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Theses & Dissertations: Environmental Health, Occupational Health, and Toxicology

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

Nitrous Oxide Exposure in the Workplace: A Study of Pediatric Dental Clinics in Saudi Arabia , Badr Alhemayyed

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Grip Characterization of Protective Gloves , Doris Burns

A systematic literature review of the prevalence, distribution, exposure, and human health risks of tire microplastics and the contribution of their physicochemically diverse properties , Luke Glastad

Hepatocyte-Hepatic Stellate Cell Axis in Potentiation of Alcohol and HIV-Induced Liver Injury , Moses O. New-Aaron

Agrichemicals (Nitrate and Atrazine) In Drinking Water and Adverse Health Outcomes in Children in Nebraska , Balkissa S. Ouattara

Environmental exposures and human health challenges: Evidence-based insights from health surveillance systems , Jagadeesh Puvvula

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Investigation of Environmental Lead Exposures in Children at A Midwestern City with Superfund Site , Zijian Qin

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Modulation of Estrogen Metabolism and Prevention of Pathologies , Bodhisattwa Mondal

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Hearing Loss and Hearing Protection Use Among Midwestern Farmers , Josie J. Ehlers

An Assessment of Preparations Made in the United States for Highly Hazardous Communicable Diseases Following the 2014-2016 Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic , Jocelyn J. Herstein

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Organizational Effects of Defeminizing Toxicants: Lessons Learned From an Environmental Sentinel Organism, The Fathead Minnow. , Jonathan Ali

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Aldehyde Adducts and Lung Injury , Muna Sapkota

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Postural Responses to Perturbations of the Vestibular System During Walking in Healthy Young and Older Adults , Jung Hung Chien

Risk factors for agricultural injury : an evaluation using systematic review and injury surveillance , Rohan Mahadeo Jadhav

Risk Factors for Agricultural Injury: An Evaluation Using Systematic Review and Injury Surveillance , Rohan Mahadeo Jadhav

Occupational exposure to isoflurane anesthetic gas in the research environment , Andrea R. Mulvenon

Community, environmental, and occupational health risks associated with fossil fuel energy production , Mark A. Shepherd

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Functional and proteomic study of KIAA1199 in breast cancer , Hong Peng

Characterization of 3-Dehydroquinate Dehydratase from Francisella tularensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Scott Reiling

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Perception and production of complex movement variability , Joshua Lewis Haworth

Quantifying stride-to-stride fluctuations in amputee gait: implications for improved rehabilitation , Shane R. Wurdeman

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release by human lung fibroblasts through TGF-beta/Smad3 pathway , Maha Farid

Quantitative proteomics and its application in studying the functions of microrna-155 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma , Xin Huang

Biomarkers for organophosphorus agent exposure , Wei Jiang

Exposure to tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate as a possible explanation of aerotoxic syndrome , Mariya Sergeyevna Liyasova

Reducing the impact of distraction using augmented feedback on robot-assisted surgical skills training , Irene H. Suh

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Protein drug delivery using block ionomer complexes , Andrea Rose Mulvenon

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) on the chemosensitivity of mantle cell lymphoma to agents that induce DNA strand breaks , Radha M. Golla

Evaluation of the mode of action and human relevance of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonist-induced hemangiosarcomas in mice , Satoko Kakiuchi-Kiyota

Reaction of human albumin with aspirin in vitro : mass spectrometric identification of acetylated amino acids , Mariya Sergeyevna Liyasova

Risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma and drinking water contaminants in Nebraska : atrazine and nitrate , Martha Grace Rhoades

Endocrine disruption in agriculturally-intense Nebraska watersheds , Marlo K. Sellin

Association of estrogen metabolism and risk of breast or prostate cancer or non-hodgkin lymphoma : detection of novel biomarkers from case-control studies , Li Yang

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

The XRCC1 Arg399GIn polymorphism in breast cancer , Mohamed Fouad Irbrahim Ali

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

Critical role of estrogen metabolizing enzymes in breast cancer initiation via a direct genotoxic mechanism , Fang Lu

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Indian J Occup Environ Med
v.26(2); Apr-Jun 2022

A Study of the Effectiveness of Workplace Health and Safety Programmes in a University Setting in Canada

Zakia hoque.

Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada

Veeresh Gadag

Atanu sarkar, introduction:.

Nearly a quarter-million people work in universities in Canada, making it one of the fastest-growing sectors. Although each university provides occupational health and safety services and training programmes to their employees, there have been no studies conducted on the impact of such programmes on employees’ knowledge, attitude and behaviour. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of dissemination of information of workplace health and safety programmes to workers at a Canadian university.

The study compared two cross-sectional online surveys of employees of a Canadian university regarding workplace health and safety with a previously conducted cross-sectional study and thematic analysis of key informant interviews to address the issues raised in the surveys.

Participation in health and safety presentations could enhance understanding and practices of safety. Age, employment status and duration of employment were associated with the levels of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of employees and graduate students. The key informant interviews highlighted some new initiatives such as the establishment of workplace health and safety committees in all university buildings; the development of a safety app and health and safety management system; routine annual inspections of all university building offices and laboratories; new orientation for undergraduate students where general safety rules are described.

Discussion:

University should have regular presentations on the available health and safety programmes and should increase the number of safety training programmes and keep track of the employees that have not received any training, particularly for those working in hazardous environments.

I NTRODUCTION

The labour force in the university sector in Canada is large and has considerable occupational diversity. According to Statistics Canada, out of 17 million-member workforce, 1.3 million (8%) are in educational services, and almost 20% of these individuals (~250,000) work in various universities.[ 1 ] The 2016 census shows that educational services in Canada had the fourth-highest rate of growth and more than half of this increase was in universities.[ 2 ] The working environment in universities is highly diverse, as there are a wide range of disciplines involving teaching, research, administration and maintenance. Due to this multifaceted working environment in the universities, employees encounter various types of occupational health risks. Despite the complexity of occupational risks, little has been written about occupational health and safety programmes of the university employment sector.[ 3 ]

In Canada, workers are covered by provincial or federal labour codes, depending on the sectors in which they work. While workers in mining, transportation, and the federal government are covered by the Canada Labor Codes, other workers such as employees of universities are covered by provincial health and safety legislation.[ 4 ]

