procurement research topics in uganda

Do Information Frictions and Corruption Perceptions Kill Competition? A Field Experiment On Public Procurement in Uganda

We study whether information frictions and corruption perceptions deter firms from doing business with the government. We conduct two nationwide randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in collaboration with the national public procurement supervisory and anti-corruption agency in Uganda. The first RCT aims to increase firms’ information on available procurement opportunities, which is limited due to the lack of a centralized e- procurement system. We provide firms with direct and timely access to information about government tenders over a two-year period. The second RCT focuses on firms’ perceptions about the integrity of public entities, which we experimentally show are key drivers of firms’ participation in procurement. We provide firms with access to structured information on other firms’ perceptions and on anti-corruption audits. We find that increasing information on available procurement opportunities alone does not increase firm participation in public procurement. However, changing firms’ perceptions about the integrity of public entities increases firms’ total number of bids and total government contracts won. Based on our findings, our partner agency implemented several measures to further restore firms’ trust in public entities. Overall, our findings point to the limits of transparency reforms that aim to increase competition in public procurement without accounting for firms’ perceptions about government corruption and inefficiency.

We thank David Atkin, Vittorio Bassi, Michael Best, Nick Bloom, Emily Breza, Lorenzo Casaburi, Arun Chandrasekhar, Francesco Decarolis, Pascaline Dupas, Marcel Fafchamps, Lauren Falcao Bergquist, Fred Finan, Jonas Hjort, Elisa Maffioli, Melanie Morten, Richard Newfarmer, Ben Olken, Rohini Pande, Jacopo Ponticelli, Tommaso Porzio, Mounu Prem, Nancy Qian, Andrei Shleifer, Michelle Skinner, Giancarlo Spagnolo, Meredith Startz, Tavneet Suri, Jakob Svensson, Ferenc Szucs, Silvia Vannutelli, Chris Woodruff, and seminar participants at Stanford University, University of Chicago, Northwestern, Stockholm University, Uppsala University, EBRD, Ozyegin University, and PEDL for helpful comments and suggestions. Javier Delgado provided incredible management of the research. We also thank the James Ward Kakshi and Munshi Sulaiman for support from the BRAC Research and Evaluation Unit, as well as Asiku Roy Alia, Thiago Alckmin, Ahabwe Amos, Asinde Barbara, Devarchan Banerjee, Andrew Chemonges, Helene Donnat, Francisco Garcia, Pablo Garcia Guzman, Ant ́ıa Gonz ́alez Gonz ́alez, Yuyun Han, Forrest Alonso Haydon, Lukas Hobi, Eleonora Janiri, Kagwisagye Ambrose, Abunyo Naume, Anna Komugisha, Francesco Manca, Dorcas Mandera, Irene Marcora, Awale Mohammed, Hillary Mutabazi, Sergio Olalla, Jesus Pacheco Vera, Sara Pratico, Immaculate Sanyu, Giovanni Scotti Bentivoglio, Archit Singhal, Paul Talent, and Yan Wen for their superb research support. We are grateful to AFIC (Gilbert Sendugwa, Pamela Muganzi, Susan Juliet Agwang) for their logistical support, and PPDA researchers Faith Mbabazi and Saharu Nassazi. This work is supported by PEDL, J-PAL, the International Growth Centre, Stanford SEED, the Fama-Miller Center and the MV Advisors Research Fund at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, and by the Becker Friedman Institute. This study’s unique identifying numbers are AURA IRB 18-1475, MUREC IRB 0502-2019, and AEARCTR-0005400. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of our partner PPDA, nor those of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

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Public Procurement in Uganda

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• Pius Gumisiriza 2  

Decentralization; Public procurement; Service delivery

Public procurement is the means by which governments acquire goods, services, and contracting of construction works using public resources.

Introduction

Public procurement is a strategically and politically influential activity that governments can use to stimulate economic activities, protect national industries from foreign competition, develop local content, improve the competitiveness of certain industrial sectors, reduce inequality and poverty, and promote efficiency, effectiveness, fairness, and value for money (Thai 2009 ; Uyarra and Flanagan 2009 ; Arrowsmith 2011 ). In Uganda, public procurement is equally an important and influential activity because it accounts for over 70% of public spending and the National Development Plan 2015–2020 envisages that the amount of money to be spent on transport, energy, housing, and essential supplies is expected to increase tremendously to over US$ 30 billion by 2040...

