वे किताब में क्या पढ़ेंगे । परन्तु , ध्यान रखें कि आपको इस summary में अपने reviews चाहे वो positive हों या negative , नहीं लिखना है । इसके साथ ही इस short summary में spoilers लिखने से बचें ।

अगर आप किताब के असली climax और अंत को शुरुआत में ही उजागर कर देंगे , तो readers के गुस्से का सामना आपको करना पड़ सकता है । इसलिए पाठकों के किताब पढ़ने के मज़े को बिल्कुल भी खराब न करें । इसके अलावा एक expert book reviewer की तरह किताब की समीक्षा करें ।

2. किताब के plus points को बताएं

book review in Hindi को लिखने के लिए short summary से शुरुआत करें । इसके बाद आपको बुक के बारे में short introduction देते हुए plus points बताना है । यह हमेशा ध्यान रखें कि समीक्षा के शुरुआत में कभी भी negative points को लिखने से बचें । किताब की अच्छाइयों को बताते हुए आप इन बिंदुओं का उत्तर दे सकते हैं –

किताब में आपका सबसे पसंदीदा किरदार कौन था ?
क्या किताब के सभी किरदार जीवंत ( real ) लग रहे थे ?
क्या कोई पुस्तक पढ़ते समय आगे की कहानी को guess कर सकता है ?
क्या आपको कहानी बांधे रखती है ?
किताब में कौनसा भाग आपको सबसे अच्छा लगा ?
क्या किताब ने आपकी भावनाओं से खेलने की कोशिश की ? जैसे हसना , रोना या दुखी होना इत्यादि ।
आपको कौनसा dialogue सबसे रोचक लगा ?

3. किताब के negative points को लिखें

किताब के Good points को लिखने के बाद आपको उन points को लिखना चाहिए , जो आपको किताब के बारे में अच्छा न लगा हो । इसमें आप सभी negative points को लिख सकते हैं । Book review करते समय हमेशा critical रहें और ईमानदारी दिखाएं । आपकी किताब समीक्षा किसी भी पुस्तक के sales को घटा या बढ़ा सकती है इसलिए plz be honest !

Negative points को लिखते समय भी आप निम्न बिंदुओं पर गौर करें –

क्या कहानी का main character पाठकों को entertain कर पाएगा या वह अपनी भूमिका सही से निभा पाया ?
क्या आपको कहानी का अंत उबाऊपन लगा ? अगर हां तो क्यों ?
क्या यह किताब / कहानी अपने main theme या topic से न्याय कर पाई ?

इन बिंदुओं को आप विस्तार से अपने किताब के नकारात्मक समीक्षा वाले भाग में लिख सकते हैं । इस तरह आप आसानी से और बेहतरीन तरीके से किताब के नकारात्मक पक्ष को भी पाठकों के समक्ष रख सकते हैं ।

4. अपने समीक्षा को round up करें

जिस तरह से आपने पूरी कहानी या किताब के कंटेंट को शुरुआत में summarise किया था ठीक उसी तरह आपको अपने book reviews को भी round up करना है । इसमें आप overall experience के बारे में बात करते हुए book recommendation भी कर सकते हैं । उदाहरण के तौर पर – यह किताब किसे पसंद आएगी ? क्या यह teenage बच्चो के पढ़ने लायक है ?

इसकेे अलावा आप ऐसी ही किसी अन्य किताब से compare भी कर सकते हैं । पर ध्यान रखें कि आप जिस भी अन्य किताब से compare करें , कम ही लिखें । ऐसा न लगे कि आप साथ ही किसी अन्य किताब की भी marketing कर रहे हों ।

5. किताब को rate करें

अगर आप जिस भी किताब का book review कर रहे हैं , उसका rating भी कर दें तो यह bonus point साबित होगा और आपके रीडर्स भी यह decide कर सकेंगे कि उन्हें यह पुस्तक पढ़नी है या नहीं । आप चाहें तो किताब के overall experience को 5 या 10 में से star दे सकते हैं ।

इस तरह आप समझ गए होंगे कि पुस्तक समीक्षा कैसे लिखें । पुस्तक समीक्षा को लिखने के लिए यह जरूरी 5 बिंदुओं को ध्यान में अवश्य रखें और बुक रिव्यू लिखना शुरू करें ।

How to write book review in Hindi – Examples

अगर आप How to write book review in Hindi का एक बेहतरीन Example तलाश रहे हैं , तो Femina वेबसाइट पर छपे Animal farm Hindi book review की पुस्तक समीक्षा को पढ़ सकते हैं । इसे पढ़कर आप सही मायने में किसी पुस्तक की समीक्षा कर सकते हैं ।

इसके अलावा भी अगर आप विद्यार्थी हैं तो learncbse पर इस पोस्ट को पढ़ सकते हैं जिसमें ढेरों पुस्तक समीक्षाएं मौजूद है । इसे आप पढ़कर अपने स्कूली परीक्षाओं में लिख भी सकते हैं ।

पुस्तक समीक्षा के लिए क्या Qualification हैं ?

पुस्तक समीक्षा करने के लिए कोई specific qualification की जरूरत तो नहीं है , फिर भी अगर आप एक expert book reviewer बनना चाहते हैं तो हिंदी / इंगलिश विषय में स्नातक या स्नातकोत्तर तक की पढ़ाई कर सकते हैं । इससे आपकी हिंदी या अंग्रेजी भाषा पर काफी अच्छी पकड़ हो जाएगी , जो आपको पुस्तक समीक्षा में काफी मदद करेगा ।

इसके अलावा भी आप पुस्तक समीक्षा लिखने से पहले इन बिंदुओं पर ध्यान दें –

ज्यादा से ज्यादा किताबों को पढ़ें
किताबों का मुफ्त में रिव्यू करना शुरू करें
ऊपर बताए गए guidelines को ध्यान में रखकर ही book review करें
Book review करते समय ईमानदारी दिखाएं और हमेशा रीडर्स की भलाई के बारे में सोचें
अपनी इंटरनेट पर online presence बनाएं और सभी बुक रिव्यूज को अपने ब्लॉग पर रखें
किसी खास genre की पुस्तक समीक्षा करने के लिए specialist बनें
अपने सबसे बेहतरीन समीक्षाओं को इकट्ठा करें और जरूरत पड़ने पर clients को दिखाएं
किसी बेहतरीन book community का हिस्सा जरूर बनें
किसी भी बुक लॉन्च के एक महीने पहले से ही उस पुस्तक की समीक्षा की तैयारी करें

अगर आप ऊपर बताए गए सभी बिंदुओं पर ध्यान देकर book review in Hindi करते हैं तो आप आसानी से इस फील्ड में expert बन सकते हैं ।

Book review करने के लिए websites

अगर आप पुस्तक समीक्षा करने के लिए तैयार और eligible हैं तो आप content writing के अंतर्गत नीचे दिए वेबसाइट्स पर आने लिए जॉब ढूंढ सकते हैं ।

writer fulbooks
Kirkus Media
Online Book Club

How to write book review in Hindi – Conclusion

अगर आप किसी भी पुस्तक की समीक्षा लिखना चाहते हैं या कर रहे हैं तो यह पोस्ट आपके लिए काफी लाभदायक साबित होगा । इसे आप पूरा पढ़ें और पोस्ट में लिखें बिंदुओं को पुस्तक समीक्षा करते समय अवश्य ध्यान में रखें । How to write book reviews in Hindi का यह पोस्ट अगर आपको पसंद आया हो तो शेयर अवश्य करें ताकि अन्य लोगों को भी फायदा हो ।

Review meaning in Hindi
Literature review meaning in Hindi
Amish Tripathi Books in Hindi
Motivational Books in Hindi
Atomic Habits Book Summary in Hindi
Best Osho Books in Hindi
Human Psychology Books in Hindi

इसके साथ ही आप पोस्ट के बारे में नीचे कॉमेंट कर सकते हैं । हम इस वेबसाइट पर पुस्तक समीक्षा भी करते हैं , तो आपको किस पुस्तक की समीक्षा चाहिए उसे भी कमेंट के जरिए अवश्य बताएं ।

I have always had a passion for writing and hence I ventured into blogging. In addition to writing, I enjoy reading and watching movies. I am inactive on social media so if you like the content then share it as much as possible .

Escrow account meaning in hindi – एस्क्रो अकाउंट क्या है, personality development course free in hindi – पर्सनैलिटी डेवलपमेंट, iso certificate क्या होता है आईएसओ सर्टिफिकेट के फायदे और उपयोग.

Women emporment and bharat in hindi review

We’ll review this one in near future.

Very nicely written article, lot to learn from this. Good job they are very helpful for hindi review of books.

very nice content . thank you sir

Thanks Pramod, keep visiting.

