phd in engineering abbreviation

PhD vs. DEng (Doctor of Engineering): What’s the Difference?

Choosing between a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Engineering and a Doctor of Engineering (DEng) is a crucial decision for many aspiring engineers, affecting their career trajectory and professional development. Both degrees offer distinct paths with their own set of benefits and challenges.

While a PhD is traditionally research-oriented, focusing on advancing knowledge and technology through rigorous study and experimentation, the Doctor of Engineering is designed to propel professionals into high-level problem-solving and management roles within the industry.

Understanding the key characteristics of each doctorate degree will help prospective students make an informed decision tailored to their career aspirations.

PhD in Engineering vs. Doctor of Engineering: Definitions

Each of these programs offers a unique approach to engineering education, catering to different types of students and career goals.

What Is a PhD in Engineering?

A PhD in Engineering is considered the pinnacle of academic achievement in the engineering field. The degree has the following characteristics:

Research-focused : The degree is aimed at generating new knowledge and technologies through extensive research.
Academically oriented : Candidates are expected to contribute original findings to the broader engineering community through peer-reviewed publications.
Long-term commitment : It typically requires four to six years of study, involving coursework and a significant original research project culminating in a dissertation.

What Is a Doctor of Engineering?

The Doctor of Engineering, on the other hand, is tailored for professionals aiming to deepen their technical expertise and lead engineering projects in the industry. The degree has the following characteristics:

Application-driven : It focuses on applying research to practical problems in engineering.
Professionally oriented : The degree is geared towards those who wish to excel in high-level industry positions rather than academic roles.
Integration with industry : It often requires candidates to engage directly with engineering companies or projects, applying advanced concepts to real-world challenges.

Comparing PhD in Engineering and Doctor of Engineering

There are a number of similarities and differences between the two doctorate degrees .

Key Similarities

Although the PhD in Engineering and the DEng degrees cater to different career paths, they share several foundational elements:

Advanced engineering knowledge : Both degrees require a deep understanding of advanced engineering principles.
Critical thinking and problem-solving : Students must exhibit exceptional analytical skills to tackle complex engineering challenges.
Commitment to ethics : Each program instills a strong commitment to ethical practices in both academic and professional settings.

Key Differences

The core distinctions between a PhD in Engineering and a DEng highlight their unique orientations and objectives:

The PhD in Engineering emphasizes theoretical research and academic contributions.
The DEng focuses on practical application and industry impact.
PhD students complete a dissertation based on original research.
DEng students typically undertake a project that solves a practical industry problem.
PhD graduates often pursue careers in academia or research institutions.
DEng holders typically seek leadership roles in engineering firms or technical consultancy positions.

PhD in Engineering vs. Doctor of Engineering: Education Structure and Curriculum

By exploring the structures and curriculums of the degrees, prospective students can gain a clearer understanding of what each degree entails and which might best suit their career goals.

PhD in Engineering Structure and Curriculum

The educational structure of a PhD in Engineering is designed to cultivate expert researchers and academics. Coursework focuses on advanced topics in engineering, mathematics, and related sciences to prepare students for independent research.

Significant time is dedicated to conducting original research , leading to new insights and technological advancements. The culmination of the PhD is a comprehensive dissertation that makes a novel contribution to the field of engineering.

Doctor of Engineering Structure and Curriculum

The curriculum of the Doctor of Engineering is structured to integrate advanced engineering theory with practical application. The advanced practice-oriented coursework is designed to enhance technical and management skills, preparing students for high-level industry roles.

Project work emphasizes solving real-world engineering problems, often in collaboration with engineering firms or through internships. The degree typically culminates in a substantial capstone project that demonstrates the application of engineering principles to industry challenges.

PhD in Engineering vs. Doctor of Engineering: Accreditation

Accreditation is an important aspect of all engineering degrees, and should be considered carefully by prospective students.

PhD in Engineering Accreditation

Accreditation for a PhD in Engineering ensures the quality and rigor of the academic program:

Importance of accreditation : Accreditation verifies that the educational program meets specific standards of quality and rigor, essential for academic and professional recognition.
Accrediting bodies : Major accrediting bodies for engineering programs include the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) and regional accrediting organizations.
Impact on career : Holding a degree from an accredited institution enhances a graduate’s prospects in academia and research fields, ensuring their qualifications are recognized and respected globally.

Doctor of Engineering Accreditation

Accreditation for the Doctor of Engineering focuses on both academic standards and industry relevance:

Professional standards : Ensures that the program provides education that is relevant and up-to-date with industry standards.
Accrediting organizations : Similar to the PhD, DEng programs are often accredited by ABET and may also seek accreditation from industry-specific bodies that recognize professional engineering qualifications.
Professional recognition : Accreditation is crucial for DEng graduates to be recognized as qualified professionals in the engineering industry, potentially influencing hiring decisions and career advancement.

Career Options for PhD in Engineering and Doctor of Engineering

Both degrees prepare graduates for different professional paths. Students need to recognize the importance of choosing a degree that aligns with one’s engineering career aspirations and personal strengths.

PhD in Engineering Careers

A PhD in Engineering opens doors to a range of career opportunities, primarily in academia and research:

Academic positions : Many PhD graduates become university professors, contributing to academic knowledge and educating the next generation of engineers.
Research institutions : Some may hold positions in government or private research institutions where they can continue to develop new technologies and solutions.
Specialist roles : Highly specialized industries such as biotechnology, nanotechnology, or renewable energy often seek PhD graduates for their advanced research capabilities.

Doctor of Engineering Careers

The career paths for Doctor of Engineering graduates are oriented toward industry and applied engineering solutions:

Engineering management : Graduates may pursue leadership roles within engineering firms, overseeing projects and teams.
Project management : Some may find jobs managing large-scale projects, ensuring they meet technical specifications, budgets, and timelines.
Consultancy : Some graduates take positions providing expert advice in specific areas of engineering, often as an external consultant to various industries.

PhD in Engineering vs. Doctor of Engineering: Salary and Job Outlook

Examining the salary and career prospects related to the PhD in Engineering and DEng degrees can help prospective students gain insight into degree outcomes.

PhD in Engineering Salary

Graduates holding a PhD in Engineering are positioned for competitive salaries, especially in academia and specialized research roles:

Average annual salary : According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median annual salary for postsecondary engineering teachers was approximately $106,910 as of May 2023, though this can vary widely depending on the specific field and location.
Salary range : Professor of engineering salaries can range from about $49,000 to over $182,000.
Factors affecting salary : Industry, geographic location, and the specific engineering discipline significantly influence salary outcomes.

Doctor of Engineering Salary

The Doctor of Engineering degree typically leads to higher-paying positions in the industry due to its focus on applied engineering and management:

Average annual salary : The median annual salary for architectural and engineering managers was approximately $165,370 as of May 2023, according to the BLS.
Salary range : Starting salaries begin around $107,000, with potential to exceed $233,000 in senior management or consulting roles.
Industry variance : Salaries can be particularly high in sectors such as aerospace, manufacturing, and systems engineering.

PhD in Engineering Job Outlook

The job outlook for PhD in Engineering graduates remains positive, reflecting the ongoing need for advanced expertise in research and development:

Growth projection : The BLS projects that engineering teaching positions , commonly held by PhDs, will grow by 9% from 2022 to 2032.
Emerging fields : Significant growth is expected in areas like renewable energy, robotics, and biomedical engineering, driving demand for research and development experts.
Academic opportunities : The academic sector continues to offer opportunities, although competitive, for tenure-track positions.

Doctor of Engineering Job Outlook

Doctor of Engineering graduates have a strong job outlook in various industry sectors, especially those that value practical engineering leadership:

Growth projection : Engineering management positions are expected to expand by about 4% over the decade, indicating stable demand for engineering leaders.
Professional advancement : The degree is particularly valuable for professionals looking to ascend to executive-level positions in technical companies.
Sector-specific demand : High demand in sectors such as construction, consulting services, and government projects.

This section highlights the salary expectations and job prospects for graduates of both PhD in Engineering and Doctor of Engineering programs, underscoring the potential financial and professional rewards of each path.

Tips for Choosing Between a PhD in Engineering and a Doctor of Engineering

Choosing between a PhD in Engineering and a Doctor of Engineering depends largely on individual career goals and personal interests. Here are some considerations to help prospective students make this important decision:

Assess career goals : Consider whether your interest lies in academic research or practical industry applications. A PhD is ideal for those interested in research and teaching, while a DEng suits those aiming for senior engineering management roles.
Consider industry requirements : Some industries may value the practical skills of a DEng more highly, whereas academia and research institutions typically require a PhD.
Evaluate long-term objectives : Think about where you want to be in 10-15 years. Does one degree align better with your envisioned career path?
Seek advice : Talk to current students and professionals in both tracks to understand the realities and demands of each path.
Financial and time commitments : Be realistic about the time and financial investment each degree requires and what you can commit to.

What are the main differences between a PhD in Engineering and a Doctor of Engineering?

Focus : PhD programs are research-oriented, ideal for those interested in academic careers or deep specialization in a field. DEng programs are application-oriented, designed for professionals aiming for high-level industry positions.
Outcome : PhD graduates often pursue careers in academia or specialized research, while DEng graduates typically move into senior management or consultancy roles in engineering.

How long does it typically take to complete a PhD in Engineering versus a Doctor of Engineering?

PhD in Engineering : Generally takes between four to six years, depending on the research project and dissertation requirements.
Doctor of Engineering : Typically completed in three to five years, as it often integrates professional experience and may have a more structured curriculum.

Can a Doctor of Engineering degree lead to a teaching position in universities?

Yes, although less common than PhD holders, DEng graduates can teach, especially in universities that emphasize practical skills and applied engineering. However, tenure-track positions may prefer candidates with a PhD.

What kind of financial investment is involved in pursuing these degrees?

The cost can vary widely depending on the institution and the country. Generally, PhD programs may offer more funding opportunities, such as scholarships and stipends, due to their research focus. DEng programs may have less funding available but are often shorter in duration.

Is it possible to switch from a DEng to a PhD program or vice versa?

Switching between the programs is possible but may require fulfilling additional prerequisites or adjustments in one’s research focus. It’s important to consult academic advisors to understand the implications and requirements.

Are there online options available for either degree?

Yes, many universities now offer online or hybrid versions of both PhD and DEng programs. These options provide flexibility but require self-discipline and may have different networking opportunities compared to traditional on-campus programs.

Explore the PhD in Engineering vs. Doctor of Engineering Differences

Both the PhD in Engineering and the Doctor of Engineering offer valuable pathways to fulfilling and lucrative careers in their respective fields. The choice between a research-oriented PhD and a practice-oriented DEng should be guided by personal career aspirations, industry demands, and lifestyle considerations.

By carefully evaluating these factors and utilizing the resources available, prospective students can make an informed decision that best suits their professional goals and personal preferences. This careful deliberation will ensure that they embark on a path that not only meets their academic and professional needs but also enriches their personal growth and career satisfaction.

For further exploration and to aid in decision-making, the following resources can be helpful:

Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology : ABET provides a list of accredited engineering programs, which is crucial for ensuring the quality of your education.
Professional associations : Organizations like the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) or the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) offer resources for engineering students and professionals.
Career planning tools : Organizations like Payscale and the BLS offer valuable tools for researching potential careers and salary data.
University career services : Most universities offer career services to their students, which can help in understanding the prospects and requirements of both degrees.

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DEng vs. PhD

At Johns Hopkins University, both the Doctor of Engineering and the Doctor of Philosophy involve mentored research and in-depth investigation. There are a few key differences, though (although these are not hard and fast rules).



	Mid-career	Early-career
	Technical leadership role in industry or public sector	Academic or industrial research career
	Non-residential, online	Residential, on-campus
	School-wide	Department-based
	Industry or public sector partner	Grant-based
	Master’s degree and professional experience	Bachelor’s degree and GRE
	About three years	About five years
	Portfolio (can include prototypes, plans, patent applications, computer simulations, and user manuals)	Dissertation

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Doctorate degrees

You can apply to our PhD program with a master’s or just a bachelor’s degree, and our PhD students receive full funding, which includes a tuition waiver, monthly living stipend, and health insurance. Find out why you should get a PhD at Michigan .

All of our departments offer doctorate degrees, and we also have interdisciplinary PhD programs that help you make the most of broad expertise at the university.

See what we offer in the Engineering Course Guide and Bulletin.

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About the degrees

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) : Full-time five-year research-based program. Develops skills that apply to careers both inside and outside academia. We provide all PhD students with a tuition waiver, stipend and health insurance.

Doctor of Engineering in Manufacturing (DEng) : Graduate professional degree for students who have already earned both a bachelor’s degree in engineering and a master’s degree in any engineering or business discipline. Details in Michigan Engineering Course Guide and Bulletin .

The Doctor of Engineering (EngD) – A Guide

Written by Sarah Hastings-Woodhouse

Studying a Doctor of Engineering (EngD) is an opportunity to collaborate with an industrial partner on ground-breaking Engineering research.

You'll work on addressing industrial challenges with companies ranging from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to multinational corporations. And the best part is, they'll sponsor you to do it!

This guide explains what the EngD is, what the costs are and how to apply (including entry requirements). We also cover the differences between the EngD and a traditional PhD.

If you already know that an EngD is the right choice for you, you can browse EngD programmes here on the website.

How much does it cost to do an EngD?

Annual tuition fees for EngD programmes in the UK are similar to PhD fees, ranging from £4,410-4,600 on average. Fees for international students will be considerably higher and can be up to £24,600 .

Most EngD programmes have funding attached, which is provided by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPRSC), usually with a contribution from your industry sponsor. Research engineers will normally receive an annual, tax-free stipend to cover living costs and tuition fees, with sponsors often providing a ‘top-up’ of around £3,000.

For some EngD programmes, studentships are only available to UK students. This means international applicants will have to self-fund. There are many options available for students taking this route, which we cover in our guide to international PhD funding .

Who should apply for an EngD?

An EngD is a good option for anyone seeking the blend of technical and commercial skills needed for a senior position within the Engineering industry, whilst conducting original research at the doctoral level.

Unlike many other professional doctorates, which are designed for professionals with several years’ workplace experience, the EngD can also be a suitable qualification for those at the beginning of their career. It is not uncommon for students to progress straight onto an EngD after finishing their Masters or even undergraduate degree (that’s right, you might be able to skip the Masters entirely ).

That said, many EngD applicants are Engineering professionals who are returning to higher education as a means of career development. You may even be a current employee of an industry sponsor looking to part-fund doctoral research that will serve the interests of the company – meaning you’ll be able to complete your EngD in collaboration with your employer!

If you’re not sure whether an EngD is the right qualification for you, it's a good idea to discuss your research interests and career aspirations with a programme tutor or administrator, who will be able to advise you.

Does an EngD lead to Chartered Engineer Status?

There are no qualifications that automatically lead to Charted Engineer (CEng) status. But, those who hold an EngD with an accredited Bachelors in Engineering or Technology qualify for interim registration with the UK Engineering Council. This can fast-track you to eventual CEng status.

What is the difference between an EngD and a PhD?

The EngD and the PhD are of equal academic status but differ in terms of content and delivery. An EngD is a more practical degree focusing on tangible industry outcomes whereas a PhD involves contributing to academic scholarly literature and research.

Here are a few key points of comparison:

Research environment

A PhD is an academic research degree that will largely take place on your university’s campus. Since an EngD is a collaboration between Research Engineer and industry sponsor, you’ll be expected to spend around 75% of your time working on the premises of your collaborating company.

Programme content

Whereas the PhD is a pure research degree, an EngD has a significant taught component. During the first one to two years of your EngD, you’ll take taught modules focusing on key technical, business, and personal competencies.

Supervisors

PhD candidates will have a single academic supervisor (or supervisory team) based at their university. Research engineers will be supported by an industry supervisor and an academic supervisor.

Subject areas

EngD courses are only available in Engineering subjects, while PhDs are available in all subjects where academic research is carried out.

EngD students will often receive a more generous stipend than PhD candidates, due to contributions from their industry sponsor.

What are the entry requirements for an EngD?

Unlike many other professional doctorates, EngD programmes tend not to have specific work experience requirements. This means you can apply straight after graduating.

The minimum entry requirement for EngD programmes is usually a 2:1 Bachelors degree in Engineering or related subject. Some programmes require a first-class undergraduate degree, but will consider applicants with 2:1 if they also have a relevant Masters and substantial work experience.

What is the application process for an EngD?

The exact process of applying for an EngD can vary between institutions – but the below should give you a rough idea of what to expect.

Finding a sponsor

All EngD students are paired with an industry sponsor. You may already have a sponsor at the time you submit your application (if they are your employer, for example), or you may be applying to a specific project that already has a sponsor listed.

If you do not have a sponsor, you can usually view a list of current opportunities on your university’s website and indicate your preference in your application. Alternatively, your university might pair you with a sponsor based on your research interests.

Submitting your application

You’ll submit your application directly to your chosen university, usually through an online portal. Every programme will have different specifications, but you’ll usually need to provide a combination of the following:

An academic CV
A personal statement
A cover letter
The details of two referees

Some programmes may also require you to submit a research proposal. If you already have an industry sponsor, this will be a document you have produced in collaboration with the company. If you are applying for a specific vacancy, then your research proposal will usually outline your planned approach to the project.

What's it like to study an EngD?

The vocationally orientated nature of the EngD means that you’ll spend at least half your time (and often much more than this) working directly with the company sponsoring your project. Research engineers are supported by an industrial supervisor, as well as an academic supervisory team within their university.

EngD programmes are usually split into two distinct phases:

The first phase of your EngD (usually lasting one or two years) will have the strongest taught element. Modules cover technical aspects of Engineering relating to your research and provide commercial and management training. Teaching methods include lectures, seminars, group work, lab-based practical exercises, and case studies.
The second phase will have a stronger focus on applied research. You’ll likely spend the bulk of your time working towards your final project on the premises of your sponsoring company and getting hands-on industrial experience.