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Arrowsmith S (2011) Public procurement regulation: an introduction. EU Asia Inter- University Network, Brussels. Retrieved from https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/.../publications/.../eu-public-procurement-law-an-introduction.aspx. On 27 Sept 2018

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Uganda Debt Network (2013) Civil society position on key issues in procurement: advocating for public accountability and service delivery in Uganda. Retrieved from https://www.udn.or.ug/resources/udn...key-issues-in procurement...uganda/file.html . On 20 Sept 2018

UNODC (2013) Guidebook on anti-corruption in public procurement and the management of public finances. Good practices in ensuring compliance with article 9 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/.../corruption/Publications/2013/Guidebook_on_anti-corruptio . On 22 Sept 2018

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Gumisiriza, P. (2022). Public Procurement in Uganda. In: Farazmand, A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66252-3_3791

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On Uganda’s e-procurement reforms, overcoming barriers collaborating with civil society, and a vision for Africa: Edwin Muhumuza

Edwin Muhumuza recently joined us as our new Head of Africa . He calls Uganda home – where he was responsible for strategy, partnerships, e-GP projects at the Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Authority (PPDA) . He is well-traveled throughout Africa where he has been working, learning, and collaborating to bring about sustainable development through improving public procurement and making sure money that is spent reaches the citizens. With a decade of experience in public procurement reforms, he has a passion for leaving things better than he met them.

With the reform energy crackling across the continent, we are excited for Edwin to lead our mission and support a growing open contracting community. We’ve asked him to share some insights into his vision for public procurement reform on the continent and the key priorities for his work this year.

What key lessons from your previous work do you bring to the open contracting community?

I know the challenges of many of my former colleagues in other public procurement agencies. My experience has convinced me that transparency and opening up the process is the way to go, especially when we’re talking about implementation. Managing compliance monitoring at PPDA, I had to keep an eye on how contracts are implemented in the country. It is just not practical to do things manually or to be physically present to monitor each contract, especially with limited resources.  A government procurement portal driven by open data can help automate certain aspects of the process. I have also seen first hand the benefits of engaging with CSOs – as they are the ones present on the ground in most areas. For that relationship to work, we have to avail them the information in a format that is easily usable and accessible.

We did all that without even knowing that the approach was called open contracting. One day, we got invited to a civil society meeting by the Africa Freedom of Information Centre (AFIC) where we were introduced to someone from an organization called Open Contracting Partnership. That’s how we learned that what we were doing was implementing a concept called open contracting.

You talked about open data and implementing data-driven e-procurement processes. This is something many countries in the region are exploring right now as well. How did you get started and what were some of the key challenges?

One of the major challenges was that we were operating a manual procurement system and that made it difficult to monitor compliance as a regulator. The law required that procuring agencies sent information about what they were buying, then we had to check the quality of information. The manual submissions made it difficult to aggregate and analyze information received from agencies, which limited our ability to make proper use of the huge amount of data on procurement that we had. For example, we couldn’t measure performance trends by agencies and the entire system. It was clear that we needed an automated system to collect and collate procurement information. The Government then developed an electronic system—the Procurement Performance Measurement System that later morphed into a web-based Government Procurement Portal (GPP) . This was part of a broader strategy to adopt an e-procurement system. To implement this, we sought out insights from other countries and built on concepts such as the Open Contracting Data Standard . Thankfully, OCP was able to support us so that our procurement data is in a much more accessible format.

The relationship between governments and civil society organizations can often be quite tense. From your experience on both sides, what do you recommend to resolve this?

One of the reasons why government agencies are hesitant to deal with CSOs is that they fear that information could be used to call the government out and the information can then be used for political purposes.

At first, it was not easy to get the government and civil servants in Uganda to work with CSOs, there was hesitancy due to mutual suspicions. In the beginning, we moved quietly. We built relationships with a few people within civil society. When the results of those partnerships started coming in, we didn’t have to do a lot of explaining anymore. The benefits of the collaboration were self-evident as CSOs supplemented and complimented the work of the government. The support we were getting from local actors or international organizations such as OCP helped us to upgrade the portal, improved data, and our understanding of how people are using the data in the GPP to generate relevant charts and insights. 

