history of volleyball essay pdf

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History of volleyball: From humble beginnings to a global sport

Originally called mintonette, the origin of volleyball can be traced back to 1895 in Massachusetts, USA. It was created by American William G. Morgan.

For a sport that has been around for over a century, the origin of volleyball traces its roots to a rather humble beginning.

History has it that William G. Morgan, who invented the game of volleyball in 1895, came up with the idea so that people who found basketball’s ‘bumping’ or ‘jolting’ too strenuous could have an alternative physical activity to fall back on.

William G. Morgan, who served as the physical director at the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) Holyoke, Massachusetts, looked at the sports around and picked the aspects that he thought suited his brief the best.

The ball came from baske`tball, the net from tennis and the use of hands from handball. While this made up a game of volleyball, it was lent some competitive tone with the introduction of innings - later to be called sets - that was borrowed from baseball.

Morgan introduced the sport -- called mintonette, the original name of volleyball -- at the YMCA Physical Director's Conference a year later at Springfield College, Massachusetts.

"In search of an appropriate game, tennis occurred to me, but this required rackets, balls, a net and other equipment, so it was eliminated, but the idea of a net seemed a good one," Morgan explained. "We raised [the net] to a height of... just above the head of an average man. We needed a ball and among those we tried was a basketball bladder, but this was too light and too slow. We therefore tried the basketball itself, which was too big and too heavy.”

A new specially designed ball, which was lighter and smaller, was introduced in 1900.

Though it was incomplete with no fixed rules and a format to follow, the sport did enough to win over the delegation and soon became a part of YMCA’s wide network throughout the USA with a new name - volley ball (initially it was termed as two words). Volleyball was officially selected to spell as a single word in 1952.

A sport that traced its origin to basketball, baseball, tennis and handball - and now estimated to be played by over 800 million globally - had thus been established.

Development of volleyball

The coming years saw rules for the game being drawn up as volleyball continued to bank on YMCA’s popularity to go global.

With YMCA societies playing prominent roles in regions like India , China, Europe, South America and Africa, volleyball would soon spread in these regions.

It was in Asia that it gathered steam. By 1913, the growth of the game in the continent was evident as that year saw it being included in the first Far-Eastern Games, organised in Manila.

It was not until 1900 that a specially designed lighter and smaller ball was devised, which opened up a new array of tactical and technical possibilities for the sport.

Rules for playing volleyball kept establishing over the years; points per set changed from 21 to 15 points in 1917, in the following year the number of players per team was set at six and so on.

A few years later, a new offensive way of playing the game — including what we now call setting and spiking — emerged in the Philippines. It was to be called ‘bomba’ or ‘Filipino bomb’, taking a cue from the pace at which the ball landed in the opposition’s court.

The new tactic also meant the rules of volleyball were further refined and standardised, including the scoring system and the rule stipulating a maximum of three hits per team.

However, all through this period, volleyball was largely restricted to only a few regions. Though there were a few national championships in different countries, none had a fixed set of rules as it varied from region to region.

But all this would change in 1947.

International governing body of volleyball

April 1947 saw the establishment of the Federation Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB).

Representatives from 14 nations - Belgium, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, France, the Netherlands, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Uruguay, the USA and Yugoslavia - met in Paris under the leadership of France’s Paul Libaud to set up the association that would govern volleyball at the international level.

Libaud assumed the role of FIVB's first president, a position he held on to till 1984. The first volleyball World Championships for men was held in 1949 in Prague and in 1952 for women in Moscow.

FIVB has since grown into becoming one of the biggest sporting organisations in the world with 222 affiliated bodies.

While the World Championships continues to be the mega attraction for the game, the FIVB has added events like the FIVB World League, the FIVB World Grand Prix, the FIVB World Cup and the FIVB Grand Champions Cup to its roster over the years, apart from eventually becoming an Olympic sport.

Volleyball at the Olympics

With an international body to look after the sport and its growing popularity, indoor volleyball was granted Olympic status in 1957 by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

Volleyball made its Olympic debut at the Tokyo 1964 Games.

Brazil, the erstwhile Soviet Union and Italy have bagged the most medals in men's Olympic volleyball (six each), with the South American team leading the honours with their three golds and three silvers.

Among the women’s teams, six countries have won the Olympic gold medal in volleyball with the Soviet Union leading the overall medals tally with six (four golds and two silvers).

Japan and the Soviet Union played each of the first four gold medal matches at the Summer Olympics from 1964 to 1980.

Japan won the first-ever final on home soil at Tokyo 1964 while the Soviet Union pipped them to win gold at the 1968 Games and Munich in 1972. Japan then picked their second gold medal at Montreal 1976.

