Example: Factorial design applied in optimisation technique.
To meet the ethical considerations, you need to ensure that.
Collect the data by using suitable data collection according to your experiment’s requirement, such as observations, case studies , surveys , interviews , questionnaires, etc. Analyse the obtained information.
Write the report of your research. Present, conclude, and explain the outcomes of your study .
What is the first step in conducting an experimental research.
The first step in conducting experimental research is to define your research question or hypothesis. Clearly outline the purpose and expectations of your experiment to guide the entire research process.
A dependent variable is one that completely depends on another variable, mostly the independent one.
Level of measurement in statistics is a classification that describes the values assigned to different variables and the relationship of these variables with each other.
Interval data is a type of discrete data that can be calculated along a scale where every point is placed at an equal interval from another, just as the name explains itself.
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Since school days’ students perform scientific experiments that provide results that define and prove the laws and theorems in science. These experiments are laid on a strong foundation of experimental research designs.
An experimental research design helps researchers execute their research objectives with more clarity and transparency.
In this article, we will not only discuss the key aspects of experimental research designs but also the issues to avoid and problems to resolve while designing your research study.
Table of Contents
Experimental research design is a framework of protocols and procedures created to conduct experimental research with a scientific approach using two sets of variables. Herein, the first set of variables acts as a constant, used to measure the differences of the second set. The best example of experimental research methods is quantitative research .
Experimental research helps a researcher gather the necessary data for making better research decisions and determining the facts of a research study.
A researcher can conduct experimental research in the following situations —
To publish significant results, choosing a quality research design forms the foundation to build the research study. Moreover, effective research design helps establish quality decision-making procedures, structures the research to lead to easier data analysis, and addresses the main research question. Therefore, it is essential to cater undivided attention and time to create an experimental research design before beginning the practical experiment.
By creating a research design, a researcher is also giving oneself time to organize the research, set up relevant boundaries for the study, and increase the reliability of the results. Through all these efforts, one could also avoid inconclusive results. If any part of the research design is flawed, it will reflect on the quality of the results derived.
Based on the methods used to collect data in experimental studies, the experimental research designs are of three primary types:
A research study could conduct pre-experimental research design when a group or many groups are under observation after implementing factors of cause and effect of the research. The pre-experimental design will help researchers understand whether further investigation is necessary for the groups under observation.
Pre-experimental research is of three types —
A true experimental research design relies on statistical analysis to prove or disprove a researcher’s hypothesis. It is one of the most accurate forms of research because it provides specific scientific evidence. Furthermore, out of all the types of experimental designs, only a true experimental design can establish a cause-effect relationship within a group. However, in a true experiment, a researcher must satisfy these three factors —
This type of experimental research is commonly observed in the physical sciences.
The word “Quasi” means similarity. A quasi-experimental design is similar to a true experimental design. However, the difference between the two is the assignment of the control group. In this research design, an independent variable is manipulated, but the participants of a group are not randomly assigned. This type of research design is used in field settings where random assignment is either irrelevant or not required.
The classification of the research subjects, conditions, or groups determines the type of research design to be used.
Experimental research allows you to test your idea in a controlled environment before taking the research to clinical trials. Moreover, it provides the best method to test your theory because of the following advantages:
There is no order to this list, and any one of these issues can seriously compromise the quality of your research. You could refer to the list as a checklist of what to avoid while designing your research.
Usually, researchers miss out on checking if their hypothesis is logical to be tested. If your research design does not have basic assumptions or postulates, then it is fundamentally flawed and you need to rework on your research framework.
Without a comprehensive research literature review , it is difficult to identify and fill the knowledge and information gaps. Furthermore, you need to clearly state how your research will contribute to the research field, either by adding value to the pertinent literature or challenging previous findings and assumptions.
Statistical results are one of the most trusted scientific evidence. The ultimate goal of a research experiment is to gain valid and sustainable evidence. Therefore, incorrect statistical analysis could affect the quality of any quantitative research.
This is one of the most basic aspects of research design. The research problem statement must be clear and to do that, you must set the framework for the development of research questions that address the core problems.
Every study has some type of limitations . You should anticipate and incorporate those limitations into your conclusion, as well as the basic research design. Include a statement in your manuscript about any perceived limitations, and how you considered them while designing your experiment and drawing the conclusion.