Apart from digitizing public procurement, building capacity, and fostering partnerships, what other key aspects should be part of what else do you think government reforms?

Amplify our own stories. This is especially true for public procurement information. How you communicate your successes, but also the challenges faced during COVID-19 emergency procurement, for instance, is very important. Being transparent about what you are buying, and how you are regulating public procurement can help improve public trust.

What are the most shocking things you’ve seen while monitoring public contracts?

It’s the “ghost projects” that we encountered while monitoring public procurement in collaboration with AFIC. One example was a school that only existed on paper while the government had been releasing money for it. There was nothing there physically. I felt like “Wow! How could someone do this?” The audacity was shocking and it drove home the importance of monitoring public contracts from start to finish.

Some of our partners have compared public procurement to a sport. If it were, what sport would it be for you?

To me it would have to be a contact sport such as rugby or American football. Bidders are fighting for the ball which is the contract. Sometimes people get injured and some other people get suspended. The referee is the regulator and the public enjoys the benefits.

Looking ahead, what are going to be the key pillars going forward?  

I intend to build on the initiatives from across the continent and continue supporting our amazing partners in Nigeria, South Africa and beyond. We’re working on a study that looks at the implementation of e-procurement systems in the region and we’ll use the insights on what works best to share the knowledge among the countries implementing their systems and use the lessons to empower those in the early stages even further. 

We’ll further invest in making sure procurement data is used, both by government agencies as well as civil society organizations. There are some great examples from my prior work in Uganda but also in Edo state in Nigeria. I think that regardless of what side you’re on, government or civil society, we need to shake hands across the table and work cohesively.

We’ll further invest in making sure procurement data is used, both by government agencies as well as civil society organizations. There are some great examples from my prior work in Uganda but also in Edo state in Nigeria. I think that regardless of what side you’re on, government or civil society, we need to shake hands across the table and work cohesively. Governments need to understand the value civil society can bring to public procurement. And non-state actors can create solutions to support the monitoring of public contracts. 

Inclusive and sustainable procurement practices are on the agenda of many of our partners. To ensure the best businesses participate in public procurement, we need to increase opportunities for women businesses. For example, we’ll share the lessons from our work with Ekiti state – that we are supporting through our Lift impact accelerator to improve access to public procurement opportunities for women-led and women-owned businesses. These lessons will be shared with others like South Africa, where there are initial steps in that direction. Through the support with partners like GIZ, we’ll help our community lay the foundations for open and sustainable public procurement, creating tools that help collect and report on key data that can inform policy interventions with evidence. Countries such as Uganda, Zambia and Kenya have already started with initiatives on sustainable procurement.

Finally, I want to thank my colleagues in the team, and particularly Nkechi Coker, who have helped me come on board and introduced me to our amazing partners during the last few weeks. 

I look forward to using my experience, knowledge and the community’s support to further fire up open contracting reforms across our great continent Africa. We have lots to do – smarter, open e-procurement systems, increasing the use of procurement data, and ensuring that public procurement is inclusive and sustainable.

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Procurement Practices and Public Service Delivery in a Developing Local Government in Uganda, case study Kabale district.

Procurement practices have been identified as the bedrock to achieving value for money within both private and public sector organisations. This study investigates the effect of procurement practices on public service delivery, by analysing the perspectives of respondents collected using questionnaires. The response rate of sampled respondents was 96%. From the analysis of demographic characteristics of the respondents, majority has the following the attributes: (i) tertiary level of education, (ii) are males, (iii) aged between 30 to 39 years, and (iv) have experience ranging from 1 to 5 years. There is absence of multicollinearity in the variables. The estimates from the multiple regression analysis suggest that procurement policy; procurement planning and sustainable procurement have positive and significant effect on public service delivery at the 5% percent significance level. The researchers therefore conclude that procurement practices have positive and significant influence on public service delivery. A major managerial implication of these findings therefore is that procurement practices is a key driver of service delivery in public institutions.

