cornell small farms business plan

12: Business Plans

What is a business plan.

A business plan is a document that helps you to organize and succinctly summarize the vision you have for your business. The plan contains the operational and financial objectives of a business, the detailed plans and budgets showing how the objectives are to be realized.

A good business plan will contain the following:

• Your business vision, mission statement, key values, and goals
• Description of the product(s) you intend to produce
• Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats the business may experience are described
• Production plans
• Marketing plans
• Estimated start-up costs
• Information on your legal structure and management team
• Current financial statements or projected financial statements.
• Resume or brief explanation of your background and relevant experience
• Less than 10 total pages so that people actually read it

Helpful Publications for Writing a Business Plan

General Business Resource Publications:

• Starting an Ag-Business? A Pre-Planning Guide http://publications.dyson.cornell.edu/outreach/extensionpdf/2004/Cornell_AEM_eb0408.pdf
• Business Transfer Guide: Junior Generation http://publications.dyson.cornell.edu/outreach/extensionpdf/2016/Cornell-Dyson-eb1605.pdf
• Producing a Business Plan for Value-Added Agriculture http://publications.dyson.cornell.edu/outreach/extensionpdf/2007/Cornell_AEM_eb0708.pdf
• Business Planning for the Agriculture Sector: A Guide to Business Plan Development for Start-up to Mid-size Operations http://publications.dyson.cornell.edu/outreach/extensionpdf/2010/Cornell_ pdf
• Building a Sustainable Business (Sustainable Agricultural Research Education (SARE)Publications) sare.org/publications/business.htm 280 pages of education and practical exercises to guide you through the financial, management, and interpersonal skills needed to start a successful farm business. Order hard copy for $17 or download PDF online for free.

Cornell Cooperative Extension Publications for Specific Commodities:

• Landscape Business Planning Guide http://publications.dyson.cornell.edu/outreach/extensionpdf/2003/Cornell_AEM_eb0313.pdf
• Writing a Business Plan: A Guide for Small Premium Wineries http://publications.dyson.cornell.edu/outreach/extensionpdf/2002/Cornell_AEM_eb0206.pdf
• Writing a Business Plan: An Example for a Small Premium Winery https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/122203/2/Cornell_AEM_eb0207.pdf

Getting Help Writing a Business Plan

Writing a Business Plan

A business plan is a document that helps you to organize and succinctly summarize the vision you have for your business. The plan contains the operational and financial objectives of a business, the detailed plans and budgets showing how the objectives are to be realized. 

Learn more about writing your own business plan with our Business Plan Fact Sheet and Business Plans Fact Sheet

General Business Resource Publications:

• Starting an Ag-Business? A Pre-Planning Guide http://publications.dyson.cornell.edu/outreach/extensionpdf/2004/Cornell_AEM_eb0408.pdf
• Business Transfer Guide: Junior Generation http://publications.dyson.cornell.edu/outreach/extensionpdf/2016/Cornell-Dyson-eb1605.pdf
• Producing a Business Plan for Value-Added Agriculture http://publications.dyson.cornell.edu/outreach/extensionpdf/2007/Cornell_AEM_eb0708.pdf
• Business Planning for the Agriculture Sector: A Guide to Business Plan Development for Start-up to Mid-size Operations http://publications.dyson.cornell.edu/outreach/extensionpdf/2010/Cornell_pdf
• Building a Sustainable Business (Sustainable Agricultural Research Education (SARE)Publications) sare.org/publications/business.htm 280 pages of education and practical exercises to guide you through the financial, management, and interpersonal skills needed to start a successful farm business. Order hard copy for $17 or download PDF online for free.

Additional Resources

• https://www.sba.gov/business-guide
• https://www.business.govt.nz/

Still need help? Contact Us Contact Us

Cornell Cooperative Extension

Tioga county.

• Hilltop Community Farm
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For many farmers, producing great food is less difficult than managing the business.

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• Starting A Farm Business

For many farmers, producing great food is not the hardest part of maintaining a viable farm, it’s managing the business and marketing products in order to make money. Our staff can help your farm to:

Plan for profit using a business and marketing plan Navigate state and federal regulations (including processing, organic) Apply for on-farm research and marketing grants

The Guide to Farming in NYS (at left) contains fact sheets on everything from finding land to financing an operation, regulations on marketing and processing, and tax benefits of farming. Marketing the farm and farm products is closely linked to business success. Visit our Farm Marketing pages for more information on how we help farms market themselves and their products.