The most important yet less talked about topic is the ethical issue. Your research design must include ways to minimize any risk for your participants and also address the research problem or question at hand. If you cannot manage the ethical norms along with your research study, your research objectives and validity could be questioned.
In an experimental design, a researcher gathers plant samples and then randomly assigns half the samples to photosynthesize in sunlight and the other half to be kept in a dark box without sunlight, while controlling all the other variables (nutrients, water, soil, etc.)
By comparing their outcomes in biochemical tests, the researcher can confirm that the changes in the plants were due to the sunlight and not the other variables.
Experimental research is often the final form of a study conducted in the research process which is considered to provide conclusive and specific results. But it is not meant for every research. It involves a lot of resources, time, and money and is not easy to conduct, unless a foundation of research is built. Yet it is widely used in research institutes and commercial industries, for its most conclusive results in the scientific approach.
Have you worked on research designs? How was your experience creating an experimental design? What difficulties did you face? Do write to us or comment below and share your insights on experimental research designs!
Randomization is important in an experimental research because it ensures unbiased results of the experiment. It also measures the cause-effect relationship on a particular group of interest.
Experimental research design lay the foundation of a research and structures the research to establish quality decision making process.
There are 3 types of experimental research designs. These are pre-experimental research design, true experimental research design, and quasi experimental research design.
The difference between an experimental and a quasi-experimental design are: 1. The assignment of the control group in quasi experimental research is non-random, unlike true experimental design, which is randomly assigned. 2. Experimental research group always has a control group; on the other hand, it may not be always present in quasi experimental research.
Experimental research establishes a cause-effect relationship by testing a theory or hypothesis using experimental groups or control variables. In contrast, descriptive research describes a study or a topic by defining the variables under it and answering the questions related to the same.
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Welcome to our collection of experimental research topics! Experiments are the cornerstone of empirical research, allowing scholars to test hypotheses and expand knowledge. With our experimental research questions ideas, you can uncover the diverse realms of empirical studies, from the natural sciences to social sciences and beyond.
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These essay examples and topics on Experiment were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.
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Short on time? Get an AI generated summary of this article instead
Experimental research design is a scientific framework that allows you to manipulate one or more variables while controlling the test environment.
When testing a theory or new product, it can be helpful to have a certain level of control and manipulate variables to discover different outcomes. You can use these experiments to determine cause and effect or study variable associations.
This guide explores the types of experimental design, the steps in designing an experiment, and the advantages and limitations of experimental design.
Dovetail streamlines research to help you uncover and share actionable insights
You can determine the relationship between each of the variables by:
Manipulating one or more independent variables (i.e., stimuli or treatments)
Applying the changes to one or more dependent variables (i.e., test groups or outcomes)
With the ability to analyze the relationship between variables and using measurable data, you can increase the accuracy of the result.
A good experimental design requires:
Significant planning to ensure control over the testing environment
Sound experimental treatments
Properly assigning subjects to treatment groups
Without proper planning, unexpected external variables can alter an experiment's outcome.
To meet your research goals, your experimental design should include these characteristics:
Provide unbiased estimates of inputs and associated uncertainties
Enable the researcher to detect differences caused by independent variables
Include a plan for analysis and reporting of the results
Provide easily interpretable results with specific conclusions
The major difference between experimental and quasi-experimental design is the random assignment of subjects to groups.
A true experiment relies on certain controls. Typically, the researcher designs the treatment and randomly assigns subjects to control and treatment groups.
However, these conditions are unethical or impossible to achieve in some situations.
When it's unethical or impractical to assign participants randomly, that’s when a quasi-experimental design comes in.
This design allows researchers to conduct a similar experiment by assigning subjects to groups based on non-random criteria.
Another type of quasi-experimental design might occur when the researcher doesn't have control over the treatment but studies pre-existing groups after they receive different treatments.
Various settings and professions can use experimental research to gather information and observe behavior in controlled settings.
Basically, a researcher can conduct experimental research any time they want to test a theory with variable and dependent controls.
Experimental research is an option when the project includes an independent variable and a desire to understand the relationship between cause and effect.
Experimental research enables researchers to conduct studies that provide specific, definitive answers to questions and hypotheses.
Researchers can test Independent variables in controlled settings to:
Test the effectiveness of a new medication
Design better products for consumers
Answer questions about human health and behavior
Developing a quality research plan means a researcher can accurately answer vital research questions with minimal error. As a result, definitive conclusions can influence the future of the independent variable.