Venables and Allender (2007) described the occupational health services in 93 universities in the UK by drawing on data from surveys carried out in 2002, 2003 and 2004. Most survey responses were received from universities and in-house services. The surveys requested self-completed information on occupational health services from each university. The results indicated that 50% of the universities had an in-house health service, 32% relied on a contractor, 9% used the campus student health service, and a further 9% had an ad hoc arrangement or no arrangement. On average, the service was poor, as usually only one half-day doctor with one full-time nurse and a part-time clerk were available to provide service. The wide variation among universities in staffing levels suggested that some universities might have less-adequate services than others.[ 3 ] A study examining the safety concerns of faculty members of a university campus in USA (Alabama) showed that women faculty members took more personal safety precautions than men and felt more strongly about the need for the improvement of safety features on campus. A 160-item questionnaire was distributed to the faculty members asking about socio-demographic information, daily campus activities, personal safety protection taken while on campus, awareness and attitudes about safety on campus, and reported cases of victimization on campus. A few months later, the authors examined the safety awareness of male and female staff members in the same university using the same questionnaire. The results indicated that although female staff members reported more regarding acts of violence against them than male staff members, there was not much difference in their attitudes towards improving safety features on campus. Faculty and staff members identified that they like to use avoidance strategies such as walking with a friend or using objects as a weapon rather than contacting campus security.[ 5 ]

All Canadian universities have Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) or similar departments through which Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) services are provided. All the universities follow a similar practice such as a) having health and safety committees on the campus, b) promoting health and safety and providing risk management services, c) conducting regular workplace inspections and reviewing incident investigative reports, e) creating annual reports about incidents, lessons learned, and providing recommendations to senior administrators, and e) organizing health and safety information session for the employees. The EHS unit mainly offers training on fire safety, first aid, laboratory safety, biosafety, X-ray safety, radiation and laser safety, WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System), contractor safety, respiratory protection, ergonomics, hazardous waste management and disposal and also provides health and safety committee representative training.[ 6 ]

Despite the existence of occupational health and safety programmes in various Canadian universities, recorded evaluation of such programmes is sparse. Considering the large workforces in universities and their unabated positive growth, it is crucial to evaluate the existing occupational health and safety programmes in Canadian university settings. The aims of this study were: a) to evaluate the effectiveness of health and safety programmes through well-designed surveys of faculty members, staff and graduate students of a Canadian university (Memorial University of Newfoundland or MUN); and b) to conduct a key informant interview of the officials of MUN responsible for the operation of the health and safety unit to address the issues raised in the surveys.

In 2013, MUN contracted a third-party consultant to conduct an impartial assessment of the safety culture at the university. The consulting group was asked to do a complete assessment of the current state of health and safety programmes offered by MUN through the Office of the Chief Risk Officer and to identify gaps in the programme. The consulting group surveyed about 10% of the permanent employees of MUN in 2013 and produced a report in 2014. The Office of the Chief Risk Officer called the report a ‘Gap Analysis (GA) survey’. In 2015, to address the identified gaps and to increase awareness about the health and safety programmes, the Office of the Chief Risk Officer organized several health and safety presentations for MUN employees. We sought to examine if these presentations had any effect on the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of the employees and graduate students at MUN and if their level of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour are sustainable over time. As a result, in consultation with the EHS Unit in 2016, we administered two identical online surveys to employees and graduate students at MUN. The purpose of the first survey was to answer the following research questions:

Has there been any significant improvement in the perception of the workplace health and safety of MUN employees since 2013 when the survey on gap analysis in safety culture was conducted?
Do knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the health and safety of MUN employees differ with respect to demographic variables?
Is there any significant difference in the perception of safety practices between those who attended the health and safety presentations and those who did not attend these presentations?

The purpose of the second survey (using the same questionnaires of the first survey) was to assess the retention of health and safety knowledge over the period of 6 months. The intent of conducting the surveys was to gain insight into important factors that could make MUN's health and safety programmes more effective. The study also intended to explore the responses of the officials to the issues raised in the surveys.

We used a mixed-methods approach by collecting, analysing and integrating quantitative (surveys) and qualitative (interviews) data to gain in-depth understanding and corroboration while offsetting the weaknesses inherent in using each approach by itself.[ 7 , 8 , 9 ] Approval from the ethics committee was obtained. The date of the approval 23rd August 2016.

Survey participants

The survey participants in the two surveys that we conducted, included graduate students/researchers, faculty members and staff, as they work for the MUN as employees. As the surveys were anonymous, the second survey was sent to the same entire population and not to only the respondents of the first survey. This allowed us to compare the results with those of the independent surveys to determine if there are any changes in the knowledge level of the employees on health and safety-related information.

Survey design

Two identical online surveys of MUN employees were conducted between 1) October 19, 2016 and November 30, 2016, and 2) April 10, 2017 and June 10, 2017. The purpose of the first survey was to gauge the level of uptake of the information on health and safety, disseminated by the EHS Unit to the MUN Community through their safety workshops in 2015–2016 as well as through their broader reach-out mechanisms. Further, we wanted to study the effect of the knowledge about health and safety on the attitudes and behaviour of the employees and graduate students at MUN. The second survey was conducted six months after the first survey. It targeted the same population and followed the same methodology as the first survey and aimed to understand the retention of knowledge over time and whether the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of the employees changed over time.

Our survey was developed based on input from the EHS unit. Some questions were based on questions from the GA survey with the intent of comparing the results. We also adopted some questions from the survey questionnaire of the study ‘Montana Tech Campus Safety, Security and Safety Awareness Survey’ conducted by Kristine Witt in 2011 at Montana Tech University, USA.[ 10 ] We conducted a pilot survey of some faculty members, staff and graduate students to ensure the readability, clarity, and organization of the survey questionnaire. We sent e-mails to all faculty and departments of MUN's main campus in St. John's and affiliated Grenfell campus in Corner Brooke, detailing the nature of the survey and provided a web-link (Survey Monkey ® ) to access the survey. The questionnaire with the references is presented in a supplementary file (S1) . At the beginning of the survey, online consent was obtained. The survey instrument was prepared to capture the awareness, attitudes and behaviour of employees and graduate students toward health and safety programmes offered by MUN. The questions were divided into three groups: 1. Knowledge (refers to the awareness and perception of the participants related to health and safety); 2. Attitudes (collects information on the viewpoints and beliefs of the participants about occupational health and safety); and 3. Behaviour (collects information on participants’ day-to-day safety practices/protocols at the workplace).[ 11 ] Questions 7-18, 21, 22, 25, 29, 31 and 40 were designed to test the knowledge of the participants regarding occupational health and safety; questions 19–20, 26–27 were combined to assess their attitudes; and questions 28, 30, 32, 34, 36 and 41 were grouped under behavioural questions (please refer to the questionnaire in supplementary file S1 ). The last few questions were on the perceptions of the participants about safety in specific areas on the campuses.