Where to Begin  

Considerations in Starting A Farm Business provides a series of questions to be answered before one starts the farming operation. These questions help to frame the business.

Business Planning 

Business planning is a tool to help map and test the feasibility of a farm business startup. It is a dynamic tool that changes through time as the business changes due to internal and external pressure. It allows one to test “what if” scenarios.

NY FarmNet created Business Planning for the Agriculture Sector, A Guide to Business Plan Development for Start-Up to Mid-Size Operations is an easy to understand tool for business planning. Building a Sustainable Business – A Guide to Developing a Business Plan for Farms and Rural Businesses is an extensive resource for business planning.

Evaluating Soils 

Understanding your soil and improving your soil is vital as a beginning farmer.  We can help you to understand many characteristics of your soil, guide you in soil testing, and help you decide what amendments are best for your farm.  We can even help you look at soils of a farm that you are thinking of buying!  Call 607-687-4020 to get started on your soil education.

Northeast Beginning Farmers Project 

The Northeast Beginning Farmers Project is housed at the Cornell Small Farms Program. The program has an extensive website of resources useful to people who want to start a farm. The Program hosts a series of online courses and events useful to beginning and small farmers.

Last updated July 26, 2019

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Cornell Small Farms Program

Visit the Cornell Small Farms Program online for news, events, workshops and resources that can benefit your small farm.

Useful Resources

• CCE Tioga Board Meeting Monday, May 20 7:00 PM - 9:00 PM
• Master Gardener Plant Sale Saturday, June 1 8:00 AM - 12:00 PM
• CCE Tioga Board Meeting Monday, June 17 7:00 PM - 9:00 PM
• CCE Tioga Board Meeting Monday, July 15 7:00 PM - 9:00 PM
• Sundaes at the Farm Sunday, July 21 12:00 PM - 3:00 PM

Cornell Cooperative Extension Tioga County

CCE Tioga Hilltop Community Farm 343 Cass Hill Road Candor, NY 13743 TEL: 607-659-5694 [email protected] Open Hours 9am-2pm Monday-Thursday, recommended to call in advance to ensure staff is available.

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Cornell Fruit Resources

Resources for commercial growers, business management & labor.

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Newsletters  |  General Information  |  Beginning Farmers & Small Farms  |  Labor Management  | Worker Training & Safety  | Disaster Preparedness  |  Plant and Life Science Publishing  |  Energy Conservation  |  Tree Fruit  |  Grapes  |  Berries

Featured resources.

• Best Management Practices for U-Pick Farms During the COVID-19 Pandemic  – Recommended practices and communication strategies for U-Pick operations to protect your farm team and your customers.
• Guide to Farming In NYS   – an essential resource with answers about taxes, business planning, labor law, zoning, regulations, marketing, and more.
• Crop Insurance Tools  – Provides free tools to help farmers understand their crop insurance options; houses an open-access data platform for analysts and researchers as well. (Ag-Analytics)
• Setting the Stage for Future Growth: Winery Collaboration and Economic Impacts – Northern Grapes Project webinar video. More Project Webinars
• Berry Budgets – Estimated production costs and returns to risk and management to help you plan for profit for strawberries (June-bearing), blueberries and raspberries (summer-bearing floricane).
• NE Beginning Farmer Project – online courses and informational resources for new farmers.
• Northeast Center for Food Entrepreneurship – Provides comprehensive assistance to food entrepreneurs. Includes technical guide, factsheets, and more.
• NYS Agricultural Mediation Program A tool for farmers and others in the agricultural community to communicate, negotiate, and to find fair workable solutions.
• The Technology Farm – R&D park in Geneva, N.Y., for food, ag and bio-based collaboration with Cornell University.
• The Cornell Farmworker Program (CFP) is dedicated to improving the living and working conditions of farmworkers and their families
• New York Center for Agricultural Medicine and Health (NYCAMH) provides research, education and prevention activities, and clinical help for farm-related health problems.
• NY Farm Net  – Provides New York farm families with free, confidential consulting services to develop skills to improve financial and production efficiency, and overcome business and family challenges.
• Harvesting Change Workbook: A Planning Workbook for Apple Growers  – Workbook designed for business analysis, decision-making and strategic planning. (2003 NYFarmNet)