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Procurement Planning and Service Delivery in Local Government: A Case study of Lira District and Municipality

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CoST – Infrastructure Transparency Initiative

Engaging the private sector for more competitive, effective procurement in uganda.

In Uganda, spending on public procurement is estimated to account for around 55% of the national budget . Fair and competitive procurement is therefore key to achieving value for money from the public budget, however a recent CoST Uganda study shows that levels of competition are low: 51% of projects attract fewer than three bids, with national companies less likely to compete for contracts than foreign firms.

Today private sector and government representatives from Uganda came together for a CoST webinar on addressing the issue of local, private-sector participation in procurement. CoST Uganda has been working hard in this area already, having received funding from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office’s Business Integrity Initiative, which helps combat issues such as corruption in order to encourage trade and investment in new markets. The webinar featured speakers including Faith Mbabazi of the Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Authority (PPDA), John Omeke of Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA) and CoST’s Hamish Goldie-Scot.

Private sector engagement in Uganda: What’s the issue?

The low level of competition – especially from national companies – indicates there is work to be done to level the playing field in public procurement. Faith Mbabzi took audience members through the PPDA’s approach to increasing local participation and ownership over projects using ‘preference schemes’, which elevate the financial value of bids from contractors from Uganda. As a result, 25% of contracts in 2019/2020 awarded by UNRA went to national companies.

There are challenges to this approach though: some local companies under-value their costs in an attempt to secure contracts, which adversely impact sub-contractors further down the supply chain. Perceptions of corruption remain an impediment to private sector participation. And national companies are hindered by issues including the cost of doing business and a lack capacity to supply large-scale projects, which preferential schemes cannot solve alone.

How does CoST help?

CoST works with government bodies such as the PPDA to address these challenges faced by the private sector. As seen recently in Thailand , increased transparency on infrastructure projects can inhibit misbehaviour in procurement and strengthen bidding competition. In Thailand, this led to lower contract prices and a more efficient use of the public budget, contributing to cost savings of US $360 million. Meanwhile, CoST training ensures that both government and private sector representatives are aware of the value of timely disclosure. And, by bringing stakeholders from a range of disciplines together through events, CoST facilitates knowledge exchange – and builds trust – between the private sector and government.

Combined, these elements build private sector confidence in the procurement process, and help ensure the public budget is used as effectively, and efficiently, as possible.

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THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT REFORMS ON SERVICE DELIVERY IN UGANDA

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This research studied the impact of public procurement reforms on services delivery in public enterprises, a case study of Accra Metropolitan. the objectives of the study include; To establish the procurement systems that were in place before the public procurement reforms in Ghana; to assess the Government Public Procurement Reforms that was put in place in 1997 in Ghana; to identify the impact of Public Procurement Reforms on services delivery in Ghana and to establish the factors affecting service delivery in Accra Metropolitan. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. The study used stratified and purposive sampling techniques to draw representative samples and 100 respondents were involved in the study. The study sampled 100 respondents, 42 of whom were Local government leaders and employees, 50 procurement professionals and non-professionals, and 8 providers. These respondents were drawn from the three divisions and the Metropolitan headquarters. The research established the procurement systems that were in place before the public procurement reforms, it assessed the Government Public Procurement Reforms that were put in place and identified the impact of Public Procurement Reforms on Accra Metropolitan. Also the study undertook to examine the roles of different stakeholder in procurement planning and the following were found out; defining procurement requirements, dividing requirements allocated to a single procurement process into separate lots, integration of the diverse decision and activities, ensuring availability of sufficient funds to run the plans, developing of proposals and evaluation of potential service providers. Some factors were found to be affecting service delivery and these included the following corruption, lack of finances, the challenge of getting the right service provider, limited skilled personnel, also poor communication. The findings of this study revealed that there is a positive impact of public procurement reforms on procuring and disposing entities. It was found out that the CTB was the main overseer of the procurement process in Ghana before the reforms; the reforms in place include: formation of the municipal contracts committee, the creation and staffing of a procurement unit among others, though the reforms are still incomplete due to serious capacity bottlenecks. The study also recommends the following; Corruption should be reduced by enforcing of strict rules and giving penalties, training the recruited workers, the procurement team should carryout research so as to find out a reliable service. In light of these findings, it was recommended that the government should harmonize the rules and regulations and carry out systematic review of the existing legal framework, it should also focus on fighting corruption in public procurement and further training is required for Local government authorities to enhance clear understanding of the PPA Act No. 1 of 2003 to its full potential as a finance and budget control mechanism.