There are three main types of experimental research design. The research type you use will depend on the criteria of your experiment, your research budget, and environmental limitations.
A pre-experimental research study is a basic observational study that monitors independent variables’ effects.
During research, you observe one or more groups after applying a treatment to test whether the treatment causes any change.
The three subtypes of pre-experimental research design are:
This research method introduces a single test group to a single stimulus to study the results at the end of the application.
After researchers presume the stimulus or treatment has caused changes, they gather results to determine how it affects the test subjects.
This method uses a single test group but includes a pretest study as a benchmark. The researcher applies a test before and after the group’s exposure to a specific stimulus.
This method includes two or more groups, enabling the researcher to use one group as a control. They apply a stimulus to one group and leave the other group static.
A posttest study compares the results among groups.
A true experiment is the most common research method. It involves statistical analysis to prove or disprove a specific hypothesis .
Under completely experimental conditions, researchers expose participants in two or more randomized groups to different stimuli.
Random selection removes any potential for bias, providing more reliable results.
These are the three main sub-groups of true experimental research design:
This structure requires the researcher to divide participants into two random groups. One group receives no stimuli and acts as a control while the other group experiences stimuli.
Researchers perform a test at the end of the experiment to observe the stimuli exposure results.
This test also requires two groups. It includes a pretest as a benchmark before introducing the stimulus.
The pretest introduces multiple ways to test subjects. For instance, if the control group also experiences a change, it reveals that taking the test twice changes the results.
This structure divides subjects into two groups, with two as control groups. Researchers assign the first control group a posttest only and the second control group a pretest and a posttest.
The two variable groups mirror the control groups, but researchers expose them to stimuli. The ability to differentiate between groups in multiple ways provides researchers with more testing approaches for data-based conclusions.
Although closely related to a true experiment, quasi-experimental research design differs in approach and scope.
Quasi-experimental research design doesn’t have randomly selected participants. Researchers typically divide the groups in this research by pre-existing differences.
Quasi-experimental research is more common in educational studies, nursing, or other research projects where it's not ethical or practical to use randomized subject groups.
Experimental research requires a clearly defined plan to outline the research parameters and expected goals.
Here are five key steps in designing a successful experiment:
Your experiment should begin with a question: What are you hoping to learn through your experiment?
The relationship between variables in your study will determine your answer.
Define the independent variable (the intended stimuli) and the dependent variable (the expected effect of the stimuli). After identifying these groups, consider how you might control them in your experiment.
Could natural variations affect your research? If so, your experiment should include a pretest and posttest.
With a firm understanding of the system you intend to study, you can write a specific, testable hypothesis.
What is the expected outcome of your study?
Develop a prediction about how the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.
How will the stimuli in your experiment affect your test subjects?
Your hypothesis should provide a prediction of the answer to your research question .
Depending on your experiment, your variable may be a fixed stimulus (like a medical treatment) or a variable stimulus (like a period during which an activity occurs).
Determine which type of stimulus meets your experiment’s needs and how widely or finely to vary your stimuli.
When you have a clear idea of how to carry out your experiment, you can determine how to assemble test groups for an accurate study.
When choosing your study groups, consider:
The size of your experiment
Whether you can select groups randomly
Your target audience for the outcome of the study
You should be able to create groups with an equal number of subjects and include subjects that match your target audience. Remember, you should assign one group as a control and use one or more groups to study the effects of variables.
This step determines how you'll collect data to determine the study's outcome. You should seek reliable and valid measurements that minimize research bias or error.
You can measure some data with scientific tools, while you’ll need to operationalize other forms to turn them into measurable observations.
Experimental research is an integral part of our world. It allows researchers to conduct experiments that answer specific questions.
While researchers use many methods to conduct different experiments, experimental research offers these distinct benefits:
Researchers can determine cause and effect by manipulating variables.
It gives researchers a high level of control.
Researchers can test multiple variables within a single experiment.
All industries and fields of knowledge can use it.
Researchers can duplicate results to promote the validity of the study .
Replicating natural settings rapidly means immediate research.
Researchers can combine it with other research methods.
It provides specific conclusions about the validity of a product, theory, or idea.
Unfortunately, no research type yields ideal conditions or perfect results.
While experimental research might be the right choice for some studies, certain conditions could render experiments useless or even dangerous.
Before conducting experimental research, consider these disadvantages and limitations:
Only competent professionals with an academic degree and specific training are qualified to conduct rigorous experimental research. This ensures results are unbiased and valid.