How will I be assessed?

In the initial stage of your EngD, you will take taught modules, which are usually assessed through examinations and coursework. You’ll need to pass all compulsory modules (and the required number of optional ones) to be awarded your EngD.

On an annual basis, you may submit progress reports reflecting on the work you have done so far and outlining the next stages of your research plan. This will ensure you are continuing to meet the standards set by your sponsor and academic department year-on-year.

You'll usually submit your final research project in the form of either a portfolio or thesis . You’ll defend your work and explain its industrial applications in a viva voce exam .

Find an EngD programme

Ready to start applying? Browse EngD programmes here on FindAPhD

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Looking for the best universities for PhDs in Electrical Engineering in the USA? Compare ranking tables from top sources here, along with their methodologies.

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The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) provides generous PhD funding for UK Engineering and Physics subjects. Find out what an EPSRC studentship involves and how to apply.

Considering an innovative modern PhD in Science, Engineering and related fields? Or looking to tackle cutting edge Artificial Intelligence research? We've taken a closer look at funded PhD opportunities at new specialised Centres for Doctoral Training.

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The Doctor of Engineering, or Engineering Doctorate, (abbreviated Eng.D., D.Eng., D.Engr., Dr.Eng., or Dr.-Ing.) is a degree awarded on the basis of advanced study and research in engineering and applied sciences. In most countries, it is a terminal research doctorate. A DEng/EngD is equivalent to a PhD in engineering, but different in that it has a solid industrial base and an additional taught element. The DEng/EngD along with the PhD represents the highest academic qualification in engineering, and the successful completion of either in engineering is generally required to gain employment as a full-time, tenure-track university professor or postdoctoral researcher in the field. Individuals can use the academic title doctor, which is often represented via the English honorific "Dr”. DEng/EngD candidates submit a significant project, typically referred to as a thesis or praxis, consisting of a body of original applied research that may be in principle worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Candidates must defend this work before a panel of expert examiners called a thesis or dissertation committee.

1. International Equivalent Qualifications

Countries following the German/US model of education usually have similar requirements for awarding PhD (Eng.) and doctor of engineering degrees. The common degree abbreviations in the USA are EngD, D.Eng., D.Eng.Sc./Eng.Sc.D, whereas in Germany it is more commonly known as Dr.-Ing. The common degree abbreviation in the Netherlands is Professional Doctorate in Engineering (PDEng), which is equivalent to the EngD [ 1 ] (as of 1 September 2022, the PDEng title in The Netherlands will be renamed to EngD [ 2 ] ).

2. History - Research Doctorate

To be admitted as a doctoral student, one must hold a Master's degree in engineering or related science subject and pass a comprehensive entrance exam. The student must complete necessary course work, be taught examinable courses, perform independent research under the supervision of a qualified doctoral advisor, and pass the thesis defense. The degree requires a high level of expertise in the theoretical aspects of relevant scientific principles and experience with details of the implementation of theory on realistic problems. The D.Eng. takes three to six years (full-time) to complete and has compulsory taught components and coursework/projects and is granted in recognition of high achievement in scholarship and an ability to apply engineering fundamentals to the solution of complex technical problems.

A Doctor of Engineering degree awarded by universities in China , Japan , and South Korea is equivalent to a PhD degree. To be admitted as a doctoral student, one must hold a master's degree in the same or related subject and pass a comprehensive entrance exam. The student must complete necessary course work, perform independent research under the supervision of a qualified Doctoral Advisor, and pass the thesis defense. It usually takes more than three years for a student with an M.S. Degree to complete his/her doctoral study. However, there are few areas of study (such as Materials Science, Polymer Technology, and Biomedical Engineering) where both Doctor of Science and Doctor of Engineering can be awarded depending upon the graduate school which houses the department.

In Germany the doctoral degree in engineering is called Doktoringenieur (Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften, Dr.-Ing.) and is usually earned after four to six years of research and completing a dissertation. A researcher pursuing a doctorate needs to hold a master's degree or the Diplom-Ingenieur degree (Dipl.-Ing.).

In France the degree of "Doctor-Engineer" ( docteur-ingénieur ) was a formerly applied science research degree. It was discontinued after 1984 and engineers wishing to go further as researchers now seek a PhD.

3. British Higher Doctorate

In the United Kingdom , the D.Eng. degree was traditionally awarded as a higher doctorate on the basis of a significant contribution to some field of engineering over the course of a career. However, since 1992 some British universities have introduced the Engineering Doctorate, abbreviated as "EngD", which is instead a research doctorate and regarded in the UK as equivalent to a PhD.

4. Modern British Engineering Doctorate

The Engineering Doctorate scheme is a British postgraduate education programme promoted by the United Kingdom Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). The programme is undertaken for over four years. Students conduct PhD-equivalent research and undertake taught business and technical courses whilst working closely with an industrial sponsor. Successful candidates are awarded the degree of Doctor of Engineering (EngD) and are addressed as doctor .

In the UK a similar formation to doctorate is the NVQ 8 or QCF 8. [ 3 ] However, a doctoral degree typically incorporates a research project which must offer an original contribution to knowledge within an academic subject area; an element which NVQs lack. [ 4 ]

The Engineering Doctorate (EngD) scheme was established by the EPSRC in 1992 following the recommendations of the 1990 Engineering Doctorate Report, produced by a working group chaired by Professor John Parnaby. [ 5 ] The scheme was launched with five centres - at Warwick, UMIST and Manchester universities and a Welsh consortium led by University College Swansea. [ 5 ] After a 1997 review, a further tranche of five centres were established, and further centres were added in 2001 and 2006 following calls by EPSRC in particular areas of identified national need. [ 6 ]

In a 2006 stakeholder survey of the scheme conducted on behalf of EPSRC [ 7 ] it was found that the quality of output of research engineers was perceived to match or exceed that of a PhD. However, the majority of respondents disagreed with claims that EngDs were recruited to higher-paid posts than PhDs or that EngDs were more desirable to employers than PhDs. Observations were made that the EngD was not widely known, and that universities may offer EngD degrees that were not necessarily of the format promoted by the EPSRC.

A March 2007 "Review of the EPSRC Engineering Doctorate Centres" [ 6 ] noted that since 1992, some 1230 research engineers had been enrolled, sponsored by over 510 different companies (28 had sponsored at least six REs), at 22 centres based at 14 universities (some jointly run by several collaborating universities). The panel remained convinced of the value and performance of the EngD scheme, and made six key recommendations including clearer brand definition, academic study of the longer-term impacts of the scheme, promotion of the scheme to potential new sponsors, business sectors and REs, work with the Engineering Council UK to develop a career path for REs to Chartered Engineer status, creation of a virtual "EngD Academy", and increased resources for the scheme.

Work on establishing an Association of Engineering Doctorates began in 2010. [ 8 ]

5. Relationship Between EngD and PhD

In some countries, the Doctor of Engineering and the PhD in Engineering are equivalent degrees. Both doctorates are research doctorates representing the highest academic qualification in engineering. As such, both EngD and PhD programs require students to develop original research leading to a dissertation defense. Furthermore, both doctorates enable holders to become faculty members at academic institutions. The EngD and PhD in Engineering are terminal degrees, allowing the recipient to obtain a tenure-track position.

In other cases, the distinction is one of orientation and intended outcomes. The Doctor of Engineering degree is designed for practitioners who wish to apply the knowledge they gain in a business or technical environment. Unlike a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree program, wherein research leads to foundational work that is published in industry journals, the EngD demands that research be applied to solving a real-world problem using the latest engineering concepts and tools. The program culminates in the production of a thesis, dissertation, or praxis, for use by practicing engineers to address a common concern or challenge. Research toward the EngD is “applied” rather than basic.

The PhD is highly focused on developing theoretical knowledge, while the EngD emphasizes applied research. Upon completion, graduates of PhD programs generally migrate to full-time faculty positions in academia, while those of EngD programs re-emerge in the industry as applied researchers or Executives. If working full-time in industry, graduates of EngD and PhD programs often become adjunct professors in top undergraduate and graduate degree programs.

6. List of Universities or Research Centres

6.1. malaysia.

The following universities in Malaysia offer Doctor of Engineering degrees:

University of Malaya [ 9 ]
University Sains Malaysia [ 10 ]
University of Putra Malaysia [ 11 ]
National University of Malaysia [ 12 ]
University of Technology Malaysia [ 13 ]
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman [ 14 ]

6.2. United States

The following universities which also happen to have an ABET accredited undergraduate degree offer Doctor of Engineering degrees:

Cleveland State University [ 15 ]
Colorado State University [ 16 ]
Columbia University
George Washington University
Johns Hopkins University [ 17 ]
Lamar University
Morgan State University [ 18 ] [ 19 ]
Old Dominion University
Southern Methodist University
Texas A&M
University of California, Berkeley
University of Dayton
University of Illinois at Chicago
University of Massachusetts Lowell
University of Michigan–Dearborn [ 20 ]
Virginia Tech [ 21 ]

This listing is incomplete. ABET accreditation is not applicable to doctoral programs. [ 22 ] Therefore, there are a number of schools with regionally accredited doctoral programs which are not on this list.

6.3. United Kingdom

In 2009, Engineering Doctorate schemes were offered by 45 United Kingdom universities, [ 23 ] both singly or in partnership with other universities as industrial doctorate centres. Students on the scheme are encouraged to describe themselves as 'research engineers' rather than 'research students' and as of 2009 the minimum funding level was £1,500 higher than the minimum funding level for PhD students. [ 24 ] Advocates of the scheme like to draw attention to the fact that EngD students share some courses with MBA students.

The following EPSRC-funded centres have offered EngDs: [ 25 ]

Advanced Forming and Manufacture (University of Strathclyde)
Biopharmaceutical Process Development (Newcastle University)
Bioprocess Engineering Leadership (University College London)
Centre for Doctoral Training in Non-Destructive Evaluation (Imperial College London, Bristol, Nottingham, Strathclyde, Warwick)
Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing [ 26 ] (University of Warwick, University of Exeter, Cranfield University)
Centre for Digital Entertainment [ 27 ] (University of Bath, Bournemouth University)
COATED: Centre Of Advanced Training for Engineering Doctorates (Swansea University)
Doctoral Training Partnership (DTP) in Structural Metallic Systems for Gas Turbine Applications (Universities of Cambridge, Swansea and Birmingham)
Efficient Fossil Energy Technologies (The Universities of Nottingham, University of Birmingham, and Loughborough University)
Engineering Doctoral Centre in High Value, Low Environmental Impact Manufacturing (University of Warwick)
Formulation Engineering (University of Birmingham)
Industrial Doctorate Centre in Composites Manufacture (University of Bristol, University of Nottingham, University of Manchester, Cranfield University)
Industrial Doctoral Centre for Offshore Renewable Energy (IDCORE) (Universities of Edinburgh, Strathclyde and Exeter)
Innovative and Collaborative Construction Engineering (Loughborough University)
Large-scale Complex IT Systems (Universities of Leeds, Oxford, St Andrews and York)
Manufacturing Technology Engineering Doctorate Centre (MTEDC - The Universities of Nottingham, University of Birmingham, and Loughborough University)
Machining Science (University of Sheffield)
MATTER: Manufacturing Advances Through Training Engineering Researchers (Swansea University)
Micro & Nano-Materials and Technologies (University of Surrey)
Molecular Modelling and Materials Science (University College London)
Nuclear Engineering (Imperial College London, University of Manchester)
Optics and Photonics Technologies (Heriot-Watt (lead), Glasgow, St Andrews, Strathclyde and the Scottish University Physics Alliance)
STREAM - IDC for the Water Sector [ 28 ] (Cranfield University, Imperial College London, University of Exeter, University of Sheffield, Newcastle University)
Sustainability for Engineering and Energy Systems (University of Surrey)
Systems (University of Bristol and University of Bath)
Systems Approaches to Biomedical Science (University of Oxford)
Technologies for Sustainable Built Environments (University of Reading)
Transport and the Environment (University of Southampton)
Urban Sustainability and Resilience (University College London)
Virtual Environments, Imaging and Visualisation [ 29 ] (University College London)

The following EPSRC-funded centres have offered EngDs: [ 30 ]

EPSRC and NERC Industrial Centre for Doctoral Training for Offshore Renewable Energy - IDCORE (University of Edinburgh, University of Exeter, Strathclyde University and the Scottish Association for Marine Sciences)
Renewable Energy Marine Structures (REMS) (Cranfield University, University of Oxford and University of Strathclyde)
Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing (University of Warwick, University of Exeter, Cranfield University)
Industrial Doctoral Centre for Offshore Renewable Energy (University of Edinburgh, University of Exeter, Strathclyde University, the Scottish Association for Marine Sciences and HR-Wallingford)
Centre for Digital Entertainment (University of Bath, Bournemouth University)
STREAM - IDC for the Water Sector (Cranfield University, Imperial College London, University of Exeter, University of Sheffield, Newcastle University)
"PDEng becomes EngD as of 1 September 2022" (in en). https://www.4tu.nl/sai/PDEng%20becomes%20EngD%20as%20of%201%20September%202022/.
"Comparing qualifications levels". http://ofqual.gov.uk/help-and-advice/comparing-qualifications/.
"How Do NVQs Stack Up Against Degrees?". Graduates.co.uk - Careers Advice, Postgrad Study and Gap Year. http://www.graduates.co.uk/how-do-nvqs-stack-up-against-degrees/.
Irwin, Aisling (17 May 1996). "Doctoring the degree (17 May 1996)". Times Higher Education Supplement. Times Higher Education. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=93762§ioncode=26.
Report of a Review of the EPSRC Engineering Doctorate Centres. Swindon: EPSRC. March 2007.
"Review of the Engineering Doctorate Scheme: Stakeholders Survey". Strategic Marketing Associates. http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/CMSWeb/Downloads/Other/EngDocStakeholderSurvey.pdf.
"About the AEngD". Association of Engineering Doctorates. AEngD. http://www.aengd.org.uk/about-us/background/.
"Faculty of Engineering" (in en). https://engine.um.edu.my/doctor-of-philosophy-phd.
"Postgraduate Programme - USM Admission" (in en). https://admission.usm.my/index.php/en/postgraduate/postgraduate-programme.
"Doctor Of Engineering (DEng) - FACULTY OF ENGINEERING" (in en). https://eng.upm.edu.my/academic/postgraduate/doctor_of_engineering_deng-1925?L=en.
"Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment – PhD – StudyUKM" (in en). https://www.ukm.my/studyukm/phd-engineering-built-environment/.
"Engineering Doctorate (Eng.D)" (in en). https://razak.utm.my/engineering-doctorate-engd/.
"Institute of Postgraduate Studies and Research" (in en). https://ipsr.utar.edu.my/PhDEng_PK.php.
"Doctor of Engineering | Cleveland State University" (in en). https://www.csuohio.edu/engineering/academics/doctor-engineering-6.
"Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.)" (in en). https://www.engr.colostate.edu/se/deng/.
"Home" (in en-US). https://engineering.jhu.edu/doctor-of-engineering/.
"School of Engineering" (in en). https://www.morgan.edu/soe.
"Doctor of Engineering" (in en). https://www.morgan.edu/school_of_engineering/departments/civil_engineering/graduate_program/doctor_of_engineering.html.
"D.ENG. IN AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS AND MOBILITY". https://umdearborn.edu/cecs/departments/mechanical-engineering/graduate-programs/deng-automotive-systems-and-mobility.
"Graduate Degree Programs". https://eng.vt.edu/academics/graduate-life/graduate-degree-programs.html.
"What Programs Does ABET Accredit? | ABET". https://www.abet.org/accreditation/what-is-accreditation/what-programs-does-abet-accredit/.
"Engineering Doctorate Centre Details". Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/funding/students/centres/Pages/byuni.aspx.
"Minimum payments". Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/funding/students/Pages/minimumpay.aspx.
"Industrial Doctorate Centres". EPSRC. http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/funding/students/centres/Pages/indd.aspx.
"Centre for Doctoral Training Sustainable Materials Manufacturing / Home". http://www.sustainablematerialsmanufacturing.com/.
"About CDE | CDE". http://www.digital-entertainment.org/.
[email protected], Mick Redman. "The Stream Industrial Doctorate Centre". http://www.stream-idc.net/.
"Home". https://veiv.cs.ucl.ac.uk/.

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Ranked 57th globally for computer science by the 2023 QS University Rankings by Subject

Ranked =19th in the world in the 2024 QS World University Rankings

Our Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program involves preparing a thesis that will make a substantial and original contribution to the specific subject area.

Students will be required to complete some coursework as part of their candidature. They will have access to a range of specialist units of study relevant for research students.

The Faculty of Engineering focuses on multidisciplinary research centered on various key themes:

complex systems ;
data science and computer engineering ;
energy, resources and the environment ;
food products, process and supply chain ;
healthcare engineering ;
infrastructure and transport ;
Internet of Things ; and
robotics and intelligent systems .

This degree is awarded if your thesis is considered to be a substantial and original contribution to the subject concerned.

Subject areas

Shared pool, entry, fees, funding & how to apply, your entry requirements, english language proficiency.

For academic requirements check the ‘Admission requirements’ section on this page.

The international fee rate for this course is currently not available. The fee rate is usually published by September for the following year. Where a fee is not available after this time check the admission requirements as the course may not be available to international students.

How to apply

Before you apply Make sure you have read the requirements for a research application and are in possession of all required documentation.

1. Find a supervisor within the University whose academic background aligns with your research. You may visit Research Supervisor Connect to start.

2. Contact a research supervisor either through Research Supervisor Connect or email and provide: - your academic/educational background and research experience with examples such as an academic transcript - your CV/resume - the area of interest for your PhD - why you believe your research topics align with this supervisor

3. In conjunction with your supervisor, develop a preliminary research proposal up to 2000 words that outlines the subject area, objectives and significance of your research.