The Soviet Union added two more gold medals to their tally with their volleyball players emerging with victories at Moscow 1980 and Seoul 1988, while China won the first of its two-three medals at Los Angeles 1984 and the second at Athens 2004.

Cuba won three straight golds at Barcelona 1992, Atlanta 1996 and Sydney 2000 while the Brazilian women’s volleyball team became just the third team to win back-to-back golds in the discipline, doing so at Beijing 2008 and London 2012.

The United States is the reigning women’s volleyball Olympic champions, having beaten Brazil in the final at Tokyo 2020.

While only six teams played in the women’s category in the 1964 edition of the Games, that number doubled by 1988 and has remained so ever since.

Volleyball on the beach

Like its expanded version, even though beach volleyball too can trace its roots back to America, the sport had to wait a bit longer to get into the conscience of a larger community.

Beach volleyball was included in the Olympic programme for the Atlanta Games in 1996, a move that helped take the global reach and popularity of the sport to a new level.

The United States of America, the country from which volleyball originated from, has dominated this event at the Olympics, winning a total of seven gold, two silver and two bronze medals (men and women) so far.

Their Olympic bow was followed by the inaugural FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships in 1997.

The event is hosted every alternate year and Brazil has been the most successful country at this event winning a total of 12 gold medals (men and women) so far.

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Home — Essay Samples — Life — Volleyball — The History Of Volleyball

The History of Volleyball

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Words: 553 |

Published: Apr 29, 2022

Words: 553 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Works Cited:

• Herrera, H. (1983). Frida: A Biography of Frida Kahlo. HarperCollins.
• Zamora, M. (2018). The Art of Frida Kahlo : A Psychoanalytic Interpretation. Routledge.
• Kahlo, F., & Zamora, M. (2005). The Diary of Frida Kahlo: An Intimate Self-Portrait. Harry N. Abrams.
• Aridjis, H. (1993). Frida Kahlo, The Eye of the Storm. Chronicle Books.
• Souter, G. (2014). Frida Kahlo: Beneath the Mirror. Sterling.
• Zamora, M. (2014). Frida Kahlo: The Brush of Anguish. Thames & Hudson.
• Fabiny, T. (2019). Frida Kahlo: Artist, Painter, Icon. Prestel Publishing.
• Herrera, H. (2017). Frida Kahlo: The Gisèle Freund Photographs. Abrams.
• Wolf, J. (2003). Frida. Miramax Books.
• Gannit Ankori. (1999). Imaging Her Selves: Frida Kahlo's Poetics of Identity and Fragmentation. Westview Press.

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A Secret History of Volleyball by

ii A "secret history " considers the global authorship of volleyball beyond the standard history of a single inventor and obliterates assumptions of the inferior creativity of colonized, Asian, queer, and/or indigenous subjects. Volleyball is both ubiquitous and yet mostly relegated to mere footnotes in the histories of American team sport, a reflection of its status as an "insurgent " game hiding in plain sight. This dissertation examines the interfaces among colonizing evangelical sporting traditions of the Young Men’s Christian Association, military doctrine, and indigenous creative resistances that helped to drive volleyball's evolution beyond purely masculinist narratives of team sport. iii Acknowledgements This dissertation, and for that matter my discovery of the vibrant intellectual community at the University of Illinois could not have been possible without the guidance and encouragement of my advisor Professor CL Cole and her partner/thesis whisper...

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History of Volleyball

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The sport originated in the United States, and is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports.

Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players worldwide who play volleyball at least once a week.

In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called, Mintonette ). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man’s head.

During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps “volleyball” would be a more descriptive name for the sport. On July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of “volleyball” was played.