Experimental research may not capture the complexity of some phenomena, such as social interactions or cultural norms. These are difficult to control in a laboratory setting.
Experimental research can be expensive, time-consuming, and require significant resources, such as specialized equipment or trained personnel.
The controlled nature means the research findings may not fully apply to real-world situations or people outside the experimental setting.
Some experiments may involve manipulating variables that could harm participants or violate ethical guidelines .
Researchers must ensure their experiments do not cause harm or discomfort to participants.
Sometimes, recruiting a sample of people to randomly assign may be difficult.
Experiments across all industries and research realms provide scientists, developers, and other researchers with definitive answers. These experiments can solve problems, create inventions, and heal illnesses.
Product design testing is an excellent example of experimental research.
A company in the product development phase creates multiple prototypes for testing. With a randomized selection, researchers introduce each test group to a different prototype.
When groups experience different product designs , the company can assess which option most appeals to potential customers.
Experimental research design provides researchers with a controlled environment to conduct experiments that evaluate cause and effect.
Using the five steps to develop a research plan ensures you anticipate and eliminate external variables while answering life’s crucial questions.
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Experimental research is research that involves using a scientific approach to examine research variables.
Below are some famous experimental research examples. Some of these studies were conducted quite a long time ago. Some were so controversial that they would never be attempted today. And some were so unethical that they would never be permitted again.
A few of these studies have also had very practical implications for modern society involving criminal investigations, the impact of television and the media, and the power of authority figures.
1. pavlov’s dog: classical conditioning.
Dr. Ivan Pavlov was a physiologist studying animal digestive systems in the 1890s. In one study, he presented food to a dog and then collected its salivatory juices via a tube attached to the inside of the animal’s mouth.
As he was conducting his experiments, an annoying thing kept happening; every time his assistant would enter the lab with a bowl of food for the experiment, the dog would start to salivate at the sound of the assistant’s footsteps.
Although this disrupted his experimental procedures, eventually, it dawned on Pavlov that something else was to be learned from this problem.
Pavlov learned that animals could be conditioned into responding on a physiological level to various stimuli, such as food, or even the sound of the assistant bringing the food down the hall.
Hence, the creation of the theory of classical conditioning. One of the most influential theories in psychology still to this day.
Dr. Albert Bandura conducted one of the most influential studies in psychology in the 1960s at Stanford University.
His intention was to demonstrate that cognitive processes play a fundamental role in learning. At the time, Behaviorism was the predominant theoretical perspective, which completely rejected all inferences to constructs not directly observable .
So, Bandura made two versions of a video. In version #1, an adult behaved aggressively with a Bobo doll by throwing it around the room and striking it with a wooden mallet. In version #2, the adult played gently with the doll by carrying it around to different parts of the room and pushing it gently.
After showing children one of the two versions, they were taken individually to a room that had a Bobo doll. Their behavior was observed and the results indicated that children that watched version #1 of the video were far more aggressive than those that watched version #2.
Not only did Bandura’s Bobo doll study form the basis of his social learning theory, it also helped start the long-lasting debate about the harmful effects of television on children.
Worth Checking Out: What’s the Difference between Experimental and Observational Studies?
Dr. Solomon Asch was interested in conformity and the power of group pressure. His study was quite simple. Different groups of students were shown lines of varying lengths and asked, “which line is longest.”
However, out of each group, only one was an actual participant. All of the others in the group were working with Asch and instructed to say that one of the shorter lines was actually the longest.
Nearly every time, the real participant gave an answer that was clearly wrong, but the same as the rest of the group.
The study is one of the most famous in psychology because it demonstrated the power of social pressure so clearly.
In 1974, Dr. Elizabeth Loftus and her undergraduate student John Palmer designed a study to examine how fallible human judgement is under certain conditions.
They showed groups of research participants videos that depicted accidents between two cars. Later, the participants were asked to estimate the rate of speed of the cars.
Here’s the interesting part. All participants were asked the same question with the exception of a single word: “How fast were the two cars going when they ______into each other?” The word in the blank varied in its implied severity.
Participants’ estimates were completely affected by the word in the blank. When the word “smashed” was used, participants estimated the cars were going much faster than when the word “contacted” was used.
This line of research has had a huge impact on law enforcement interrogation practices, line-up procedures, and the credibility of eyewitness testimony .