4. International applicants need to obtain two academic referee reports, each one written by a referee who is familiar with your previous academic achievements. You may upload letters of reference or complete our template .

5. If you intend to study part-time towards a PhD, you will also need to supply: - evidence that shows you will have sufficient time available to plan and carry out the research under the supervision of the University, and complete the course within the maximum period allowed for a part-time PhD enrolment - a declaration from your employer (if relevant) confirming that you will be permitted to take the time required to effectively pursue your studies.

6. Your research proposal should be submitted along with your CV, academic referee reports, academic transcripts and other supporting documents.

7. Submit a direct online application to the University of Sydney through the University course search .

Applications are open all year round. Processing times for research applications depend on many factors and therefore, can vary.

Applicants are advised to apply well in advance to allow for a timely application outcome and scholarship deadlines.

If your application cannot be processed in time for the requested start date, it will be considered for the next possible research period.

Separate scholarship application deadlines apply - refer to the relevant scholarships websites for details.

Starting date

Research Period 1: Start date 1 Jan Research Period 2: Start date 1 Mar Research Period 3: Start date 1 Jul Research Period 4: Start date 1 Oct Refer to key research dates on the `How to Apply' website.

Applicants are advised to apply well in advance to allow for a timely application outcome, scholarship deadlines and necessary visa and travel arrangements.

Separate scholarship deadlines apply - refer to the relevant scholarships websites for details.

Research areas

PhD candidates at the Faculty of Engineering may undertake research in one of the following disciplines:

aerospace engineering, mechanical and mechatronic engineering;
biomedical engineering;
chemical and biomolecular engineering;
civil engineering;
electrical and information engineering;
computer science; and
project management.

What you'll study

This research degree includes some coursework curriculum to support research success. Masters students will complete 6 credit points of coursework and be able to choose from a pool of units from any faculty. The pool comprises a range of development opportunities that include specialist analytical methods, professional development units, and discipline-specific subjects relevant for research students. Refer to the Interdisciplinary Studies handbook .

Required units of study for HDR students

Engineering and computer science

Unit of study code	Unit of study name	Course	Course stage	Advice
INFO5993	Research Methods in IT	All School of Computer Science candidates need to complete this unit in their first semester of candidature	Year 1	May be taken in Semester 1 or Semester 2

There is no separate tuition fee cost for the coursework units of study you will undertake, it is part of the tuition fee for the course . See the ‘Your Fee’ section for fee information. Additional non-tuition course costs vary depending on the units of study.

You will be able to see and enrol in any of the units available, subject to capacity constraints and your own background. Note that your faculty may elect to make certain units compulsory for a given PhD degree pathway.

Applying for admission

Before you apply Make sure you have read the requirements for a research application and are in possession of all required documentation.

Find a supervisor within the University whose academic background aligns with your research. You may visit Research Supervisor Connect to start.
your academic/educational background and research experience with examples such as an academic transcript - your CV/resume
the area of interest for your PhD
why you believe your research topics align with this supervisor
In conjunction with your supervisor, develop a preliminary research proposal up to 2000 words that outlines the subject area, objectives and significance of your research.
International applicants need to obtain two academic referee reports, each one written by a referee who is familiar with your previous academic achievements. You may upload letters of reference or complete our template .
evidence that shows you will have sufficient time available to plan and carry out the research under the supervision of the University, and complete the course within the maximum period allowed for a part-time PhD enrolment
a declaration from your employer (if relevant) confirming that you will be permitted to take the time required to effectively pursue your studies.
Your research proposal should be submitted along with your CV, academic referee reports, academic transcripts and other supporting documents.
Applications are made via the University online.

Admission criteria

You must have completed the equivalent of one of the following in an area related to your proposed research:

bachelor's degree with first class honours (or equivalent),
master's degree by research,
master's degree by coursework with an independent research component such as a thesis, dissertation or research project with a minimum overall distinction average.
an equivalent qualification that demonstrates research experience, excellence and capability.

Applicants who do not meet these admission requirements may be issued an offer of a place in the Master of Philosophy (Engineering) .

Transfer from Master of Philosophy (Engineering)

Outstanding candidates who successfully complete up to one year full-time or equivalent part-time of the University of Sydney's Master of Philosophy (Engineering) may apply for transfer into the Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) and receive credit for work completed:

with approval from the Supervisor and School,
meeting all Higher Degree by Research progression requirements,
providing evidence that their research is of a sufficient scope and depth to sustain a doctoral thesis.

Credit for previous study

For more information about the University’s credit policy, please see the Credit for Previous Studies page.

Course opportunities

A PhD thesis will demonstrate that the student has achieved expertise and mastery in the area of research and is able to formulate theories and/or experiments, interpret data, relate the results to the existing body of literature and provide innovative solutions to challenging problems. PhD graduates may pursue careers in academia and research organisations. They can also be employed in companies to lead the research and development activities.

Careers & future study

Future study options, graduate opportunities.

Through the completion of a PhD, students gain deeper understanding of a subject area and develop analytical, problem solving, communication and project management skills. These skills are highly valued by prospective employers. PhD graduates may pursue careers in industry, academia and research organisations.

Important fee information

Domestic students, international students.

The course information on this website applies only to future students. Current students should refer to faculty handbooks for current or past course information.

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GET YOUR PhD IN ENGINEERING

Ph.D. in engineering is a prestigious doctoral degree obtained upon completion of a postgraduate program in engineering from an accredited institution. This rigorous degree involves extensive research, course work, and often includes teaching responsibilities for undergraduate students. It provides advanced knowledge and expertise in specialized engineering fields, paving the way for career opportunities in academia, research, industry leadership, and innovation.

PhD in Engineering

Course work for an engineering doctorate generally includes quantitative research methods and highly specialized classes in the student's engineering specialty. In addition, students working toward a PhD in engineering can expect to complete a written dissertation based on original research.

Graduates of PhD in Engineering programs can work as professors at research universities, dedicate their expertise to industrial or government research labs, or create a business around their own innovation. Consider building your career as the developer of a green energy trend, discovering a life-saving biomedical process, or taking the world to the next global communication platform.

Types of Engineering PhD Programs

Doctorate programs in engineering usually grant graduates with a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree, although some might award a Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng or D.E.), depending on the college or university.

Typically, doctoral students work closely with one or more engineering professors who serve as PhD advisers, guiding them through their research and dissertation. As part of the dissertation process, schools may require PhD candidates to pass either written or oral (or both) qualifying exams and to defend their research conclusions before their PhD advisory committee.

Earning a PhD in engineering generally involves five to seven years of graduate study, with substantial professional opportunities awaiting those who hold this highly respected degree.

Online PhD Programs

Online education offers its own set of benefits , from flexible class scheduling to savings on tuition and commuting costs. In particular, working adults interested in completing their studies without quitting their job or sacrificing family commitments will find online learning well-suited to their priorities. That said, engineering PhD programs are not common across all specialties. Master's-level online engineering programs are much more prevalent, and, of course, an MS or MEng is a standard requirement for an engineering PhD. If you do not already hold an engineering master's degree, you might consider online education as a potential route for earning that credential. Traditional engineering PhD programs will set their own terms for potential PhD candidates, and you may find a college willing to let you take some of the required course work via online learning. Overall, however, the nature of an engineering PhD program necessitates a solid commitment to in-person time spent with PhD advisers and on lab or real-world research.

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To obtain a PhD degree you must complete three years full-time training (or five years part-time) and carry out an original piece of research which makes a significant contribution to learning in one of the many research areas in the Department. At the same time, the Department expects that students will leave with the wider skills necessary to be successful in either an academic or a non-academic career. Research students are therefore expected to obtain an effective training in research and to broaden their background knowledge, as well as to undertake a novel research project. In their first year, students take a minimum of two taught modules from a wide range of courses offered by the Department. Modules consist of lectures and practical work, and each module involves about 80 hours of work. You will also participate in a researcher development programme during your first year, and you are expected engage in personal development opportunities throughout the PhD in order to develop important transferable skills.

As a research student working in the Department of Engineering, you will work most closely with your Supervisor , who is responsible for guiding your research and training. You can expect at least eight one hour-long individual meetings with your supervisor every calendar year, although it may be much more frequent. You will also have daily contact with the research group you are working within. In addition, you will be assigned an Adviser , who will take an active interest in your progress and be available to provide additional support and advice when needed.

All doctoral research takes place in University of Cambridge facilities. However, the Department and its supervisors have strong links to other institutions both in the UK and around the world. After their first year, students may therefore apply for permission to undertake research in other institutions for extended periods of time. There may also be opportunities to teach small groups of engineering undergraduates to widen your experience and gain valuable expertise in explaining engineering concepts.

At the end of your first year, you will write a 15,000 progress report on your research to date, and discuss your work with two assessors. Passing this assessment is a requirement to continue with the PhD beyond the first year. After completing three years of research, you will submit a 60,000 word thesis on your research and have an oral examination. The final deadline for submission of the thesis is four years after the start date (or seven years for part-time students), but we advise students to aim to submit by either the end of their tenth term, or the end of their funding, whichever is soonest.

The PhD in Engineering can be tailored to suit your particular interests. Applicants must identify a supervisor that they wish to work with on their application form, and contact them directly to discuss their research interests in advance of submitting an application. You can browse current topics of research in the department and identify potential supervisors via the research pages of our website. You should state the name of the supervisor(s) that you wish to work with on your application form, and should also give at least an indication of the topic you wish to undertake research on, so that we can direct your application appropriately.

Further information, including entrance requirements and how to apply, can be found on the online Course Directory . The Engineering Postgraduate Students website contains resources for current students and may also be of interest to applicants: www.graduate.eng.cam.ac.uk .

Academics accepting PhD Students for 2023/24 can be found via the following links;

Electrical Engineering - https://ee.eng.cam.ac.uk/index.php/graduate-studies/

Mechanics, Materials and Design - http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/academic-divisions/mechanics-materials-and-design/postgraduate-studies-research-students

Manufacture and Management - https://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/education/phd/topics/

Information Engineering: http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/academic-divisions/information-engineering/postgraduate-studies

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Do you need help with one of your classes?

If you are struggling in one of your classes and are looking for help, please reach out to the ME ASO staff! We can work with you to discuss options for support, including identifying potential peer tutors who have previously completed the class you are in.

The goal of the PhD program is to create a culture of scholarship and high impact research that produces articulate researchers who are called upon first to hold leadership positions in society and academia.

The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Degree is the highest degree awarded by the Mechanical Engineering Department and is recommended for students who are interested in leadership careers in academia (e.g. as a faculty member of a university), industry, or government.

Sections of this Page:

Milestones to the Ph.D.

Research and coursework, qualifying examinations.

Dissertation Proposal Exam

Dissertation

Ph.d. research at the university of michigan.

Research involves active, student-directed inquiry into an engineering topic. A student’s research experience forms the core of the PhD program. There are two goals for conducting research: 1) to learn the general skills to conduct independent research and 2) to develop new knowledge in mechanical engineering.

Conducting research requires combining knowledge gained in the classroom with the ability to read the scientific literature, identify critical knowledge gaps, structure complex problems, formulate and test hypotheses, analyze and interpret data, and present and discuss technical results. Engineering research also requires significant experimental, computational, and analytical skills. A student learns these core skills as she pursues her research topic.

Many of these skills cannot be learned in the classroom setting, but instead must be developed in the laboratory, library, and conference room as the student actively interacts with faulty, other students, and researchers around the world. Independent, non-classroom based learning and problem solving is a core aspect of the PhD degree. Upon completion of his dissertation the student should be an international expert in a technical area. Dissemination of new knowledge at technical conferences and in peer-reviewed archival publications is an important part of research.

There are three student profiles in the ME PhD program: (1) Direct PhD students that are admitted without a relevant Master’s degree, (2) students who enter the PhD program with a Master’s degree in Mechanical Engineering or a relevant field, and (3) students who enter the PhD program with a Master’s degree in Mechanical Engineering or a relevant field from the University of Michigan. The differences in the three tracks toward the PhD vary at the coursework level. Please be mindful of the requirements listed below. A student should always discuss academic plans with his research advisor.

The major ME program milestones all PhD students complete:

Qualifying Examination (RCC & RFE)
Advancement to Candidacy
Dissertation Proposal Examination
Thesis Dissertation (written) and Defense (oral)

In addition to the academic component of the PhD, students are encouraged to participate in professional development. The Rackham Graduate School has partnered with divisions around campus to develop a central location to promote workshops, training sessions, forums, and talks relevant to graduate students. It is recommended that students visit the Professional and Academic Development website on a regular basis to stay informed about the activities on campus.

Timeline & Satisfactory Progress

The ME department will adhere to all Rackham policies regarding academic progress, probation, dismissal and appeals as outlined here in the Rackham Academic Policies (Section 3.5).

The timeline for completing these milestones and other program requirements and expectations.

To continue in the Ph.D. Program and remain fully funded, you must maintain satisfactory progress in the following ways:

Maintain Cum. GPA of 3.5 or higher
Engage in research with faculty by the end of 1st semester.
Solidify faculty advisor by the end of 1st semester.
Identify thesis topic by the end of 2nd semester.
International students must take and pass the GSI OET by the end of the 3rd semester.
Pass the RCC by the end of 2nd semester (an extra semester may be granted via petition if necessary, but no more).
Complete ME 500: Professional Skills for Graduate Student Success prior to advancement to candidacy (Fall 2021 and later cohorts).
Demonstrate preliminary results in research by the end of the summer term after the first year (in preparation for the RFE). If you have concerns about your progress, email the Grad Coordinator to schedule a meeting with Grad Chair.
Pass the RFE by the end of 4th semester. Change-of-Program students pass the RFE within two semesters of beginning the Ph.D. Program. An extra semester may be granted in either case via petition if necessary, but no more.
Complete Dissertation Proposal Exam (DPE) and form dissertation committee within one year of passing the RFE. (For students who take the RFE in their 3rd semester, it is desirable to complete the DPE by the end of the 2nd year in the PhD program.)
Maintain progress toward publications and dissertation completion with the guidance of advisors. If you have concerns about your progress, email the Grad Coordinator to schedule a meeting with Grad Chair.

You are welcome and encouraged to speak to the Graduate Coordinator and Chair at anytime. You and your advisor both have opportunities to confirm progress or express concerns regarding your progress via the Annual Progress Update.

Probation : If a student is not making satisfactory progress in one or more of the areas outlined above, the student will be put on probation. The terms of probation will be individually designed based on the student’s situation and as agreed upon by the Graduate Chair, the faculty advisor, and the student. The ME Graduate Program Committee will also review and approve all probation agreements. When a the terms of probation are agreed upon, a probation agreement will be completed and enforced by the Graduate Chair.

Length of the Probationary Period : The probationary period will be no shorter than two months and, unless otherwise stated, conclude at the end of that term. If a student is placed on probation within two months of the end of the term, the probationary period will extend into the following term for at least two months.

Funding During the Probationary Period : Doctoral students will continue to receive funding during the probationary period.

End of the Probationary Period : At the end of the probationary period the student will either be returned to good academic standing or dismissed from the program.

Appeals Process for Probation and Dismissal : Students may appeal academic probation or dismissal decisions. Appeals pertaining to a students’ academic performance or progress in the program will be overseen by the Graduate Program Committee. The Rackham Graduate School will handle appeals relating to procedural issues of fair and equal treatment by the program.

Finding a Research Advisor:

To select a research advisor, the student should talk to faculty members in potential areas of research interest. If the research topic is of an interdisciplinary nature, the student can choose to have two research advisors as long as at least one advisor is from Mechanical Engineering.

It is expected that the faculty advisor will have research support or other available funding in order to finance tuition, stipend and benefits costs of the degree.

Recommendations and tips for finding a research advisor:

Talk to senior graduate students about their advisors. Share your interests and ask them for suggestions about whom you should meet.
Familiarize yourself with various research groups.
Make a list of faculty to contact who are involved in research areas that interest you. A list of faculty by research areas can be found here .
Read about faculty research in journals, conference proceedings, or on their website.
Visit their labs. A list of labs can be found here .
Schedule meetings with faculty members. Typically this is done via email which includes an introduction and requests time to meet with them. Be knowledgeable about their work in order to have an active discussion about their previous and ongoing research.
Sometimes working in their lab for academic reasons only (not as a Graduate Student Research Assistant (GSRA) ) will provide you with the opportunity to prove your researching capabilities and may lead to a GSRA with that faculty.
If possible, enroll in classes being taught by faculty whose work interests you.
Do well in classes relevant to your research interest and get to know the faculty.
Consider doing a small project supported intellectually by a faculty member. ME 590 research credits are taken.
If you are unsuccessful with securing a research advisor, it is recommended that you meet with the Graduate Program Chair immediately to discuss the situation.

Research Requirements

Regardless of whether or not the Ph.D. student has a Master’s prior to attending U-M or not, all students should take at least 6 credits of research ( ME 590 ) in the first two-three terms of the PhD program. This will help ensure that the student meets Rackham’s requirements to candidacy upon successfully passing of the qualifying exams. Change of Program students are not required to enroll in addition ME 590 credits after matriculating to Ph.D. as they have already completing the credit requirement for advancing to candidacy.

Students should complete 8 hours of responsible conduct of research and scholarship (RCRS) training by the end of their 3rd term of enrollment.

Once a student has completed 6 credits of ME 590, they should take 8 credits of ME 990 per term.

Once a student reaches Candidacy, 8 credits of ME 995 research credits are taken every term until the student defends their dissertation.