• 1895: William G. Morgan (1870-1942) created the game of volleyball but called the game Mintonette .
• 1896: The first exhibition match of volleyball is played at Springfield College (called International YMCA Training school in 1896).
• 1900: A special ball was designed for the sport.
• 1916: In the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike ) were introduced.
• 1917: The game was changed from 21 to 15 points.
• 1920s: There are unconfirmed whispers of men’s teams playing on the beach in Hawaii, but most accounts place the sport’s origin in Santa Monica, California where the first Volleyball courts are put up on the beach at the Playground. Families play 6 vs. 6.
• 1920: Three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.
• 1922: The first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams from 11 states were represented.
• 1928: It became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.
• 1930s: The first two-man beach volleyball game is played in Santa Monica, California.
• 1934: The approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.
• 1937: At the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball Association as the official National Governing Body (NGB) in the U.S.
• 1947: The Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded.
• 1948: The first two-man beach tournament was held.
• 1949: The initial World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
• 1964: Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.
• 1965: The California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.
• 1974: The World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.
• 1975: The U.S. National Women’s team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA in 1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985).
• 1976: First professional beach volleyball tournament was called the Olympia World Championship of Beach Volleyball. It took place at Will Rogers State Beach during late summer in 1976.
• 1977: The U.S. National Men’s team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981).
• 1983: The Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.
• 1984: The U.S. won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The Men won the Gold, and the Women the Silver.
• 1986: The Women’s Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.
• 1988: The U.S. Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics in Korea.
• 1989: The FIVB Sports Aid Program was created.
• 1990: The World League was created.
• 1992: The U.S. Women’s Volleyball team wins Bronze at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain.
• 1995: The sport of Volleyball was 100 years old! This Web site – Volleyball.Com goes live!
• 1996: 2-person Beach Volleyball debuted as an Olympic sport.
• 1997: Dain Blanton (with Canyon Ceman) becomes the first African-American professional beach volleyball player to win a tournament on the Miller Lite/AVP Tour.
• 1998: For the first time in the FIVB World Tour, men and women players are rewarded at the same level with $170,000 in total prize money per Open event.
• 1999: For the first time beach volleyball was included in the Pan American Games which were held in Canada.
• 2000: Olympic Beach Volleyball Men’s Gold medallists: Eric Fomoimoana & Dain Blanton (USA). The women’s Beach Volleyball America (BVA) announces their inaugural season of play.
• 2001: Christopher “Sinjin” Smith plays the final match of his impressive career, a 21-19 and 24-22 loss with George Roumain to Dax Holdren and Todd Rogers in the 4th round of the contender’s bracket at the AVP Manhattan Beach Open. Sinjin retires as the leader in tournaments played with 416, 2nd in all-time victories with 139, and 4th in all-time winnings with over US$1.6 million earned.
• 2002: Beach volleyball court dimensions reduced to 8m x 8m per side.
• 2003: Karch Kiraly becomes the first player to earn US$3M in prize money and oldest player to win an AVP tournament at age 42 years, 9 months and 14 days. (You’re never too old for volleyball!)
• 2004: U.S. Women’s team Kerri Walsh and Misty May Win the Gold medal in the Women’s Olympic Beach Volleyball Title in Athens, Greece.
• 2005: Olympic gold medalists Kerri Walsh and Misty May-Treanor win their second Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) Open women’s title and the 2005 overall women’s championship.
• 2006: Elaine Youngs’ second place finish (with Rachel Wacholder) in Seaside Heights pushes her career earnings past $1 million. She becomes the third American woman to achieve that mark.
• 2006: In Seaside Heights, both Casey Jennings (with Matt Fuerbringer) and Kerri Walsh (with Misty May-Treanor) won titles, becoming just the second husband-wife duo to win pro beach events on the same weekend. They join Mike and Patty Dodd, who accomplished the feat four times in 1989, but each time in different locations.
• 2006: Kerri Walsh and Misty May-Treanor win in Chicago as Walsh joins the millionaire club. She is the 18th person worldwide to win over $1 million in her career, and did so in fewer events (90th tournament) as well as being one of just four to reach the mark before turning 28 years old.
• 2007: Misty May-Treanor passes Brazilians Adriana Behar and Shelda Bede as the most winning player since the women’s competition on the international beach volleyball circuit began in 1992.
• 2007: Misty May-Treanor becomes the women’s all-time wins leader by capturing her 73rd victory, surpassing Holly McPeak’s record by winning with Kerri Walsh in Hermosa Beach. She reached this total in just 123 tournaments — winning 57.5% of her events.
• 2007: In a championship match that lasted 1:41, Nicole Branagh and Elaine Youngs defeat Jennifer Boss and April Ross 21-19, 18-21, 16-14 in Seaside Heights. The marathon set the record for the longest match in rally scoring, men or women, in domestic or international play.
• 2007: Karch Kiraly retires to close an impressive career on the beach, leaving as the all-time wins leader and money earner. His longevity was marked by the fact he won a tournament in 24 different years, and he advanced to the semifinals in over 75% of all the events he ever played and was named as the AVP’s MVP a record-most six times.
• 2008: Hot Winter Nights, a series of 19 events in January and February, kicks off in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma marking the first ever indoor beach volleyball tour. Mark Williams and Nancy Mason are the first winners in the “King of the Beach format” events.
• 2008: The U.S. Women’s Volleyball team wins Silver at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China.
• 2008: U.S. Women’s Beach Volleyball team Misty May-Treanor and Kerri Walsh take the Gold medal in Volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. China placed in both Silver and Bronze categories. U.S. Beach Volleyball’s Men’s team Phil Dalhausser and Todd Rodgers also took the Gold in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. Brazil men’s teams placed in both Bronze and Silver categories.
• 2012: The U.S. Women’s Volleyball team wins Silver at the 2012 Olympic Games in London.
• 2012: U.S. Women’s team Misty May-Treanor and Kerri Walsh-Jennings return to the Summer games in London to successfully defend their Gold medal wins of 2008 and 2004 and become the only Women’s team in the sport’s history to ever win three consecutive Olympic Gold medals. Jennifer Kessey and April Ross of the United States win the Silver medal the same year.
• 2016: The U.S. Women’s Volleyball Team qualifies to play at the Summer Olympics in Rio.
• 2016: Today, people all over the world play volleyball. Research shows volleyball is one of the top 3 most popular sports for women to play in high school. However, people of all ages find enjoyment in recreational volleyball, as its’ popularity continues to grow.
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• 1. History Of Volleyball Essay Crafting an essay on the history of volleyball can present both challenges and opportunities for exploration. On one hand, the vast expanse of the sport's timeline offers a rich tapestry of events, innovations, and influential figures. However, navigating through this extensive history requires a careful balance between depth and conciseness. Researching the origins, evolution, and global spread of volleyball demands a comprehensive understanding of its historical context. Sorting through various sources, including archival records, academic articles, and firsthand accounts, is essential. The challenge lies in synthesizing these diverse perspectives into a cohesive narrative that captures the essence of volleyball's journey. The essay must strike a balance between chronological accuracy and thematic coherence. It's important to trace the sport's development across different regions and cultures while highlighting pivotal moments and rule changes. This requires a nuanced approach to storytelling, ensuring that each section contributes to a broader understanding of the game's historical significance. Moreover, addressing the social, cultural, and political influences on volleyball's trajectory adds another layer of complexity. Analyzing how the sport mirrored or diverged from societal changes requires a keen eye for detail and a knack for drawing insightful connections. Additionally, the writer must consider the target audience and purpose of the essay. Tailoring the level of detail and complexity to engage both enthusiasts and those new to the subject is a delicate task. It's crucial to maintain a coherent narrative flow while avoiding unnecessary jargon or overly simplistic explanations. In conclusion, delving into the history of volleyball for an essay is a challenging yet rewarding endeavor. Navigating through the vast array of historical events, cultural influences, and technical nuances demands meticulous research and a thoughtful approach to storytelling. The final product should not only inform but also inspire an appreciation for the rich tapestry of volleyball's past. For assistance with similar essays or any academic writing needs, one can explore resources like HelpWriting.net, where professional writers can provide expert guidance and support tailored to specific requirements.