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The study aimed to establish how institutional legal environment affects performance in public procurement in tertiary institutions in West Nile sub region of Uganda. A cross-sectional study design was used. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted in the study. This study targeted a sample of 122 respondents. Simple random sampling technique was used to select sample amongst the user departments’ staff. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the Accounting Officer and Contract Committee members. Quantitative data analysis mainly consisted of descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics (Spearman Rank Order Correlation). Findings revealed an insignificantly very weak positive correlation ( rho = .065) between institutional legal framework and procurement performance. Thus, it was concluded that institutional legal environment, measured in terms of procurement legislations and the Procurement regulations, significantly affected performance in public procurement in tertiary institutions in West Nile sub region of Uganda. It is recommended that tertiary institutions in West Nile sub region of Uganda should focus on other institutional dynamics like institutional human capacity, institutional culture, institutional politics and institutional ethical values, but not on institutional legal environment since the correlation was very weak, in order to improve performance in public procurement in tertiary institutions in the sub region.

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This research dealt with the factors influencing compliance of procurement regulations in public secondary schools in Nyamache sub-county. Nyamache sub-county was selected because public schools within the district are worst hit by non-compliance to public procurement regulations. This study concentrated on three variables; ethics in public procurement act, knowledge/training and committee " s awareness as factors deemed to influence compliance of procurement regulations in public secondary schools in Nyamache sub-county. This study was conducted through a descriptive survey research design. The study involved 15 public secondary schools in Nyamache sub-county. This research project was guided by research questions based on the variables aforementioned. Literature related to this study was reviewed based on the variables; ethics, staff training and awareness as factors deemed to influence compliance on procurement regulations in public secondary schools in Nyamache sub-county. Data was collected by use of the questionnaire and reliability of research instruments was tested using test-retest technique and validated by experts in academic research. Stratified random sampling and simple random sampling was used to select the sample size of 135 respondents. The data was collected and analyzed by descriptive statistics: simple frequencies and percentages. Data was presented in descriptive form supported by frequency counts and percentages. From the research findings it can be concluded that ethics, awareness and training influences the compliances of procurement regulations in public secondary schools. The following recommendations were made: It is important to offer ethics education to school tendering committee members in order to ensure they serve in ultimate objectivity, accountability, and non discrimination. Further research should be undertaken on the following areas: effects of compliance on quality of goods and services procured in public secondary schools, challenges facing the enforcement of public procurement regulations in public secondary schools and challenges facing e-procurement in public secondary schools.

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Procurement Procedures and Project Success of Selected Government Institutions in Rwanda

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of procurement procedures on the success of projects in selected government institutions. The objectives of the study were to determine the extent of the procurement procedures in selected government institutions; determine the level of project success in selected government institutions; and to determine if there is a significant relationship between procurement procedures and the success of projects. The main method of data co...

Evaluation of Outsourcing and Its Performance Management in Relation to Profitability of an Organisation. A Case Study of Kampala City Council

ABSTRACT Following continuous loss of money by Kampala City Council due to shoddy work by the contractors, a study was conducted to make an evaluation of outsourcing and its performance management in relation to the profitability of an organization ofKCC The objectives of the study were to examine the outsourcing policy of Kampala City Council and to suggest ways of improving the outsourcing policy ofKCC The researcher used both primary and secondary data sources. the primary date sources com...

The Role of Material Resource Management in Organisations Efficiency. A Case Study of Pilgrim Organisation in Soroti Municipality.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to find out the roles of material resource management and how it leads to efficiency of an organization. Besides that it was also aimed at highlighting the indicators of efficiency. The study was carried out among the staff of various departments of the Pilgrim NGO. The study was carried out using questionnaires and interview guides which were administered to staff of Pilgrim NGO. After the data collection exercise, it was then descriptively analyzed and ...

