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NIGHT VISION TECHNOLOGY

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NIGHT VISION TECHNOLOGY

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night vision technology presentation

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Thermal Imaging and Law Enforcement

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Electron Travelling Path for Night Vision Technology - Slide 1

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Download our Night Vision Technology presentation template to explain the system that allows users to see in low-light or dark environments. You can explain how it works by amplifying available light, such as moonlight or starlight, or using infrared light, which is invisible to the naked eye.

Utilize our fully customizable deck to provide a comprehensive overview of night vision technology clearly and concisely. You can educate your audience on the technologies used for night vision, i.e., Thermal Imaging and Image Enhancement. You can also showcase the electron traversal path for night vision technology. Furthermore, you can depict this technology's pros, cons, and practical applications in a visually appealing manner.

Sizing Charts

Size XS S S M M L
EU 32 34 36 38 40 42
UK 4 6 8 10 12 14
US 0 2 4 6 8 10
Bust 79.5cm / 31" 82cm / 32" 84.5cm / 33" 89.5cm / 35" 94.5cm / 37" 99.5cm / 39"
Waist 61.5cm / 24" 64cm / 25" 66.5cm / 26" 71.5cm / 28" 76.5cm / 30" 81.5cm / 32"
Hip 86.5cm / 34" 89cm / 35" 91.5cm / 36" 96.5cm / 38" 101.5cm / 40" 106.5cm / 42"
Size XS S M L XL XXL
UK/US 34 36 38 40 42 44
Neck 37cm / 14.5" 38cm /15" 39.5cm / 15.5" 41cm / 16" 42cm / 16.5" 43cm / 17"
Chest 86.5cm / 34" 91.5cm / 36" 96.5cm / 38" 101.5cm / 40" 106.5cm / 42" 111.5cm / 44"
Waist 71.5cm / 28" 76.5cm / 30" 81.5cm / 32" 86.5cm / 34" 91.5cm / 36" 96.5cm / 38"
Seat 90cm / 35.4" 95cm / 37.4" 100cm / 39.4" 105cm / 41.3" 110cm / 43.3" 115cm / 45.3"

StudyMafia

Night Vision Technology Seminar ppt and pdf Report

Night Vision Technology Seminar and PPT with pdf report: Night vision technology, literally allows one to see in the dark. It is originally developed for military use. Humans have poor night vision compared to many other animals. This page contains Night Vision Technology Seminar and PPT with pdf report.

Also See: Seminar Topics for CSE

Types of Night Vision Technology

There are two types of Night Vision.

  • Biological Night Vision
  • Technical Night Vision

Night Vision Technology Devices

Night vision devices are divided into three categories.

  • SCOPES – They are monocular normally handheld or mounted on a weapon.
  • GOGGLES – They are binocular and worn on the head.
  • CAMERAS – Used for transmission or recording of images mostly if the location is fixed.

Also See: Nanoparticles ppt

Application of Night Vision Technology

  • Wildlife observation
  • Hidden-object detection

Advantages of Night Vision Technology

  •  No particular skill required
  • Accidents cases reduction
  • Compact system
  • 3x range visual

Also See: Black Hole ppt

Disadvantages of Night Vision Technology

  • The only disadvantage is that the Initial cost too high.

Content of the Seminar and pdf report for Night Vision Technology

  • Introduction
  • Types of Night Vision
  • Working of Technical Night Vision
  • Night Vision Devices
  • Generations
  • Applications

Here we are giving you Night Vision Technology Seminar and PPT with PDF report. All you need to do is just click on the download link and get it.

Night Vision Technology PPT and Seminar Free Download

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Night vision technology - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

night vision technology presentation

Night vision technology

O vacuum tube technology. o full moon operation. ... itt's advanced technology and processing enable us to give our customers products with outstanding sensitivity. – powerpoint ppt presentation.