How To Write An A-Grade Literature Review

3 straightforward steps (with examples) + free template.

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Expert Reviewed By: Dr. Eunice Rautenbach | October 2019

Quality research is about building onto the existing work of others , “standing on the shoulders of giants”, as Newton put it. The literature review chapter of your dissertation, thesis or research project is where you synthesise this prior work and lay the theoretical foundation for your own research.

Long story short, this chapter is a pretty big deal, which is why you want to make sure you get it right . In this post, I’ll show you exactly how to write a literature review in three straightforward steps, so you can conquer this vital chapter (the smart way).

Overview: The Literature Review Process

Understanding the “ why “
Finding the relevant literature
Cataloguing and synthesising the information
Outlining & writing up your literature review
Example of a literature review

But first, the “why”…

Before we unpack how to write the literature review chapter, we’ve got to look at the why . To put it bluntly, if you don’t understand the function and purpose of the literature review process, there’s no way you can pull it off well. So, what exactly is the purpose of the literature review?

Well, there are (at least) four core functions:

For you to gain an understanding (and demonstrate this understanding) of where the research is at currently, what the key arguments and disagreements are.
For you to identify the gap(s) in the literature and then use this as justification for your own research topic.
To help you build a conceptual framework for empirical testing (if applicable to your research topic).
To inform your methodological choices and help you source tried and tested questionnaires (for interviews ) and measurement instruments (for surveys ).

Most students understand the first point but don’t give any thought to the rest. To get the most from the literature review process, you must keep all four points front of mind as you review the literature (more on this shortly), or you’ll land up with a wonky foundation.

Okay – with the why out the way, let’s move on to the how . As mentioned above, writing your literature review is a process, which I’ll break down into three steps:

Finding the most suitable literature
Understanding , distilling and organising the literature
Planning and writing up your literature review chapter

Importantly, you must complete steps one and two before you start writing up your chapter. I know it’s very tempting, but don’t try to kill two birds with one stone and write as you read. You’ll invariably end up wasting huge amounts of time re-writing and re-shaping, or you’ll just land up with a disjointed, hard-to-digest mess . Instead, you need to read first and distil the information, then plan and execute the writing.

Step 1: Find the relevant literature

Naturally, the first step in the literature review journey is to hunt down the existing research that’s relevant to your topic. While you probably already have a decent base of this from your research proposal , you need to expand on this substantially in the dissertation or thesis itself.

Essentially, you need to be looking for any existing literature that potentially helps you answer your research question (or develop it, if that’s not yet pinned down). There are numerous ways to find relevant literature, but I’ll cover my top four tactics here. I’d suggest combining all four methods to ensure that nothing slips past you:

Method 1 – Google Scholar Scrubbing

Google’s academic search engine, Google Scholar , is a great starting point as it provides a good high-level view of the relevant journal articles for whatever keyword you throw at it. Most valuably, it tells you how many times each article has been cited, which gives you an idea of how credible (or at least, popular) it is. Some articles will be free to access, while others will require an account, which brings us to the next method.

Method 2 – University Database Scrounging

Generally, universities provide students with access to an online library, which provides access to many (but not all) of the major journals.

So, if you find an article using Google Scholar that requires paid access (which is quite likely), search for that article in your university’s database – if it’s listed there, you’ll have access. Note that, generally, the search engine capabilities of these databases are poor, so make sure you search for the exact article name, or you might not find it.

Method 3 – Journal Article Snowballing

At the end of every academic journal article, you’ll find a list of references. As with any academic writing, these references are the building blocks of the article, so if the article is relevant to your topic, there’s a good chance a portion of the referenced works will be too. Do a quick scan of the titles and see what seems relevant, then search for the relevant ones in your university’s database.

Method 4 – Dissertation Scavenging

Similar to Method 3 above, you can leverage other students’ dissertations. All you have to do is skim through literature review chapters of existing dissertations related to your topic and you’ll find a gold mine of potential literature. Usually, your university will provide you with access to previous students’ dissertations, but you can also find a much larger selection in the following databases:

Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Stanford SearchWorks

Keep in mind that dissertations and theses are not as academically sound as published, peer-reviewed journal articles (because they’re written by students, not professionals), so be sure to check the credibility of any sources you find using this method. You can do this by assessing the citation count of any given article in Google Scholar. If you need help with assessing the credibility of any article, or with finding relevant research in general, you can chat with one of our Research Specialists .

Alright – with a good base of literature firmly under your belt, it’s time to move onto the next step.

Need a helping hand?

Step 2: Log, catalogue and synthesise

Once you’ve built a little treasure trove of articles, it’s time to get reading and start digesting the information – what does it all mean?

While I present steps one and two (hunting and digesting) as sequential, in reality, it’s more of a back-and-forth tango – you’ll read a little , then have an idea, spot a new citation, or a new potential variable, and then go back to searching for articles. This is perfectly natural – through the reading process, your thoughts will develop , new avenues might crop up, and directional adjustments might arise. This is, after all, one of the main purposes of the literature review process (i.e. to familiarise yourself with the current state of research in your field).

As you’re working through your treasure chest, it’s essential that you simultaneously start organising the information. There are three aspects to this:

Logging reference information
Building an organised catalogue
Distilling and synthesising the information

I’ll discuss each of these below:

2.1 – Log the reference information

As you read each article, you should add it to your reference management software. I usually recommend Mendeley for this purpose (see the Mendeley 101 video below), but you can use whichever software you’re comfortable with. Most importantly, make sure you load EVERY article you read into your reference manager, even if it doesn’t seem very relevant at the time.

2.2 – Build an organised catalogue

In the beginning, you might feel confident that you can remember who said what, where, and what their main arguments were. Trust me, you won’t. If you do a thorough review of the relevant literature (as you must!), you’re going to read many, many articles, and it’s simply impossible to remember who said what, when, and in what context . Also, without the bird’s eye view that a catalogue provides, you’ll miss connections between various articles, and have no view of how the research developed over time. Simply put, it’s essential to build your own catalogue of the literature.

I would suggest using Excel to build your catalogue, as it allows you to run filters, colour code and sort – all very useful when your list grows large (which it will). How you lay your spreadsheet out is up to you, but I’d suggest you have the following columns (at minimum):

Author, date, title – Start with three columns containing this core information. This will make it easy for you to search for titles with certain words, order research by date, or group by author.
Categories or keywords – You can either create multiple columns, one for each category/theme and then tick the relevant categories, or you can have one column with keywords.
Key arguments/points – Use this column to succinctly convey the essence of the article, the key arguments and implications thereof for your research.
Context – Note the socioeconomic context in which the research was undertaken. For example, US-based, respondents aged 25-35, lower- income, etc. This will be useful for making an argument about gaps in the research.
Methodology – Note which methodology was used and why. Also, note any issues you feel arise due to the methodology. Again, you can use this to make an argument about gaps in the research.
Quotations – Note down any quoteworthy lines you feel might be useful later.
Notes – Make notes about anything not already covered. For example, linkages to or disagreements with other theories, questions raised but unanswered, shortcomings or limitations, and so forth.

If you’d like, you can try out our free catalog template here (see screenshot below).

2.3 – Digest and synthesise

Most importantly, as you work through the literature and build your catalogue, you need to synthesise all the information in your own mind – how does it all fit together? Look for links between the various articles and try to develop a bigger picture view of the state of the research. Some important questions to ask yourself are:

What answers does the existing research provide to my own research questions ?
Which points do the researchers agree (and disagree) on?
How has the research developed over time?
Where do the gaps in the current research lie?

To help you develop a big-picture view and synthesise all the information, you might find mind mapping software such as Freemind useful. Alternatively, if you’re a fan of physical note-taking, investing in a large whiteboard might work for you.

Mind mapping is a useful way to plan your literature review.

Step 3: Outline and write it up!

Once you’re satisfied that you have digested and distilled all the relevant literature in your mind, it’s time to put pen to paper (or rather, fingers to keyboard). There are two steps here – outlining and writing:

3.1 – Draw up your outline

Having spent so much time reading, it might be tempting to just start writing up without a clear structure in mind. However, it’s critically important to decide on your structure and develop a detailed outline before you write anything. Your literature review chapter needs to present a clear, logical and an easy to follow narrative – and that requires some planning. Don’t try to wing it!

Naturally, you won’t always follow the plan to the letter, but without a detailed outline, you’re more than likely going to end up with a disjointed pile of waffle , and then you’re going to spend a far greater amount of time re-writing, hacking and patching. The adage, “measure twice, cut once” is very suitable here.

In terms of structure, the first decision you’ll have to make is whether you’ll lay out your review thematically (into themes) or chronologically (by date/period). The right choice depends on your topic, research objectives and research questions, which we discuss in this article .