In the knowledge group, there are 18 questions. For each question, we assigned a score of 1 for the answer “No” and a score of 2 for the answer “Yes”. We added the scores of these 18 questions, which ranged from 18 to 36. We divided this range of responses into halves, 18–27 representing lower score and 28–36 representing higher score, following the procedure described in.[ 12 , 13 ] we used a similar procedure with four questions representing attitudes and six questions representing behaviour groups. The purpose of creating these categories was to test for the association between the levels of the knowledge, attitude, and behaviour of the participants among themselves and with the demographic variables, using frequency analysis technique.

In order to compare with the GA survey, we selected only the Yes/No-type questions (similar to the GA survey) and divided them into three broad themes: i) Environmental Health and Safety Office-related questions, ii) Faculty/Building-related questions, and iii) Department/Division-related questions.

Key informant interviews (KII)

After completing the cross-sectional surveys, we conducted KII with eight officials who have been responsible for the development and implementation of health and safety programmes at MUN. Among them, five officials were from the Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) unit, two officials were from the Workplace Health and Safety Committee (WHSC) and one official was from Facilities Management (FM). The interviews were recorded in writing. A thematic content analysis approach was used for data analysis. Each transcript was reviewed and coded to identify key emerging themes. We then compared the coding of the transcripts. The first question of the interview is about the initiatives taken by the EHS unit to raise awareness about health and safety among MUN employees after 2013. For further analysis, we divided the rest of the questions into three groups. The first group is about knowledge and awareness of safety policies. Questions 2–6, 12 are included in this group. Questions 7–10 are in the group on laboratory safety and workplace hazards. Questions 11, and 13–15 are in the group of MUN facilities and services (please refer to the questionnaire in supplementary file S2 ). The primary motivation of the KII was to collect further information related to the survey questionnaire and to find answers to some of the comments made by the participants in the surveys. Therefore, some questions asked in the KII were based on the outcomes of the survey results.

Data analysis

Apart from descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests were conducted for correlation and P - value less than 0.05 was considered significant. For data analysis, SPSS (version 24) was used. For a detailed statistical analysis, please refer to the supplementary file (S3) .

In the first and second surveys, 148 and 103 valid independent respondents were identified, respectively. Table 1 shows demographic information of survey 1 and survey 2 participants. There was an increase in the level of the participants’ knowledge/awareness about MUN's health and safety policies, when compared to GA survey (please see detailed findings in Supplementary file (S4) ). There was an increase in the level of awareness among the employees about the presence of the EHS unit at MUN and improved communication with the Health and Safety Committee compared to GA results. On the other hand, there were lower levels of knowledge about MUN's working alone procedures, and about AED (automated external defibrillator) locations. In all three surveys, the participants demonstrated little familiarity with the OHS Act.

Demographic characteristics of the university worker participants

We have observed some association between demographic variables and knowledge, attitudes and behaviour (safety practices) of employees regarding health and safety programmes. Table 2 presents the association between the knowledge level score and demographics of the employees. In the first survey, there are associations between ‘the level of health and safety knowledge of the participants’ and their (a) ‘attendance at the safety presentations’ ( P < 0.05), b) ‘employment status’ i.e., faculty/staff/graduate student ( P < 0.05) and c) ‘age’ ( P < 0.05). For a detailed statistical analysis, please refer to supplementary file (S3) [Tables # S3.3.1 , S3.3.2 , S3.3.3 ]. In the second survey, there are associations between: ‘the level of health and safety knowledge’ and (a) ‘employment status’ ( P < 0.05), b) ‘age’ ( P < 0.05), and c) ‘duration of employment’ ( P < 0.05). For a detailed statistical analysis, please refer to supplementary file (S3) [Tables # S3.3.4 , S3.3.5 , S3.3.6 ].

Cross-tabulation between demographics and Knowledge level score

* Low score: 18-27; High score: 28-36; α significant for survey 1, β significant for survey 2

Table 3 presents the attitude level score and demographics of the participants. In the first survey, there are associations between ‘the level of attitude towards safety’ and: a) ‘employment status’ a) ( P < 0.05), and b) ‘age’ ( P < 0.05). In the second survey, no association was found between any of the demographic information and attitude towards safety. Please refer to Supplementary file S3 for a detailed statistical analysis [Tables # S3.4.1 , S3.4.2 ].

Cross-tabulation between demographics and attitude level and behaviour level scores

α significant for survey 1, β significant for survey 2

Table 4 also presents the association between ‘the behaviour (safety practice) level score’ and ‘demographic variables’ of the participants. In the first survey, there are associations between ‘behaviour level score’ and: a) ‘attendance at the safety presentation’ ( P < 0.05), and b) ‘employment status’ ( P < 0.05). In the second survey, there is an association between ‘attendance of the safety presentation’ and ‘behaviour level score’ related to health and safety ( P < 0.05). Please refer to Supplementary file S3 for a detailed statistical analysis [Tables # S3.5.1 , S3.5.2 , S3.5.3 ].

Laboratory safety related responses from different groups (in percentage)

In our two surveys, we observed that those who attended safety presentations had a better level of safety practices than those who did not attend the safety presentations. Overall, there is no significant difference in the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of the employees and graduate students between the two surveys. In Tables Tables2 2 and and3, 3 , the Chi square test results indicate that the levels of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of the employees and graduate students have not changed much over the period of six months.

The only change we observed is a decrease in the knowledge of graduate students and researchers regarding laboratory safety in the second survey [ Table 4 ]. In both surveys, the participants reported that some places on the campus are safe [ Table 4 ]. In the first survey, 70% of the faculty/staff reported that they felt safe in the campus labs, and 51% of graduate students/researchers reported that they felt safe in the campus labs. Compared to the first survey, the difference in knowledge regarding lab safety between faculty/staff/administrators and graduate students/researchers decreased in the second survey (Please refer to Table 5 for the results). It can, therefore, be stated that the graduate students/researchers need more awareness sessions and training on laboratory safety.

Group wise health and safety ratings of different on-campus areas (except laboratories) (in percentage)

For KII, five officials from the Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) unit of MUN, two officials were from the Workplace Health and Safety Committee (WHSC) and one official was from Facilities Management (FM). During the interviews, the participants from the EHS unit highlighted several initiatives undertaken by their unit since the release of 2013 Gap Analysis (GA) results. Some important recent initiatives undertaken by EHS were: (a) Five to seven safety campus-wide presentations were organized, some of which were geared towards senior management and WHSC members; (b) MUN restructured 27 WHSCs on its campuses to provide adequate safety services and to meet the legislated requirements of CCOHS and the University OHS Act and Regulations. Each of the 27 WHSCs covered few buildings on campus; (c) In 2014, MUN implemented electronic safety reporting system (e-alert) (d) MUN Safe App was introduced in 2016; (e) Inspections of all university building offices and 350 laboratories are being conducted annually; (f) Orientation sessions for new undergraduate students each year are being organized, where general safety rules are described; (g) Established a chemical management system for labs; and (h) Created annual water sampling procedure for drinking water safety. The participants from WHSCs also mentioned some initiatives undertaken by the EHS unit such as (a) an increase in the participation of representatives from the EHS Unit to sit on the WHSC meetings and (b) more frequent laboratory inspections. The participant from FM mentioned some initiatives such as maintaining a good database to track the expiry date of the employee training; and more engagement in the weekly Toolbox Talks to discuss potential hazard assessment.