  • It allows one to see in the dark.
  • Originally developed for military use, has provided UNITED STATES with a strategic military advantage whose value can be measured in life's.
  • Night vision equipment has evolved from bulky optical instruments in lightweight goggles through the advancement of image intensification technology.
  • IMAGE ENHANCEMENT This works by collecting the tiny amounts of light, including the lower portion of the infrared light spectrum, that are present but may be imperceptible to our eyes, and amplifying it to the point that we can easily observe the image.
  • THERMAL IMAGING This technology operates by capturing the upper portion of the infrared light spectrum, which is emitted as heat by objects instead of simply reflected as light. Hotter objects, such as warm bodies, emit more of this light than cooler objects like trees or buildings.
  • Infrared light In order to understand night vision, it is important to understand something about light.
  • The amount of energy in a light wave is related to its wavelength Shorter wavelengths have higher energy. Of visible light, violet has the most energy, and red has the least. Just next to the visible light spectrum is the infrared spectrum.
  • Cryogenically cooled
  • A conventional lens, called the objective lens, captures ambient light and
  • some near- infrared light.
  • The gathered light is sent to the image-intensifier tube. In most NVDs, the power
  • supply for the image-intensifier tube receives power from two N-Cell or two
  • "AA" batteries. The tube outputs a high voltage, about 5,000 volts, to the image-tube components.
  • The image-intensifier tube has a photocathode, which is used to convert the
  • photons of light energy into electrons.
  • As the electrons pass through the tube, similar electrons are released from atoms
  • in the tube, multiplying the original number of electrons by a factor of thousands
  • through the use of a micro channel plate (MCP) in the tube. An MCP is a tiny
  • glass disc that has millions of microscopic holes micro channels in it, made using
  • fiber-optic technology.
  • When the electrons from the photo cathode hit the first
  • electrode of the MCP, they cause thousands of other
  • electrons to be released in each channel using a process
  • called cascaded secondary emission. Basically, the
  • original electrons collide with the side of the channel,
  • exciting atoms and causing other
  • electrons to be released.
  • An interesting fact is that the micro
  • channels in the MCP are created at a Night-vision images are known
  • for their eerie green tint.
  • slight angle (about a 5-degree to
  • 8-degree bias) to encourage electron
  • collisions and reduce both ion and direct-light feedback from the phosphors on the output side.
  • These phosphors create the green image on the screen that
  • has come to characterize night vision.
  • GENERATION 1 (Developed in 1960's)
  • o Vacuum Tube Technology
  • o Full Moon Operation
  • o Amplification 1,000
  • o Operating Life 2,000 Hours
  • GENERATION 2 (Developed in 1970's)
  • o First Micro channel Plate (MCP) Application
  • o One-Quarter Moon Operation
  • o Amplification 20,000
  • o Operating Life 2,500 Hours
  • GENERATION 2 (1970s)
  • o Development increased image tube bias voltage to improve gain.
  • o Additionally, a glass faceplate was added to improve resolution.
  • GENERATION 3 (Developed in 1990's)
  • o Improved MCP Photocathode
  • o Starlight Operation
  • Sensitivity, or photo response, is the image tube's ability to detect available light. It is usually measured in uA/lm," or microamperes per lumen. ITT's advanced technology and processing enable us to give our customers products with outstanding sensitivity.
  • Signal plays a key role in night vision performance. ITT's micro channel plate technology is unsurpassed in its ability to transfer a strong signal from input to output. Just as high-end stereo equipment gives you quality sound, ITT Night Vision gives you a quality output image without "noise.
  • Resolution is the third major consideration when purchasing night vision. This is the ability to resolve detail in your image. High-quality optics and the latest processing methods give ITT Night Vision the edge.
  • We are the world's leader for Gen 3 image intensified (amplified) night vision products for the U.S. military.
  • Textures, Light and Dark
  • Depth Perception
  • Fog and Rain
  • Black Spots
  • Scopes - Normally handheld or mounted on a weapon, scopes are monocular (one eye-piece).
  • Goggles - While goggles can be handheld, they are most often worn on the head. Goggles are binocular(two eye-pieces) and may have a single lens or stereo lens, depending on the model.
  • Cameras - Cameras with night-vision technology can send the image to a monitor for display or to a VCR for recording..
  • Automatic Brightness Control (ABC)
  • Auto-Gated Power Supply
  • Bright-Source Protection (BSP) - High-Light Cut-Off
  • Bore sighting
  • COMSPEC (Commercial Specification)
  • Chicken Wire
  • Daylight Lens Cover
  • Daylight Training Filter
  • Equivalent Background Illumination (EBI)
  • Emission Point
  • Field-of-View
  • Figure of Merit (FOM)
  • Fixed-Pattern Noise (FPN)
  • Footlambert (fL)
  • Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
  • Highlight Shutoff
  • Interpupillary Adjustment
  • Interpupillary Distance
  • IR Illuminator
  • I2 (Image Intensification)
  • IR (Infrared)
  • Nato- Stanag
  • mA/W (Milliamps per Watt)
  • MCP (Microchannel Plate)
  • Near-Infrared
  • Photocathode
  • Photocathode Sensitivity
  • Reticle (Reticle Pattern)
  • Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
  • Scintillation
  • Stereoscopic Night Vision
  • System Gain
  • Variable Gain Control
  • Weaver Mounting System
  • Law enforcement 
  • Wildlife observation  
  • Surveillance 
  • Hidden-object detection
  • Entertainment

