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Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels and Circulation
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Learning Objectives
- Compare and contrast the anatomical structure of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
- Accurately describe the forces that account for capillary exchange
- List the major factors affecting blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance
- Describe how blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance interrelate
- Discuss how the neural and endocrine mechanisms maintain homeostasis within the blood vessels
- Describe the interaction of the cardiovascular system with other body systems
- Label the major blood vessels of the pulmonary and systemic circulations
- Identify and describe the hepatic portal system
- Describe the development of blood vessels and fetal circulation
- Compare fetal circulation to that of an individual after birth
- 20.1: Introduction In this chapter, you will learn about the vascular part of the cardiovascular system, that is, the vessels that transport blood throughout the body and provide the physical site where gases, nutrients, and other substances are exchanged with body cells. When vessel functioning is reduced, blood-borne substances do not circulate effectively throughout the body. As a result, tissue injury occurs, metabolism is impaired, and the functions of every bodily system are threatened.
- 20.2: Structure and Function of Blood Vessels Blood is carried through the body via blood vessels. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, where it branches into ever-smaller vessels. Eventually, the smallest arteries, vessels called arterioles, further branch into tiny capillaries, where nutrients and wastes are exchanged, and then combine with other vessels that exit capillaries to form venules, small blood vessels that carry blood to a vein, a larger blood vessel that returns blood to the heart.
- 20.3: Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance Ventricular contraction ejects blood into the major arteries, resulting in flow from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure, as blood encounters smaller arteries and arterioles, then capillaries, then the venules and veins of the venous system. This section discusses a number of critical variables that contribute to blood flow throughout the body. It also discusses the factors that impede or slow blood flow, a phenomenon known as resistance.
- 20.4: Capillary Exchange Glucose, amino acids, and ions—including sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride—use transporters to move through specific channels in the membrane by facilitated diffusion. Glucose, ions, and larger molecules may also leave the blood through intercellular clefts. Larger molecules can pass through the pores of fenestrated capillaries, and even large plasma proteins can pass through the great gaps in the sinusoids.
- 20.5: Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System To maintain homeostasis in the cardiovascular system and provide adequate blood to the tissues, blood flow must be redirected continually to the tissues as they become more active. In a very real sense, the cardiovascular system engages in resource allocation, because there is not enough blood flow to distribute blood equally to all tissues simultaneously. For example, when an individual is exercising, more blood will be directed to skeletal muscles, the heart, and the lungs.
- 20.6: Circulatory Pathways Virtually every cell, tissue, organ, and system in the body is impacted by the circulatory system. This includes the generalized and more specialized functions of transport of materials, capillary exchange, maintaining health by transporting white blood cells and various immunoglobulins (antibodies), hemostasis, regulation of body temperature, and helping to maintain acid-base balance. In addition to these shared functions, many systems enjoy a unique relationship with the circulatory system.
- 20.7: Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation In a developing embryo,the heart has developed enough by day 21 post-fertilization to begin beating. Circulation patterns are clearly established by the fourth week of embryonic life. It is critical to the survival of the developing human that the circulatory system forms early to supply the growing tissue with nutrients and gases, and to remove waste products. Development of these circulatory elements within the embryo itself begins approximately 2 days later.
- 20.8: Key Terms
- 20.9: Chapter Review
- 20.10: Interactive Link Questions
- 20.11: Review Questions
- 20.12: Critical Thinking Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
- A closed circulatory system is a system in which the blood mixes with the interstitial fluid. Fish have a two-chambered heart. Amphibians and reptiles have a three-chambered heart. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart and double circulation.
- A closed circulatory system is a system in which blood is separate from the interstitial fluid. Fish have a two-chambered heart. Amphibians and reptiles have a three-chambered heart. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart and double circulation.
- A closed circulatory system is a system in which blood is separate from the interstitial fluid. Amphibians have a two-chambered heart. Fishes and reptiles have a three-chambered heart. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart and double circulation.
- A closed circulatory system is a system in which blood mixes with the interstitial fluid. Amphibians have a two-chambered heart. Fishes and reptiles have a three-chambered heart. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart and double circulation.
- Blood in a closed circulatory system is present inside blood vessels; it follows a unidirectional path from the heart and around the systemic circulatory route, and then returns to the heart. It is less controlled and structured than an open circulatory system, but it transfers nutrients and waste products more efficiently.
- Blood in a closed circulatory system is not enclosed in blood vessels; it is pumped into a hemocoel, which circulates around the organs, and then reenters the heart through ostia. It is more structured and controlled than an open circulatory system, and it transports nutrients and waste products more efficiently.
- Blood in a closed circulatory system is not enclosed in blood vessels; it is pumped into a hemocoel, which circulates around the organs, and then reenters the heart through ostia. It is less controlled and structured than an open circulatory system, but it transports nutrients and waste products more efficiently.
- Blood in a closed circulatory system is present inside blood vessels; it follows a unidirectional path from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, and then returns to the heart. It is more structured and controlled, and transports nutrients and waste products more efficiently than an open circulatory system.
- In a four-chambered heart, oxygenated blood carried by the left side of the heart is more effectively separated from deoxygenated blood carried by the right side, which assists in more efficient movement of oxygen around the body.