Most of the KII participants mentioned that the graduate students’ supervisors are responsible for providing information to the students on laboratory safety rules and whom to call first in the event of an incident/accident. They placed the responsibility for providing laboratory safety equipment on the Department Heads. The participants emphasized budget and manpower as the main bottlenecks for addressing workplace hazards in a timely manner. There were some suggestions from the KII participants to improve health and safety at MUN such as (i) making attendance of safety presentations mandatory and included as part of the new employee and student orientation packages, (ii) demonstrating the AED in every building, (iii) encouraging all university members to install the MUN Safe App on their phones, and (iv) constantly improving app on a regular basis.

D ISCUSSION

The survey results indicate that there are significant associations between: a) ‘attendance at the safety presentation’ and ‘participant's health and safety knowledge’, b) ‘level of attitude’ and ‘behaviour levels’, c) ‘employment status’ and ‘participant's knowledge level on health and safety’, d) ‘participant's age’ and 'safety knowledge level’, and e) ‘length of service’ and ‘participants’ level of knowledge on health and safety. In our two surveys, we observed that those who attended safety presentations had much better understanding and practices of health and safety than those who did not attend. It is clear from the results that there should be more emphasis on dissemination of the activities of the EHS unit to a larger number of MUN employees and students on a regular basis. The results of the cross-sectional surveys (our two surveys and the GA survey) show consistency in the three survey results. As presented in Table 2 , the respondents increased their awareness about the presence of the EHS unit at MUN and improved their (respondents) communication with the Health and Safety Committee over time. On the other hand, we identified some issues that need to be addressed such as less familiarity with MUN's working alone procedures, AED locations, and OHS Act. The dissemination of information on the OHS Act needs improvement, as this is the basis of all health and safety-related regulations, responsibilities, and rights.

Health and safety programmes should be evaluated periodically to ensure that best practices are being followed on a regular basis. Programme Evaluation always helps the institute to update guidelines as necessary, and to address areas of need or concern in the institute. In some of the previous studies, periodical evaluations were conducted to investigate any change or improvement in population health. Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in1990 and in 1998 in Copenhagen, Denmark to investigate whether the prevalence of skin-prick-test (SPT)-positive allergic rhinitis had increased in an adult general population in Copenhagen, Denmark. A screening questionnaire on respiratory symptoms was distributed in random samples of 15–41-year-old people in 1990 and in 1998. Among the responders, random samples were invited to a health examination including SPT.[ 14 ] Two International Studies on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) - questionnaires based surveys were carried out in 1994 and in 2001 among school children in Singapore to evaluate the hypothesis that the prevalence of asthma would further increase and approach to western figures over time.[ 15 ] A questionnaire-based survey was conducted in 1973 among 12 years old children in South Wales, Britain. In 1988, the survey was repeated in the same area among 12 years old children to again to observe whether the prevalence of asthma had increased.[ 16 ] Frequency of prescribed drugs use was assessed by a sample of elderly people 65 years and over in Nottingham in 1985 and 1989. The aim was to observe the change in numbers in the use of prescribed drugs.[ 17 ] Though in our study, we do not observe any significant difference overall in the knowledge, attitude, and behaviour of the employees between the two surveys, we observe a significant decrease in the knowledge regarding laboratory safety in the second survey. Our study is therefore, successful to investigate the change in perceptions of the employees regarding workplace health and safety over time.

This study used a mixed-methods approach as such a method allows for a more robust analysis.[ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ] We conducted online surveys as online survey can easily obtain large sample, it can control answer order, it required completion of answers, and online survey can ensure that respondents answer only the questions that pertain specifically to them.[ 18 ] Through the quantitative online survey analysis of MUN employees and graduate students, we learned of their perceptions regarding MUN's workplace health and safety programmes. These perceptions are a one-sided view of the survey participants, and quantitative survey analysis does not provide a detailed explanation of several issues. Through the KIIs, we collected further information related to health and safety programmes at MUN and clarified some of the issues raised by the participants in the surveys. Such as, the KII participants clarified that the graduate students’ supervisors are responsible for providing information to the students on laboratory safety rules and whom to call first in the event of an incident/accident; the Department Heads are responsibility for providing laboratory safety equipment; and budget and manpower are the two main bottlenecks for addressing workplace hazards in a timely manner. The KII participants also mentioned some recent beneficial initiatives such as, the arrangement of five to seven safety presentations campus-wide, restructuring of the WHS and EHS committees, the implementation of an electronic safety reporting system and the MUN Safe App, new orientation for undergraduate students where general safety rules are described, and development of the Health and Safety Management System. There had been a gap in understanding about health and safety matters between the employees and MUN health and safety officials. The qualitative analysis of the KII has filled this gap.

Our study is the first of this kind in the context of Health and Safety Program evaluation in Canadian university. Our study focused on the level of uptake of the information on health and safety disseminated by the university EHS unit through their safety presentations and workshops. We have also studied the effect of employee's and graduate student's knowledge about health and safety programmes at MUN on levels of their attitudes and behaviours. In addition, we have conducted KII interviews of the officials who are engaged in developing workplace health and safety programmes at MUN. As a result, improvements in the health and safety programmes have been planned by university officials. This is the practical implication of this study as the KII participants suggested some future procedures to improve health and safety at MUN such as making attending safety presentations mandatory for all employees and students; demonstrating the AED in every building; and encouraging all university residents to install the MUN Safe App on their phones.

There were some limitations of our study. The sample sizes of the surveys were small as participation was voluntary, and there was no incentive for participating in the surveys. The survey participants were not equally distributed across the disciplines, as the numbers of respondents from some faculties were much higher (Engineering faculty) than the number of respondents from other faculties (Arts and Education faculties). The survey data were anonymous, so our assertion on sustenance of the perceptions of the health and safety of respondents over the six-month period of time is not stronger.