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'Night vision lenses' could give you power to see in the dark using simple eyeglasses

Super-slim night-vision tech could be within reach thanks to a new material breakthrough that can capture infrared and visible light at the same time.

Night vision through a binocular scope.

One day we could have everyday eyewear with night vision, thanks to an ultra-thin material that can capture infrared and visible light at the same time.

In a new study published May 23 in Advanced Materials , researchers in Australia have found that by using "metasurface-based up-conversion technology", you can create a night vision effect without the need for bulky light-processing and cryogenic cooling components. 

"These results promise significant opportunities for the surveillance, autonomous navigation, and biological imaging industries, amongst others," chief investigator Dragomir Neshev from the Australian Research Council’s Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS) said in a statement . "Decreasing the size, weight and power requirements of night vision technology is an example of how meta-optics, and the work TMOS is doing, is crucial to Industry 4.0 and the future extreme miniaturisation of technology."

Related: Meta just stuck its AI somewhere you didn't expect it — a pair of Ray-Ban smart glasses

Traditional night-vision goggles work by visible light or infrared photons passing through a lens into an electronic image-intensifier tube consisting of a photocathode and a microchannel plate. The photocathode turns the photons into electrons, and these electrons then hit the microchannel plate, which has millions of holes that amplify their number. The electrons then interact with a phosphor-coated screen and exhibit a green glow, illuminating the scene that the wearer is viewing. 

Conversion of infrared light to visible light

The researchers explained that this current setup poses challenges due to its large size for a head-mounted device, thermal noise and the inability to augment infrared and visible imaging.

However, by using an "ultra-compact, high-quality-factor lithium niobate resonant metasurface" — a very thin photonic device that can modulate the behavior of electromagnetic waves — the researchers boosted the energy of the infrared photons, increasing their frequency so as to bring their wavelengths within the visual spectrum.

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Get the world’s most fascinating discoveries delivered straight to your inbox.

Let there be visible light 

As the infrared photons only pass through a single resonant metasurface and are then mixed with a pump beam — a source of light used to amplify energy levels — night vision can be provided without the need to convert photons to electrons. This then bypasses the need for multiple heavy optical and cooling components to reduce thermal noise; the up-conversion from IR to visible light via the metasurface takes place at room temperature.

— Smart glasses could boost privacy by swapping cameras for this 100-year-old technology

— New display tech paves the way for 'most realistic' holograms in regular eyeglasses

— Scientists create light-based semiconductor chip that will pave the way for 6G

Furthermore, this up-conversion can capture both visible and nonvisible light in one image, which standard night-vision systems cannot as they must display images from each spectrum side-by-side. This leads to non-identical images. As such, the researchers found their approach offers direct imaging and edge detection via infrared simultaneously in a single view, enhancing the overall quality of a night-vision image. 

This breakthrough has opened the path to smaller, slimmer and more efficient night-vision systems for a variety of applications, the scientists said. We could even see the advent of night-vision glasses or filters that could be worn over eyeglasses to help people see at night. Uses could range from helping keep track of a dog during an evening walk to making driving at night safer. 

Roland Moore-Colyer  is a freelance writer for Live Science and managing editor at consumer tech publication TechRadar, running the Mobile Computing vertical. At TechRadar, one of the U.K. and U.S.’ largest consumer technology websites, he focuses on smartphones and tablets. But beyond that, he taps into more than a decade of writing experience to bring people stories that cover electric vehicles (EVs), the evolution and practical use of artificial intelligence (AI), mixed reality products and use cases, and the evolution of computing both on a macro level and from a consumer angle.