Once that’s decided, you need to draw up an outline of your entire chapter in bullet point format. Try to get as detailed as possible, so that you know exactly what you’ll cover where, how each section will connect to the next, and how your entire argument will develop throughout the chapter. Also, at this stage, it’s a good idea to allocate rough word count limits for each section, so that you can identify word count problems before you’ve spent weeks or months writing!

PS – check out our free literature review chapter template…

3.2 – Get writing

With a detailed outline at your side, it’s time to start writing up (finally!). At this stage, it’s common to feel a bit of writer’s block and find yourself procrastinating under the pressure of finally having to put something on paper. To help with this, remember that the objective of the first draft is not perfection – it’s simply to get your thoughts out of your head and onto paper, after which you can refine them. The structure might change a little, the word count allocations might shift and shuffle, and you might add or remove a section – that’s all okay. Don’t worry about all this on your first draft – just get your thoughts down on paper.

Once you’ve got a full first draft (however rough it may be), step away from it for a day or two (longer if you can) and then come back at it with fresh eyes. Pay particular attention to the flow and narrative – does it fall fit together and flow from one section to another smoothly? Now’s the time to try to improve the linkage from each section to the next, tighten up the writing to be more concise, trim down word count and sand it down into a more digestible read.

Once you’ve done that, give your writing to a friend or colleague who is not a subject matter expert and ask them if they understand the overall discussion. The best way to assess this is to ask them to explain the chapter back to you. This technique will give you a strong indication of which points were clearly communicated and which weren’t. If you’re working with Grad Coach, this is a good time to have your Research Specialist review your chapter.

Finally, tighten it up and send it off to your supervisor for comment. Some might argue that you should be sending your work to your supervisor sooner than this (indeed your university might formally require this), but in my experience, supervisors are extremely short on time (and often patience), so, the more refined your chapter is, the less time they’ll waste on addressing basic issues (which you know about already) and the more time they’ll spend on valuable feedback that will increase your mark-earning potential.

Literature Review Example

In the video below, we unpack an actual literature review so that you can see how all the core components come together in reality.

Let’s Recap

In this post, we’ve covered how to research and write up a high-quality literature review chapter. Let’s do a quick recap of the key takeaways:

It is essential to understand the WHY of the literature review before you read or write anything. Make sure you understand the 4 core functions of the process.
The first step is to hunt down the relevant literature . You can do this using Google Scholar, your university database, the snowballing technique and by reviewing other dissertations and theses.
Next, you need to log all the articles in your reference manager , build your own catalogue of literature and synthesise all the research.
Following that, you need to develop a detailed outline of your entire chapter – the more detail the better. Don’t start writing without a clear outline (on paper, not in your head!)
Write up your first draft in rough form – don’t aim for perfection. Remember, done beats perfect.
Refine your second draft and get a layman’s perspective on it . Then tighten it up and submit it to your supervisor.

Psst… there’s more!

This post is an extract from our bestselling Udemy Course, Literature Review Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .

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38 Comments

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You’re welcome, Yinka. Thank you for the kind words. All the best writing your literature review.

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Thank you so much Derek for such useful information on writing up a good literature review. I am at a stage where I need to start writing my one. My proposal was accepted late last year but I honestly did not know where to start

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Thank you. I requested to download the free literature review template, however, your website wouldn’t allow me to complete the request or complete a download. May I request that you email me the free template? Thank you.

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Writing a Literature Review

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A literature review is a document or section of a document that collects key sources on a topic and discusses those sources in conversation with each other (also called synthesis ). The lit review is an important genre in many disciplines, not just literature (i.e., the study of works of literature such as novels and plays). When we say “literature review” or refer to “the literature,” we are talking about the research ( scholarship ) in a given field. You will often see the terms “the research,” “the scholarship,” and “the literature” used mostly interchangeably.

Where, when, and why would I write a lit review?

There are a number of different situations where you might write a literature review, each with slightly different expectations; different disciplines, too, have field-specific expectations for what a literature review is and does. For instance, in the humanities, authors might include more overt argumentation and interpretation of source material in their literature reviews, whereas in the sciences, authors are more likely to report study designs and results in their literature reviews; these differences reflect these disciplines’ purposes and conventions in scholarship. You should always look at examples from your own discipline and talk to professors or mentors in your field to be sure you understand your discipline’s conventions, for literature reviews as well as for any other genre.

A literature review can be a part of a research paper or scholarly article, usually falling after the introduction and before the research methods sections. In these cases, the lit review just needs to cover scholarship that is important to the issue you are writing about; sometimes it will also cover key sources that informed your research methodology.

Lit reviews can also be standalone pieces, either as assignments in a class or as publications. In a class, a lit review may be assigned to help students familiarize themselves with a topic and with scholarship in their field, get an idea of the other researchers working on the topic they’re interested in, find gaps in existing research in order to propose new projects, and/or develop a theoretical framework and methodology for later research. As a publication, a lit review usually is meant to help make other scholars’ lives easier by collecting and summarizing, synthesizing, and analyzing existing research on a topic. This can be especially helpful for students or scholars getting into a new research area, or for directing an entire community of scholars toward questions that have not yet been answered.

What are the parts of a lit review?

Most lit reviews use a basic introduction-body-conclusion structure; if your lit review is part of a larger paper, the introduction and conclusion pieces may be just a few sentences while you focus most of your attention on the body. If your lit review is a standalone piece, the introduction and conclusion take up more space and give you a place to discuss your goals, research methods, and conclusions separately from where you discuss the literature itself.

Introduction:

An introductory paragraph that explains what your working topic and thesis is
A forecast of key topics or texts that will appear in the review
Potentially, a description of how you found sources and how you analyzed them for inclusion and discussion in the review (more often found in published, standalone literature reviews than in lit review sections in an article or research paper)
Summarize and synthesize: Give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
Analyze and interpret: Don’t just paraphrase other researchers – add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
Critically Evaluate: Mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
Write in well-structured paragraphs: Use transition words and topic sentence to draw connections, comparisons, and contrasts.

Conclusion:

Summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance
Connect it back to your primary research question

How should I organize my lit review?

Lit reviews can take many different organizational patterns depending on what you are trying to accomplish with the review. Here are some examples:

Chronological : The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time, which helps familiarize the audience with the topic (for instance if you are introducing something that is not commonly known in your field). If you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order. Try to analyze the patterns, turning points, and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred (as mentioned previously, this may not be appropriate in your discipline — check with a teacher or mentor if you’re unsure).
Thematic : If you have found some recurring central themes that you will continue working with throughout your piece, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic. For example, if you are reviewing literature about women and religion, key themes can include the role of women in churches and the religious attitude towards women.
Qualitative versus quantitative research
Empirical versus theoretical scholarship
Divide the research by sociological, historical, or cultural sources
Theoretical : In many humanities articles, the literature review is the foundation for the theoretical framework. You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts. You can argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach or combine various theorical concepts to create a framework for your research.

What are some strategies or tips I can use while writing my lit review?

Any lit review is only as good as the research it discusses; make sure your sources are well-chosen and your research is thorough. Don’t be afraid to do more research if you discover a new thread as you’re writing. More info on the research process is available in our "Conducting Research" resources .

As you’re doing your research, create an annotated bibliography ( see our page on the this type of document ). Much of the information used in an annotated bibliography can be used also in a literature review, so you’ll be not only partially drafting your lit review as you research, but also developing your sense of the larger conversation going on among scholars, professionals, and any other stakeholders in your topic.

Usually you will need to synthesize research rather than just summarizing it. This means drawing connections between sources to create a picture of the scholarly conversation on a topic over time. Many student writers struggle to synthesize because they feel they don’t have anything to add to the scholars they are citing; here are some strategies to help you:

It often helps to remember that the point of these kinds of syntheses is to show your readers how you understand your research, to help them read the rest of your paper.
Writing teachers often say synthesis is like hosting a dinner party: imagine all your sources are together in a room, discussing your topic. What are they saying to each other?
Look at the in-text citations in each paragraph. Are you citing just one source for each paragraph? This usually indicates summary only. When you have multiple sources cited in a paragraph, you are more likely to be synthesizing them (not always, but often
Read more about synthesis here.

The most interesting literature reviews are often written as arguments (again, as mentioned at the beginning of the page, this is discipline-specific and doesn’t work for all situations). Often, the literature review is where you can establish your research as filling a particular gap or as relevant in a particular way. You have some chance to do this in your introduction in an article, but the literature review section gives a more extended opportunity to establish the conversation in the way you would like your readers to see it. You can choose the intellectual lineage you would like to be part of and whose definitions matter most to your thinking (mostly humanities-specific, but this goes for sciences as well). In addressing these points, you argue for your place in the conversation, which tends to make the lit review more compelling than a simple reporting of other sources.