In future surveys, undergraduate students should be included, as they are also exposed to similar risks as graduate students, and they outnumber graduate students. There is a sizable workforce involved in post-secondary university institutions in Canada, and this sector is growing. Varying ranges of working environments in the universities expose employees to multiple occupational risks. Safety training in a university is often not mandatory, and the survey analysis clearly indicates that there is need to increase the level of uptake on the information on health and safety programmes of university by employees and graduate students. Therefore, the universities should increase the number of safety training programmes and keep track of the employees that have not received training, particularly for those working in hazardous environments. Assured provision of financial resources is the key to maintaining a safe work environment and practices.

Key Messages

Universities should make safety training mandatory for all employees and graduate students. Therefore, there is a need to increase the number of training sessions to accommodate all eligible persons. Also, the universities should keep track of the employees and students that have not received training, particularly for those working in hazardous working conditions. The universities have to set aside financial resources for such regular trainings.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Associate Director of the EHS Unit of the Office of the Chief Risk Officer, Memorial University, Ms. Barbara Battcock, for her valuable suggestions throughout the survey. We would also like to thank all the anonymous participants who volunteered for the surveys and for the key informant interviews.

Supplementary File S1

Memorial University-Workplace Health and Safety Survey .

1. Did you attend the Safety-Presentation provided by Environmental Health and Safety Unit at Memorial University?

[ ] I don’t remember.

2. Employment Status

[ ]Faculty.

[ ]Researcher/Graduate student.

[ ]Administrator.

4. Which faculty/office do you belong to?

[ ] Medicine

[ ]Pharmacy

[ ]Engineering

[ ]Business

[ ]Education

[ ]Administrative office

[ ]Other (Please specify)

5. In which age group do you fall?

[ ] Less than 30

[ ] 60 or more

6. How long have you been on the Campus as an employee?

[ ] less than 5 years

[ ] 5-9 years.

[ ] 10 -14 years

[ ] 15-19 years

[ ] 20-24 years

[ ] 25 years or more

7. Are you aware of the presence of the Environmental Health and Safety Unit at Memorial University? (GA Survey, 2013)

8. Are you aware of Workplace Health and Safety Committees (WHSC- formerly known as Occupational Health and Safety Committees) of the building you work in? (GA Survey, 2013)

9. Does the WHSC in your building communicate with you? (GA Survey, 2013)

10. Do you read newsletters, brochures, bulletins, etc., relating to health and safety e-mailed by Environmental Health and Safety Unit? (GA Survey, 2013)

[ ] I don’t receive any of them.

11. Were you informed about the Occupational Health and Safety Act? (GA Survey, 2013)

12 Do you know where to report a safety concern, a safety hazard or accident? (GA Survey, 2013)

13 Do you know your role in the event of an emergency? (GA Survey, 2013)

14) Do you know the campus emergency telephone number? (GA Survey, 2013)

15. Do you know the shortest exit route from your work area (s)? (GA Survey, 2013)

16. Do you know whom you call first if you get injured at work? (GA Survey, 2013)

17. Are you aware that there are Automated External Defibrillators (AED) available in campus buildings? (GA Survey, 2013)

18. Do you know where the AEDs are located in the buildings you work? (GA Survey, 2013)

19. If AED training is made available through MUN, would you be interested in participating in the training? (GA Survey, 2013)

[ ] I am already trained in using AED.

20. In your experience, do you think that safety is a priority within your department/division/faculty/office? (GA Survey, 2013)

21. Do you understand your responsibilities for your and your colleagues’ health and safety? (GA Survey, 2013)

22. Are you familiar with MUN's health and safety policies? (GA Survey, 2013)

23. Please rate how safe you feel in the following areas on campus. (Montana Tech Safety Awareness Survey, 2011).

Please elaborate on any other particular areas you feel unsafe.

24. What precautions do you think you should take to increase your safety on campus? (Check all that apply). (Montana Tech Safety Awareness Survey, 2011).

i) Carry a cellular phone.
ii) Let others know where I will be.
iii Take safety- training classes.
iv Other, please specify.

25. Are you aware of Memorial's online reporting system for the health and safety issues/concerns? (GA Survey, 2013)

26. Do you report unsafe acts/conditions if you see them? (GA Survey, 2013)

’Toolbox Talks’ is the name of a meeting, which gives opportunity to Memorial University workers, supervisors and Department Heads a means of communicating health, safety and environmental initiatives as well as accident/incident ‘Lessons learned’ and expressing concerns, obtaining information, and resolving issues related to safety in the workplace.

27. Are toolbox talks/safety meetings relevant to your task? (GA Survey, 2013)

[ ] I do not know.

28. Have you participated in a toolbox talk/safety meeting? (GA Survey, 2013)

29. Are you aware of MUN's working alone procedures? (GA Survey, 2013)

30. Do you work after hours at least some times? (GA Survey, 2013)

31. Are you aware of MUN's safety escort service? (GA Survey, 2013)

32. Do you work at a lab or visit one frequently?

33. Please rate the following regarding laboratories on campus.

34. Is safety discussed in your workplace? (GA Survey, 2013)

35. Were you provided information/training on the safe use and maintenance of tools and equipment necessary for your job? (GA Survey, 2013)

36. Have you requested specific safety training appropriate to your position? (GA Survey, 2013)

37. Were you informed about the hazardous materials that are present in your workplace? (GA Survey, 2013)

For the purpose of this survey a hazard is defined as: ‘Any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone under certain conditions at work’.

38. How many hazards have you identified in your work place in the last one year.

0 1 2 3 4 or more.

In the above question if your answer is 1 or more than 1 go to question 34 or else go to question 35.

39. How many of them have been corrected in a timely manner?

40. Are Employees given feedback on accidents that occur in your workplace? (GA Survey, 2013)

41. Do you have any concerns regarding your safety and/or security in your faculty or department?

If you answered yes please specify.

42. Which of the following do you think MUN should provide to help increase the safety of the campus community? (Check all that apply). (Montana Tech Safety Awareness Survey, 2011)

Improve safety escort service.
More emergency call boxes.
Additional lighting.
More security guards.
More safety presentations.
Self-defence classes.
Other, please specify

Supplementary File S2

Key Informant Interview Questions

Q1. After the 2013 Gap Analysis survey on safety culture, can you recall any additional initiatives that EHS Unit has initiated to create awareness on health and safety among MUN employees?

Q2. In the surveys less than 50% respondents (first survey 46.6%, second survey 40.8%) notified that they had participated in the safety presentation/workshop in 2015. Is this level of participation satisfactory? If not what additional steps can be taken to reach out to more people at MUN?

Q3. The survey results indicate that, the graduate students and researchers have low level of knowledge/awareness on occupational health and safety programmes compared to the faculty and staff. Knowing that the graduate students and researchers are more exposed group to different safety critical scenarios,

i Does this appear as a concern?
ii How do you think the safety awareness of graduate students and researchers can be improved?