Newsletters

• Small Farms Quarterly  – features articles with a variety of technical advice and farmer stories with the goal of supporting the growing farming movement in the Northeastern US.
• Small Farms Update from the Small Farms Program – E-mail signup.
• Cooperative Notes Newsletter – Northeast Cooperative Council
• Cornell Dyson School Smart Marketing Newsletter : a marketing newsletter that reviews elements critical to successful marketing in the food and agricultural industry.
• Cornell Farmworker Program News & Events  and  Program Reports
• New York Center for Agricultural Medicine and Health  (NYCAMH) Newsletters  & News
• More Newsletters

General Information

• Cooperative Enterprise Program
• Monitoring and Measuring Fruit Farm Businesses (2008 NYFQ v. 16-4, 92 kb pdf)
• Building a Sustainable Business : A Guide to Developing a Business Plan for Farms and Rural Businesses ( SARE )
• Developing a Strategic Marketing Plan for Horticultural Firms
• New York Economic Handbook 2013 (3.77 mb pdf )
• New York  Annual Statistical Reports  (USDA NASS)
• Summary Statistics for Fruits and Berries  (2011 USDA, 330 kb pdf)
• USDA Fruit & Tree Nut Yearbook Statistics  – Contains over 20 years of time-series data for U.S. bearing acreage, production, prices, crop value, trade, per capita use, and more.
• National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS): Latest Releases from NY (USDA)
• Evaluating a Rural Enterprise  (order/download ATTRA pdf)
• Horticultural Business Information Network  (Texas A&M)
• Cost Studies for Various Fruits and Vegetables (UC Davis)

Beginning Farmers & Small Farms

• Getting Started in Farming? 5 Keys to Success (2002 Smart Marketing, 159 kb pdf)
• New Farmers (USDA)
• New York Small Farms Summet  from  Cornell Small Farms Program

Labor Management

• Agricultural Labor Management (Univ. of CA)
• Agricultural Labor Management (Univ. of VT)
• (H-2A) Temporary Agricultural Workers  (US Department of Labor)
• (H-2A) Temporary Agricultural Workers (US Citizenship & Immigration Service)
• (H-2B) Temporary Non-Agricultural Workers  (US Citizenship & Immigration Service)
• Labor & Record-Keeping Forms
• Survey of NY Fruit & Vegetable Farm Employees 2009

Worker Training & Safety

• Worker Protection Standard (US EPA)
• NY Center for Agricultural Medicine and Health (NYCAHM)
• National Agricultural Safety Database
• National Education Center for Agricultural Safety (NECAS)
• National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH)
• Rollover Protective Structures Save Lives  (2011, NYCAMH)
• NY Rollover Protective Structure Retrofit Program (ROPS)
• A Hazardous Waste Guide for Farmers  (2009, DEC)
• Reducing Repetitive Stress Injuries Related to Orchard Pruning (2008, NYCAMH)
• The Platform Factor – Labor Positioning Machines Producing Good Results (2010 NYFQ v. 18-2, 1.13 mb pdf)
• Watch Out for Wild Parsnip (2006, NYCAMH)
• The Dangers of Giant Hogweed (2005, NYCAMH)
• Giant Hogweed – Poisonous Invader of the Northeast (2009, Sea Grant NY)
• Giant Hogweed (NYDEC)
• How Do I Know If Farm Noise Is Too Loud? (2006, NYCAMH)
• Reducing Take-Home Pesticide Exposures (2008, NYCAMH)

Disaster Preparedness

• ReadyAG: Disaster and Defense Preparedness for Production Agriculture
• New York EDEN (Extension disaster education network)
• Crop Insurance Tools  – (Ag-Analytics)
• Do I Need Crop Insurance? Self Evaluating Crop Insurance as a Risk Management Tool in NYS  (2009 AEM, 525 kb pdf

Order Plant and Life Sciences Publishing (PALS) books (formerly NRAES)

• Farming Alternatives: A Guide to Evaluating the Feasibility of New Farm-Based Enterprises  (1988, NRAES #32)