Coursework Requirements

For Direct PhD students (i.e. students admitted without a relevant Master’s degree):

It is necessary to complete all of the academic requirements for the Master’s degree which includes 30 credits . Please visit the Master’s Degree page for specific degree requirements. This type of Master’s degree is referred to as an “embedded” master’s, a master’s degree awarded “on-the-way” to the PhD. In addition to their MSE degree, direct PhD students must complete:
At least 6 credits of letter-graded (including the grade S – Satisfactory) graduate coursework registered as a Rackham student while in residence on the Ann Arbor campus. Courses elected as visit (audit) do not meet this requirement, nor do ME590, ME695, ME990 and ME995.
(Fall 2021 cohort and later) ME 500: Professional Skills for Graduate Student Success. This class should ideally be taken in the first year but may also be taken in the second year if needed. This 1 credit course may be counted towards the additional 6 credits of letter graded coursework.

For PhD students entering with a relevant Master’s Degree :

At least 18 credits of letter-graded (including the grade S – Satisfactory) graduate coursework registered as a Rackham student while in residence on the Ann Arbor campus. Courses elected as visit (audit) do not meet this requirement, nor do ME590, ME695, ME990, and ME995.
Of the 18 letter-graded credits, 3 credits must be cognates . The cognate requirement may be satisfied by having completed a UM Master’s degree which included a cognate component.
(Fall 2021 cohort and later) ME 500: Professional Skills for Graduate Student Success. This class should ideally be taken in the first year but may also be taken in the second year if needed. This 1 credit course may be counted towards the 18 credits of letter graded coursework.
A PhD student entering with a relevant Master’s degree that decides to pursue an additional master’s degree at the University of Michigan may apply the 18 credits required for the PhD to the master’s degree in another department. The student’s advisor should approve of the second degree.

For PhD students entering with a Master’s Degree from the UM ME Department (i.e. change of program students) :

At least 6 credits of letter-graded (including the grade S- Satisfactory) graduate coursework registered as a Rackham student while in residence on the Ann Arbor campus. Courses elected as visit (audit) do not meet this requirement, nor do ME590, ME695, ME990, and ME995.

For students who completed the SUGS program :

Additional credits of letter-graded graduate coursework equal to or greater than the number of credits double counted in the SUGS program.

The PhD Qualifying Examination (QE) consists of two components: the Research Core Curriculum (RCC) (formerly GCC) and the Research Fundamentals Exam (RFE).

Research Core Curriculum (RCC) Exam

The goal of the RCC is to ensure proficiency in technical topics both within and outside of the student’s primary research area.

Students can submit their RCC plan here.

All PhD students must take four Research Core Curriculum (RCC) courses in the first two semesters. Typically students will enroll in two Research Core Curriculum courses in the first term, however some exceptions exist where students will only enroll in one or will opt to take three. During the second term of study, the remaining Research Core Curriculum courses are taken. Change-of-program students should refer below.

The RCC consists of four 500+ level graduate courses that satisfy the following course distribution requirements:

At most, three may be in the student’s research area
At least one must be outside of the student’s research area
At most, one may be from a department other than Mechanical Engineering. Note: Multiple cross-listed courses in the RCC plan will prompt additional consideration by the Graduate Program Committee (GPC)

In consultation with their research advisor a student should develop and submit a RCC plan . If a student does not have a research advisor, the student should submit a preliminary RCC plan by the Friday before the first day of classes. The ME Graduate Chair will then work with the student (if necessary) to arrive at a satisfactory plan. An RCC Plan is comprised of the following components:

A list of the four courses on which the RCC will be based (a list of all ME graduate-level courses scheduled for the Fall and Winter terms is located here ).
A short (3-4) sentence statement that specifies how the courses fit into the student’s current or intended research plan (this can be general if the student does not yet have a research advisor).
The approval of the student’s research advisor and/or the ME Graduate Chair.

The GPC will review and (if appropriate) approve RCC course plans based on their accordance with the course distribution requirements specified above and their academic rigor. The GPC will monitor the historical record of GPAs for courses selected on the RCC, and may ask a student to revise the student’s RCC plan if the plan is judged to be insufficiently rigorous.

RCC plans may need to change after the start of the semester or between the first and second semester of the RCC. Typical circumstances that may necessitate a revision include course cancellations and a change in the student’s research area and/or research advisor. Revised RCC plans require GPC approval. Requests for modifications to RCC plans should be submitted via the RCC form prior to the add/drop deadline for the term..

GPC approval is required for dropping a course after the above dates and will only be given in rare circumstances. Changes in research area and/or research advisor are not sufficient reasons for dropping an RCC course.

Evaluation of the RCC (for those who entered the PhD program after Winter 2014): The grades students receive in RCC courses will be averaged to determine an RCC GPA. The GPA is based on Rackham’s new 4.0 scale where A+ = 4.3 , A = 4.0, A- = 3.7, and B+ = 3.3. The RCC GPA will be used to determine the outcome of the RCC and will follow these guidelines:


≥ 3.7	Pass Unconditionally	—
≥ 3.5 – < 3.7	Conditional Pass	Strong RFE Pass*
< 3.5	Fails Unconditionally**	—

*Note: A student must demonstrate proficiency by performing very well on the RFE (as judged by the RFE examiners) to pass the PhD qualifying examination. The student has two tries on the RFE to perform very well.

**Note: The student may petition the GPC to take an additional course in the third semester if that course grade could increase the overall GPA (of all five courses) to at least a 3.5 (or a 6.5 via the old Rackham 9.0 scale).

Petitions for a deviation from the above guidelines due to rare and extenuating circumstances can be made to the GPC. There are no course retakes in the RCC.

Change-of-Program Students. The GPC will evaluate the prior courses taken by a change-of-program (i.e. MSE to PhD) student to determine which (if any) courses may be eligible to include in an RCC plan, thus reducing the total number of RCC courses required to be taken after the student enters the PhD program. In some cases, a student’s previously completed coursework may satisfy the RCC entirely; thus, the student would not be required to take any additional coursework.

Research Fundamentals Exam (RFE)

The RFE is an oral examination to test the student’s potential to conduct independent research at the PhD level along with her written and oral communication skills. There are four primary objectives:

Assess the depth of knowledge in the area of research specialization and the ability to relate this to research,
Assess the ability of the student to propose an interesting and relevant problem for PhD research
Test ingenuity, creativity, and problem-solving skills, and
Assess written and oral communication skills and the ability to respond to questions.

Students who have a research advisor and have successfully completed the RCC coursework or who have successfully petitioned are eligible to apply for the RFE. Students must have a 3.5 GPA or higher to take the RFE. If a student does not have this GPA, they are required to submit a petition form to the graduate chair for consideration to take the RFE.

PhD students who successfully complete the RCC coursework must take the RFE the following semester. Change of Program students must take the RFE within one year. It is not mandatory for Change of Program students to take the RFE in their first semester as a PhD student.

Exams are held in the last two weeks of October and last two weeks of March (winter). The RFE is an oral exam lasting for 45 minutes which is structured with a 15 minute presentation followed by 30 minutes of question and answer with two faculty members.

Sample RFE Presentation

The RFE is organized by research subject areas as listed below:

Biosystems	Heat Transfer
Computational Science & Engineering	Manufacturing
Controls	Materials
Design	Nanoscience/MEMS
Dynamics & Vibrations	Solid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics	Thermodynamics and Combustion

Registration. Eligible students must register their intent to take the RFE to the Academic Services Office. The online registration form is announced to students via email in the first two weeks of each Fall and Winter semester. In addition, students are responsible for submitting an electronic document with the following elements:

Bio-sketch using NSF fellowship application format ,
Research abstract describing research: the purpose of the research being examined, key related research, research hypotheses, research methodology, and results to date. The abstract should be formatted with 11 point font, single spacing, one-inch margins, and be a maximum of 2 pages. These two pages include title, citations, and bibliography.
A list of RCC courses with discussion of how the RCC courses match the RFE topic and future research plans (less than 200 words).

If you have an approved testing accommodation or SSD-VISA and would like to have similar accommodations for the RFE, please let us know below. We will work with you and SSD to make sure that appropriate accommodations are made for your RFE.

Examiners. Two faculty are selected by the Graduate Program Committee to act as examiners for each RFE thematic area. A student’s research advisor cannot be an examiner. The research advisor is not allowed to be present during the RFE.

Grading. Students are evaluated on a scale ranging from excellent to poor in each of the following areas:

Synthesis of course material in research problem context.
Input to research project.
Research conduct and methodology.
Research outcomes.
Communication.

A sample grade sheet with more information about grading criteria can be found here .

All areas are considered when determining the student’s examination outcome (pass/fail). The two examiners will produce a written report to the Academic Services Office indicating if the student has passed or failed the RFE with specific reasons for their decision.

Communication of Results. The result of the RFE is communicated by the Academic Services Office to the student by way of individual email. Successfully completing the RFE does not mean a student passes the RCC.

Retaking the RFE. Only one repeat is permitted and must be taken no later than the next offering of the RFE after the original RFE. Students will automatically be sent a registration email for the next available RFE session.

Advancing to Candidacy is a prestigious milestone on the way to the PhD. Rackham stipulates that from the time of initial enrollment, Candidacy should be achieved within 3 years. There is reduced tuition associated with candidacy as well as registration constraints.

Semester deadlines for completing the requirements to advance to candidacy are found here .

Requirements to advance to candidacy:

Pass the Qualifying Examination (RCC and RFE)
Complete ME 500: Professional Skills for Graduate Student Success
Completed at least 18 credits of letter-graded (including the grade S – Satisfactory) graduate coursework registered as a Rackham student while in residence on the Ann Arbor campus. Credits elected as visit (audit) do not meet this requirement, nor do any ME990 or ME995 credits.
Of the 18 credits, 3 must be cognates .
Completed RCRS training requirement. Workshop Schedule can be found here .

Upon successful completion of the RFE, students will automatically be advanced to candidacy if they have met all of the requirements listed above. If a student does not wish to advance to candidacy, they should note that on the RFE registration form or notify the Graduate Coordinator in advance ( [email protected] ).

Rackham’s Free Course Policy:

“Ph.D. candidates register in the fall and winter terms for 995, “Dissertation/candidate,” which consists of 8 credit hours for a full term or 4 credit hours for a half term. No part-time enrollment is possible. A student who defends in the spring/summer term must register for 8 credit hours of 995 for the spring/summer full term.

Candidates who register for a course should seek prior approval from their faculty advisors. Candidates may elect either one course per term or more than one course for a total of no more than four credits without paying additional tuition beyond candidacy tuition. Courses may be taken for credit or as a visit (audit).

A candidate who does not elect a course during a term of 995 enrollment may, in the next term, either register for courses for no more than 8 credits or register for no more than two courses that total more than 8 credits. An additional course may not be taken in anticipation of taking none in a future term of 995 enrollment.

Candidates who choose to take more courses than those for which they are eligible will be assessed additional tuition per credit hour. ” The additional tuition will be charged to the student’s funding source for that term. Students are not to cover any additional tuition charges. Original Source .

GSI Oral English Test (OET) Requirements for International PhD Students

GSI Oral English Test (OET) is used to review the English proficiency of international students. Passing the exam is a requirement for international PhD students and is necessary to ensure satisfactory progress while simultaneously confirming the ability of that student to be an effective GSI. All international students must pass the OET by the end of their 3rd academic term after admission (e.g., by the end of F12 for students who entered in F11) in order to be considered making satisfactory progress toward their degree. International students whose undergraduate education was taught exclusively in English may be exempt from the OET. Additional exemption criteria can be found here .

Upon successful completion of this requirement, the student will then be eligible to hold a GSI position (see the English Language Proficiency Requirements section).
If the student does not hold a GSI position within the next 18 months after passing the exam, the student must check in with the English Language Institute (ELI) to extend or renew their exam results. In order to continue making satisfactory progress, a PhD student must maintain valid exam results throughout their academic tenure. Please contact the English Language Institute to schedule a renewal interview.
The ELI will evaluate the student’s English skills and determine if the student is qualified to extend the exam results or is required to retake the exam. It is the student’s responsibility to contact the ELI to maintain valid exam results.

Dissertation Proposal Exam (DPE)

The DPE is an oral exam that provides an early assessment of the feasibility of a student’s proposed research topic for his/her dissertation. In particular, the exam is intended to assess the suitability of the topic and the student’s academic background for carrying out the proposed research. The exam is administered by a student’s Dissertation Committee. The DPE should be completed within one year of passing the RFE.

The Dissertation Committee

Students will assemble their dissertation committee prior to taking the DPE. The Dissertation Committee oversees the student’s research outcomes. Through the dissertation proposal exam, committee meetings, and the thesis defense, the committee tracks the student’s progress and provides feedback and guidance. At each of these meetings, the student presents his research and responds to the committee members’ questions. The purpose of the committee is to provide an outside perspective on the student’s research, helping the student to structure his/her work and identify opportunities. The committee is responsible for approving the student’s research plan via the DPE and signing off on the final dissertation and defense.

Dissertation Committee Requirements:

A committee must have a minimum of 4 members:

The chair or one of the co-chairs should be a member of the faculty in the Mechanical Engineering department.
Three members must be from a Rackham Doctoral Program and be considered a member of “ The Graduate Faculty “, this generally means a Professor at the University of Michigan.
Two members must be from the Mechanical Engineering department.
One member must have a 50% appointment in a Rackham doctoral program, other than the Mechanical Engineering department (except Interdisciplinary programs) – otherwise known as your cognate member.

The committee may include a University faculty member who is not a member of “The Graduate Faculty”, a University staff member, or a qualified individual outside the University who to provide expertise in the candidate’s discipline. Any non-faculty member must be approved by the Graduate Program. These special members require additional documentation to be submitted, ideally prior to the DPE.

The Rackham Graduate School has also developed a Quick Reference Chart for Eligibility to Serve on Dissertation Committees .

Once the committee is formed, the DPE is scheduled as the first meeting of this committee. The student will prepare a written thesis proposal for the committee to review and give an oral presentation to the committee. The format of the written thesis proposal as well as the timing of the exam is at the discretion of the committee chair.

Upon completion of the DPE, the committee chair prepares a memorandum addressed to the ME Graduate Program Chair. The memo should state the outcome of the DPE and list the dissertation committee members. ( Example memo here ) The signed memo is submitted to the Graduate Coordinator ( [email protected] ). This information will be used to formally process the student’s dissertation committee with the Rackham Graduate School.

After the Graduate Coordinator has submitted the dissertation committee to Rackham Graduate School:

The student and committee chair will receive automatically generated emails to approve of the committee submission.
Rackham will then approve of the dissertation committee ensuring that all requirements are met.
Once approved by Rackham, the student and the Graduate Coordinator will receive confirmation that it has been approved. At this time the committee information will be visible in the student’s record in Wolverine Access.

The official guidelines for the dissertation and defense are established by the Rackham Graduate School. In addition, the Rackham Graduate School publishes annual deadlines by which a candidate must defend a dissertation and complete all degree requirements as set forth by Rackham. Doctoral students are expected to complete the degree within 5 years of achieving candidacy, but no more than 7 years from first enrollment.

Dissertation (Written). The dissertation is the most important aspect of the students PhD program experience, since it documents the original contributions made by the candidate as a result of independent research. In advance of graduation, the dissertation must be approved by all the members of the student’s dissertation committee. The student will prepare a rough draft of the dissertation and provide it for all the committee members for their comments before preparing the final draft. Students must provide the rough draft to the committee at least 10 days before the Defense.

Defense (Oral). The defense examination will be given after the thesis has been formally completed. This examination will be a defense of the doctoral thesis and a test of the candidate’s knowledge in the specialized field of research. The format of the examination will be a public seminar presented by the candidate, with an open question period, followed by a private examination by the Dissertation Committee.

Thesis Dissertation and Defense Timeline:

After the dissertation committee gives preliminary approval to the final draft of the dissertation, it must be formatted to meet the standards of Rackham Academic Records and Dissertations (OARD) found here . Support for thesis formatting is available from the Knowledge Navigation Center in the Graduate Library, which offers tutorials, template assistance, guides, and resources for dissertation preparation.

Before the oral defense, students are required to set up a pre-defense meeting with the Rackham Graduate School. In this meeting, students will be instructed on the process and be given Dissertation Evaluation Forms. When the final draft is distributed to the committee members together with Dissertation Evaluation Forms, a defense (oral) is scheduled for a date approximately two weeks later. Dissertation Evaluation Forms must be completed by all Dissertation Committee members at least three working days prior to the oral defense. The defense is public, and a notice is posted on the Rackham Graduate School website, and the Academic Services Office will send an email announcement to the ME students and faculty. After the oral defense, the student or committee chair should submit the Final Oral Examination Report within 48 hours of the defense. The student should then attend the post-defense meeting with the Rackham Graduate School.

Helpful links related to the dissertation process:

Rackham Dissertation Handbook – A thorough explanation of the dissertation procedure.
Dissertation Timeline – Step-by-step timeline of the dissertation and defense.
Completing the Doctoral Degree Requirements – Important information for before and after the oral defense.
Doctoral Degree Deadlines – List of deadlines for final term of enrollment, including grace period deadlines.
Submitting the Dissertation – How to electronically submit your dissertation.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Whitacre College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Graduate Programs

Doctor of Philosophy Program

Welcome to the Ph.D. program webpage of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas Tech University. The program overview, admissions information, and general rules guiding our Ph.D. program are provided in the sections below. You will find the required ME forms, contact information, and detailed policies in the Graduate Program Resource sections displayed on the right. To browse our faculty profiles and read about the projects, use the Research tab on the left hand side.

NOTE: The graduate handbook is now up to date and has answers to all program questions

Program Overview

The TTU Ph.D. Program in Mechanical Engineering addresses the growing demand for highly skilled professionals capable of solving important technological problems and eagerness to take leadership roles in academia, industry, and governmental agencies. Our Ph.D. students acquire fundamental skills through well-devised coursework, and under the mentorship of their Ph.D. advisors, perform innovative investigations on metallic glasses, soft matter, smart materials, renewable energy, unmanned autonomous systems, microfluidic biosensors, healthcare-related problems, and others. Through their multidisciplinary research students develop expertise in mechanical engineering sciences and learn how to combine it with the necessary scholarship in other areas such as physics, biology, chemical engineering, and materials science. This immersion in the cutting-edge science helps students meet the requirements of the current economic environment and become successful mechanical engineering professionals in the fast-changing 21st century marketplace.