- In a four-chambered heart, oxygenated blood carried by the right side of the heart is more effectively separated from deoxygenated blood carried by the left side, which assists in more efficient movement of oxygen around the body.
- In a four-chambered heart, oxygenated blood carried by the left side of the heart is less effectively separated from deoxygenated blood carried by the right side, which assists in more efficient movement of oxygen around the body.
- In a four-chambered heart, oxygenated blood carried by the right side of the heart is less effectively separated from deoxygenated blood carried by the left side, which assists in more efficient movement of oxygen around the body.
- lymphocytes
- erythrocytes
- Their size and shape allow them to carry and transfer oxygen.
- Their disc shape contains many small vesicles that allow them to carry and transfer oxygen.
- They have nuclei and do not contain hemoglobin.
- They contain coagulation factors and antibodies.
- It is a protein synthesized in the liver.
- It is a liquid that contains only lipids and antibodies.
- It is a blood component that is separated by spinning blood.
- It is an antibody produced in the mucosal lining.
- It is an internal implant that sends an electrical impulse through the heart.
- It is the part of the heart that initiates an electrical impulse, called the sinoatrial node.
- It is the excitation of cardiac muscle cells at the atrioventricular and sinoatrial nodes.
- It is the contracting of muscles that starts in the aorta.
- they beat involuntarily
- they are attached to bones
- they pulse rhythmically
- they are striated
This diagram shows the internal anatomy of the heart.
How would blood circulation beyond the heart be most directly affected if the pulmonary valve could not open?
- Blood could not reach the rest of the body.
- Blood could not reach the lungs.
- Blood could not return from the lungs.
- Blood could not return from the rest of the body.
The diagram shows the internal anatomy of the heart.
How would blood circulation beyond the heart be affected if the tricuspid valve could not open?
- Blood could not enter the pulmonary veins; therefore, it could not reach the lungs.
- Blood could not enter the pulmonary artery; therefore, it could not reach the heart.
- Blood could not enter the pulmonary artery; therefore, it could not reach the lungs.
- Blood could not enter the pulmonary veins; therefore, it could not reach the heart.
- To allow antibodies to enter infected cells and to promote the diffusion of fluid into the interstitial space.
- To assist with gas and nutrient exchange and to prevent the diffusion of fluid into the interstitial space.
- To assist with gas and nutrient exchange and to promote the diffusion of fluid into the interstitial space.
- To allow antibodies to enter infected cells and to prevent the diffusion of fluid into the interstitial space.
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28.4: Critical Thinking Questions
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Describe the different cell types and their functions in sponges.
Describe the feeding mechanism of sponges and identify how it is different from other animals.
Explain the function of nematocysts in cnidarians.
Compare the structural differences between Porifera and Cnidaria.
Compare the differences in sexual reproduction between Porifera and Cubozoans. How does the difference in fertilization provide an evolutionary advantage to the Cubozoans?
How does the tapeworm body plan support widespread dissemination of the parasite?
Describe the morphology and anatomy of mollusks.
What are the anatomical differences between nemertines and mollusks?
How does a change in the circulatory system organization support the body designs in cephalopods compared to other mollusks?
Enumerate features of Caenorhabditis elegans that make it a valuable model system for biologists.
What are the different ways in which nematodes can reproduce?
Why are tardigrades essential to recolonizing habits following destruction or mass extinction?
Describe the various superclasses that phylum Arthropoda can be divided into.
Compare and contrast the segmentation seen in phylum Annelida with that seen in phylum Arthropoda.
How do terrestrial arthropods of the subphylum Hexapoda impact the world’s food supply? Provide at least two positive and two negative effects.
Describe the different classes of echinoderms using examples.
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Critical Thinking Questions Circulatory System
Critical Thinking Questions Circulatory System - Displaying top 8 worksheets found for this concept.
Some of the worksheets for this concept are Chapter 18 the circulatory system, Real world science the respiratory circulatory systems, Circulatory system work, Teachers guide cardiovascular system grades 3 to 5, Extra credit critical thinking questions for any anatomy, Circulatory and respiratory system review, Anatomy and physiology of, Teachers guide digestive system grades 9 to 12.
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1. Chapter 18: The Circulatory System -
2. real world science the respiratory & circulatory systems, 3. circulatory system worksheet, 4. teacher's guide: cardiovascular system (grades 3 to 5), 5. extra credit critical thinking questions (for any anatomy ..., 6. circulatory and respiratory system review, 7. anatomy and physiology of, 8. teacher's guide: digestive system (grades 9 to 12).
Critical Thinking Questions
Why is excretion important in order to achieve osmotic balance?
Why do electrolyte ions move across membranes by active transport?
Why are the loop of Henle and vasa recta important for the formation of concentrated urine?
Describe the structure of the kidney.
Why might specialized organs have evolved for excretion of wastes?
Explain two different excretory systems other than the kidneys.
In terms of evolution, why might the urea cycle have evolved in organisms?
Compare and contrast the formation of urea and uric acid.
Describe how hormones regulate blood pressure, blood volume, and kidney function.