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night vision technology presentation

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Three-quarters of pedestrian deaths happen after dark. This technology can help change that.

By Kristin Shaw

Posted on Jul 7, 2024 1:03 PM EDT

3 minute read

Pedestrian deaths by car surged 19 percent from 2019 to 2022. And according to AAA , three-quarters of all pedestrian fatalities occur after dark. Automotive technology supplier Magna is actively trying to change that, with thermal technology installed on 1.2 million vehicles and counting.  

Originally named “Night Vision” and introduced on the 2005 BMW 7 Series, Magna’s thermal sensing product sees the road ahead up to four times farther than the typical headlight range. Currently available on 40 different vehicle models across 13 manufacturers like Bentley, BMW, Audi, Volkswagen, Porsche, and examples from Stellantis (Dodge, Fiat, Ram, Peugeot, Jeep, and more) and GM, this technology was created to reduce pedestrian and cyclist deaths.

This is how it works.

“Eyes” that see the road ahead with thermal sensing

A microbolometer, or an uncooled thermal sensor, started out as military technology in the late 1970s. The U.S. government declassified the technology after the 1991 Gulf War, and use of thermal imaging was introduced to municipal firefighting services to help firefighters see through smoke. Before that, first responders had to rely on the slow process of clearing each room individually by touch and visual cues. 

In the security world, thermal cameras are becoming even more popular. Airports use them for perimeter defense, and during the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak, airports used them to measure passenger temperatures. 

The latest generation of Magna’s technology offers improved road coverage, enhanced detection capabilities, and a sharper image for drivers through fog, smoke (a key factor for those impacted by wildfires), snow squalls, or in complete darkness. Since thermal cameras do not “see” visible light, this system isn’t affected by the headlights of oncoming vehicles or glare from the sun, Magna says. With distracted driving becoming more and more of a problem, automakers and tech companies like Magna are aggressively pursuing solutions.

“Even during the day, there are instances where smoke or fog could impair vision,” says Richard Seoane, Magna’s vice president of operations and business development in the thermal product area. “Divers heading into smoke might think it’s just a short distance to find it’s a mile long; this was the case in California two years ago, when fog caused a 90-car pileup .”

How Magna works

An infrared video camera is mounted in front of the vehicle that senses temperature differences of less than 1/10th of a degree to create a highly detailed thermal image of the roadway scene. Using convolutional neural networks, the software creates three-dimensional data for image classification and object recognition tasks. 

In turn, the algorithm is trained to be able to classify these objects within the field of the image, including pedestrians, buses, motorbikes and more. Seaone says the system predicts the vector of travel, which helps the driver in numerous ways . For example, pedestrians don’t move fast, but animals and bikes do. Knowing that information helps driver-assist programs adapt and adjust to avoid a crash. 

a simulation of a car seeing a deer

“Our algorithms detect animals, pedestrians, and cyclists more than 100 meters ahead of the vehicle to alert drivers of such hazards,” Seoane says. He explains that the algorithms can run in a car’s dedicated ECU (electronic control module) or be hosted by a manufacturer’s central computer unit.

While human eyes can’t register the infrared spectrum, thermal sensing systems can. By detecting very small temperature differences, the technology can differentiate between a mailbox, a deer, or a human, Magna says . 

Earlier versions of thermal sensing systems were too large to fit in a trunk. Today, Magna’s camera is quite small–about the size of a golf ball–and it’s about to get even smaller. The company’s next-gen thermal sensing technology is targeted to debut next year, and it will also include increased visual range to 360 degrees. What that means is better visibility all the way around even in the dark, which addresses back-over accidents that occur primarily with children or small pets. It’s also slated to detect information up to three football fields, which increases stopping time, and potentially saves more lives. 

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itt night vision technology

ITT-- Night Vision Technology

Mar 12, 2019

250 likes | 517 Views

ITT-- Night Vision Technology. Kam Ng and Scott Nelson 25 November 2008. Night Vision Goggle Technology. Night vision technology helps people to see better in the dark and hence maneuver and fight effectively at night.