Students should apply through the Texas Tech Graduate School Admissions portal (see the Graduate School Application Page under Admissions Tab on the right). We especially encourage students interested in interdisciplinary research (follow the research link on the left), to apply. We will consider applicants with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering as well as in other fields of engineering and science, including chemical engineering, chemistry, and physics. Admitted applicants that already have a master's degree typically have their coursework load reduced since some of their courses can be transferred to the ME Ph.D. Program at TTU.

The Department of Mechanical Engineering requires from prospective students GRE scores and three letters of recommendation, in addition to satisfying the Graduate School requirements. More information about the admission process can be found by following links provided in the Research section.

Graduate Program Resources

Graduate handbook.

ME Graduate Handbook
Graduate School Application Page
Application for Transfer to ME Graduate Program
Academic Advisors
Associate Chair of Graduate Affairs

Curriculum & Courses

ME Ph.D. Degree Plan Form Post 2014
Prerequisite Waiver Form
Fall 2023-Spring 2026 rotation

Graduate Seminar

ME Graduate Seminar Syllabus
Seminar Calendar

Graduate Research

ME Research Areas

Ph.D. Advisor & Committee

Change of Advisor Form
Ph.D. Committee Form
Deadlines & Documents
Intent to Graduate
Ph.D. Dissertation General Information
Ph.D. Defense Announcement Template

Important TTU links

TTU Academic Calendar
Graduate School Forms & Resources
Financial Aid & Scholarships

Student Conduct

Office of Student Conduct
Probation & Suspension
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Degree Abbreviations

DESCRIPTION graduates with their degrees
SOURCE andresr / E+ / Getty Images

Earning a degree from a trade school, community college , or university can be a life-changing event. Many career opportunities open up for students with college degrees, depending on your major or focus. Take a look at these abbreviations of common U.S. academic degrees to determine what field you might want to study.

Common U.S. Degree Abbreviations

Degree abbreviations vary from college to college, but many are the same. For example, in the United States "B" always stands for bachelor and "M" always stands for master . Some universities use the Latin name for the degree, which may cause the abbreviation to be reversed. For example, "A.B." is an abbreviation for the Latin degree artium baccalaureus which can also be shown as "B.A" to reflect Bachelor of Arts. Most of the common fields of study use the same abbreviations with a few exceptions.

Associate Level

An associate degree is a two-year undergraduate degree. Associate degrees are typically available at trade schools and community colleges. Many students begin their educational careers with one of these associate degrees:

A.A. - Associate of Arts
A.A.-T. - Associate of Arts for Transfer
A.A.A. - Associate of Applied Arts
A.A.B. - Associate of Applied Business
A.A.S. - Associate of Applied Science
A.A.T. - Associate of Applied Technology (or Teaching)
A.B.A. - Associate of Business Administration
A.B.S. - Associate of Baccalaureate Studies
A.E.E.T. - Associate of Electrical Engineering Technology
A.E. - Associate of Electronics
A.E. or A.Eng. - Associate of Engineering
A.E.S. Associate of Engineering Science
A.E.T. or A.Eng.T. - Associate of Engineering Technology
A.F. - Associate of Forestry
A.F.A. - Associate of Fine Arts
A.G. - Associate of General Studies
A.I.T. - Associate of Industrial Technology
A.O.S. Associate of Occupational Studies
A.O.T. - Associate of Occupational Technology
A.P.E. - Associate of Pre-Engineering
A.P.S. - Associate of Political Science (or Public Service)
A.S. - Associate of Science
A.S.-T. - Associate of Science for Transfer
A.S.-C.A.D - Associate of Science in Computer Assisted Design
A.S.P.T. or A.P.T - Associate in Physical Therapy
A.T. - Associate of Technology

Bachelor Level

Most college and university degrees are known as bachelor’s degrees. Like associate degrees, bachelor’s degrees are undergraduate degrees. They usually take four years to complete and are required for many professional careers.

Bachelor degree abbreviations include:

A.B. or B.A. - Bachelor of Arts
B.A.A. - Bachelor of Applied Arts
B.A.B.A. - Bach of Arts of Business Administration
B.A.Com. - Bachelor of Arts in Communication
B.Acc.Sci. or B.Compt. - Bachelor of Comptrolling
B.Acy. or B.Acc. - Bachelor of Accountancy
B.A.E. - Bachelor of Arts in Education
B.A(Econ) - Bachelor of Arts in Economics
B.A.J. or B.J. - Bachelor of Arts in Journalism
B.A.M or B.A.Mus. - Bachelor of Arts in Music
B.A.O.M. - Bachelor of Arts in Organizational Management
B.A.P.S.Y. - Bachelor of Arts in Psychology
B.A.S. - Bachelor of Administrative Studies (or Applied Studies)
B.A.Sc. - Bachelor of Applied Science
B.A.S.W. - Bachelor of Arts in Social Work
B.A.T. - Bachelor of Arts for Teaching
B.Ag - Bachelor of Agriculture
B.App.Sc(IT) - Bachelor of Applied Science in Information Technology
B.Arch. - Bachelor of Architecture
B.Avn. - Bachelor of Aviation
B.B.A. - Bachelor of Business Administration
B.B.I.S. - Bachelor of Business Information Systems
B.Bus. - Bachelor of Business
B.Bus.Sc. - Bachelor of Business Science
B.Ch.E. - Bachelor of Chemical Engineering
B.Com. or B.Comm. - Bachelor of Commerce
B.Comp. - Bachelor of Computing
B.Comp.Sc. - Bachelor of Computer Science
B.Crim. Bachelor of Criminology
B.C.A. - Bachelor of Computer Applications
B.C.E. - Bachelor of Civil Engineering
B.C.J. - Bachelor of Criminal Justice
B.Des. - Bachelor of Design
B.E. - Bachelor of Education (or Engineering)
B.Ec. or B.Econ. - Bachelor of Economics
B.E.E. - Bachelor of Electrical Engineering
B.Eng. - Bachelor of Engineering
B.E.Sc. - Bachelor of Engineering Science
B.F.A. - Bachelor of Fine Arts
B.F&TV. - Bachelor of Film and Television
B.G.S. or B.S.G.S. - Bachelor of General Studies
B.H.S. or B.H.Sc. - Bachelor of Health Science
B.I.B.E. - Bachelor of International Business Economics
B.In.Dsn. - Bachelor of Industrial Design
B.I.S. - Bachelor of Integrated Studies
B.Kin. - Bachelor of Kinesiology
B.Sc.Kin. - Bachelor of Science in Kinesiology
B.L.A. or A.L.B. - Bachelor of Liberal Arts
B.L.Arch. - Bachelor of Landscape Architecture
B.L.S. - Bachelor of Liberal Studies
B.L.I.S. - Bachelor of Library and Information Science
B.Lib. or B.L.S. - Bachelor of Library Science
B.M. or B.Mus. - Bachelor of Music
B.M.E or B.M.Ed. - Bachelor of Music Education
B.M.O.S. - Bachelor of of Management and Organizational Studies
B.M.S. - Bachelor of Management Studies (or Mortuary Studies)
B.Math - Bachelor of Mathematics
B.Math.Sc. - Bachelor of Mathematical Science
B.P.A.P.M. - Bachelor of Public Affairs and Policy Management
B.P.S. - Bachelor of Professional Studies
B.Phil. or Ph.B. - Bachelor of Philosophy
B.S. or S.B. - Bachelor of Science
B.S.A.E. or B.A.E. - Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering
B.S.B.A. - Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
B.S.C.S. - Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
B.S.Chem. - Bachelor of Science in Chemistry
B.S.E. or B.S.Eng. - Bachelor of Science in Engineering
B.S.Ed. or B.S.E. - Bachelor of Science in Education
B.S.E.T. - Bachelor of Science of Engineering Technology
B.S.F. - Bachelor of Science in Forestry
B.S.M.E. - Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
B.S.Micr. - Bachelor of Science in Microbiology
B.S.P.H. - Bachelor of Science in Public Health
B.S.S.W. - Bachelor of Science in Social Work
B.Sc. - Intercalculated Bachelor of Science
B.Sc(Econ) - Bachelor of Science in Economics
B.Sc(IT) - Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
B.Sc(Psych) - Bachelor of Science in Psychology
B.Soc.Sc. - Bachelor of Social Science
B.T.S. - Bachelor of Tourist Studies
B.Tech. - Bachelor of Technology
B.U.R.P. or B.Plan. - Bachelor of Urban and Regional Planning

DESCRIPTION man receiving diploma at graduation
SOURCE Comstock / Stockbyte / Getty Images

Master Level

Once you’ve completed one or more bachelor’s degrees, you can pursue a graduate degree. Master’s degrees typically take two to four years to complete. They can address specific career paths and areas of study.

Master’s degree abbreviations include:

M.A. or A.M. - Master of Arts
M.Acc. or M.Acy. - Master of Accounting (or Accountancy)
M.Arch. - Master of Architecture
M.Aqua. - Master of Aquaculture
M.A.Ed. - Master of Arts in Education
M.A.L.S. or M.L.S. - Master of Arts in Liberal Studies
M.A.S. - Master of Advanced Study
M.A.Sc. or M.A.S. - Master of Applied Science
M.A.T. - Master of Arts in Teaching
M.Bus. - Master of Business
M.B.A. - Master of Business Administration
M.B.I. - Master of Business Informatics
M.Chem. - Master of Chemistry
M.Com. or M.Comm. - Master of Commerce
M.Crim. - Master of Criminology
M.C.A. - Master of Computer Applications
M.C.D. - Master of Communication Disorders
M.C.F. - Master of Computational Finance
M.C.J. - Master of Criminal Justice
M.C.P. - Master of City Planning
M.C.S. - Master of Computer Science
M.C.T. - Master of Creative Technologies
M.Des. or M.Design - Master of Design
M.E. - Master of Engineering
M.Econ. - Master of Economics
M.Ed. or Ed.M. - Master of Education
M.Ent. - Master of Enterprise
M.E.M. - Master of Engineering Management
M.Fin. - Master of Finance
M.Fstry. - Master of Forestry
M.F.A. - Master of Fine Arts
M.F.E. - Master of Financial Economics
M.H. - Master of Humanities
M.H.A. - Master of Health Administration
M.H.S. - Master of Health Science
M.I.Aff. - Master of International Affairs
M.I.B. - Master of International Business
M.I.L.R. - Master of Industrial and Labor Relations
M.I.S. - Master of International Studies
M.I.S.M. or M.S.I.M - Master of Information System Management
M.I.T. - Master of Information Technology
M.L.A. - Master of Liberal Arts
M.L.Arch. - Master of Landscape Architecture
M.L.I.S. - Master of Library and Information Studies
M.Litt. - Master of Letters ( Magister Litterarum )
M.M. - Master of Management
M.Math. - Master of Mathematics
M.Mus. or M.M. - Master of Music
M.M.F. - Master of Mathematical Finance
M.O.T. - Master of Occupational Therapy
M.P.S. - Master of Political Science
M.Phil. - Master of Philosophy
M.Phys. - Master of Physics
M.P.A. - Master of Public Administration
M.P.Aff. - Master of Public Affairs
M.P.H. - Master of Public Health
M.P.M. - Master of Public Management
M.P.P. - Master of Public Policy
M.P.S. - Master of Professional Studies
M.Poli.Sci. or M.P.S. - Master of Political Science
M.Q.F. - Master of Quantitative Finance
M.R. or M.Sc.R. - Master of Research
M.R.E.D. - Master of Real Estate Development
M.S. or M.Sc. - Master of Science
M.S.C.J. - Master of Science in Criminal Justice
M.S.C.S. - Master of Science in Computer Science
M.S.Chem. - Master of Science. in Chemistry
M.S.E. - Master of Science in Engineering
M.S.Ed. - Master of Science in Education
M.S.Fin. - Master of Science in Finance
M.S.F.S. - Master of Science in Forensic Science
M.S.H.R.D or H.R.D. - Master of Science in Human Resource Development
M.S.I.S. - Master of Science in Information Systems
M.S.I.T or M.Sc.I.T. - Master of Science in Information Technology
M.S.L. - Master of Studies in Leadership
M.S.M. - Master of Science in Management
M.S.M.I.S. or M.S.I.S.M- Master of Science in Information Systems Management
M.S.M.Sci. - Master of Science in Marine Science
M.S.Met. - Master of Science in Metallurgical Engineering
M.S.P.M. - Master of Science in Project Management
M.S.S.C.M or S.C.M. - Master of Science in Supply Chain Management
M.S.Sc. - Master of Social Science
M.S.T. - Master of Science in Teaching
M.St. - Master of Studies
M.Sw.E - Master of Software Engineering
M.S.W. - Master of Social Work
M.U.P. - Master of Urban Planning

Doctorate Abbreviations

Another type of graduate degree is a doctorate. Doctorates take four to six years (or sometimes longer) to complete and typically include a dissertation . Doctoral students often earn one or more master’s degrees during their studies.

Some doctorate options include:

Au.D. - Doctor of Audiology
Art.D. or D.A. - Doctor of Arts
D.Arch. - Doctor of Architecture
D.A.T. - Doctor of Arts in Teaching
D.A.S. - Doctor of Applied Science
D.B.A. - Doctor of Business Administration
D.C. - Doctor of Chiropractic
D.Chem. - Doctor of Chemistry
D.Crim. - Doctor of Criminology
D.C.J. - Doctor of Criminal Justice
D.Des. - Doctor of Design
D.Ed. or Ed.D - Doctor of Education
D.Eng. - Doctor of Engineering
D.Env. - Doctor of Environment
D.F. - Doctor of Forestry
D.F.A. - Doctor of Fine Arts
D.G.S. - Doctor of Geological Science
D.H.S. - Doctor of Health and Safety
D.I.T. - Doctor of Industrial Technology
D.L.S. - Doctor of Library Science
D.M. - Doctor of Music
D.M.A. - Doctor of Musical Arts
D.M.L. - Doctor of Modern Languages
D.P.A. - Doctor of Public Administration
D.P.E. - Doctor of Physical Education
D.P.H. - Doctor of Public Health
D.P.S. - Doctor of Professional Studies
D.R. or D.Rec. - Doctor of Recreation
D.Sc. or Sc.D. - Doctor of Science
D.Sc.H. - Doctor of Science and Hygiene
D.S.W. - Doctor of Social Welfare, (or Social Work)
L.H.D. - Doctor of Humane Letters
Mus.D. or D.M. - Doctor of Music
Ph.D. - Doctor of Philosophy
S.D or Sc.D. - Doctor of Science
S.Sc.D. - Doctor of Social Science

diploma showing graduation from medical school

DESCRIPTION diploma showing graduation from medical school
SOURCE artisteer / iStock / Getty Images Plus

Common Medical Degree Abbreviations

Medical students take a different track than their fellow students. Nurses, doctors, dentists, physician’s assistants, nurse practitioners, pharmacists, veterinarians, and medical technicians require specialized degrees that lead to the next step in their graduate career. Medical students may pursue the following degrees:

A.N. - Associate of Nursing
A.D.N. - Associate Degree in Nursing
A.S.N. - Associate of Science in Nursing
B.Med.Sci. - Bachelor of Medical Science
B.Med.Biol. - Bachelor of Medical Biology
B.N. or B.Nurs. - Bachelor of Nursing
B.Pharm. - Bachelor of Pharmacy
B.S.N. or B.Sc.N. - Bachelor of Science in Nursing
M.C.M. - Master of Clinical Medicine
M.M. - Master of Medicine
M.M.S. or M.Med.Sc. - Master of Medical Science
M.N. - Master of Nursing
M.N.A. - Master of Nurse Anesthesia
M.Pharm. - Master of Pharmacy
M.P.A.S. - Master of Physician Assistant Studies
M.S. or Ch.M. - Master of Surgery
M.S.M. - Master of Science in Medicine
M.S.N. - Master of Science in Nursing
M.V.S.C. or M.V.Sc. - Master of Veterinary Science
D.C.M. - Doctor of Clinical Medicine
D.Clin.Surg. - Doctor of Clinical Surgery
D.D.S. - Doctor of Dental Surgery
D.M.D. - Doctor of Dental Medicine, Doctor of Medical Dentistry
D.M.Sc. or D.Med.Sc. - Doctor of Medical Science
D.N.Sc. - Doctor of Nursing Science
D.S. or D.Surg. - Doctor of Surgery
D.Sc.D. - Doctor of Science in Dentistry
D.Sc.V.M. - Doctor of Science in Veterinary Medicine
D.O. - Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
D.P.T. - Doctor of Physical Therapy
D.S.N. - Doctor of Science in Nursing
D.Sc.PT - Doctor of Science in Physical Therapy
D.S.Sc. - Doctor of Social Science
D.S.W. - Doctor of Social Work
D.V.M - Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
M.D. - Doctor of Medicine
O.D. - Doctor of Optometry
Pharm.D. - Doctor of Pharmacy
Rh.D. - Doctor of Rehabilitation

Common Legal Degree Abbreviations

Like medical students, law students earn degrees that are specific to their field. Law school typically takes around three years to complete, and law students can focus on their desired field of study. These degrees include:

B.S.L. - Bachelor of Science in Law
M.J. or M.Jur. - Master of Jurisprudence
M.S.L. - Master of Studies in Law
D.C.L. - Doctor of Civil Law
J.C.D. - Doctor of Canon Law
J.D. - Doctor of Jurisprudence. Doctor of Laws
J.S.D. or S.J.D. - Doctor of Juridical Science
LL.D. - Doctor of Laws
L.Sc.D. - Doctor of Science in Law

Common Religious Degree Abbreviations

There are many undergraduate and graduate degrees for students who wish to become ministers, pastors, rabbis, theologians, or worship music leaders. These degrees allow students to be immersed in their field of religious and historical study. Religious degree abbreviations include:

B.D. or B.Div. - Bachelor of Divinity
B.R.E. - Bachelor of Religious Education
B.R.S. - Bachelor of Religious Studies
B.Th. or B.Theol. - Bachelor of Theology
B.T.L. - Bachelor of Talmudic Law
M.Div. - Master of Divinity
M.Rb. - Master of Rabbinic Studies
M.R.E. - Master of Religious Education
M.S.M. - Master of Sacred Music
M.S.T. or S.T.M. - Master of Sacred Theology
M.Th. or Th.M. - Master of Theology
M.T.S. - Master of Theological Studies
D.C.M. - Doctor of Church Music
D.D. - Doctor of Divinity
D.H.L. - Doctor of Hebrew Literature (or Letters)
D.H.S. - Doctor of Hebrew Studies
D.Th. or Th.D. - Doctor of Theology
D.M.M. - Doctor of Music Ministry
D.Miss. - Doctor of Missology
D.R.E. - Doctor of Religious Education
D.S.M. - Doctor of Sacred Music
D.S.T. or S.T.D. - Doctor of Sacred Theology

Tips for Writing About Degrees

Do you use a period when writing a degree abbreviation? Is it bachelor degree or bachelor’s degree? Here are some tips for writing about degrees or adding degree abbreviations to a name.