Supplier Relationship Management and Contract Performance; A Case Study of Arua District Local Government, Uganda

Abstract This research work was designed to examine the relationship between supplier relationship management and contract performance, with Arua District Local Government of Uganda as the case study. Questionnaires were administered in order to extract information as data from the respondents. The objectives of the study includes, to determine the impact of Supplier Relationship management and contracts performance including the challenges faced in implementing Supplier Relationship Manageme...

Supplier Appraisal On Organization Performance: A Case Study of Muteesa I Royal University -Kakeeka Campus

ABSTRACT This research study sought to establish the impact of supplier appraisal on performance of an organization. The researcher adopted a descriptive research design. The analysis involved primary data obtained through questionnaires, interviews and secondary data, which was obtained from relevant journals and books. It was evident from the findings that supplier appraisal at Muteesa 1 Royal University Kakeeka Campus was effectively conducted as indicated by 75% percent of the responses. ...

Distribution Channels and Supply Chain Management in Coca-cola Company in Mogadishu-somalia

ABSTRACT Distribution channel plays a key role within the context of supply chain, to ensunng that customers get their products at the right place and at the right time. This study was intended to examine the relationship between distribution channels and supply chain management with specific objectives of 1) To assess the relationship between outsourcing and supply chain management 2)To examine the relationship between distribution centers and supply chain management 3)To find out the relati...

Procurement Planning and Accountability in The United Nations Entebbe Support Base Uganda

ABSTRACT The study examined the relationship between procurement planning and accountability of United Nations Logistics Base in Entebbe. Uganda. The study was guided by three objectives: determine procurement planning. extent of accountability of United Nations Entebbe Support Base, and whether there was a significant relationship between procurement planning and accountability of United Nations Entebbe Support Base. Uganda. The study comprised of a population of 190 respondents who included...

The Impact of Outsourcing on Organizational Performance at Crown Beverages Limited.

ABSTRACT  The study assessed the impact of outsourcing on organizational performance in beverage Industries using a case study of Crown Beverages Limited. The objectives of this study were limited to: finding out the reasons for outsourcing. analyzing the effects of outsourcing. investigating ways of improving outsourcing in organisations. and to examining the various indicators of effective organizational performance. The researcher used a cross sectional survey design involving both qualit...

Role of Transportation System in Delivering of Goods and Services in Organisations A Case Study of Steel and Tubes Industries, Namanve, Kampala (U)

TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................... i APPROVAL. ............................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................................

Risk Management and Operational Performance of Logistics Companies in Uganda. A Case Study of Spedag Interfreight Uganda Limited

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between risk management and operational performance of logistics companies in Uganda. A case study of Spedag interfreight Uganda Limited. Also to identify the risks faced by l9gistics companies and to determine the impact of operational risk on performance. A sample of 70 respondents was selected from the total population and the questionnaire was distributed in order to collect data to be analyzed using Statistical Package...

Materials Management and Institutional Performance A Case Study of Nakumatt Oasis Supermarket. Kampala

TABLE OF CONTENTSDeclaration .............................................................................................................. iiApproval ................................................................................................................ iiiDedication .............................................................................................................. ivAcknowledgement .............................................................................................

Risk Assessment and Procurement Management in Government Parastatals Case Study of Mulago, Teaching Research and Referral Hospital Kampala Uganda

ABSTRACT The study was undertaken under the topic risk assessment and procurement management. With the aim of establishing the impact of risks in ensuring effective procurement. Chapter one, describes an overview of risk assessment and procurement management. In Mulago hospital (UG), the statement of the problem, research objectives, research questions, significance of the study and the conceptual frame work which describes the relationship between the two variables. Chapter two has an overvi...

Logistics Management and Organisation Performance; A Case Study of Harris International (U) Limited

TABLE OF CONTENTSDECLARATIONAPPROVAL iiDEDICATION iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENT ivTABLE OF CONTENTS vLIST OF ACRONYMS viiiLIST OF FIGURES ixABSTRACTCHAPTER ONE 11.0 Introduction1.1 Background to the Study I1.2 Problem Statement 31.3 Purpose of the Study 31.4 Study Objectives 31.5 Research Questions 41.6 Scope of the Study 41.6,1 Subject Scope 41.6.2 Time Scope 41.6.3 Geographical Scope 41.7 Significance of the Study 41.8 Conceptual frame work 5CHAPTER TWO 6LITERATURE REVIEW 62.0 Introduction 62.1 Key Co...