Get science-backed answers as you write with Paperpal's Research feature

What is a Literature Review? How to Write It (with Examples)

A literature review is a critical analysis and synthesis of existing research on a particular topic. It provides an overview of the current state of knowledge, identifies gaps, and highlights key findings in the literature. 1 The purpose of a literature review is to situate your own research within the context of existing scholarship, demonstrating your understanding of the topic and showing how your work contributes to the ongoing conversation in the field. Learning how to write a literature review is a critical tool for successful research. Your ability to summarize and synthesize prior research pertaining to a certain topic demonstrates your grasp on the topic of study, and assists in the learning process.

What is the purpose of literature review?
a. Habitat Loss and Species Extinction:
b. Range Shifts and Phenological Changes:
c. Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs:
d. Adaptive Strategies and Conservation Efforts:
How to write a good literature review
Choose a Topic and Define the Research Question:
Decide on the Scope of Your Review:
Select Databases for Searches:
Conduct Searches and Keep Track:
Review the Literature:
Organize and Write Your Literature Review:
Frequently asked questions

What is a literature review?

A well-conducted literature review demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the existing literature, establishes the context for their own research, and contributes to scholarly conversations on the topic. One of the purposes of a literature review is also to help researchers avoid duplicating previous work and ensure that their research is informed by and builds upon the existing body of knowledge.

What is the purpose of literature review?

A literature review serves several important purposes within academic and research contexts. Here are some key objectives and functions of a literature review: 2

Contextualizing the Research Problem: The literature review provides a background and context for the research problem under investigation. It helps to situate the study within the existing body of knowledge.
Identifying Gaps in Knowledge: By identifying gaps, contradictions, or areas requiring further research, the researcher can shape the research question and justify the significance of the study. This is crucial for ensuring that the new research contributes something novel to the field.
Understanding Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks: Literature reviews help researchers gain an understanding of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks used in previous studies. This aids in the development of a theoretical framework for the current research.
Providing Methodological Insights: Another purpose of literature reviews is that it allows researchers to learn about the methodologies employed in previous studies. This can help in choosing appropriate research methods for the current study and avoiding pitfalls that others may have encountered.
Establishing Credibility: A well-conducted literature review demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with existing scholarship, establishing their credibility and expertise in the field. It also helps in building a solid foundation for the new research.
Informing Hypotheses or Research Questions: The literature review guides the formulation of hypotheses or research questions by highlighting relevant findings and areas of uncertainty in existing literature.

Literature review example

Let’s delve deeper with a literature review example: Let’s say your literature review is about the impact of climate change on biodiversity. You might format your literature review into sections such as the effects of climate change on habitat loss and species extinction, phenological changes, and marine biodiversity. Each section would then summarize and analyze relevant studies in those areas, highlighting key findings and identifying gaps in the research. The review would conclude by emphasizing the need for further research on specific aspects of the relationship between climate change and biodiversity. The following literature review template provides a glimpse into the recommended literature review structure and content, demonstrating how research findings are organized around specific themes within a broader topic.

Literature Review on Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity:

Climate change is a global phenomenon with far-reaching consequences, including significant impacts on biodiversity. This literature review synthesizes key findings from various studies:

a. Habitat Loss and Species Extinction:

Climate change-induced alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns contribute to habitat loss, affecting numerous species (Thomas et al., 2004). The review discusses how these changes increase the risk of extinction, particularly for species with specific habitat requirements.

b. Range Shifts and Phenological Changes:

Observations of range shifts and changes in the timing of biological events (phenology) are documented in response to changing climatic conditions (Parmesan & Yohe, 2003). These shifts affect ecosystems and may lead to mismatches between species and their resources.

c. Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs:

The review explores the impact of climate change on marine biodiversity, emphasizing ocean acidification’s threat to coral reefs (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007). Changes in pH levels negatively affect coral calcification, disrupting the delicate balance of marine ecosystems.

d. Adaptive Strategies and Conservation Efforts:

Recognizing the urgency of the situation, the literature review discusses various adaptive strategies adopted by species and conservation efforts aimed at mitigating the impacts of climate change on biodiversity (Hannah et al., 2007). It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches for effective conservation planning.

How to write a good literature review

Writing a literature review involves summarizing and synthesizing existing research on a particular topic. A good literature review format should include the following elements.

Introduction: The introduction sets the stage for your literature review, providing context and introducing the main focus of your review.

Opening Statement: Begin with a general statement about the broader topic and its significance in the field.
Scope and Purpose: Clearly define the scope of your literature review. Explain the specific research question or objective you aim to address.
Organizational Framework: Briefly outline the structure of your literature review, indicating how you will categorize and discuss the existing research.
Significance of the Study: Highlight why your literature review is important and how it contributes to the understanding of the chosen topic.
Thesis Statement: Conclude the introduction with a concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument or perspective you will develop in the body of the literature review.

Body: The body of the literature review is where you provide a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, grouping studies based on themes, methodologies, or other relevant criteria.

Organize by Theme or Concept: Group studies that share common themes, concepts, or methodologies. Discuss each theme or concept in detail, summarizing key findings and identifying gaps or areas of disagreement.
Critical Analysis: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each study. Discuss the methodologies used, the quality of evidence, and the overall contribution of each work to the understanding of the topic.
Synthesis of Findings: Synthesize the information from different studies to highlight trends, patterns, or areas of consensus in the literature.
Identification of Gaps: Discuss any gaps or limitations in the existing research and explain how your review contributes to filling these gaps.
Transition between Sections: Provide smooth transitions between different themes or concepts to maintain the flow of your literature review.

Conclusion: The conclusion of your literature review should summarize the main findings, highlight the contributions of the review, and suggest avenues for future research.

Summary of Key Findings: Recap the main findings from the literature and restate how they contribute to your research question or objective.
Contributions to the Field: Discuss the overall contribution of your literature review to the existing knowledge in the field.
Implications and Applications: Explore the practical implications of the findings and suggest how they might impact future research or practice.
Recommendations for Future Research: Identify areas that require further investigation and propose potential directions for future research in the field.
Final Thoughts: Conclude with a final reflection on the importance of your literature review and its relevance to the broader academic community.

Conducting a literature review

Conducting a literature review is an essential step in research that involves reviewing and analyzing existing literature on a specific topic. It’s important to know how to do a literature review effectively, so here are the steps to follow: 1

Choose a Topic and Define the Research Question:

Select a topic that is relevant to your field of study.
Clearly define your research question or objective. Determine what specific aspect of the topic do you want to explore?

Decide on the Scope of Your Review:

Determine the timeframe for your literature review. Are you focusing on recent developments, or do you want a historical overview?
Consider the geographical scope. Is your review global, or are you focusing on a specific region?
Define the inclusion and exclusion criteria. What types of sources will you include? Are there specific types of studies or publications you will exclude?

Select Databases for Searches:

Identify relevant databases for your field. Examples include PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
Consider searching in library catalogs, institutional repositories, and specialized databases related to your topic.

Conduct Searches and Keep Track:

Develop a systematic search strategy using keywords, Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT), and other search techniques.
Record and document your search strategy for transparency and replicability.
Keep track of the articles, including publication details, abstracts, and links. Use citation management tools like EndNote, Zotero, or Mendeley to organize your references.

Review the Literature:

Evaluate the relevance and quality of each source. Consider the methodology, sample size, and results of studies.
Organize the literature by themes or key concepts. Identify patterns, trends, and gaps in the existing research.
Summarize key findings and arguments from each source. Compare and contrast different perspectives.
Identify areas where there is a consensus in the literature and where there are conflicting opinions.
Provide critical analysis and synthesis of the literature. What are the strengths and weaknesses of existing research?

Organize and Write Your Literature Review:

Literature review outline should be based on themes, chronological order, or methodological approaches.
Write a clear and coherent narrative that synthesizes the information gathered.
Use proper citations for each source and ensure consistency in your citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).
Conclude your literature review by summarizing key findings, identifying gaps, and suggesting areas for future research.

The literature review sample and detailed advice on writing and conducting a review will help you produce a well-structured report. But remember that a literature review is an ongoing process, and it may be necessary to revisit and update it as your research progresses.

Frequently asked questions

A literature review is a critical and comprehensive analysis of existing literature (published and unpublished works) on a specific topic or research question and provides a synthesis of the current state of knowledge in a particular field. A well-conducted literature review is crucial for researchers to build upon existing knowledge, avoid duplication of efforts, and contribute to the advancement of their field. It also helps researchers situate their work within a broader context and facilitates the development of a sound theoretical and conceptual framework for their studies.