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  • national security
  • itt corporation
  • arms export
  • itt night case
  • itt night vision case

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Presentation Transcript

ITT-- Night Vision Technology Kam Ng and Scott Nelson 25 November 2008

Night Vision Goggle Technology • Night vision technology helps people to see better in the dark and hence maneuver and fight effectively at night. • On 27 March 2007, ITT Corporation pleaded guilty on arms export violation to People’s Republic of China, United Kingdom, and Singapore, and fined $100M.1 Reference 1: Statement of U.S. Attorney, DOJ, 27 March 2007

Legislation—Development & Summary • Trade Issues: Export Control & National Security • Production Act of 1950 was amended, and replaced by Foreign Investment and National Security Act (FINSA) of 2007 on 4 January 2007 • New provisions of FINSA include: security improvement amendments, review & investigation process, monitoring & enforcement, action by the President, increased oversight by Congress, certification process, and regulations2 Reference 2: H.R. 556, Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007

FINSA (2007) • Some of the key changes from the Defense Production Act of 1950 include: • National Security is now defined as to include issues related to Homeland Security • Critical technologies is defined as items essential to national defense

Key Provisions of FINSA: National Security • Investigations will be conducted immediately if: • Transaction threatens U.S. National Security and the threat has not been mitigated • The transaction is a foreign government transaction

Legislation- Related Regulations • Ensure national security while promoting foreign investment and open trade • Export control and enforcement • Arms Export Control Act (AECA) of 1976, 22 U.S.C 2778--President is authorized to control import and export of defense articles and services • International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR) of 1999, CFR Title 26--Department of State regulates defense technologies via U.S. Munitions List3 • Export Administration Regulations (EAR)--Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry & Security regulates export “dual-use” items4 via license

ITAR--U.S. Munitions List 22 CFR 121 Firearms, Close Assault Weapons/Combat Shotguns Guns and Armament Ammunition/Ordnance Launch Vehicles, Guided Missiles, Ballistic Missiles, Rockets, Torpedoes, Bombs and Mines Explosives, Propellants, Incendiary Agents & Their Constituents Vessels of War and Special Naval Equipment Tanks and Military Vehicles Aircraft and Associated Equipment Military Training Equipment and Training Protective Personnel Equipment and Shelters Military Electronics 7

ITAR—U.S. Munitions List 22 CFR 121 • Fire Control, Range Finder, Optical and Guidance and Control Equipment • Auxiliary Military Equipment • Toxicological Agents including Chemical Agents, Biological Agents, and Equipment • Space Systems and Associated Equipment • Nuclear Weapons, Design and Testing Related Items • Classified Articles, Technical Data and Defense Service not Otherwise Enumerated • Directed Energy Weapons • Reserved • Submersible Vessels, Oceanographic and Associated Equipment • Miscellaneous Articles Reference 3: http://pmddtc.state.gov/regulations_laws/itar.html 8

EAR—Commodities Control List 0. Nuclear Materials, Facilities & Equipment and Miscellaneous 1. Materials, Chemicals, Microorganisms & Toxins 2. Materials Processing 3. Electronics Development 4. Computer (Development and Programs) 5. Telecommunications and Information Security 6. Sensors and Lasers 7. Navigation and Avionics 8. Marine 9. Propulsion Systems, Space Vehicles and Related Equipment Dual-Use Items and Technology Reference 4: http://www.access.gpo.gov/bis/ear/ear_data.html 9

ITT Night Vision Case • ITT Corp Night Vision Division violated arms export regulation. Specifically, ITT illegally sent classified and export controlled information to foreign countries--People’s Republic China (PRC). • ITT disclosed classified technical information on night vision counter measure known as “light interference filter” to prohibited countries & facilities.4 • Other countries involved– United Kingdom, Singapore, and Japan as middle-men. Reference 4: Statement of U.S. Attorney, DOJ, 27 March 2007

ITT Night Vision Case • Motivation--outsourcing of manufacturing of night vision goggles to PRC to reduce its costs & enhance its profit • Violations--Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C 2778)5, International Traffic in Arms Regulation (22 CFR 127.7),5 and provided false & misleading information during investigations • ITT new CEO, Mr. Loranger ordered internal investigation and fully cooperated with government investigations 11 Reference 5: ITT Corporation, Federal Register, 11 April 2007

ITT Night Vision Case • March 2001 and August 2001 • ITT export defense-related technology to countries without a license or written authorization from the U.S. Department of State • Night vision goggles are on the U.S. Munitions List; require a license or authorization before export6 Reference 6: Consulate General of the United States, March 27, 2007