How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism function? Why is it controlled by the kidneys?
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Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/1-introduction
- Authors: Mary Ann Clark, Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi
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- Publication date: Mar 28, 2018
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- Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/1-introduction
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Critical Thinking Questions; Test Prep for AP® Courses; Science Practice Challenge Questions; 22 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea. Introduction; ... A closed circulatory system is a system in which the blood mixes with the interstitial fluid. Fish have a two-chambered heart. Amphibians and reptiles have a three-chambered heart, but the latter ...
ANATOMY STUDY SETS - Critical Thinking Questions Cardiovascular System Heart. Describe how the valves keep the blood moving in one direction. When the ventricles contract and pressure begins to rise in the ventricles, there is an initial tendency for blood to flow back (regurgitate) to the atria. However, the papillary muscles also contract ...
7.8.10: Critical Thinking Questions. 16. Describe a closed circulatory system. 17. Describe systemic circulation. 18. Describe the cause of different blood type groups. 19. List some of the functions of blood in the body.
28. Arterioles are often referred to as resistance vessels. Why? 29. Cocaine use causes vasoconstriction. Is this likely to increase or decrease blood pressure, and why? 30. A blood vessel with a few smooth muscle fibers and connective tissue, and only a very thin tunica externa conducts blood toward the heart.
Circulatory system questions. Mini MCAT passage: The effects of high blood pressure on the heart. Mini MCAT passage: Blood oxygen levels during exercise . Meet the heart! Parts of the heart. Flow through the heart. Two circulations in the body. Lub dub. Layers of a blood vessel.
13) Name the three tissue layers that make up arteries and veins. 14) Describe systematic circulation and pulmonary circulation. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1) Describe the heart and its position in the body, 2) Name the four chambers of the heart, 3) Describe the myocardium and the endocardium and more.
10. The red blood cells of birds differ from mammalian red blood cells because: 11. The heart's internal pacemaker beats by: 12. During the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle, the heart is ________. 13. Cardiomyocytes are similar to skeletal muscle because: 14.
What factors may affect FEV1/FVC? 19. What is the reason for having residual volume in the lung? 20. How can a decrease in the percent of oxygen in the air affect the movement of oxygen in the body? 21. If a patient has increased resistance in their lungs, how can this be detected by a doctor? What does this mean? 22.
It is critical to the survival of the developing human that the circulatory system forms early to supply the growing tissue with nutrients and gases, and to remove waste products. Development of these circulatory elements within the embryo itself begins approximately 2 days later. 20.8: Key Terms; 20.9: Chapter Review; 20.10: Interactive Link ...
Critical Thinking Questions. 23. Define a closed circulatory system and compare the differences in heart structure for animals with closed circulatory systems. A closed circulatory system is a system in which the blood mixes with the interstitial fluid. Fish have a two-chambered heart. Amphibians and reptiles have a three-chambered heart.
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart are called veins. A network of tiny capillaries connects the arteries and veins, delivers nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and removes waste products such as carbon dioxide. In the lungs, gases are exchanged between capillary walls and millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli.
Circulatory System Discussion Questions ( Activities ) | Biology | CK-12 Foundation. Differentiate between the different portions of the cardiovascular system: pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, and coronary circulation. Estimated3 minsto complete.
Phlebotomy Essentials Critical Thinking Questions for Chapter 6. ... Critical Thinking Questions: Chapter 6 The Circulatory System NAACLS Entry Level Competencies 3.00 and 3.1 Objectives #1, #5, and #6 A patient has congestive heart failure caused by damage to the left chamber of the
The oxygen in it is replaced with carbon dioxide. The farther blood is from the heart, the more dark red it is. How many major types of blood have scientists discovered? One: Type "O". Two: white cells and red cells. Three: white cells, red cells, and plasma. Four: Types A, B, AB, and O.
questionnaire, critical thinking skills questions, and an analysis of the results of critical thinking skills answers. Three experts carried out module validation, including linguists, material ...
Critical Thinking Questions; Regulation, Integration, and Control. 12 The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue. Introduction ; ... 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System ; 20.5 Circulatory Pathways ; 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation ; Key Terms; Chapter Review; Interactive Link Questions;
Xavier might have problems with his immune system because the lymphatic system has all of the organs that are used when fighting off a disease. A malfunction of the lymphatic system can create problems within the circulatory system. 3. The circulatory system (also referred to as the vascular system) works closely with the
No headers. 24. Describe the different cell types and their functions in sponges. 25. Describe the feeding mechanism of sponges and identify how it is different from other animals. 26. Explain the function of nematocysts in cnidarians. 27. Compare the structural differences between Porifera and Cnidaria.
Critical Thinking Questions Circulatory System - Displaying top 8 worksheets found for this concept.. Some of the worksheets for this concept are Chapter 18 the circulatory system, Real world science the respiratory circulatory systems, Circulatory system work, Teachers guide cardiovascular system grades 3 to 5, Extra credit critical thinking questions for any anatomy, Circulatory and ...
Critical Thinking Questions; 22 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea. Introduction; 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity; 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea; ... 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System; 40.2 Components of the Blood; 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels; 40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation; Key Terms;
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