Literature review is a crucial component of research writing, providing a solid background for a research paper’s investigation. The aim is to keep professionals up to date by providing an understanding of ongoing developments within a specific field, including research methods, and experimental techniques used in that field, and present that knowledge in the form of a written report. Also, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the scholar in his or her field.

Before writing a literature review, it’s essential to undertake several preparatory steps to ensure that your review is well-researched, organized, and focused. This includes choosing a topic of general interest to you and doing exploratory research on that topic, writing an annotated bibliography, and noting major points, especially those that relate to the position you have taken on the topic.

Literature reviews and academic research papers are essential components of scholarly work but serve different purposes within the academic realm. 3 A literature review aims to provide a foundation for understanding the current state of research on a particular topic, identify gaps or controversies, and lay the groundwork for future research. Therefore, it draws heavily from existing academic sources, including books, journal articles, and other scholarly publications. In contrast, an academic research paper aims to present new knowledge, contribute to the academic discourse, and advance the understanding of a specific research question. Therefore, it involves a mix of existing literature (in the introduction and literature review sections) and original data or findings obtained through research methods.

Literature reviews are essential components of academic and research papers, and various strategies can be employed to conduct them effectively. If you want to know how to write a literature review for a research paper, here are four common approaches that are often used by researchers. Chronological Review: This strategy involves organizing the literature based on the chronological order of publication. It helps to trace the development of a topic over time, showing how ideas, theories, and research have evolved. Thematic Review: Thematic reviews focus on identifying and analyzing themes or topics that cut across different studies. Instead of organizing the literature chronologically, it is grouped by key themes or concepts, allowing for a comprehensive exploration of various aspects of the topic. Methodological Review: This strategy involves organizing the literature based on the research methods employed in different studies. It helps to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of various methodologies and allows the reader to evaluate the reliability and validity of the research findings. Theoretical Review: A theoretical review examines the literature based on the theoretical frameworks used in different studies. This approach helps to identify the key theories that have been applied to the topic and assess their contributions to the understanding of the subject. It’s important to note that these strategies are not mutually exclusive, and a literature review may combine elements of more than one approach. The choice of strategy depends on the research question, the nature of the literature available, and the goals of the review. Additionally, other strategies, such as integrative reviews or systematic reviews, may be employed depending on the specific requirements of the research.

The literature review format can vary depending on the specific publication guidelines. However, there are some common elements and structures that are often followed. Here is a general guideline for the format of a literature review: Introduction: Provide an overview of the topic. Define the scope and purpose of the literature review. State the research question or objective. Body: Organize the literature by themes, concepts, or chronology. Critically analyze and evaluate each source. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the studies. Highlight any methodological limitations or biases. Identify patterns, connections, or contradictions in the existing research. Conclusion: Summarize the key points discussed in the literature review. Highlight the research gap. Address the research question or objective stated in the introduction. Highlight the contributions of the review and suggest directions for future research.

Both annotated bibliographies and literature reviews involve the examination of scholarly sources. While annotated bibliographies focus on individual sources with brief annotations, literature reviews provide a more in-depth, integrated, and comprehensive analysis of existing literature on a specific topic. The key differences are as follows:

References

Denney, A. S., & Tewksbury, R. (2013). How to write a literature review.  Journal of criminal justice education ,  24 (2), 218-234.
Pan, M. L. (2016).  Preparing literature reviews: Qualitative and quantitative approaches . Taylor & Francis.
Cantero, C. (2019). How to write a literature review.  San José State University Writing Center .

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How to write a literature review in 6 steps

What is a literature review?

How to write a literature review, 1. determine the purpose of your literature review, 2. do an extensive search, 3. evaluate and select literature, 4. analyze the literature, 5. plan the structure of your literature review, 6. write your literature review, other resources to help you write a successful literature review, frequently asked questions about writing a literature review, related articles.

A literature review is an assessment of the sources in a chosen topic of research.

A good literature review does not just summarize sources. It analyzes the state of the field on a given topic and creates a scholarly foundation for you to make your own intervention. It demonstrates to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study.

In a thesis, a literature review is part of the introduction, but it can also be a separate section. In research papers, a literature review may have its own section or it may be integrated into the introduction, depending on the field.

➡️ Our guide on what is a literature review covers additional basics about literature reviews.

Identify the main purpose of the literature review.
Do extensive research.
Evaluate and select relevant sources.
Analyze the sources.
Plan a structure.
Write the review.

In this section, we review each step of the process of creating a literature review.

In the first step, make sure you know specifically what the assignment is and what form your literature review should take. Read your assignment carefully and seek clarification from your professor or instructor if needed. You should be able to answer the following questions:

How many sources do I need to include?
What types of sources should I review?
Should I evaluate the sources?
Should I summarize, synthesize or critique sources?
Do I need to provide any definitions or background information?

In addition to that, be aware that the narrower your topic, the easier it will be to limit the number of sources you need to read in order to get a good overview of the topic.

Now you need to find out what has been written on the topic and search for literature related to your research topic. Make sure to select appropriate source material, which means using academic or scholarly sources , including books, reports, journal articles , government documents and web resources.

➡️ If you’re unsure about how to tell if a source is scholarly, take a look at our guide on how to identify a scholarly source .

Come up with a list of relevant keywords and then start your search with your institution's library catalog, and extend it to other useful databases and academic search engines like:

Google Scholar
Science.gov

➡️ Our guide on how to collect data for your thesis might be helpful at this stage of your research as well as the top list of academic search engines .

Once you find a useful article, check out the reference list. It should provide you with even more relevant sources. Also, keep a note of the:

authors' names
page numbers

Keeping track of the bibliographic information for each source will save you time when you’re ready to create citations. You could also use a reference manager like Paperpile to automatically save, manage, and cite your references.

Read the literature. You will most likely not be able to read absolutely everything that is out there on the topic. Therefore, read the abstract first to determine whether the rest of the source is worth your time. If the source is relevant for your topic:

Read it critically.
Look for the main arguments.
Take notes as you read.
Organize your notes using a table, mind map, or other technique.

Now you are ready to analyze the literature you have gathered. While your are working on your analysis, you should ask the following questions:

What are the key terms, concepts and problems addressed by the author?
How is this source relevant for my specific topic?
How is the article structured? What are the major trends and findings?
What are the conclusions of the study?
How are the results presented? Is the source credible?
When comparing different sources, how do they relate to each other? What are the similarities, what are the differences?
Does the study help me understand the topic better?
Are there any gaps in the research that need to be filled? How can I further my research as a result of the review?

Tip: Decide on the structure of your literature review before you start writing.

There are various ways to organize your literature review:

Chronological method : Writing in the chronological method means you are presenting the materials according to when they were published. Follow this approach only if a clear path of research can be identified.
Thematic review : A thematic review of literature is organized around a topic or issue, rather than the progression of time.
Publication-based : You can order your sources by publication, if the way you present the order of your sources demonstrates a more important trend. This is the case when a progression revealed from study to study and the practices of researchers have changed and adapted due to the new revelations.
Methodological approach : A methodological approach focuses on the methods used by the researcher. If you have used sources from different disciplines that use a variety of research methods, you might want to compare the results in light of the different methods and discuss how the topic has been approached from different sides.

Regardless of the structure you chose, a review should always include the following three sections:

An introduction, which should give the reader an outline of why you are writing the review and explain the relevance of the topic.
A body, which divides your literature review into different sections. Write in well-structured paragraphs, use transitions and topic sentences and critically analyze each source for how it contributes to the themes you are researching.
A conclusion , which summarizes the key findings, the main agreements and disagreements in the literature, your overall perspective, and any gaps or areas for further research.

➡️ If your literature review is part of a longer paper, visit our guide on what is a research paper for additional tips.

➡️ UNC writing center: Literature reviews

➡️ How to write a literature review in 3 steps

➡️ How to write a literature review in 30 minutes or less

The goal of a literature review is to asses the state of the field on a given topic in preparation for making an intervention.

A literature review should have its own independent section. You should indicate clearly in the table of contents where it can be found, and address this section as “Literature Review.”

There is no set amount of words for a literature review; the length depends on the research. If you are working with a large amount of sources, then it will be long. If your paper does not depend entirely on references, then it will be short.

Most research papers include a literature review. By assessing the available sources in your field of research, you will be able to make a more confident argument about the topic.

Literature reviews are most commonly found in theses and dissertations. However, you find them in research papers as well.

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Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review

Marco pautasso.