Q4. In the surveys less than 65% of the participants know whom to call first if they get injured at work. Is this level of awareness acceptable? What are the current mechanisms to educate researchers/employees about this information? How do you think this information can be disseminated more effectively?

Q5. The respondents have suggested to improve communication and implementation of the policies and to provide more auditing of safety policies by EHS department to ensure compliance, do you have a similar observation? Is there any continuing effort to improve this concern?

Q6. The surveys indicate that, among the people who said Tool Box Talk is relevant to them, the level of participation in toolbox talk decreased over time. Does your observation support this finding? If so, what can be done to increase the participation?

Q7. The survey analysis indicates that, the graduate students and researchers need more training on eyewash station and safety shower, can you explain the current mechanisms for training graduate students on these basic safety practices? Do you see any way to improve the provision of training and increase the level of participation?

Q8. The respondents suggested to install more flammable gas detectors and improve the splash proof safety goggles. In your opinion are the units/labs equipped with adequate gas detectors and splash proof safety goggles?

Q9. The respondents commented on shortage of lab space and shortage of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment).

i) Is there any continuing effort to create more lab space?
ii) Who is normally responsible to provide the PPE to the researchers/graduate students? How can one address the shortage of PPE in labs at MUN?

Q10. In the surveys over 50% of the respondents mentioned that, none of the hazards at their workplaces had been addressed in a timely manner.

(i) What are the current practices for reporting, follow-up and correction of hazards?
(ii) Do you see any bottleneck in the addressing the hazards in a timely fashion?

Q11. The survey results show that over 70% of the respondents want to participate in AED training. Is there any continuing effort to provide AED training to the employees and students at MUN?

Q12. The surveys indicate that a significant portion of the employees is not aware of MUN's working alone procedure though most of the employees are working after hours at the office. Is this a concern? If so what can be done to increase awareness on working alone procedure among the employees?

Q13. The participants have suggested repair of walkways and parking lots and removal of thick layer of ice from the parking lots to prevent slips and falls. Does this come under the purview of EHS Unit? If yes how can one address this issue?

Q14. Many respondents showed their concern about the design and usage of MUN Safe App. Is there a continuing effort to improve the App and make it user friendly?

Q15. In the surveys many of the participants have suggested the improvement of the on-campus safety escort service. How is the current safety escort service implemented and what additional steps can be taken to improve it?

Supplementary File S3

Table s3.3.1.

Chi-Square Tests for table 3

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 14.02, * p-value < 0.05 considered significant

Table S3.3.2

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 6.89

Table S3.3.3

Chi-Square Tests for Table 3

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 17.08

Table S3.3.4

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 6.67

Table S3.3.5

Chi Square Tests for Table 3

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 12.53

Table S3.3.6

a. 1cells (25.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3.67

Table S3.4.1

Chi-Square Tests for table 4

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 8.71

Table S3.4.2

Chi-Square Tests for Table 4

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 21.79

Table S3.5.1

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 14.75

Table S3.5.2

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 6.94

Table S3.5.3

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 8.87

Supplementary File S4

Comparison of surveys

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Digital Commons @ USF > College of Public Health > Public Health Practice > Theses and Dissertations

Public Health Theses and Dissertations

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Etiology of sterile intra-amniotic inflammation: An exploratory study , Zoe M. Taylor

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Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Exploring Adult Attachment in Intimate Relationships among Women who Were Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence in Childhood: A Convergent Mixed Methods Approach , Ngozichukwuka C. Agu

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Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

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Occupational Sharps Injuries in Medical Trainees at the University of South Florida: A Follow-up Study , Kourtni L. Starkey

Particles in Welding Fumes , Rebecca T. Williams

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The Effects of Maternal Folate on Fetal Brain and Body Size among Smoking Mothers , Korede K. Adegoke

The Influence of Tropical Forests and Climate Change on the Fates of Select Organic Pollutants in a Jamaican Watershed , Kayon Barrett

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UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

An assessment of hotel guests’ perceptions of preventive safety measures in the era of covid-19.

Un Hyeok Ko Follow

Degree Type

Degree name.

Master of Science (MS)

William F. Harrah College of Hospitality

First Committee Member

Mehmet Erdem

Second Committee Member

Third committee member, fourth committee member.

Fatma Nasoz

Number of Pages

In the era of COVID-19, hospitality was one of the industries that was most severely impacted by the virus. Spread of the virus was rapid enough to force hotels to close properties worldwide, and hotels were required to adopt safety measures and protocols in order to re-open or remain open. New types of measures, some never seen before the pandemic, were created and implemented throughout the hotel industry.

The main purpose of this study is to assess guests' perception of preventive safety initiatives and measures in the era of COVID-19 and to determine their level of satisfaction with such measures. This study comprehensively reviewed the previous literature with respect to the similar past cases of health and safety crises in the hospitality industry. A total of 42 hotel pandemic safety measures were identified and compiled into a master list and grouped into four stages of the guest cycle: pre-arrival, arrival, occupancy, and departure. Using the list of measures, a survey was carried out to examine hotel guests’ perceived importance and performance of the listed measures. The Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) technique was adopted to analyze the survey results. The study provided managerial suggestions on resource and effort allocations based on the results of the IPA analysis.

A total of 310 usable responses were collected, and the findings suggested majority of safety measures in the “pre-arrival” stage required more concentration. A lot of distinct technology related safety measures were introduced in the “occupancy” stage, but the majority of them were perceived to be “low priority” by guests. It was also found that many guests have concerns about staying at a hotel during the pandemic, and they were dissatisfied with hotels’ performance on informing guests about updated information regarding COVID-19. Major findings and practical implication on the hospitality industry were further discussed.

corona; covid-19; disaster; ipa; risk; safety

Disciplines

Business Administration, Management, and Operations

File Format

Degree grantor.

University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Repository Citation

Ko, Un Hyeok, "An Assessment of Hotel Guests’ Perceptions of Preventive Safety Measures in the Era of COVID-19" (2021). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones . 4252. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/26341186

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Environment Health and Safety'

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Addy, Naa Adoley. "Aviation : the new order (deregulation, the environment, health, safety and security." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32791.

Farmer, Ruan Alexander. "Improving occupational health and safety in a petrochemical environment through culture change / R.A. Farmer." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4444.

Didla, Shama. "Influence of leadership and safety climate on employee safety compliance and citizenship behaviours." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25498.

Newbury, Brian. "Integrated health, safety and environmental management systems." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2000. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/integrated-health-safety-and-environmental-management-systems(6a947bb5-bda0-4466-9cb6-f02ad514cb9a).html.