Inventory Management and Organizational Performance. A Case Study of Zanzibar Institute of Financial Administration (Zifa)

ABSTRACT The topic of the study was inventory management and organizational performance a case study of Zanzibar Institute of Financial Administration (ZIF A). The study objectives were to determine the various methods of inventory management in an organization, to examine the relevancy of inventory management techniques lmvards organizational performance and to establish the relationship between Inventory Management and organizational Performance. The study ,,vas conducted in Tanzania. Descr...

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Malawi: World Bank Provides Additional Support to Assist Food Crisis Response

WASHINGTON, April 26, 2024 — The World Bank is providing immediate support for millions of Malawians severely affected by the ongoing food security crisis. A quick-release of $57.6 million in innovative grant financing is designed to provide the country immediate liquidity through the Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option (CAT-DDO 1 ). This CAT-DDO support comes in the context of the severe food crisis the country is suffering due to El Niño conditions in the wider southern Africa region. Moreover, a series of intense disaster events over the last few years has left almost no time for the country to recover and has resulted in a severe erosion of food security at the national level.

The World Bank Board of Executive Directors in December 2023 approved the Malawi First Growth and Resilience Development Policy Operation of $80 million to support core structural reforms in the economy together with the $57.6 million CAT-DDO that could be triggered in the event of a natural disaster or crisis. Following the declaration of the national disaster by President Lazarus Chakwera on March 23, 2024, the World Bank has now made available the CAT-DDO resources.

“Malawi, together with the wider Southern Africa region, currently faces very serious food insecurity, impacting millions. This crisis comes as the country is struggling to stabilize its macro-economy and get on a path of inclusive growth. We are pleased the Government of Malawi had the foresight to lock in a CAT-DDO instrument when securing IDA budget support in late 2023: this innovation can help the Government of Malawi’s efforts to mitigate the impact on the most vulnerable,” says Hugh Riddell, World Bank Country Manager for Malawi.

Malawi’s ongoing food crisis is linked to the ongoing strong El Niño conditions which is driving rainfall deficits in southern districts and above-average rainfall in central and northern districts, resulting in flood events. Moreover, the number and severity of climate-related disasters in Malawi have increased in recent decades, with devastating consequences. Since 2010 alone, Malawi has experienced 16 major flooding events, five storm-related disasters, and two severe droughts. Climate change-related events are affecting vulnerable households and could increase poverty rates in the country, potentially pushing millions of people into poverty over the next 10 years. In the near term (by 2030) climate change shocks to the economy are projected to reduce GDP by 3-9%, growing to 6- 20% in 2040 and 8-16% by 2050 as the climate impacts intensify.

“ We are pleased with the World Bank’s response to the call made by President Chakwera by providing additional budget resources under the CAT-DDO which will significantly leverage the support from other development partners and well-wishers as we intensify the mobilization of resources to respond to the food crisis caused by El Nino,” said Simplex Chithyola Banda, M.P. Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs.

Implementation of climate adaptation measures beyond those outlined in Vison 2063 will require that Malawi optimizes the use of the public resources and secures additional funds from other sources, especially the private sector. The Regional Climate Resilience Program for Eastern and Southern Africa 2 (RCRP-2), approved by the World Bank in December 2023 aims at supporting improved disaster risk management, social protection systems and protects households from exposure to water-related climate shocks, including flooding and droughts. Overall, the recently approved Disaster Risk Management Act (2023) presents an opportunity to support the country’s shift from a disaster response approach to preparedness, risk reduction, and sustainable post-disaster recovery, aimed at addressing Malawi’s high level of risks.

**The Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option (Cat DDO) is a contingent line of financing that provides immediate liquidity to the country in the aftermath of high-impact events linked to natural hazards and/or health-related events.

Malawi First Growth and Resilience Development Policy Operation

World Bank in Malawi

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