1 Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology (CEFE), CNRS, Montpellier, France

2 Centre for Biodiversity Synthesis and Analysis (CESAB), FRB, Aix-en-Provence, France

Literature reviews are in great demand in most scientific fields. Their need stems from the ever-increasing output of scientific publications [1] . For example, compared to 1991, in 2008 three, eight, and forty times more papers were indexed in Web of Science on malaria, obesity, and biodiversity, respectively [2] . Given such mountains of papers, scientists cannot be expected to examine in detail every single new paper relevant to their interests [3] . Thus, it is both advantageous and necessary to rely on regular summaries of the recent literature. Although recognition for scientists mainly comes from primary research, timely literature reviews can lead to new synthetic insights and are often widely read [4] . For such summaries to be useful, however, they need to be compiled in a professional way [5] .

When starting from scratch, reviewing the literature can require a titanic amount of work. That is why researchers who have spent their career working on a certain research issue are in a perfect position to review that literature. Some graduate schools are now offering courses in reviewing the literature, given that most research students start their project by producing an overview of what has already been done on their research issue [6] . However, it is likely that most scientists have not thought in detail about how to approach and carry out a literature review.

Reviewing the literature requires the ability to juggle multiple tasks, from finding and evaluating relevant material to synthesising information from various sources, from critical thinking to paraphrasing, evaluating, and citation skills [7] . In this contribution, I share ten simple rules I learned working on about 25 literature reviews as a PhD and postdoctoral student. Ideas and insights also come from discussions with coauthors and colleagues, as well as feedback from reviewers and editors.

Rule 1: Define a Topic and Audience

How to choose which topic to review? There are so many issues in contemporary science that you could spend a lifetime of attending conferences and reading the literature just pondering what to review. On the one hand, if you take several years to choose, several other people may have had the same idea in the meantime. On the other hand, only a well-considered topic is likely to lead to a brilliant literature review [8] . The topic must at least be:

interesting to you (ideally, you should have come across a series of recent papers related to your line of work that call for a critical summary),
an important aspect of the field (so that many readers will be interested in the review and there will be enough material to write it), and
a well-defined issue (otherwise you could potentially include thousands of publications, which would make the review unhelpful).

Ideas for potential reviews may come from papers providing lists of key research questions to be answered [9] , but also from serendipitous moments during desultory reading and discussions. In addition to choosing your topic, you should also select a target audience. In many cases, the topic (e.g., web services in computational biology) will automatically define an audience (e.g., computational biologists), but that same topic may also be of interest to neighbouring fields (e.g., computer science, biology, etc.).

Rule 2: Search and Re-search the Literature

After having chosen your topic and audience, start by checking the literature and downloading relevant papers. Five pieces of advice here:

keep track of the search items you use (so that your search can be replicated [10] ),
keep a list of papers whose pdfs you cannot access immediately (so as to retrieve them later with alternative strategies),
use a paper management system (e.g., Mendeley, Papers, Qiqqa, Sente),
define early in the process some criteria for exclusion of irrelevant papers (these criteria can then be described in the review to help define its scope), and
do not just look for research papers in the area you wish to review, but also seek previous reviews.

The chances are high that someone will already have published a literature review ( Figure 1 ), if not exactly on the issue you are planning to tackle, at least on a related topic. If there are already a few or several reviews of the literature on your issue, my advice is not to give up, but to carry on with your own literature review,

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The bottom-right situation (many literature reviews but few research papers) is not just a theoretical situation; it applies, for example, to the study of the impacts of climate change on plant diseases, where there appear to be more literature reviews than research studies [33] .

discussing in your review the approaches, limitations, and conclusions of past reviews,
trying to find a new angle that has not been covered adequately in the previous reviews, and
incorporating new material that has inevitably accumulated since their appearance.

When searching the literature for pertinent papers and reviews, the usual rules apply:

be thorough,
use different keywords and database sources (e.g., DBLP, Google Scholar, ISI Proceedings, JSTOR Search, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science), and
look at who has cited past relevant papers and book chapters.

Rule 3: Take Notes While Reading

If you read the papers first, and only afterwards start writing the review, you will need a very good memory to remember who wrote what, and what your impressions and associations were while reading each single paper. My advice is, while reading, to start writing down interesting pieces of information, insights about how to organize the review, and thoughts on what to write. This way, by the time you have read the literature you selected, you will already have a rough draft of the review.

Of course, this draft will still need much rewriting, restructuring, and rethinking to obtain a text with a coherent argument [11] , but you will have avoided the danger posed by staring at a blank document. Be careful when taking notes to use quotation marks if you are provisionally copying verbatim from the literature. It is advisable then to reformulate such quotes with your own words in the final draft. It is important to be careful in noting the references already at this stage, so as to avoid misattributions. Using referencing software from the very beginning of your endeavour will save you time.

Rule 4: Choose the Type of Review You Wish to Write

After having taken notes while reading the literature, you will have a rough idea of the amount of material available for the review. This is probably a good time to decide whether to go for a mini- or a full review. Some journals are now favouring the publication of rather short reviews focusing on the last few years, with a limit on the number of words and citations. A mini-review is not necessarily a minor review: it may well attract more attention from busy readers, although it will inevitably simplify some issues and leave out some relevant material due to space limitations. A full review will have the advantage of more freedom to cover in detail the complexities of a particular scientific development, but may then be left in the pile of the very important papers “to be read” by readers with little time to spare for major monographs.

There is probably a continuum between mini- and full reviews. The same point applies to the dichotomy of descriptive vs. integrative reviews. While descriptive reviews focus on the methodology, findings, and interpretation of each reviewed study, integrative reviews attempt to find common ideas and concepts from the reviewed material [12] . A similar distinction exists between narrative and systematic reviews: while narrative reviews are qualitative, systematic reviews attempt to test a hypothesis based on the published evidence, which is gathered using a predefined protocol to reduce bias [13] , [14] . When systematic reviews analyse quantitative results in a quantitative way, they become meta-analyses. The choice between different review types will have to be made on a case-by-case basis, depending not just on the nature of the material found and the preferences of the target journal(s), but also on the time available to write the review and the number of coauthors [15] .

Rule 5: Keep the Review Focused, but Make It of Broad Interest

Whether your plan is to write a mini- or a full review, it is good advice to keep it focused 16 , 17 . Including material just for the sake of it can easily lead to reviews that are trying to do too many things at once. The need to keep a review focused can be problematic for interdisciplinary reviews, where the aim is to bridge the gap between fields [18] . If you are writing a review on, for example, how epidemiological approaches are used in modelling the spread of ideas, you may be inclined to include material from both parent fields, epidemiology and the study of cultural diffusion. This may be necessary to some extent, but in this case a focused review would only deal in detail with those studies at the interface between epidemiology and the spread of ideas.

While focus is an important feature of a successful review, this requirement has to be balanced with the need to make the review relevant to a broad audience. This square may be circled by discussing the wider implications of the reviewed topic for other disciplines.

Rule 6: Be Critical and Consistent

Reviewing the literature is not stamp collecting. A good review does not just summarize the literature, but discusses it critically, identifies methodological problems, and points out research gaps [19] . After having read a review of the literature, a reader should have a rough idea of:

the major achievements in the reviewed field,
the main areas of debate, and
the outstanding research questions.

It is challenging to achieve a successful review on all these fronts. A solution can be to involve a set of complementary coauthors: some people are excellent at mapping what has been achieved, some others are very good at identifying dark clouds on the horizon, and some have instead a knack at predicting where solutions are going to come from. If your journal club has exactly this sort of team, then you should definitely write a review of the literature! In addition to critical thinking, a literature review needs consistency, for example in the choice of passive vs. active voice and present vs. past tense.

Rule 7: Find a Logical Structure

Like a well-baked cake, a good review has a number of telling features: it is worth the reader's time, timely, systematic, well written, focused, and critical. It also needs a good structure. With reviews, the usual subdivision of research papers into introduction, methods, results, and discussion does not work or is rarely used. However, a general introduction of the context and, toward the end, a recapitulation of the main points covered and take-home messages make sense also in the case of reviews. For systematic reviews, there is a trend towards including information about how the literature was searched (database, keywords, time limits) [20] .

How can you organize the flow of the main body of the review so that the reader will be drawn into and guided through it? It is generally helpful to draw a conceptual scheme of the review, e.g., with mind-mapping techniques. Such diagrams can help recognize a logical way to order and link the various sections of a review [21] . This is the case not just at the writing stage, but also for readers if the diagram is included in the review as a figure. A careful selection of diagrams and figures relevant to the reviewed topic can be very helpful to structure the text too [22] .

Rule 8: Make Use of Feedback

Reviews of the literature are normally peer-reviewed in the same way as research papers, and rightly so [23] . As a rule, incorporating feedback from reviewers greatly helps improve a review draft. Having read the review with a fresh mind, reviewers may spot inaccuracies, inconsistencies, and ambiguities that had not been noticed by the writers due to rereading the typescript too many times. It is however advisable to reread the draft one more time before submission, as a last-minute correction of typos, leaps, and muddled sentences may enable the reviewers to focus on providing advice on the content rather than the form.