Energy Conservation

• Conserving Fuel on the Farm (order/download ATTRA pdf)
• Farm Energy Audits: Availability, Usefulness, Cost  ( NCAT )
• Farm Energy Calculators: Evaluations and Recommendations ( NCAT )
• Farm Energy Calculators: Tools for Saving Money on the Farm  (order/download ATTRA pdf)
• Clean Energy Farming: Cutting Costs, Improving Efficiencies, Harnessing Renewables (SARE)
• Fruit Farm Business Summary, Lake Ontario Region New York 2008  (2009 AEM, 654 kb pdf)
• Fruit Farm Business Summary, Lake Ontario Region New York 2007: click here  to order a copy.
• Fruit Farm Business Summary: Lake Ontario Region New York 2006 (2007 AEM, 671 kb pdf)
• Fruit Farm Business Summary: Lake Ontario Region New York 2005 (2006 AEM, 1,012 kb pdf)
• Success: Beyond Tons and Gallons (Appellation Cornell March 2016)
• Cost of Establishment of V. vinifera in the Finger Lakes Region of New York – 2013  (2014)
• Cost of Establishment of Hybrid Grapes in the Finger Lakes Region of New York – 2013  (2014)
• Lake Erie Grape Farm Cost Survey: 2001-2005 (2006 AEM, 325 kb pdf)
• Writing a Business Plan: A Guide for Small Premium Wineries (2002 AEM, 362 kb pdf)
• Writing a Business Plan: An Example for a Small Premium Winery (2002 AEM, 349 kb pdf)
• Vineyard and Winery Feasibility Workbooks (Iowa State Univ.)
• Lake Erie Regional Grape Program – Business Management
• NY Grape and Wine Classifieds
• Berry Budgets – Estimated production costs and returns for berry crops in New York State
• Should Production in High Tunnels Be Part of Your Specialty Crop Enterprise?
• Retailing Requires TBQM: Total Berry Quality Management

Business, Marketing & Labor Archives

© 2023 Cornell University. This web resource is designed to enhance access to Cornell's fruit production resources. This site is a project of the Tree Fruit & Berry Program Work Team and the Viticulture and Enology Program Work Team. Visit the About section for more information on the team. Comments? Email Anya Osatuke , PWT Web Subcommittee chair, or Craig Cramer , Communication Specialist, School of Integrative Plant Science. Some of the informational links provided are not maintained by, nor are the responsibility of, Cornell Cooperative Extension and Cornell University. Mention of commercial products and trade names is for educational and informational purposes only. Manufacturers' instructions change. Read the manufacturers' instructions on the pesticide label carefully before use. Inclusion of information is not intended as an endorsement by Cornell Cooperative Extension or Cornell University, nor is discrimination of excluded information implied. Cornell University is an equal opportunity, affirmative action educator and employer.

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Cornell Cooperative Extension

Jefferson county.

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If you ever intend to borrow money, expand your farm, or grow your business you should have a business plan. Heading into a farm venture without a business plan is like never packing a tent for a camping trip.

The best thing to do is sit down and spend the time it takes to write and develop a good business plan. Along the path there will be twists and turns, adoptions, and edits made to the original plan but is best to guide your ventures with a well written business plan.

A business plan will guide your farm venture and aid your farms decision making process. Below some resources and links to assist you along the way.

• Business Planning for Value-Added Agriculture
• Business Planning for the Agriculture Sector: A Guide to Business Plan Development for Start-Up to Mid-Size Operations
• Starting an Ag-Business? A Pre-Planning Guide
• Ag Plan (University of Minnesota) - Business Plan Development
• Business Plan A
• Business Plan B
• Business Plan C

Last updated November 23, 2020

Farm Business Management

• Financial Tools
• Funding Resources
• Recordingkeeping and Taxes
• Marketing Commodities

Get Help with Your Business Plan!

Need help putting your business plan together? Contact Robin at  [email protected] . 

Helpful Links

• Cornell Small Farms Program
• Beginning Farmer Skills Checklist
• Guide to Farming in New York
• Business Transfer Guide: Junior Generation
• Farm Labor and Regulations
• US Department of Labor Video for Agricultural Employees
• Dairy Farm Transitions

Cornell Cooperative Extension Jefferson County

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First Cutting Monitoring – May 14th, 2024 SCNY Report

This is the team’s second week of monitoring alfalfa heights for first cutting quality in 2024. The full report for our six-county region (Broome, Cayuga, Chemung, Cortland, Tioga, and Tompkins Counties) can be found in the following link:  Alfalfa Height Reporting Sheet 5.14.24 .

This week’s updates:

If it would stop raining for three days, I’m certain we’d see a lot of movement of hay crop heading into bunks. That being said, many farms were able to take advantage of dry weather last week and put up winter forage.  Grass quality is rapidly maturing, and there have been some attempts to start to get this crop harvested on many farms.

In general, mixed grass/alfalfa fields will be at dairy quality fiber levels this week as noted in the predictions in our table, across the region.

Broome:   average alfalfa height is over 20″, gaining 5″ from last week’s measurements. Mixed alfalfa/grass fields are at peak NDF quality for dairy forage harvest.