True, Richard A. "Safety in the Educational Environment: Rural District Administrator Perceptions of School Safety in Northeast Tennessee Public Schools." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3839.

Mikkelsen, Hans Tore. "Framework Factors with Critical Influence on Safety, Health and Environment in the Mining Industry." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for geologi og bergteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-17664.

Chikono, Nathan Nomore. "Leadership Practices that Improve the Workplace Safety Environment." Thesis, Walden University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10259015.

Inadequate leadership is the reason workplace accidents in the mining industry remain high, making the industry one of the most hazardous operational activities in the world. Unsafe leadership practices may result in death or injury to workers. A group of 30 mining company leaders from 3 gold mines in Zimbabwe revealed an exception to these hazardous practices, however, notable through their outstanding safety improvement records. To better understand what these practitioners were doing, this multicase study research design explored their strategies to improve the workplace safety environment in the mines. Data were collected using audio-recorded semistructured interviews and document analyses. Shewhart’s plan-do-check-act conceptual framework anchored the study. Data analysis followed the thematic data analytic approach involving classification, coding, and interpretation to identify common themes. The following themes emerged: planning and organizing, leading, and risk management. The findings indicate that the business leaders created a safe work environment by planning the work to be performed; how the task would be executed; and when, where, and who performed the task. The results of study also indicate that leaders designed the work environment, trained, empowered, and equipped employees with the relevant skills, and provided appropriate technology and personal protective equipment to improve workplace safety. Finally, the research findings indicate that leaders embedded risk management principles and practices in every process or activity, and continuously learned from each event to create a safe work environment. The findings promote social change by encouraging safe behavior and risk-based thinking and practices in the workforce and the community.

Hassan, Syed Ahmed. "Health, safety and environmental practices in the construction sector of Pakistan." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-183327.

Weatherford, Barbara H. "Patient Safety: A Multi-Climate Approach to the Nursing Work Environment: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2011. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsn_diss/20.

Ali, Mohammad Wijayanuddin bin. "Development of risk assessment framework for major accident hazards to the environment." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267203.

Tedestedt, Ronny. "An Occupational Health and Safety Conversation : The Swedish and New Zealand Perspective." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik, didaktik och utbildningsstudier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-216211.

Lilley, Rebbecca Catherine, and n/a. "The development of an occupational health and safety surveillance tool for New Zealand workers." University of Otago. Dunedin School of Medicine, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20071011.112802.

Reiner, Monika. "Safety, health, environment and quality framework for small and medium-sized entreprises in the Durban area." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19404.

Grainger, Peter. "Personal exposure to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields from sources in the home and external environment." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341538.

Ferguson, Cynthia Tara. "Interpersonal Safety of Active Duty Women in the Deployed Environment of Bagram Afghanistan." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/261.

Burns, Calvin George. "The role of trust in safety culture." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2004. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=165707.

Nihlén, Fahlquist Jessica. "Moral responsibility and the ethics of traffic safety." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4670.

Ahmed, Giuma A. A. "Development of a health safety and environment (HSE) performance review. Methodology for the oil and gas industry in Libya." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/12461.

Nadig, Ragava. "Development of environmental health and safety database for small communities." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2113.

Mobli, Nasim, and Pillamari Prasad Ramlubhai. "Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace : A study on Emotional Intelligence in Workers’ Occupational Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) in the workplace." Thesis, Jönköping University, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-50384.

Johnson, Jeffrey Allen. "Miami University Internship as Interim Director Environmental Health & Safety Offices." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1484159642586789.

Ahmed, Giuma Alarbi Abulgasem. "Development of a health safety and environment (HSE) performance review : methodology for the oil and gas industry in Libya." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/12461.

Alhashimi, Waddah S. M. A. G. "Environment, Health & Safety (EHS) Leadership and Governance in High Risk Organisations: Exploring Perspectives from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Region." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14743.

Kaliher, Thomas L. "Improve safety, health, and environmental protection through the introduction of Six Sigma." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003kalihert.pdf.

Elzey, Sherrie Renee. "Applications and physicochemical characterization of nanomaterials in environmental, health, and safety studies." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/494.

Anderson, Helene M. "Effective Communication and Teamwork Improve Patient Safety." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4196.

Goodfellow, Faith Juliet Lydiard. "Environmental management of chemical incidents : improving the public health response." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368612.

Sevilla-Zeigen, Nicole. "A Grounded Theory Approach to Healthy Work Environment| Its Impact on Nurses, Patient Safety, and Significance in Healthcare Settings." Thesis, University of San Diego, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10193644.

A healthy working environment has been an area of interest for occupation health providers. There is anticipation that a safe working environment improves patient safety, which is associated with reduction in clinical nurse errors. Issues with medication errors and poor working environment pose a greater risk to patient safety. The aim of this qualitative study was to provide a broad understanding on nurses’ perceptions on the processes that influence a healthy working environment and the impacts of a healthy working environment on patient safety. An interpretive grounded theory methodology was used in this study to evaluate nurses’ perceptions in acute care settings. The study was carried out in a large city of Southern California and the participants consisted of a community-based purposive population of registered nurses (RNs) in a telemetry. A total of 10 participants with three years working experience in surgical units were recruited and tiered scheduled approach was used for the analysis and refinement of interview questions. The participants were all female registered nurses with three years working experience in acute care settings. The majority of the nurses had a bachelor’s degree (44%), masters degree (22%) and 11 % had associate degree. Grounded theory method was used to identify the relevant themes from the interview responses. The transcripts revealed nurses’ perceptions on the process that facilitate a healthy working environment and HWE impacts on patient safety. The findings of the study showed that communication, teamwork and collaboration within healthcare environment are the most important factors for the development of a healthy working environment. The findings also showed the influence of a health care working environment on medication errors. Nurses reported that lack of communication, nurse shortages and micromanagement increases the chances of medical errors. Nurses reported that effective communication with the nurse leaders, managers and patients provide a stress-free working environment that result in a better care for patients. Enough nursing staff s well as teamwork and collaboration also influences patient safety.

Renfrew, Donald Iain. "Software modelling of a QUENSH management system." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327455.

Bågfeldt, Ted. "Middle manager's work for occupational health and safety in the shipping industry." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105560.

Kolundzija-Rainbird, Olivera Posarac. "Influences on child respiratory health in Belgrade, with particular reference to air pollution." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338304.

Gouveia, Nelson Da Cruz. "Air pollution and health effects in Sao Paulo, Brazil : a time series analysis." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1998. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1620625/.

Côté, Christine. "A chilling effect? : the impact of international investment agreements on national regulatory autonomy in the areas of health, safety and the environment." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/897/.