The research by Dr. Paul Ekman has been influential in the study of emotions. His early research revealed that all human beings, regardless of culture, experience the same 6 basic emotions: happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, surprise, and anger.
In the late 1960s, Ekman traveled to Papua New Guinea. He approached a tribe of people that were extremely isolated from modern culture. With the help of a guide, he would describe different situations to individual members and take a photo of their facial expressions.
The situations included: if a good friend had come; their child had just died; they were about to get into a fight; or had just stepped on a dead pig.
The facial expressions of this highly isolated tribe were nearly identical to those displayed by people in his studies in California.
Dr. John Watson and Dr. Rosalie Rayner sought to demonstrate how irrational fears were developed.
Their study involved showing a white rat to an infant. Initially, the child had no fear of the rat. However, the researchers then began to create a loud noise each time they showed the child the rat by striking a steel bar with a hammer.
Eventually, the child started to cry and feared the white rat. The child also developed a fear of other white, furry objects such as white rabbits and a Santa’s beard.
This study is famous because it demonstrated one way in which phobias are developed in humans, and also because it is now considered highly unethical for its mistreatment of children, lack of study debriefing , and intent to instil fear.
Perhaps one of the most famous psychological experiments of all time was not conducted by a psychologist. In 1968, third grade teacher Jane Elliott conducted one of the most famous studies on discrimination in history. It took place shortly after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
She divided her class into two groups: brown-eyed and blue-eyed students. On the first day of the experiment, she announced the blue-eyed group as superior. They received extra privileges and were told not to intermingle with the brown-eyed students.
They instantly became happier, more self-confident, and started performing better academically.
The next day, the roles were reversed. The brown-eyed students were announced as superior and given extra privileges. Their behavior changed almost immediately and exhibited the same patterns as the other group had the day before.
This study was a remarkable demonstration of the harmful effects of discrimination.
Dr. Stanley Milgram conducted one of the most influential experiments on authority and obedience in 1961 at Yale University.
Participants were told they were helping study the effects of punishment on learning. Their job was to administer an electric shock to another participant each time they made an error on a test. The other participant was actually an actor in another room that only pretended to be shocked.
However, each time a mistake was made, the level of shock was supposed to increase, eventually reaching quite high voltage levels. When the real participants expressed reluctance to administer the next level of shock, the experimenter, who served as the authority figure in the room, pressured the participant to deliver the next level of shock.
The results of this study were truly astounding. A surprisingly high percentage of participants continued to deliver the shocks to the highest level possible despite the very strong objections by the “other participant.”
This study demonstrated the power of authority figures.
The Marshmallow Test was designed by Dr. Walter Mischel to examine the role of delay of gratification and academic success.
Children ages 4-6 years old were seated at a table with one marshmallow placed in front of them. The experimenter explained that if they did not eat the marshmallow, they would receive a second one. They could then eat both.
The children that were able to delay gratification the longest were rated as significantly more competent later in life and earned higher SAT scores than children that could not withstand the temptation.
The study has since been conceptually replicated by other researchers that have revealed additional factors involved in delay of gratification and academic achievement.
Dr. Philip Zimbardo conducted one of the most famous psychological studies of all time in 1971. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the power structure in some situations can lead people to behave in ways highly uncharacteristic of their usual behavior.
College students were recruited to participate in the study. Some were randomly assigned to play the role of prison guard. The others were actually “arrested” by real police officers. They were blindfolded and taken to the basement of the university’s psychology building which had been converted to look like a prison.
Although the study was supposed to last 2 weeks, it had to be halted due to the abusive actions of the guards.
The study demonstrated that people will behave in ways they never thought possible when placed in certain roles and power structures. Although the Stanford Prison Study is so well-known for what it revealed about human nature, it is also famous because of the numerous violations of ethical principles.
The studies above are varied and focused on many different aspects of human behavior . However, each example of experimental research listed above has had a lasting impact on society. Some have had tremendous sway in how very practical matters are conducted, such as criminal investigations and legal proceedings.
Psychology is a field of study that is often not fully understood by the general public. When most people hear the term “psychology,” they think of a therapist that listens carefully to the revealing statements of a patient. The therapist then tries to help their patient learn to cope with many of life’s challenges. Nothing wrong with that.
In reality however, most psychologists are researchers. They spend most of their time designing and conducting experiments to enhance our understanding of the human condition.