Degree names (associate, bachelor, master, doctorate) are not capitalized unless you’re talking about the specific degree (e.g., Associate of Applied Science, Bachelor of Arts)
Use an apostrophe when writing bachelor’s degree and master’s degree . AP style recommends not using an apostrophe for associate degree , but other style guides prefer associate’s degree . Doctorates are known as doctoral degrees and do not need an apostrophe.
When writing about someone with a doctorate, use either the title Dr. or their degree – but not both. For example: Use either Dr. Laura Ratcliffe or Laura Ratcliffe, Ph.D , but not Dr. Laura Ratcliffe, Ph.D .
If someone has earned more than one degree, use the highest level degree when writing about them. For example: When writing about Paige Flores, who has a bachelor’s degree in liberal studies and a master’s degree in fine arts, you would write Paige Flores, M.F.A.
Spell out the full name of your degree on your resume, not the abbreviation.

Check Specific Abbreviations

Individual educational institutions and institutions outside of the United States may use a variation of the abbreviation shown above for a specific degree. For clarification on a specific abbreviation, check the institution's website to verify the degrees which are granted.

More Degree Resources

Now that you know about different academic degree abbreviations, you may notice them in different parts of your life — maybe you’re curious about all those letters after your doctor’s name . And if any of the above degrees look interesting to you, look them up in your local college or university. It’s never too late to keep learning!

Degree abbreviations

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Degree	Abbreviation	Other abbreviations
BAcc	B.Acy, B.Acc., B. Accty.
BASc	B.AS., BAS, BSAS, B.ASc., BAppSc
BArch	B.Arch.
BA	B.A., AB or A.B.
BBA	B.B.A.
BOptom
BDS	BChD, BDentS
BDes	B.Des., B.Design
BD	BDIV
BScEcon	BEc, BA(Econ), BScEcon, BSc(Econ), BSSc(Econ), BBA(Econ), BEconSc
BEd	B.Ed
BEng	B.Eng.
BFin
BFA	BFA, B.F.A.
BHSc
LLB	LL.B., B.L
BMedSci	BMedSc, BMSc, BSci(Med)
BM
BMBS	MBBS, MBChB, MBBCh, MBBChir(Cantab), BMBCh(Oxon), MB,BChir
BMid	BMidWif
BMus	B.Mus., Mus.B., Mus.Bac.
BNurs	BN
BOst	BOstMed
BSc	BSc, B.S., BS, B.Sc., Bc, S.B., SB, Sc.B.
BSocSc	B.Soc.Sc., B.Soc.Sci.
BSW
BTechEd
B.Tech.
BTh	B.Th., Th.B., BTheol
BVetMed	BVMBVS
BVMS	BVM&S
BVSc	BVSC, BVMedSci
BTEC
CertHE	Cert.HE, Cert ED, CertED
CPE
DASE
DipHE
DArts
DBMS
DBEnv
DBA	D.B.A.
DChiro
DCL
DClinDent
DClinDent
DClinP

DClinPsych	DClinPsy, ClinPsyD
DClinRes
DCaM
DCommEd
DCounsPych
DCounsPsych
DCrimJ
DMD
DDS	DDSc
DD
DDes
DEd	EdD, DrPS
EdChPsychD	DEdChPsy
DEdPsy
EngD
EntD
ForenClinPsyD
DForensPsy
ForenPsyD
DHealth
DHealthPsy
HScD	DHSc
JD
LLD
DLitt	LittD
DM	MB
DMin
DMus	MusD
DNursSc
PhD	DPhil
DPT
DProf	DPS
DPsych	Psy.D.
DrPH
Dr.P.H.
DSc	ScD
DSyRM
SocScD	DSocSci
DSW
DUniv
ThD
DThM
DVM
DVS	DVetMed
ELT Management
EM
EMBA
FD	FDs
FDEd	FdEd
FdA	FDA, FDArts
FDEng
FdSc
GDL
HNC
HND	HNDip
IPML
LPC
MJur	M.Jur., Mag. Jur., Mag. iur.
MART	Mart
MChem
MEB
MHM
MAcc	MAc, MAcy
MMet
MAnth
MArch	M.Arch.
MA	M.A.
MBiochem	MBioch, MBiolSci
MBiol	MBio
MBioMed	MBioms, MBIOMS
MBus
MBA	M.B.A.
MChemPhys
MChiro
MClass
MClinDent
MClinEd
MOptom
MClin Res
MClinRes
MMathComp	MMathCompSci
MCompPhil
MComp	MCompSci (Oxford University), MInf (Master of Informatics)
MCouns	MC, M.C., M.Couns.
MA(Engl)
MDPH
MDSc
MDS	MChd, MChD
MDes	M.Des., M.Design
MESci	MEarthSci, MEarthPhys
MEcol
MEcon
MEd	M.Ed., Ed.M., M.A.Ed., M.A.E., M.S.Ed., M.Ed.L., M.S.E., MA(Ed)
MEng	MEng., M.Eng.
MEnt	M.Ent.
MEnvSci	MEnv
MFin	M.Fin, MiF
MFA	M.F.A.
MGeog
MGeol
MGeoPhys	MGeophys
MGeoSci	MGeoscience
MHS
MHist
MInnov
MIA
MLE
MLaw
LLM	LL.M
MLegSc
MLitt
MLA
MLibArts
MLang
MMarBiol	MMBiol
MMSci
MMkt
MASt
MMath
MMathPhil
MMathPhys	MMath&Phys
MMedEd
MMedSci
MMSPH
MMet
MMid
MPrac
MMus	M.M., M.Mus.
MMT
MNatSci
MNeuroSci
MN
MNurs	MNursSci
MNutr
MOcean	MOSci
MCh Orth
MOst	M.Ost
MPerf
MPharmacol
MPharm	MPharmSci
MPhil	M.Phil., Ph.M., M Phil
MPhys	MPhyPhil (Physics and Philosophy)
MPlan
MPC
MPAc	MPAcy, MPAcc
MProf
MPsych	PsyM
MPA	M.P.Adm., M.P.A.
MPH	M.P.H.
MPP
MRes	MA by research, MARes, MA(Res), MSc by research, MSc(Res), MScRes, M(Res)
MSc	MSci, M.S., MS, M.Sc., M.Sci., S.M., Sc.M., Sci.M.
MScD	MSD
MSPH
MSSc	M.Soc.Sci
MSW
MSt
MCh	Ch.M., M.Ch., M.Chir.
MTeach	MTL
MTech	M.Tech.
MTh	MTheol, Th.M., M.Th.
MVM	Vet.M.B
MVetPhys
MVPH
MVetSci	M.Vet.Sci
MVS
MZOOL
MClinSci

OSPAP
QCF
TQFE
Top-up

Degree Abbreviations


Accounting	Acct
Advertising	Advert
African & Middle Eastern Studies	AMESt
American Studies	AmSt
Anatomy	Anat
Anthropology	Anth
Applied Mathematics	ApMath
Applied Physics	ApPhys
Architecture	Arch
Art	Art
Art History	ArtHist
Arts & Sciences	A&S
Asian Studies	AsianSt
Astrophysics	AstroPhys
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences	Atmos
Basic Science	BaSci
Biology	Bio
*Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	EBio
*Environmental, Population & Organismic Biology	EPOBio
*Molecular, Cellular Developmental Biology	MCDBio
Biochemistry	Biochem
Biometrics	Biomet
Black Studies	BlackSt
Botany	Btny
Business	Bus
*Accounting	Acct
*Business Analytics	BusAna
*Executive MBA	ExecMBA
*Finance	Fin
*Management	Mgmt
*Marketing	Mktg
*Real Estate (One-year master’s degree)	MRelEst
*Transportation Management	TranMgmt
*Business Administration (MS)	MBA
*Business Administration (PhD)	DBA
*Public Administration	MPubAd
Business Education	BusEdu
Central/Eastern European Studies	EurSt
Chemistry	Chem
Chinese	Chin
Classics	Class
Communication	Comm
Communication Disorders & Speech Science	CommDisor
Communication & Theatre	CommThtr
Computer Science	CompSci
Computer Science Application	CompSciAp
Conservation Education	ConEdu
Creative Technology and Design	CTD
Creative Writing	Engl
Critical Media Studies	CritMediaSt
Dance	Dance
Distributed Studies	DistSt
East Asia Studies	EAsianSt
Eastern European Affairs	Eur
Economics	Econ
Education	Edu
Education Doctorate(pre-1990, after 1990 list PhD)	EdD
Engineering	Engr
*Aerospace Engineering	AeroEngr
*Architectural Engineering	ArchEngr
*Civil Engineering	CivEngr
*Chemical Engineering	ChemEngr
*Chemical and Biological Engineering	ChemBioEngr
*Electrical Engineering	ElEngr
*Electrical and Computer Engineering	ElCompEngr
*Engineering Management	EngrMgmt
*Engineering Physics	EngrPhys
*Engineering Plus	EngrPlus
*Environmental Engineer	EnvEngr
*Integrated Design Engineering	IntDesEngr
*Management Entrepreneurship	MgmtEntr
*Materials Science	MatSci
*Mechanical Engineer	MechEngr
English	Engl
English Language	Engl
English Literature	Engl
Environmental Conservation	EnvCon
Environmental Design	EnvDes
Environmental Science	EnvSci
Environmental Studies	EnvSt
Ethnic Studies	EthnSt
Film	Film
Film and Video Arts	FilmVidArt
Finance	Fin
Fine Arts (BA)	Art
Fine Arts (MA)	MFA
French	Fren
Geography	Geog
Geology	Geol
Geophysics	Geophys
German	Ger
Greek	Greek
History	Hist
Home Economics	HomeEcon
Humanities	Hum
Individual Major	Indiv
Information Science	InfoSci
Information Systems	InfSys
Integrative Physiology	IntPhys
Interior Design	IntDes
International Affairs	IntlAf
International Business	IntBus
Italian	Ital
Japanese Language & Literature	Jpn
Journalism	Jour
*Advertising	Advert
*Broadcast News	Jour
*Critical Media Practices	CritMedia
*Media Studies	MediaSt
*News Editorial	Jour
Kinesiology	Kines
Latin	Latin
Latin American Studies	LatAmerSt
Law, Juris Doctor	Law
Leadership & Community Engagement	LeadCommEngmt
Linguistics	Ling
Marketing	Mktg
Mathematical Physics	MathPhys
Mathematics	Math
Medicine Doctorate	MD
Medical Technician	MedTech
Microbiology	Micro
Museum and Field Studies	MMusFieldSt
Music	Mus
*Music Education	MusEdu
*Masters in Music Education	MMusEdu
Neuroscience	Neuro
Nursing	Nurs
Organization Management	OrgMgmt
Paleontology	Paleo
Personnel Management	PerMgmt
Public Administration (MA)	MPubAd
Pharmacy	Pharm
Philosophy	Phil
Physical Education	PE
Physical Therapy	PhysTher
Physics	Phys
Physiology	Physio
Planning & Community Development	EnvDes
Political Science	PolSci
Portuguese	Portug
Pre-Law	PreLaw
Pre-Nursing	PreNurs
Pre-Medicine	PreMed
Psychology	Psych
Public Service	PubSer
Recreation	Rec
Religious Studies	RelSt
Russian	Russ
Slavic Language & Literature	Slav
Sociology	Soc
Social Science	SocSci
Spanish	Span
Speech & Drama	SpchDr
Speech, Language & Hearing Sciences	SLHSci
Speech Sciences	Spch
Statistics	Stat
Tech, Media and Society (ATLAS)	TechMedSoc
Technology, Arts and Media	TAM
Telecommunications	TeleCom
Theatre	Thtr
Urban Studies	Urban
Women Studies	WomSt
Zoology	Zool


Humanities	HonDocHum
Law	HonDocLaw
Science	HonDocSci

Things to Note:

For one degree, list the degree abbreviation then an apostrophe with the year graduated. Ex: Accounting 2000 is (Acct’00).

If someone has two degrees, separate with a comma and put in alphabetical order Ex: a dual psychology and English 2009 major is (Engl, Psych’09)

For degrees that are graduate or doctorate level, an “M” or “PhD” is put in front of the degree. Ex: a master’s in English in 2009 is (MEngl’09)

If someone has an undergraduate and graduate degree or doctorate from CU (any campus), it is also separated with a semicolon and has either a “M” or “PhD” in front of the degree. Ex: Sociology undergraduate 2009, master’s in engineering 2011 (Soc’09; MEngr’11) or if it was a PhD in engineering (Soc’09; PhDEngr’11)

If someone left CU Boulder before graduating, annotate their degree with “ex” and the year they were expected to graduate. Ex: If a student left as a junior in 2012 with a psychology degree and was expected to graduate in 2013, annotate as (Psych ex’13)

If someone got their undergraduate and master’s in the same subject, don’t rewrite the degree. Rather put MA if it was a master of arts or MS if it was a master of science or PhD if it was a doctorate. For example, if someone got their undergraduate and graduate degrees in sociology two years apart, it reads like this: (Soc’09; MA’11). Or if they got their civil engineering undergraduate in 2009 and their doctorate in civil engineering in 2015, it reads (CivEngr’09; PhD’15)

School of Graduate Studies Faculty & Staff

Glossary of degrees & honorifics.

Are you updating degree and honorifics data in the Human Resources Information System (HRIS)? If so, please use the abbreviations shown in the lists below.

In this way, the data entered into the HRIS will appear in a consistent manner in the SGS Graduate Calendar . We appreciate your help with this.

Business officers with access to the HRIS enter:

degrees on the Infotype 9022 screen and
honorifics on the Infotype 9033 screen.

The following list displays abbreviations of the degrees and diplomas offered at U of T, or held by graduate faculty members.