Sillars, Dawn. "Balancing Act: Female Surgeons Adaptations to the Operating Environment." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1546611638366225.

Garvin, Theresa Dawn. "Evidence, policy and practice in environmental health : an international case study of sun safety /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0033/NQ66209.pdf.

Turunen, H. (Hanna). "Analysis of health, safety, environmental and quality management in a network of port operators." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2014. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201402121085.

Cheema, Mahmood A. (Mahmood Ahmad). "Environmental health, risk analysis and safety aspects of nuclear magnetic resonance and spectroscopy systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129503.

Nesbitt, Jeffrey C. "Development of a systematic process to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental health and safety training at XYZ Medical Center." Online version, 2004. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2004/2004nesbittj.pdf.

Cherni, Judith A. "The contradictions of economic growth : environmental pollution, ill-health and economic development in Houston, Texas." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1469/.

Olsson, Johannah. "From safety code to safety in operations : A qualitative study of safety management within five companies operating in the Swedish shipping industry." Thesis, KTH, Ergonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284671.

Reynolds, Tiffany L. "Analysis of Occupational Safety Practices across Regional Campuses at Ohio University." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1398849131.

Guros, Frankie. "Thinking About Work at Home: Implications for Safety at Work." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2624.

Abdulkhaleq, Sania Mohammed Saleh. "Association between Work-Related Safety and Work-Related Injuries among Home Health Care Providers." Thesis, Walden University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10746442.

Home care nurses (HCNs) have reported a high rate of exposure to work-related injuries (WRIs). Nurses are challenged by the multidimensional problems associated with home care safety. These contextual risk factors increase the physical and social health problems of health care workers and of community suffering as a whole. This quantitative, cross-sectional study was designed to examine the relationship between the organization-related factors (ORFs) and the environment-related factors (ERFs) and their influences on safety behaviors (SBs) and the WRIs of HCNs. The PRECEDE framework was used to guide the study. Self-reported data were obtained from 74 home health care (HHC) nurses using the Safety Home Care Nursing questionnaire. A linear regression model was applied to determine the nature of the association between the independent variables and dependents variables. Findings showed the ORFs demonstrate a stronger effect on the SBs than the impact of the ERFs. The management commitment and the home-based care significantly affected the SBs. The supervisory support and safety access to a client's home were decreasing the WRIs. Therefore, the integration of efforts: The management and leadership of the health organization, the health care providers, and the clients’ family would improve safety of HHC. This study is expected to help develop safety strategies for home care and thus attempt to minimize WRIs among HCNs. Nurses free of injuries are able to provide a quality of care and improve patients’ health outcomes that in turn have an effect on reducing community suffering and financial costs.

Simon, Philippe 1964. "Long-term integrated sampling to characterize airborne volatile organic compounds in indoor and outdoor environments." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34455.

Barros, Aluisio Jardim Dornellas. "Health risks among young child day care centre attenders : the role of day care centre characteristics in common childhood illnesses." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244727.

Raybould, Simon. "Environmental correlates of childhood leukaemia in Tyne and Wear." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329172.

Awaragi, Pierre. "Overcoming delays and enhancing subjective comfort in virtual environments." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0015/MQ55017.pdf.

Persson, Anders J. "Ethical problems in work and working environment contexts." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Infrastructure, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1741.

This thesis identifies and systematizes two categories ofpractical problems that stem from work and working environmentcontexts: workplace privacy and occupational health risks. Thefocus of the discussion is on ethical justification. Do we havereason to accept a certain level of (potential) harm toemployees by virtue of the fact that they are employees, and ifso, under what circumstances? The thesis consists of a briefintroduction and three essays.

In Essay I, it is argued that employees have a prima facieright to privacy, but that this right can be overridden bycompeting moral principles that follow, explicitly orimplicitly, from the contract of employment. Three types ofjustification are specified: those that refer to the employer'sinterests, those that refer to the interests of the employee,and those that refer to the interests of third parties. A setof ethical criteria is developed and used in the subsequentessay to determine the moral status of infringement ofworkplace privacy.

In Essay II, these criteria are applied to three broadcategories of intrusive workplace practices: (1) monitoring andsurveillance, (2) genetic testing, and (3) drug testing.Scenarios are used to show that such practical ethical problemscan be handled systematically using proposed guidelines. It isalso shown that some practices are dubious and at least some ofthem can be replaced by less intrusive means of ensuring thedesired outcome, for instance efficiency or safety in aworkplace.

Essay III deals with the fact that health and safetystandards for employees are less protective than those thatapply to the public. Emphasis is put on the distinction betweenexposure and risk, and this distinction is claimed to be a keyfactor in the relevance of arguments in favour of such doublestandards. The analysis of 'double standards' for public andoccupational exposure to risk aims to show that a justificationof such standards is closely linked to two separate types ofissues, namely empirical and normative issues. It is claimedthat this kind of differentiation seems to be supported neitherby a reasonable conception of the contract of employment nor byany obvious ethical principle that is applicable to workplacesor work situations in general.

Key words: Contract of employment, double standards,drug testing, ethics, ethical justification, exposure, genetictesting, health and safety standards, privacy, surveillance,risks, work, work environment

Allen, Andre Ramon. "A Technical Communication Internship at The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1102077601.

Barrett, Maxwell Jude. "A regulatory critique of European social policy with special reference to the Third Action Programme on workplace safety, health and hygiene 1987-1992." Thesis, University of Salford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308115.

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Bachelor's thesis Published Spring 2019 Number of pages 28 pages, 1 appendix Title of publication Occupational safety and health Case: Norstat Finland Oy Name of Degree Bachelor of International Business Abstract This thesis was recommended to the author by the case company Norstat Finland Oy.
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In the era of COVID-19, hospitality was one of the industries that was most severely impacted by the virus. Spread of the virus was rapid enough to force hotels to close properties worldwide, and hotels were required to adopt safety measures and protocols in order to re-open or remain open. New types of measures, some never seen before the pandemic, were created and implemented throughout the ...
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Author Corner

A Study of the Effectiveness of Workplace Health and Safety Programmes in a University Setting in Canada

Veeresh Gadag

Discussion:

I NTRODUCTION

Survey participants

Survey design

Key informant interviews (KII)

Data analysis

D ISCUSSION

Key Messages

Financial support and sponsorship

Acknowledgements

Supplementary File S1

Supplementary File S2

Supplementary File S3

Table S3.3.2

Table S3.3.3

Table S3.3.4

Table S3.3.5

Table S3.3.6

Table S3.4.1

Table S3.4.2

Table S3.5.1

Table S3.5.2

Table S3.5.3

Supplementary File S4

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