Feedback is vital to writing a good review, and should be sought from a variety of colleagues, so as to obtain a diversity of views on the draft. This may lead in some cases to conflicting views on the merits of the paper, and on how to improve it, but such a situation is better than the absence of feedback. A diversity of feedback perspectives on a literature review can help identify where the consensus view stands in the landscape of the current scientific understanding of an issue [24] .

Rule 9: Include Your Own Relevant Research, but Be Objective

In many cases, reviewers of the literature will have published studies relevant to the review they are writing. This could create a conflict of interest: how can reviewers report objectively on their own work [25] ? Some scientists may be overly enthusiastic about what they have published, and thus risk giving too much importance to their own findings in the review. However, bias could also occur in the other direction: some scientists may be unduly dismissive of their own achievements, so that they will tend to downplay their contribution (if any) to a field when reviewing it.

In general, a review of the literature should neither be a public relations brochure nor an exercise in competitive self-denial. If a reviewer is up to the job of producing a well-organized and methodical review, which flows well and provides a service to the readership, then it should be possible to be objective in reviewing one's own relevant findings. In reviews written by multiple authors, this may be achieved by assigning the review of the results of a coauthor to different coauthors.

Rule 10: Be Up-to-Date, but Do Not Forget Older Studies

Given the progressive acceleration in the publication of scientific papers, today's reviews of the literature need awareness not just of the overall direction and achievements of a field of inquiry, but also of the latest studies, so as not to become out-of-date before they have been published. Ideally, a literature review should not identify as a major research gap an issue that has just been addressed in a series of papers in press (the same applies, of course, to older, overlooked studies (“sleeping beauties” [26] )). This implies that literature reviewers would do well to keep an eye on electronic lists of papers in press, given that it can take months before these appear in scientific databases. Some reviews declare that they have scanned the literature up to a certain point in time, but given that peer review can be a rather lengthy process, a full search for newly appeared literature at the revision stage may be worthwhile. Assessing the contribution of papers that have just appeared is particularly challenging, because there is little perspective with which to gauge their significance and impact on further research and society.

Inevitably, new papers on the reviewed topic (including independently written literature reviews) will appear from all quarters after the review has been published, so that there may soon be the need for an updated review. But this is the nature of science [27] – [32] . I wish everybody good luck with writing a review of the literature.

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to M. Barbosa, K. Dehnen-Schmutz, T. Döring, D. Fontaneto, M. Garbelotto, O. Holdenrieder, M. Jeger, D. Lonsdale, A. MacLeod, P. Mills, M. Moslonka-Lefebvre, G. Stancanelli, P. Weisberg, and X. Xu for insights and discussions, and to P. Bourne, T. Matoni, and D. Smith for helpful comments on a previous draft.

Funding Statement

This work was funded by the French Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB) through its Centre for Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity data (CESAB), as part of the NETSEED research project. The funders had no role in the preparation of the manuscript.

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A Roadmap For Reading Hindi Literature

Devanshi has been reading ever since she can remember. What started off as an obsession with Enid Blyton, slowly morphed into a love for mystery and fantasy. Even her choice of career as a lawyer was heavily influenced by the works of Erle Stanley Gardner and John Grisham. After quitting law, and while backpacking around India, she read books on entrepreneurship, taught herself web design and delved into social media marketing. She doesn’t go anywhere without a book.

She is the founding editor of The Curious Reader. Read her articles here .

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22 Literary Magazines in Hindi – Publish Poetry, Short Stories, and Non-fiction Online

December 5, 2021
26 Comments

Introduction

Literary magazines are an important part of any literary landscape and are a great medium of exposure. This is especially true for writers of poetry, short stories, and other short-form writing. Hindi has had its own tradition of literary magazines, with some like Hans dating back to the pre-independence era.

If you write in English, you can check our blog post on getting published that has a list of literary magazines and ezines. If you write in Hindi or any other Indian language, this post will help you find multiple platforms for publishing an article, essay, short story, book review, or poem. Feel free to bookmark this page and share it with fellow writers.

Why should you send your work to Hindi literary magazines?

Getting published in literary magazines in Hindi magazines can be a good way to build an audience and your Author’s bio. The feedback from the editors helps you improve your writing. Seeing your work published and read by global audiences boosts your confidence as a writer.

How should you submit your writing to literary magazines in Hindi?

Most literary magazines in Hindi have very specific requirements in terms of font size, type, spacing, and file format for submission. You can go through their submission guidelines at length before sending in your work. Do not hesitate to reach out to the editorial team on the email ids shared in case you have any doubts. It is always better to be clear than have a rejection for minuscule reasons like submission not being in the right format.

Let us take a look at the various ezines & literary magazines in Hindi where you can submit your work. Before we share the list of literary magazines in Hindi where you can submit your short stories/poems/ essays/ book reviews, a few quick points:

The magazines/journals have been listed in random order. The serial number does not highlight their rank of preference.
All the below-mentioned literary magazines in Hindi accept submissions only in Hindi. In some cases, they accept translations too but those also need to be in English.
At the time of publishing this article, all the mentioned literary magazines in Hindi did not have any submission fees unless specifically mentioned (sometimes in the case of annual print editions). However, that is subject to change at the discretion of the editorial team of the respective literary magazines in Hindi.
Most of the literary magazines in Hindi accept short stories across genres, however, some are specific to certain genres and themes of their issues. These have been highlighted in their respective cases below.
Currently, we have included only the literary magazines in Hindi which accept submissions from writers based in India and South Asia in general. In the future, we might come up with a similar list for international submissions also.
Most of the literary magazines in Hindi have submission periods during which they are open to submissions and the rest of the year, they are not. Do read the submission guidelines before submitting.
Last, but not least, the list is dynamic and we will keep updating it from time to time. In case you feel we have missed out on any of your favorites, do let us know in the comments.

This list of literary magazines in Hindi is not just a great place to publish. These are also great places to read good writing.

List of Literary Magazines in Hindi to submit your work

Sahitya amrit.

Established by veteran writer Pundit Vidyaniwas Mishra, Sahitya Amrit boasts of a huge circulation among government offices, public sector companies & banks, ministries, schools, and colleges across India.

How to submit: Write to [email protected]
Home Page: Sahitya Amrit
Genre: Fiction, Nonfiction, and Poetry.
Compensation: Yes, only if your submission gets shortlisted.
Submission Charges: Nil

Sahitya Akademi

Established in the year 1954, Sahitya Akademi is India’s central institution for literary dialogue, publication, and promotion. The journal gets published in 24 regional languages, including English.

How to submit: Write to [email protected]
Home Page: ..:: SAHITYA : Journal::.. (sahitya-akademi.gov.in)
Genre: Fiction and Nonfiction.

Hindinama was launched as a platform to promote Hindi literature and has now grown into a robust literary magazine in Hindi branching out on various platforms like Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube using different forms of storytelling and poetry recitation.

How to submit: Please visit हिन्दीनामा – रचना भेजें (hindinama.in)
Genre: Fiction, Nonfiction, Book Reviews, and Poetry.
Compensation: Nil

With over 2 million monthly online readers, Rekhta is famous among lovers of Hindi and Urdu poetry.

How to submit: Write to [email protected]
Home page: Urdu Poetry, Urdu Shayari of Famous Poets – Rekhta
Genre: Poetry

Hindinest is a platform that invites submissions from writers in English and Hindi all throughout the year.

How to submit: www.hindinest.com/contri.htm
Genre: Fiction, Nonfiction, and Essays
Categories: Humor, Poems, Recipes, Children Stories, Fiction, Drama, Satire, and creative works relating to Family Matters, Travels, Health, Social Issues, Personal Experiences, Religion, Philosophy, Parenting, Films, Politics and Economy, Tribes, Architecture, Dances, Festivals, etc.
Languages accepted: English and Hindi
Compensation: Depends on the quality of writing. Solely at the discretion of the magazine.

{Here’s a list of 14 Hindi Book Publishers in India }

Pravakta.com

Pravakta.com is a current affairs ezine that has a separate literary segment hosting works by writers of both fiction and nonfiction.

How to submit: लेख भेजें – Pravakta.Com | प्रवक्‍ता.कॉम
Genre: Fiction, Nonfiction, Book Reviews, Ghazals, and Poetry
Compensation: N.A.

Amar Ujala is a leading newspaper in India that accepts submissions for its literary section.