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The 2024 NCAA DIII men's volleyball championship selections were announced on April 15 . First round action began on April 19 and the tournament will run through the finals on April 26 & 28 at the Athletic Wellness Center in Dubuque, Iowa. 

Last year, Stevens Institute (35-3) won the 2023 championship  with a 3-1 victory over North Central (IL).

➡️ Live stream: Watch every DIII men's volleyball match here  

2024 DIII men's volleyball championship bracket:

Click or tap here for the bracket in .pdf form

2024 DIII men's volleyball championship schedule:

Semifinals — friday, april 26.

*All times ET 

• Stevens vs. Cal Lutheran | 6 p.m. | Athletic Wellness Center
• Vassar vs. NYU | 8:30 p.m. | Athletic Wellness Center

Finals — Sunday, April 28

• National championship | 3 p.m. | Athletic Wellness Center

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First round — Friday, April 19

• Stevens 3,  Hiram 0 
• Vassar 3,  Nichols 1 
• Southern Virginia 3, St. Joseph's (L.I.) 0
• Loras 3, Trine 2
• Juniata 3, Springfield 2
• Wentworth 3,  Lancaster Bible 0
• NYU 3,  Baruch 0
• Cal Lutheran 3,  Dominican (IL) 1

Second round — Saturday, April 20

• Stevens 3 , Juniata 1
• Vassar 3,  Wentworth 2
• NYU 3, Southern Va. 2
• Cal Lutheran 3, Loras 2

2024 DIII men's volleyball championship history

Since the inaugural DIII men's volleyball tournament in 2012, the championship has been held every year, except for 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Springfield has a record five national titles, winning all but two of the first seven tournaments. 