Cayuga:   average alfalfa height is just under 19″, gaining over 4″ from last week.  Mixed alfalfa/grass fields will be ready for dairy quality forage harvest this week, elevation dependent.

Chemung:  average alfalfa height was over 23″, gaining over 4″ from last week. Mixed alfalfa/grass fields are at peak NDF quality for dairy forage harvest, with pure alfalfa predicted to be ready for harvest next week, heat and weather dependent!

Cortland:   average alfalfa heights here were 18″, gaining about 4.5″ over last week.  All grass fields are at peak NDF quality for dairy forage harvest, and mixed fields are predicted to be ready within a week in many areas, elevation dependent.

Tioga:    average alfalfa height here was measured at 21.5″, gaining almost 4″ over last week.  Mixed alfalfa/grass fields are ready for dairy quality harvest, elevation dependent.  Full alfalfa fields in some locations are already at 24-25″, and pure alfalfa fields should be harvested for peak quality at 28″ to achieve 40% NDF.

Tompkins:   average alfalfa height was just under 21″, gaining 5″ over last week.  Mixed alfalfa/grass fields are ready for dairy quality harvest.

Additional Information to Consider

PRO-DAIRY’s forage specialist, Joe Lawrence, shared some thought with dairy producers on this years first cutting harvest in an e-alert sent out on May 10th, which I’ll provide below in case you missed it.

Managing Forage and Spring Weather:  2024 Joe Lawrence The region is now into the spring field season but there is still a great deal of opportunity to achieve your forage goals this spring. Weather patterns vary across the region, but frequent rain events are disrupting field work effort for many. Here are some considerations for managing these challenges. Closely monitor first cutting hay Don’t miss peak quality for dairy cows. 100 percent grass field are already there in many areas of the state and mixed stands will be following closely. Several CCE teams provide updates on alfalfa heights. Check with your local team for updates. Northwest NY Team South Central NY Team Central NY Team Delaware County CCE Focus on crops at your target quality By the time this is read, the window for capturing dairy quality winter cereal (rye, triticale) forage and early perennial grasses will have past. Once this happens re-order your harvest plan and send these fields to the back of the list for non-lactating quality feed. Prioritize fields that are still at their dairy target quality for harvest. For winter cereals past their prime on fields intended for corn planting, decisions will need to be made regarding terminating these as a green manure cover crop for timely corn planting or leaving them to harvest as non-lactating quality feed at which point an alternative to corn may be needed for the subsequent crop. Harvest within limited weather windows Harvest management strategies can make a significant difference in successfully capturing forage at the target quality despite weather challenges. Be ready and nimble. have harvest equipment and plan ready watch individual fields and seize opportunity to harvest when ready Wide swath – greater than 80 percent of cutter bar width.  Cutting height – a three to four inch cutting height has numerous benefits. Keeps windrow up off of moist soil for better drying Reduces risk of soil contamination (ash) Reduces stress on grass forages (target four inch cutting height) Use of tedders and rakes – an important tool for managing harvest in small weather windows. Take care to minimize leaf loss with legumes. Hay before corn – especially on wet soils Guidelines around “parking the corn planter” to harvest hay at the optimum time have been common for several decades now but are still often ignored. Timely corn planting is important, but the window of opportunity is wider than first cut hay crop forages. Corn performance remains strong with planting through late May, dairy quality hay crop forage will be long gone by late May for grasses and many mixed stands. Additional problems from the rush to plant corn result from planting into wet soils as many are experiencing now. This article on the Risk of Sidewall Compaction from Penn State is a good reminder of why it is not worth it to rush corn planting in wet field conditions.

A Reminder on our Methods

For prediction of NDF content, the height of alfalfa as an indicator is as follows:

• 100% grass stands – cut when nearby alfalfa is 14 inches tall (achieves 50% NDF)
• 50/50 grass/alfalfa stands – cut when nearby alfalfa is 22 inches tall (achieves 44% NDF)

Predicted days to cut are based on daily NDF increases for grasses of 1.0% point, 50/50 mixed alfalfa/grass stands of 0.8% points, and alfalfa of 0.5% points and are adjusted for the coming week’s weather.  Typically NDF increases about 0.8 to 1.2 per day for grasses, with cooler weather being the lower end of the range and warmer weather being the higher end.  For alfalfa, NDF increases about 0.4 to 0.7 per day, also dependent upon warm/cool weather.

Next Report

Look for our next report of monitoring heights to come out on Wednesday, May 22nd.  In the meanwhile, if you can’t get out to check your fields, call one of us on the team.  We’ll be glad to help out.

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