How to submit: Register yourself HERE .
Home Page: Hindi News (Hindi News): Latest News In Hindi, Breaking News Headlines Today (Hindi News) (amarujala.com)
Categories: Poetry, Articles, Book Reviews, Stories, etc.
Languages accepted: Marathi | Kannada| Tamil | Malayalam|Telugu| Bangla| Gujarati| English

Navbharat Times

Navbharat Times is a household name since its inception in 1946.

How to submit: Send your submissions HERE .
Home Page: Hindi News: Latest News in Hindi, हिन्दी न्यूज़, Breaking News, लेटेस्ट हिंदी न्यूज़, Hindi Khabar, हिंदी खबरें, ब्रेकिंग न्यूज़ | Navbharat Times – Navbharat Times (indiatimes.com)
Categories: Articles, Poems, Stories, Opinions, etc.

Founded by Premchand in 1930, this literary magazine in Hindi had Mahatma Gandhi on its editorial board during that time.

How to submit : Hanshindimagazine – Grow Your Knowledge
Genre: Fiction and Poetry

Founded in 1975 by Sitaram Seksaria and Bhagirath Kanodia, Vagarth has a special place in the Hindi literary world.

How to submit : वागर्थ | (bharatiyabhashaparishad.org)
Genre: Fiction, Nonfiction, and Poetry

Abhivyakti is a monthly literary magazine in Hindi that invites submissions from writers and poets on a regular basis.

How to submit : Write to [email protected]
Home Page: expression : suruchi ki – based on indian literature, culture, art and philosophy, the first web magazine of hindi published regularly since 2000 (abhivyakti-hindi.org)

This Hindi magazine with over 42 quarterly editions is loved across age groups for its content.

How to submit : About Tadbhav Hindi Magazine .

An online portal that strives to provide a global forum for aspiring writers, poets, photographers, short filmmakers, and literary fans.

How to submit : Online Platform for Artists | Free Online Portfolio Website | Tumbhi.com

{If you are interested in Translations, check out this Interview with Arunava Sinha }

Founded by Vaani Murarka and Vinod Tiwari in 1997, Kaavyaalaya publishes audio and visual editions of the poems along with print versions.

How to submit: काव्यालय| Kaavyaalaya: House of Hindi Poetry

Hindikunj is a Hindi literary web portal with over 1.5 Lakh visitors per month.

How to submit: Write to [email protected]
Home Page: हिन्दीकुंज,Hindi Website/Literary Web Patrika (hindikunj.com)

Established in 2008, a monthly literary magazine in Hindi Pakhi continues to be loved by Hindi literary enthusiasts.

How to submit: Write to [email protected]
Home Page: Pakhi
Categories: Articles, short stories, book excerpts, satire, poems

{Looking for a Literary Agent? Meet the Top 13 Literary Agents in India }

Womensweb Hindi

Since its inception in 2010, womensweb. in has worked hard to make a difference by supporting women writers and their creativity.

How to submit: Social login – Women’s Web: For Women Who Do (womensweb.in)
Genre: Book reviews, Fiction, Nonfiction and Poetry

Kavishala as the name suggests is a literary magazine in Hindi for poets.

How to submit: Get published by Kavishala

A name that holds childhood memories for most of us, the Hindi magazine Poshampa evokes the same feeling of tenderness and joy with its contents.

How to submit: Login | Posham Pa

Pratilipi is a website that has been successfully catering to the needs of literary fans. The magazine accepts entries in Bangla, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Telugu, English, Urdu, Punjabi, and Odia.

How to submit: Unsolicited entries for the magazines can be sent to [email protected] or [email protected]
Home Page: Pratilipi – Read stories and write your own
Genre: Fiction, Nonfiction, and Poetry only

ISRGKB is a popular online portal where one can write and get paid for sharing opinion-based articles, reviews, and other such essays.

How to submit: Earn Money Online by Writing Articles Online in India – Isrg KB (isrgrajan.com)
Genre: Nonfiction only
Categories: 750 words based on topics including How-To, Lifestyle, Health, Tours & Travels, Education, Sociocultural, Economy & Finance, Apps & Games, Entertainment, Science & Technology, Politics, Interviews, Reviews, Sports and other miscellaneous topics.
Compensation: Depends on the word limit

Surwala.com

Surwala is a website created by Kanu Butani, a Singer. It accepts poems, songs, and paintings.

How to submit: Email you submission to [email protected]
Categories: Poetry, Songs, Lyrics and Paintings

As you would have observed most of these platforms do not pay. The most common reason found by us was that they were largely registered as NGOs and hence could not pay the contributors. However, they also have great writers and poets in their editorial team, who can actually help a writer hone their skills very well.

In short…

Earning through writing is not easy. In the past, we have explored Seven Ways to Earn Money through Writing in India and concluded it is not impossible either. Getting publishing in literary magazines in Hindi and on various websites is a great way to add to your writer’s portfolio and also build your author brand. It is more like the groundwork you do, before releasing your book. This way you are working on building an audience for your work which can be long-form, short-form, or poetic verses.

So, add those final touches of editing to your pieces and start submitting them now!

Note: If you know of a literary magazines in Hindi which should be in this list, do let us know in comments below and we will include it.

26 Responses

एक ही गुलदस्ते में हिन्दी की सभी राष्ट्रीय स्तर की पत्रिकाओं के पुष्प🌸🌺🌻🌹🌷🌼💐 सुखद अनुभूति… प्रेरक…

very informative

Paperwiff.com भी आधुनिक समय में एक ऐसा प्लेटफार्म है जो लिखने के बदले रचनाकारों की सार्थक रचनाओं हेतु पारिश्रमिक भी देता है। समय समय पर समसामायिक विषयों पर प्रतियोगिताएं भी आयोजित करता है व विजयी रचनाकारों को रिवार्ड सह ट्राफी व सम्मान पत्र प्रदान करता है हालही में इस प्लेटफार्म द्वारा ओपेन माइक इवेंट भी आयोजित किया गया है आगे भी होते रहेंगे। इस प्लेटफॉर्म से संबंधित विस्तृत जानकारी हेतु पेपरविफ्फ के फेसबुक अथवा इंस्टाग्राम पेज से जुड़े.

“आलोचना” पत्रिका भी हिंदी साहित्य की प्रतिष्ठित पत्रिका है।

बहुत-बहुत धन्यवाद

सर आप list बहुत अच्छा बनाये है और साथ में जानकारी भी बहुत अच्छा दिए है और सर क्या आप को नहीं लगता की एस लिस्ट में Shabd.in को ऐड करना चाहिए क्यों की इस साइट पर भी आप कहानी लिख और पढ़ सकते है , जो की निशुल्क है

Outstanding and aptly informative platform to guide persons interested in literary writing. Thanks for undertaking this literary service.

बहुत सुन्दर लेख। आप इस सूची में ‘अहा ज़िंदगी ‘ को जोड़ने पर भी विचार कर सकते हैं।

Navneet can also be added.

Very helpful information has been given specifically for those Hindi literature lovers like me living in non – Hindi states. Reading is the best past time after retirement. I can subscribe some tasteful Hindi magazines . Thanks a lot for this great help.

बेहतरीन प्लेटफार्म.

nice brother you explained it very well ….good job

Very Very informative ! Even I gave my poem to 4 to 5 magazines after reading this. Thankyou so much :)))

इतना कुछ प्रधान करने के लिए बहुत- बहुत धन्यवाद कविता दुनिया

outstanding and beautiful informational

‘The Bilingual Window’, they accept entries in Hindi, English, and translations. Check them out at http://www.thebilingualwindow.com

Thank You Apoorva

http://www.thebilingualwindow.co.in

You can submit your poems for free on surwala.com. in hindi or english. Also you can send in your drawings

Thank You. We have added it to the list.

Best story platform in telugu was : https://www.kiddistory.com/

A new literary journal, Ghudsavar, has launched that accepts poetry submissions in Hindi and English. Submissions for Hindi poems are free but for English submissions require 3 dollars payment. Published poems receive 10 dollars each. They also have a Ghudsavar Prize, open to all online published Hindi poems in a year, with the winner to get 100 dollars.

Note that I forgot to give the address of Ghudsavar in my earlier comment. It is http://www.ghudsavar.com

kritya.in Journal of Poetry (ISSN 0976-514X) Kritya is an international journal of poetry publishing contemporary Indian & world poetry Besides, it also features poetry in regional Indian languages in translation To keep continuity with our past, we publish the works of classical masters. Kritya is also a humble initiative from India to make use of the web and the internet as new platform of practicing and disseminating literature. It was the first web journal started in 2005, recently we upgrade it. it has two sections, one for English readers, another is for Hindi Readers. please add in your site, so we get good submissions.

http://www.kritya.in

the mail Id for kritya is –

[email protected]