ITT Night Case • April 2000 and October 2004 • ITT excluded facts from the Arms Exports Required Reports • Reports were misleading • Was company aware of missing information? Yes.6 Reference 6: Consulate General of the United States, March 27, 2007

Parties Involved • Department of Justice • Filed charges against ITT Corporation • DOJ filed charges due to Export Violations of night vision data • The position of the DOJ in filing these charges: “The sensitive night vision technology…is sought by our enemies and our allies alike.” • The technology must be protected Reference 6: Consulate General of the United States, March 27, 2007

Parties Involved • US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and Defense Criminal Investigative Services (DCIS) • Were the investigators in the case against the ITT Corporation • The ICE position in the case: “These violations among the most serious of crimes.” • The DCIS position: “American security and its critical military technology are not for sale.” Reference 6: Consulate General of the United States, March 27, 2007

ITT Case Settlement • ITT paid $100M in fines & penalties ($20M to Department of State, $2M as statutory fine, $28M to law enforcement agencies, $50M for R&D as restitution to American soldiers) • ITT pays for an independent monitor and staff in compliance with the agreement & federal law

Foreign Trade Policy Issues • National security (export control) versus open trade & economic/technology development • Regulation & enforcement involved several agencies, Department of State, Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, and Department of Homeland Security • Determination of military critical technologies

The Critical Foreign Trade Issue • Exportation of sensitive technology without a license or written authorization by the U.S. Department of State • “jeopardizes our national security and the safety of our military men and women on the battlefield.” – Asst. Attorney General Kenneth Weinstein, DOJ. • Illegal exporting of sensitive technology and data “threatens our national security in the most direct way.” – Daniel F. Wilkins, Acting Director of the NCIS Reference 6: Consulate General of the United States, March 27, 2007

Critical Issues: The Consequences • Compromise and disclosure of U.S. military critical technologies to adversaries • Information and technology could help terrorists to launch an attack and/or counter attack Bottom Line: U.S. might lose it’s military superiority & capabilities

Policy Proposal • The regulations on arms export must be strongly enforced • The military critical technologies should be tightly safeguarded • The National Security Policy would negatively impact the global free trade and technology transfer

Policy Proposal • The regulations on arms export must be strongly enforced • If companies such as ITT are allowed to violate U.S. trade policy and FINSA, our technology could enter the wrong hands • Example: U.S. equipment found in photos of an Iranian nuclear facility

Policy Proposal • The military critical technologies should be tightly safeguarded • Violations of FINSA and U.S. Trade policy can put our own citizens in danger at home and abroad • This can make the government take protectionist measures with both foes and allies • It could harm trade relations and cause tariffs and other sanctions to take place • These sanctions could cause increases in cost for creation and innovation of critical technologies

Policy Proposal • Ultimately, the National Security Policy would negatively impact the global trade and technology transfer • The protectionist measures could spill into international economics in other sectors • International relations with allies could become strained due to lack of trust for security purposes

Pro and Con of Policy Proposal • National security versus free trade & economic/technology development • Adam Smith: “defense is more important than opulence.”7 • Willett & Jalalighajar: “trade restrictions implemented in the name of national security is the result of protectionist pressures and unwise foreign policy strategies.”8 Reference 7: Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1937, p.431 Reference 8: Tomas Willett and Mehrdad Jalalighajar, “U.S. Trade policy and National Security,” CATO Journal, 1983, p. 717-727

References 1. Statement of U.S. Attorney John Brownlee on the Guilty Plea of ITT Corporation for Illegally Transferring Classified and Export Controlled Night Vision Technology to Foreign Countries, U.S. Department of Justice, 27 March 2007 2. Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007, H.R. 556, 4 January 2007 3. http://pmddtc.state.gov/regulations_laws/itar.html 4. http://www.access.gpo.gov/bis/ear/ear_data.html 5. Statutory Debarment of ITT Corporation Pursuant to the Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, Federal Register, 11 April 2007 6. Consulate General of the United States – Hong Kong and Macau http://hongkong.usconsulate.gov/uscn_others_2007032701.html 7. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1937 8. Tomas Willett and Mehrdad Jalalighajar, “U.S. Trade Policy and National Security,” CATO Journal, 1983, p. 717-727 25

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