Abbreviation	Degree
AA	Associate of Arts
AB	Bachelor of Arts
AM	Master of Arts
ATD	Art Teaching Diploma
BA	Bachelor of Arts
BAA	Bachelor of Applied Arts
BAcc	Bachelor of Accounting
BAgrSc	Bachelor of Agriculture Science
BAMus	Bachelor of Arts in Music
BAO	Bachelor of Obstetrics
BAR	Bachelor of Arts in Religion
BArch	Bachelor of Architecture
BASc	Bachelor of Applied Science
BBA	Bachelor of Business Administration
BBM	Bachelor of Business Management
BCh	Bachelor of Surgery
BChe	Bachelor of Chemistry
BChir	Bachelor of Surgery
BCL	Bachelor of Civil Law
BCom	Bachelor of Commerce
BComm	Bachelor of Commerce
BCS	Bachelor of Computer Science
BD	Bachelor of Divinity
BDS	Bachelor of Dental Surgery
BDSc	Bachelor of Dental Science
BE	Bachelor of Engineering
BEc	Bachelor of Economics
BEd	Bachelor of Education
BEng	Bachelor of Engineering
BES	Bachelor of Environmental Studies
BFA	Bachelor of Fine Arts
BHA	Bachelor of Health Administration; Bachelor of Healthcare Administration; Bachelor of Humanities and Arts
BHScPT	Bachelor of Health Science in Physiotherapy
BIS	Bachelor of Independent Studies; Bachelor of Interdisciplinary Studies
BLitt	Bachelor of Letters
BLA	Bachelor of Landscape Architecture; Bachelor of Liberal Arts
BLS	Bachelor of Liberal Studies; Bachelor of Library Science
BM	Bachelor of Medicine; Bachelor of Music
BMath	Bachelor of Mathematics
BME	Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering; Bachelor of Music Education
BMedSc	Bachelor of Medical Science
BMLS	Bachelor of Medical Library Science
BMR(PT)	Bachelor of Medical Rehabilitation in Physical Therapy
BMus	Bachelor of Music
BN	Bachelor of Nursing
BNSc	Bachelor of Nursing Science
BOTh	Bachelor of Occupational Therapy
BPHE	Bachelor of Physical Health and Education
BPhil	Bachelor of Philosophy
BPhm	Bachelor of Pharmacy
BPT	Bachelor of Physiotherapy
BS	Bachelor of Science
BSA	Bachelor of Science and Arts; Bachelor of Science in Accounting
BSc	Bachelor of Science
BSc(CD)	Bachelor of Science in Community Development
BSCCE	Bachelor of Science in Computer and Communications Engineering
BScD	Bachelor of Science in Dentistry
BScF	Bachelor of Science in Forestry
BSChE	Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering
BScEE	Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
BScMed	Bachelor of Science in Medicine
BScN	Bachelor of Science in Nursing
BSc(OT)	Bachelor of Science in Occupational Therapy
BScPhm	Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy
BSc(PT)	Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy
BSE	Bachelor of Science in Engineering
BSEd	Bachelor of Science in Education
BSF	Bachelor of Science in Forestry
BSN	Bachelor of Science in Nursing
BSP	Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy
BSW	Bachelor of Social Work
BTech	Bachelor of Technology
BTh	Bachelor of Theology
ChB	Bachelor of Surgery
CPsych	Certified Psychologist
DA	Doctor of Arts
DBA	Doctor of Business Administration
DChem	Doctor of Chemistry
DCl	Doctor of Civil Law
DDeL’UN	doctorat d’université (University Doctorate)
DDS	Doctor of Dental Surgery
DDSc	Doctor of Dental Science
DE	Doctor of Engineering
DèsL	doctorat ès lettres (Doctor of Letters)
DFA	Doctor of Fine Arts
DGO	Diploma in Gynecology and Obstetrics
DHA	Doctor of Health Administration
DIC	Diploma of the Imperial College
DIFA	Diploma in Investigative and Forensic Accounting
DIH	Diploma in Industrial Health
DipCH	Graduate Diploma in Community Health
DipChem	Diploma in Chemistry
DipCrim	Diploma in Criminology
DipdESup	Diplôme des Études Supérieures
DipEd	Diploma of Education
DipFor	Diploma in Forestry
DipIng	Diploma of Engineer
DipIngArch	Master of Architecture
DiplGeol	Diploma in Geology
DipLib	Diploma in Librarianship
DipNP	Post-Master’s Nurse Practitioner Diploma
DipOrH	Diploma in Oral Health
DipOT	Diploma in Occupational Therapy
DipP	Diploma in Physiotherapy
DipPE	Diploma in Physical Education
DipPerio	Diploma in Periodontics
DipPhysEd	Diploma of Physical Education
DipSportMed	Diploma in Sport and Exercise Medicine
DLitt	Doctor of Letters
DMA	Doctor of Musical Arts
DMD	Doctor of Medical Dentistry
DP	Doctor of Paediatrics
DPH	Doctor of Public Health
DPhil	Doctor of Philosophy
DPHN	Diploma in Public Health Nursing
DPM	Doctor of Podiatric Medicine
DPsych	Doctor of Psychology
DrEng	Doctor of Engineering
DrMed	Doctor of Medicine
DrMedDent	Doctorate in Dental Medicine
DrMedSc	Doctor of Medical Sciences
DrMedVet	Doctorate in Veterinary Medicine
DrRerNat	Doctorate in Natural Sciences
DrRerPol	Doctor of Economics and Social Sciences
DSc	Doctor of Science
DSSA	Diploma in Social Service Administration
DSW	Doctor of Social Work
DTh	Doctor of Theology
DVM	Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
EdD	Doctor of Education
GPLLM	Global Professional Master of Laws
GDipNPAC	Graduate Diploma in Anaesthesia Care
GDipISt	Graduate Diploma of Advanced Study in Information
JD	Juris Doctor
LicScChem	License in Chemical Physics
LèsL	licence ès lettres (Bachelor of Arts)
LittD	Doctor of Letters
LLB	Bachelor of Laws
LLD	Doctor of Laws
LLM	Master of Laws
LTh	License in Theology
MA	Master of Arts
MAcct	Master of Accounting
MArch	Master of Architecture
MASc	Master of Applied Science
MAT	Master of Arts in Teaching
MB	Bachelor of Medicine
MBChB	Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery
MBiotech	Master of Biotechnology
MBA	Master of Business Administration
MBBS	Bachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery
MC	Master of Counselling
MChem	Master of Chemistry
MClSc	Master of Clinical Science
MCS	Master of Computer Sciences
MD	Doctor of Medicine
MDCM	Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery
MDiv	Master of Divinity
MDS	Master of Dental Surgery
ME	Master of Engineering
MEc	Master of Economics
MEd	Master of Education
MedScD	Doctor of Medical Science
MEng	Master of Engineering
MEngCEM	Master of Engineering in Cities Engineering and Management
MEngDM	Master of Engineering in Design and Manufacturing
MEngTel	Master of Engineering in Telecommunications
MEnvSc	Master of Environmental Science
MESci	Master of Earth Science
MF	Master of Finance
MFA	Master of Fine Arts
MFC	Master of Forest Conservation
MFE	Master of Financial Economics
MFS	Master of Forest Science
MGA	Master of Global Affairs
MHI	Master of Health Informatics
MHK	Master of Human Kinetics
MHPE	Master of Health Professions Education
MHSA	Master of Health Services Administration
MHSc	Master of Health Science
MIA	Master of International Affairs
MI	Master of Information
MIR	Master of Industrial Relations
MIRHR	Master of Industrial Relations and Human Resources
MISt	Master of Information Studies
MLA	Master of Landscape Architecture
MLIS	Master of Library and Information Science
MLS	Master of Library Science
MLSc	Master of Library Science
MM	Master of Music
MM	Master of Management
MMath	Master of Mathematics
MMed	Master of Medicine
MMPA	Master of Management and Professional Accounting
MMI	Master of Management of Innovation
MMF	Master of Mathematical Finance
MMSt	Master of Museum Studies
MMus	Master of Music
MN	Master of Nursing
MPA	Master of Public Administration
MPA	Master of Professional Accountancy
MPE	Master of Physical Education
MPH	Master of Public Health
MPharm	Master of Pharmacy
MPhil	Master of Philosophy
MPP	Master of Public Policy
MPsy	Master of Psychology
MPsych	Master of Psychology
MRes	Master of Research
MRP	Master of Regional Planning
MS	Master of Science
MSA	Master of Science in Administration
MSc	Master of Science
MScAC	Master of Applied Computing
MScBMC	Master of Science in Biomedical Communications
MScCH	Master of Science in Community Health
MScD	Master of Science in Dentistry
MScEE	Master of Science in Electrical Engineering
MScF	Master of Science in Forestry
MScOT	Master of Science in Occupational Therapy
MScPhm	Master of Science in Pharmacy
MScPl	Master of Science in Planning
MScPT	Master of Science in Physical Therapy
MSc(PT)	Master of Science (Physical Therapy)
MScSM	Master of Science in Sustainability Management
MSc(T)	Master of Science in Teaching
MSD	Master of Science in Dentistry
MSEE	Master of Science in Electrical Engineering
MSN	Master of Science in Nursing
MSS	Master of Social Service
MSW	Master of Social Work
MSL	Master of Studies in Law
MT	Master of Teaching
MTech	Master of Technology
MTh	Master of Theology
MUD	Master of Urban Design
MUDS	Master of Urban Design Studies
MusB	Bachelor of Music
MusBac	Bachelor of Music
MusD	Doctor of Music
MusDoc	Doctor of Music
MusM	Master of Music
MVS	Master of Visual Studies
PhD	Doctor of Philosophy
PHM	Master of Philosophy
SB	Bachelor of Science
ScD	Doctor of Science
SJD	Doctor of Juridical Science
SM	Master of Science
STB	Bachelor of Sacred Theology
STM	Master of Sacred Theology
ThD	Doctor of Theology
ThM	Master of Theology

Honorifics are:

professional designations (such as PEng), or
royal society memberships (such as FRSC), or
chairships (such as Canada Research Chairs).

The following list displays the abbreviations of honorifics (designations) held by graduate faculty members.

Notation	Honorific
AAAS	Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
ARCS	Associate of the Royal College of Science
ARCT	Associate of the Royal Conservatory of Toronto
Associate in Commerce	Associate in Commerce
CA	Chartered Accountant
CAP	Certificat d’Aptitude Pédagogique (Certificate of Aptitude for Teaching)
CC	Companion of the Order of Canada
CEng	Chartered Engineer
ChPA	Chevalier des Palmes Académiques
CGA	Certified General Accountant
CM	Member of the Order of Canada
CMA	Certified Management Accountant
CPA	Chartered Professional Accountant
CPSO	College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario
CPsych	College of Psychologists of Ontario
CRC	Canada Research Chair
Diamond Jubilee MedaI	Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
DUP	professeur d’université émérite (Distinguished University Professor)
FAAAS	Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
FCASI	Fellow of the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute
FCIC	Fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada
Fellow NATO	Fellow of the North Atlantic Treaty Orgaization
FRAS	Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society
FRCD	Fellow of the Royal College of Dentistry
FRCDC	Fellow of the Royal College of Dentists of Canada
FRCSC	Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
FRHistS	Fellow of the Royal Historical Society
FRS	Fellow of the Royal Society of London
FRSC	Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
FRSC	Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (formerly Royal Institute of Chemistry)
FRSL	Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
LMCC	Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada
LRCP	Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians
MCP	Microsoft Certified Professional
OC	Officer of the Order of Canada
OOnt	Order of Ontario
OT Reg (Ont)	Registered Occupational Therapist
PEng	Professional Engineer
RN	Registered Nurse
University Professor	University Professor

Selected Degree Abbreviations

A.B. Bachelor of Arts
AeEng. Aeronautical Engineer
A.M.T. Master of Arts in Teaching
B.A. Bachelor of Arts
B.A.E. Bachelor of Arts in Education, or Bachelor of Art Education, Aeronautical Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, or Architectural Engineering
B.Ag. Bachelor of Agriculture
B.A.M. Bachelor of Applied Mathematics
B.Arch. Bachelor of Architecture
B.B.A. Bachelor of Business Administration
B.C.E. Bachelor of Civil Engineering
B.Ch.E Bachelor of Chemical Engineering
B.C.L. Bachelor of Canon Law
B.D. Bachelor of Divinity
B.E. Bachelor of Education or Bachelor of Engineering
B.E.E. Bachelor of Electrical Engineering
B.F. Bachelor of Forestry
B.F.A. Bachelor of Fine Arts
B.J. Bachelor of Journalism
B.L.S. Bachelor of Liberal Studies or Bachelor of Library Science
B.Lit. Bachelor of Literature
B.M. Bachelor of Medicine or Bachelor of Music
B.M.S. Bachelor of Marine Science
B.N. Bachelor of Nursing
B.Pharm. Bachelor of Pharmacy
B.R.E. Bachelor of Religious Education
B.S. Bachelor of Science
B.S.Ed. Bachelor of Science in Education
C.E. Civil Engineer
Ch.E. Chemical Engineer
D.A. Doctor of Arts
D.A.S. Doctor of Applied Science
D.B.A. Doctor of Business Administration
D.C. Doctor of Chiropractic
D.D. Doctor of Divinity
D.D.S. Doctor of Dental Surgery or Doctor of Dental Science
D.Ed. Doctor of Education
D.L.S. Doctor of Library Science
D.M.D. Doctor of Dental Medicine
D.O. Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
D.M.S. Doctor of Medical Science
D.P.A. Doctor of Public Administration
D.P.H. Doctor of Public Health
D.R.E. Doctor of Religious Education
D.S.W. Doctor of Social Welfare or Doctor of Social Work
D.Sc. Doctor of Science
D.V.M. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
Ed.D. Doctor of Education
Ed.S. Education Specialist
E.E. Electrical Engineer
E.M. Engineer of Mines
E.Met. Engineer of Metallurgy
I.E. Industrial Engineer or Industrial Engineering
J.D. Doctor of Laws
J.S.D. Doctor of Juristic Science
L.H.D. Doctor of Humane Letters
Litt.B. Bachelor of Letters
Litt.M. Master of Letters
LL.B. Bachelor of Laws
LL.D. Doctor of Laws
LL.M. Master of Laws
M.A. Master of Arts
M.Aero.E. Master of Aeronautical Engineering
M.B.A. Master of Business Administration
M.C.E. Master of Christian Education or Master of Civil Engineering
M.C.S. Master of Computer Science
M.D. Doctor of Medicine
M.Div. Master of Divinity
M.E. Master of Engineering
M.Ed. Master of Education
M.Eng. Master of Engineering
M.F.A. Master of Fine Arts
M.H.A. Master of Hospital Administration
M.L.S. Master of Library Science
M.M. Master of Music
M.M.E. Master of Mechanical Engineering or Master of Music Education
M.Mus. Master of Music
M.N. Master of Nursing
M.R.E. Master of Religious Education
M.S. Master of Science
M.S.W. Master of Social Work
M.Th. Master of Theology
Nuc.E. Nuclear Engineer
O.D. Doctor of Optometry
Pharm.D. Doctor of Pharmacy
Ph.B. Bachelor of Philosophy
Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy
S.B. Bachelor of Science
Sc.D. Doctor of Science
S.J.D. Doctor of Juridical Science or Doctor of the Science of Law
S.Sc.D. Doctor of Social Science
S.T.B. Bachelor of Sacred Theology
S.T.D. Doctor of Sacred Theology
S.T.M. Master of Sacred Theology
Th.B. Bachelor of Theology
Th.D. Doctor of Theology
Th.M. Master of Theology

Here are the facts and trivia that people are buzzing about.

Boston University Academics

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PhD in Mechanical Engineering

The PhD in Mechanical Engineering program is interdisciplinary by design and provides both post-bachelor’s and post-master’s applicants the opportunity for study in a broad range of areas within mechanical engineering as well as within the College of Engineering. The mechanical engineering faculty members boast international reputations and provide students with opportunities for research in:

Acoustics and Vibrations
Biomechanics
Computational Science and Engineering
Dynamics, Robotics, Systems, and Controls
Thermofluid Sciences, Energy, and Sustainability
MEMS and Nanotechnology

Learning Outcomes

Students who complete the PhD in Mechanical Engineering program will be able to:

Make an original and substantial contribution to the discipline of mechanical engineering as demonstrated by the completion of a PhD thesis.
Demonstrate the ability to conduct advanced independent research by mastering research methodologies and techniques, synthesizing existing knowledge, analyzing and evaluating their findings, and communicating the results to other researchers.

Course Requirements

Post-bachelor’s students.

Must complete all departmental requirements for the Master of Science.
Are required to complete a minimum of 64 units applicable to their degree (a minimum of 24 units must be structured courses and a minimum of 16 units of research/dissertation is required).

Post-Master’s Students

Develop a curriculum in consultation with their faculty advisor
Are required to complete 32 units applicable to their degree, all of which must be at the 500 level or higher
Are required to complete a minimum of 8 units of research/dissertation coursework.

Residency Requirement

Each student must satisfy a residency requirement of a minimum of two consecutive regular terms of full-time graduate study at Boston University. Full-time study in this context means full-time commitment to the discipline as determined by the associate dean for research and graduate programs.

Teaching Requirement

Students must also take ENG ME 801 Teaching Practicum 1 and ME 802 Teaching Practicum 2. These courses cannot be used to meet the structured course requirements. Both ENG ME 801 and 802 come with practical teaching experience. Practical teaching experience includes some combination of running discussion sections, managing laboratory sections, providing some lectures, preparing homework and solution sets, exams, and grading. Attend lectures/seminars on best teaching practices. Total time commitment: up to 20 hours/week for one term for each course.

Qualifying Examination

Students must pass a comprehensive examination covering basic knowledge in mechanical engineering
Limited to two attempts
ME Qualifying Examination

Responsible Conduct of Research Requirement

All College of Engineering PhD students are required to complete the Advanced Responsible Conduct of Research program prior to completing the prospectus. The Advanced RCR program includes an online module and four live discussion workshops.

Dissertation Prospectus Defense

Within one year of becoming a candidate, the student is expected to present an oral dissertation proposal to the prospective Dissertation Committee and obtain approval for the written dissertation prospectus.

Dissertation

A PhD candidate is expected to prepare and carry out an independent and original research project in partial fulfillment of the dissertation requirement.
The Dissertation Committee must consist of College of Engineering (tenured or tenure-earning) faculty.

Final Oral Examination

Students shall present themselves for a final oral examination in which they must defend their dissertation as a worthy contribution to knowledge in their field and demonstrate mastery of their field of specialization as related to the dissertation.
The Examining Committee is composed of at least five members, of which two must be (tenured or tenure-earning) faculty from the student’s academic department/division.
Both the post-bachelor’s and post-master’s programs must be completed within five years of the individual’s acceptance into PhD candidacy.
Candidates for the PhD are required to have a member of the graduate faculty in the department/division of their major field as an advisor.

Related Bulletin Pages

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Abbreviations and Symbols

Beyond the Bulletin

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BS in Mechanical Engineering
MS in Mechanical Engineering
MS in Robotics & Autonomous Systems
Product Design & Manufacture
Materials Science & Engineering
Systems Engineering
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How should degrees be listed in an e-mail signature?

I have the following degrees:

PhD in Information Technology (Computer Science concentration)
MS in Systems Engineering (MSE)
MS in Engineering Management (MEM)
BS in Computer Science

What would a proper e-mail signature look like?

56 I don't think I have read anyone's email signature even once in my life. IMO, you're overthinking this very much. – user9646 Commented May 31, 2017 at 13:02
206 It's also worth mentioning that listing all of your degrees (especially when the list is that long) could come off as obnoxiously pompous to some people. – user51076 Commented May 31, 2017 at 13:46
50 And it is generally regarded as incorrect to prefix your title and to repeat it after the name. Even with a single degree, you should either say "Dr. Bob Roberts" or "Bob Roberts, PhD". Saying "Dr. Bob Roberts, PhD" isn't good. So, if you really want to list all of your degrees, you should probably omit the title before your name. Aren't you going to include High School, Junior High, Elementary, and Kindergarden as well? It all seems a bit excessive. I think I would just stick with "Dr. Bob Roberts". Including the rest seems rather unhumble. – MPW Commented May 31, 2017 at 16:14
Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat . – eykanal Commented Jun 4, 2017 at 5:11

12 Answers 12

There is no formal academic convention for email signatures, although your university or institution may have formatting guidelines. You can simply include as much or as little information as you want the recipient to know.