Check out the complete year-by-year results below:

NCAA Men's Volleyball Committee announces championship selections

2024 NCAA men's volleyball championship: Bracket, schedule, how to watch

NCAA Division III Men's Volleyball Committee selects 2024 championship bracket

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Iran’s Attacks Bring Long Shadow War With Israel Into the Open

The volley of drones and missiles was the first time that Tehran directly attacked Israel from its own territory, one expert said.

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By Cassandra Vinograd

• Published April 14, 2024 Updated April 18, 2024

Follow live updates on Israeli military strikes in Iran.

For decades, Israel and Iran have fought a shadow war across the Middle East , trading attacks by land, sea, air and in cyberspace. The barrage of drones and missiles Iran launched at Israel on Saturday — though nearly all were shot down or intercepted — represented a watershed in the conflict.

It was the first time that Iran directly attacked Israel from its own territory, according to Ahron Bregman, a political scientist and expert in Middle East security issues at King’s College in London, who called it a “historic event.”

Iran has largely used foreign proxies such as Lebanon’s Hezbollah militia to strike Israeli interests, while targeted assassinations of Iranian military leaders and nuclear scientists have been a key part of Israel’s strategy. Here is a recent history of the conflict:

August 2019: An Israeli airstrike killed two Iranian-trained militants in Syria, a drone set off a blast near a Hezbollah office in Lebanon and an airstrike in Qaim, Iraq, killed a commander of an Iran-backed Iraqi militia. Israel accused Iran at the time of trying to establish an overland arms-supply line through Iraq and northern Syria to Lebanon, and analysts said the strikes were aimed at stopping Iran and signaling to its proxies that Israel would not tolerate a fleet of smart missiles on its borders.

January 2020: Israel greeted with satisfaction the assassination of Maj. Gen. Qassim Suleimani , the commander of the foreign-facing arm of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, in an American drone strike in Baghdad.

Iran hit back by attacking two bases in Iraq that housed American troops with a barrage of missiles, wounding about 100 U.S. military personnel .

2021-22: In July 2021, an oil tanker managed by an Israeli-owned shipping company was attacked off the coast of Oman, killing two crew members, according to the company and three Israeli officials. Two of the officials said that the attack appeared to have been carried out by Iranian drones.

Iran did not explicitly claim or deny responsibility, but a state-owned television channel described the episode as a response to an Israeli strike in Syria.

In November 2021, Israel killed Iran’s top nuclear scientist, Mohsen Fakhrizadeh , and followed up with the assassination of a Revolutionary Guards commander, Col. Sayad Khodayee , in May 2022.

December 2023: After Israel’s bombardment of Gaza began in response to the Oct. 7 Hamas-led assault, Iranian-backed militias stepped up their own attacks . And late last year, Iran accused Israel of killing a high-level military figure, Brig. Gen. Sayyed Razi Mousavi , in a missile strike in Syria.

A senior adviser to the Revolutionary Guards, General Mousavi was described as having been a close associate of General Suleimani and was said to have helped oversee the shipment of arms to Hezbollah. Israel, adopting its customary stance, declined to comment directly on whether it was behind General Mousavi’s death.

January 2024: An explosion in a suburb of Beirut, Lebanon, killed Saleh al-Arouri , a Hamas leader, along with two commanders from that group’s armed wing, the first assassination of a top Hamas official outside the West Bank and Gaza in recent years. Officials from Hamas, Lebanon and the United States ascribed the blast to Israel , which did not publicly confirm involvement.

Hezbollah, which receives major support from Iran, stepped up its assaults on Israel after Mr. al-Arouri’s death. Israel’s military hit back at Hezbollah in Lebanon, killing several of the group’s commanders .

March and April: An Israeli drone strike hit a car in southern Lebanon, killing at least one person. Israel’s military said it had killed the deputy commander of Hezbollah’s rocket and missile unit. Hezbollah acknowledged the death of a man, Ali Abdulhassan Naim, but did not provide further details.

The same day, airstrikes killed soldiers near Aleppo, northern Syria, in what appeared to be one of the heaviest Israeli attacks in the country in years. The strikes killed 36 Syrian soldiers, seven Hezbollah fighters and a Syrian from a pro-Iran militia, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a British-based group that tracks Syria’s civil war.

Israel’s military did not claim responsibility. But the country’s defense minister, Yoav Gallant, wrote on social media, “We will pursue Hezbollah every place it operates and we will expand the pressure and the pace of the attacks.”

Three days later, strikes on an Iranian Embassy building in Damascus killed three top Iranian commanders and four officers, an attack Iran blamed on Israel.

Matthew Mpoke Bigg contributed reporting.