Personally, I think your name and position are sufficient and listing every degree you have is a bit redundant (and, as others have pointed out, pretentious). People will probably infer that you have a BS and MS if you also have a PhD.

3 @A.T.Ad: You don't seem to be the person asking the original question, but I would expect your official position to cover your 'area of expertise'. If you feel the need to specify, do so by specifying your position. Don't just rattle off all your degrees. – Falc Commented May 31, 2017 at 15:24
27 @A.T.Ad It's not necessarily problematic, it just has the potential to come off as trivially boasting. If it conveys useful information, I wouldn't be too concerned. For example, for a Professor of Ethics with an MS in Biology, listing both might help to inform people of diverse (relevant) experience. However, it's rather pointless for a Professor of Biology to list a PhD, MS and BS all in biology - also mentioning the additional degrees doesn't add anything, except perhaps ego padding. -- Rule of thumb: only list them if they indicate expertise not implied by the most advanced title. – R.M. Commented May 31, 2017 at 15:29
11 @A.T.Ad: Do you really think people would go on to read your signature to find out your area of expertise? Just put that on your website. – tomasz Commented May 31, 2017 at 17:51
4 @R.M. Just out of curiosity, have you ever actually acted on such information that was included in a signature? Generally when I'm emailing someone I already know who they are and have a reason to email them. If I want to find someone who has expertise in area X I wouldn't send a mail to everyone and then check their signatures to find whom I'm looking for. – Voo Commented May 31, 2017 at 18:55
5 @alephzero I don't know where people get their information about German culture. A typical German e-mail signature looks like "Prof. Dr. Christian Schmidt, Institute of Quantum Mechanics, address, phone number, website". Nobody lists qualifications, but some list positions. – user9482 Commented Jun 2, 2017 at 6:48

It's supposed to be an email signature, not a CV. "Dr Bob Roberts" already says that you have a PhD. The rest is redundant, because having a PhD implies that you probably have a master's degree (which nobody cares about, because you have a PhD), and almost certainly have a bachelor's degree (which nobody cares about, because you have a master's). And, hey, you probably got some qualifications in high school, too (which nobody cares about, because you have a bachelor's).

So the only reason for including all that stuff in your signature is tooting your horn. And, in an academic context, it looks crass because you're drawing attention to the obvious. "Oh, look at me, I have a PhD and a master's and a bachelor's!" Well, er, so does everybody else on the academic and research staff. That level of qualifications is implied by the fact that you work here.

If you'll allow me, i'd like to play devil's advocate. Don't list your degrees in your email signature. The signature is there to format email more like a letter. It's not the place to communicate your experience. I'd recommend setting up a personal resume website or a linkedin page to showcase your experience.

Allow your message content to communicate your command of a subject, don't rest on your letters.

7 +1 I usually sign my e-mails "Patricia", unless I am being really formal, when I use "Patricia Shanahan", but just for this occasion: Patricia Shanahan, PhD, MSc, BSc, ARCS. – Patricia Shanahan Commented Jun 1, 2017 at 0:21
6 @PatriciaShanahan It's good to know that you treat Academia.SE as a really formal environment. :-D – David Richerby Commented Jun 1, 2017 at 14:08
4 @PatriciaShanahan Today I learned: the level of formality we attribute to commenting on SE is directly related to the naming conventions of our usernames. :) Apparently you, David, and myself are all quite formal; chuck, not so much. – Bryan Krause ♦ Commented Jun 1, 2017 at 22:12
1 I am advocating this - the default should be to keep emails as informal as possible and appropriate. – Sascha Commented Jun 3, 2017 at 12:32

I want to give a different perspective.

Do what is common practise in your institution/region (i. e. what your collegues or other comparable people do).

Here in Austria, it seems to be common practise to list all your titles (maybe except for BSc/BA if you have a MSc/MA because people are not so used to these two titles). I often see multiple doctor titles and honoris causa titles in signatures.

In my view, many people here see a signature (if there is any) as a place where you state your "official" name - and, at least here, this includes your titles. "Bob" in a signature would certainly be viewed as unprofessional and strange. (But then again, I am not sure if the commenters suggesting writing "Bob" are serious or joking.)

While many people on this site view many titles as "bragging", not including them can certainly interpreted as an insult to the others - like you are saying "you guys including so many titles are pretentious".

So in short, do what your environment does.

However, I have never ever seen someone stating the field they received their titles in. (Although there are titles like "BA (FH)" (FH meanging Fachhochschule, "university of applied sciences"), which appear sometimes. Probably they have to be stated in exact this way.)

9 The advice to do what other people in the same situation does is excellent. But I think somebody would have to be almost paranoid to interpret somebody not including something in their signature as a judgement on those who do. What next? "OMG, he's wearing a different coloured shirt to me! It must be an insult!" – David Richerby Commented May 31, 2017 at 23:01
3 Yeah it's culture dependent. Using just your first name in professional circumstances is quite common in the US, but seems incredibly weird to Germans and Austrians (so no, not a joke to just sign with "Bob"). That said I wouldn't use my titles in emails or conversations, it's more something to put on formal documentation or requests where it really does make a difference (certainly use every title you have when trying to rent an apartment..). There is a bit of a generational divide too it seems to me. – Voo Commented Jun 1, 2017 at 7:16
4 Slightly different German perspective. Listing titles is rather uncommon here, but it is common to give rather more details on your institute. For business, full company name, address, phone and tax number and possibly trade registry number etc. are often mandatory. So "blacksaibot, head of IT, company X" would need to give more details on X. – cbeleites Commented Jun 1, 2017 at 13:11
2 Exactly! A year ago I registered at a GP in Czech Republic and now after a year a nurse came to me, "don't you have another title?". Medicine here is all about the titles. It is strange to be called a doctor when you are a patient, but that is how they do that here. They expect all the titles. – Vladimir F Героям слава Commented Jun 1, 2017 at 16:09
1 Are we speaking about e-mail signatures in academia or in industry / rest of the world? There is probably a difference between them. (And, by the way, my "use Bob" was serious.) – Federico Poloni Commented Jun 1, 2017 at 22:32

Dr. Bob Roberts

Bob Roberts, Ph.D.

unless one of two things obtain. First, your organization has a set of internal customs or formal rules regarding the signature. Second, if your degrees are in different areas. For example,

Bob Roberts Ph.D. Management Science MS Nursing

For interrelated fields, the Ph.D. supersedes the master's degree and ceases being relevant. It is also relevant to show certifications that are not superseded by the doctorate.

Nice; Brief and concise! – Alisa Commented Aug 23, 2020 at 3:51

Your signature indicates how you want the person you're writing to address you. If you want be called by your first name, sign "Bob" or "Bob Roberts". If you want to be called "Dr. Roberts", sign "Dr. Bob Roberts".

No one is going to call you "Dr. Bob Roberts PhD IT, MSE, MEM", and what do you really hope to accomplish with that signature?

I never had an email signature. Can't think of something to put there that the person I'm communicating with doesn't know already or can easily find out if interested in having that information.

When something is relevant to the other party I'll mention it in the email, not on the signature. If exchanging more than a few emails, having long signatures becomes annoying (IMO).

As for the question, I'd keep the signature as simple as possible, e.g. John Doe, PhD . This way you're not adding additional lines to your name/signature combo, while still informing everyone that you have a PhD and everything else that comes beforehand.

Another way to do this would be to just include your linkedin profile link. That way anyone interested in learning about your credentials can just click on there. Something else I see common in Academic settings is to link to their personal webpage for the department. That page usually lists their resume, educational credentials, what paper they may have presented in the past, etc. Ofcourse ensure to setup the webpage and add all the relevant information there.

While in grad school I was told by my dissertation advisor that in formal correspondence you should not refer to yourself by Dr. The proper form would be:

Bob Roberts, Ph.D. in and not,

Dr. Bob Roberts.

Medical doctors seem to violate this convention quite frequently though.

2 That's because medical doctors are MDs, not PhDs. Also this is very culture specific; in the UK, writing Dr Bob Roberts is far more common than Bob Roberts, PhD. Or, as others have pointed out, just plain old Bob. – astronat supports the strike Commented Jun 2, 2017 at 20:48
May I guess that you (or rather, your dissertation adviser) are American? Certainly in Commonwealth English, it's normal (and correct) to write "Dr." before someone's name, regardless of what type of doctorate they hold. – Dawood ibn Kareem Commented Jun 3, 2017 at 4:38
2 Yes, American. The advice applied to self-references only. Referring to someone else as Dr. would of course be perfectly normal. I guess his point was that you would not introduce yourself as, "Hello, I'm Mr. Bob Roberts", so the same logic should apply to Dr. as a prefix. These are by definition English honorifics intended to address a person with respect. Therefore use in the case of a self-reference would seem inappropriate. I can see why at a medical center people would refer to themselves as Dr. in order to distinguish themselves from the nurses and janitors. – crayguy Commented Jun 4, 2017 at 0:52

You can list your other degrees if they are relevant to your work. For example, if I were an art therapist, a BA in fine art is relevant to my work, so I'd list it. But don't list the BS in Psychology that led to the MS. And you would list any licensure first, if you have it, such as MFT.

I've seen Fred Davidson, M.D. Ph.D

which i personally like because it's all in one line and the fact that the md and the phd are together makes it look more powerful rather than separated.

1 This is something of a different case. the MD and PhD degrees both lead to the title "Dr" and, in the context of medical practice or research, it's good to distinguish "I'm an physician" from "I'm an academic" from "I'm both a physician and an academic." – David Richerby Commented Aug 27, 2018 at 15:15

You shouldn't put any of that in your email. There is a general correlation of Ph.D.s who call themselves Dr. or use the ,Ph.D. being the weaker ones. Even if not true in your case, it will still come across that way. And not just to the general public, but other Ph.D. holders. (Same thing applies to retired military ranks unless you are writing a letter to the editor.)

First Last (optional) position and/or org cell phone number email

You include the cell so people can call you. Lots of people use email sigs for finding phone numebrs and get annoyed by others who don't list it. (Of course if it is an email you don't want the cell included, edit it out.) Include the actual email since many email programs or physical printouts list your name in the header but not the email adress

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COMMENTS

Doctor of Engineering
Doctor of Engineering The Doctor of Engineering ( D.Eng [1] or EngD [2]) is a research doctorate in engineering and applied science. An EngD is a terminal degree similar to a PhD in engineering but applicable more in industry rather than in academia. The degree is usually aimed toward working professionals.
PhD vs. DEng (Doctor of Engineering): What's the Difference?
PhD in Engineering vs. Doctor of Engineering: Education Structure and Curriculum By exploring the structures and curriculums of the degrees, prospective students can gain a clearer understanding of what each degree entails and which might best suit their career goals.
DEng vs. PhD
DEng vs. PhD At Johns Hopkins University, both the Doctor of Engineering and the Doctor of Philosophy involve mentored research and in-depth investigation. There are a few key differences, though (although these are not hard and fast rules).
What is the abbreviation for doctor of engineering
The Doctor of Engineering, or Engineering Doctorate, (abbreviated Eng.D., D.Eng., D.Engr., Dr.Eng., or Dr.-Ing.) is a doctoral degree awarded on the basis of advanced study and research in engineering and applied sciences. In most countries, it is a terminal research doctorate. In the United Kingdom and Germany it is a higher doctorate.
PhD
Doctor of Engineering in Manufacturing (DEng): Graduate professional degree for students who have already earned both a bachelor's degree in engineering and a master's degree in any engineering or business discipline. Details in Michigan Engineering Course Guide and Bulletin. Our PhD students receive full funding, which includes a tuition ...
The Doctor of Engineering (EngD)
The Doctor of Engineering is a specialised, industry-focused, professional doctorate in Engineering. Unlike a PhD, the EngD contains a significant taught component. This equips you with the technical and management skills needed to excel in your future career. EngD candidates are known as research engineers.
Doctor of Engineering
The Doctor of Engineering, or Engineering Doctorate, (abbreviated Eng.D., D.Eng., D.Engr., Dr.Eng., or Dr.-Ing.) is a degree awarded on the basis of advanced study and research in engineering and applied sciences. In most countries, it is a terminal research doctorate. A DEng/EngD is equivalent to a PhD in engineering, but different in that it has a solid industrial base and an additional ...
Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering)
PhD candidates at the Faculty of Engineering may undertake research in one of the following disciplines: aerospace engineering, mechanical and mechatronic engineering; biomedical engineering; chemical and biomolecular engineering; civil engineering; electrical and information engineering; computer science; and. project management.
GET YOUR PhD IN ENGINEERING
Graduates of PhD in Engineering programs can work as professors at research universities, dedicate their expertise to industrial or government research labs, or create a business around their own innovation. Consider building your career as the developer of a green energy trend, discovering a life-saving biomedical process, or taking the world ...
PhD in Engineering
PhD in Engineering To obtain a PhD degree you must complete three years full-time training (or five years part-time) and carry out an original piece of research which makes a significant contribution to learning in one of the many research areas in the Department. At the same time, the Department expects that students will leave with the wider skills necessary to be successful in either an ...
Doctor Of Engineering Abbreviation: Short Forms Guide
Explore popular shortcuts to use Doctor Of Engineering abbreviation and the short forms with our easy guide. Review the list of 6 top ways to abbreviate Doctor Of Engineering.
Doctoral Degree
The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Degree is the highest degree awarded by the Mechanical Engineering Department and is recommended for students who are interested in leadership careers in academia (e.g. as a faculty member of a university), industry, or government.
Doctor of Philosophy Program
The Department of Mechanical Engineering requires from prospective students GRE scores and three letters of recommendation, in addition to satisfying the Graduate School requirements. More information about the admission process can be found by following links provided in the Research section.
Degree Abbreviations
Discover abbreviations for common academic degrees including abbreviations for associate's degrees, bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, doctorates, medical degrees, legal degrees, and religious degrees.
PDF DEGREE PROGRAM ABBREVIATIONS
78Degree Program Acronyms. DEGREE PROGRAM ABBREVIATIONSb. LIST OF ACADEMIC PROGRAMSa. COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE. Certificate in Building Technology -CBT. Bachelor of Landscape Architecture -BLA. Bachelor of Science in Architecture -BS Arch. Master of Architecture -M Arch. Master of Tropical Landscape Architecture -MTLA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND LETTERS.
Degree abbreviations
Degree abbreviations are used as an way to specify an academic degree. Many degrees have more than one abbreviation, e.g. BSc, BA, etc.
Degree Abbreviations
Things to Note: For one degree, list the degree abbreviation then an apostrophe with the year graduated. Ex: Accounting 2000 is (Acct'00). If someone has two degrees, separate with a comma and put in alphabetical order Ex: a dual psychology and English 2009 major is (Engl, Psych'09) For degrees that are graduate or doctorate level, an "M" or "PhD" is put in front of the degree. Ex ...
PHD Engineering Abbreviation
Engineering PHD abbreviation meaning defined here. What does PHD stand for in Engineering? Get the most popular PHD abbreviation related to Engineering.
Glossary of Degrees & Honorifics
Degrees The following list displays abbreviations of the degrees and diplomas offered at U of T, or held by graduate faculty members.
Selected Degree Abbreviations
A.B. Bachelor of Arts AeEng. Aeronautical Engineer A.M.T. Master of Arts in Teaching B.A. Bachelor of Arts B.A.E. Bachelor of Arts in Education, or Bachelor of Art Education, Aeronautical Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, or Architectural Engineering B.Ag. Bachelor of Agriculture B.A.M. Bachelor of Applied Mathematics B.Arch. Bachelor of Architecture B.B.A. Bachelor of Business ...
PhD in Mechanical Engineering » Academics
The PhD in Mechanical Engineering program is interdisciplinary by design and provides both post-bachelor's and post-master's applicants the opportunity for study in a broad range of areas within mechanical engineering as well as within the College of Engineering. The mechanical engineering faculty members boast international reputations and ...
Professional Doctorate in Engineering
The Engineering Doctorate ( EngD, previously Professional Doctorate in Engineering or PDEng) is a Dutch degree awarded to graduates of a Technological Designer ( engineering) program that develop their students' capabilities to work within a professional context. These programs focus on applied techniques and design, in their respective ...
How should degrees be listed in an e-mail signature?
I have the following degrees: PhD in Information Technology (Computer Science concentration) MS in Systems Engineering (MSE) MS in Engineering Management (MEM) BS in Computer Science What would a
British degree abbreviations
British degree abbreviations Degree abbreviations are used as an alternative way to specify an academic degree instead of spelling out the title in full, such as in reference books such as Who's Who and on business cards. Many degree titles have more than one possible abbreviation, with the abbreviation used varying between different universities. In the UK it is normal not to punctuate ...

PhD vs. DEng (Doctor of Engineering): What’s the Difference?

PhD in Engineering vs. Doctor of Engineering: Definitions

What Is a PhD in Engineering?

What Is a Doctor of Engineering?

Comparing PhD in Engineering and Doctor of Engineering

Key Similarities

Key Differences

PhD in Engineering vs. Doctor of Engineering: Education Structure and Curriculum

PhD in Engineering Structure and Curriculum

Doctor of Engineering Structure and Curriculum

PhD in Engineering vs. Doctor of Engineering: Accreditation

PhD in Engineering Accreditation

Doctor of Engineering Accreditation

Career Options for PhD in Engineering and Doctor of Engineering

PhD in Engineering Careers

Doctor of Engineering Careers

PhD in Engineering vs. Doctor of Engineering: Salary and Job Outlook

PhD in Engineering Salary

Doctor of Engineering Salary

PhD in Engineering Job Outlook

Doctor of Engineering Job Outlook

Tips for Choosing Between a PhD in Engineering and a Doctor of Engineering

What are the main differences between a PhD in Engineering and a Doctor of Engineering?

How long does it typically take to complete a PhD in Engineering versus a Doctor of Engineering?

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DEng vs. PhD

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