Asch SE. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority . Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70 (9),1-70. https://doi.org/doi:10.1037/h0093718
Bandura A. (1965). Influence of models’ reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of imitative responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1 (6), 589-595. https://doi.org/doi:10.1037/h0022070
Beck, H. P., Levinson, S., & Irons, G. (2009). Finding little Albert: A journey to John B. Watson’s infant laboratory. American Psychologist, 64(7), 605-614.
Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants Across Cultures in the Face and motion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(2) , 124-129.
Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of
the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal
Behavior, 13 (5), 585–589.
Milgram S (1965). Some Conditions of Obedience and Disobedience to Authority. Human Relations, 18(1), 57–76.
Mischel, W., & Ebbesen, E. B. (1970). Attention in delay of gratification . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16 (2), 329-337.
Pavlov, I.P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes . London: Oxford University Press.
Watson, J. & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3 , 1-14. Zimbardo, P., Haney, C., Banks, W. C., & Jaffe, D. (1971). The Stanford Prison Experiment: A simulation study of the psychology of imprisonment . Stanford University, Stanford Digital Repository, Stanford.
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STEM means Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math, which is not the only stuff we learn in school. It is like a treasure chest of skills that help students become great problem solvers, ready to tackle the real world’s challenges.
In this blog, we are here to explore the world of Research Topics for STEM Students. We will break down what STEM really means and why it is so important for students. In addition, we will give you the lowdown on how to pick a fascinating research topic. We will explain a list of 200+ Experimental Quantitative Research Topics For STEM Students.
And when it comes to writing a research title, we will guide you step by step. So, stay with us as we unlock the exciting world of STEM research – it is not just about grades; it is about growing smarter, more confident, and happier along the way.
Table of Contents
STEM is Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. It is a way of talking about things like learning, jobs, and activities related to these four important subjects. Science is about understanding the world around us, technology is about using tools and machines to solve problems, engineering is about designing and building things, and mathematics is about numbers and solving problems with them. STEM helps us explore, discover, and create cool stuff that makes our world better and more exciting.
STEM research is important because it helps us learn new things about the world and solve problems. When scientists, engineers, and mathematicians study these subjects, they can discover cures for diseases, create new technology that makes life easier, and build things that help us live better. It is like a big puzzle where we put together pieces of knowledge to make our world safer, healthier, and more fun.
Here are some steps to choose a topic for STEM Research Paper:
Think about what you like and what excites you in science, technology, engineering, or math. It could be something you learned in school, saw in the news, or experienced in your daily life. Choosing a topic you’re passionate about makes the research process more enjoyable.
Look up different STEM research areas online, in books, or at your library. See what scientists and experts are studying. This can give you ideas and help you understand what’s already known in your chosen field.
Think about the problems you see around you. Are there issues in your community or the world that STEM can help solve? Choosing a topic that addresses a real-world problem can make your research impactful.
Discuss your interests with your teachers, professors, or mentors. They can offer guidance and suggest topics that align with your skills and goals. They may also provide resources and support for your research.
Once you have some ideas, narrow them down to a specific research question or project. Make sure it’s not too broad or too narrow. You want a topic that you can explore in depth within the scope of your research paper.
Here we will discuss 200+ Experimental Quantitative Research Topics For STEM Students:
Qualitative research focuses on exploring and understanding phenomena through non-numerical data and subjective experiences. Here are 10 qualitative research topics for STEM students:
These experimental research topics are relatively straightforward and suitable for STEM students who are new to research:
These research topics are tailored for STEM students in the Philippines:
These research topics are considered good because they offer interesting avenues for investigation and learning:
Unique research topics can provide STEM students with the opportunity to explore unconventional and innovative ideas. Here are 10 unique research topics for STEM students:
Research topics for STEM students in the Philippines can address specific regional challenges and opportunities. Here are 10 experimental research topics for STEM students in the Philippines:
Capstone research projects are often more comprehensive and can address real-world issues. Here are 10 capstone research topics for STEM students in the Philippines:
Experimental quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data to conclude. Here are 10 Experimental Quantitative Research Topics For STEM Students interested in experimental quantitative research:
Descriptive research aims to provide a detailed account or description of a phenomenon. Here are 10 topics for STEM students interested in descriptive research:
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised many research opportunities for STEM students. Here are 10 research topics related to pandemics:
Research topics for middle school STEM students should be engaging and suitable for their age group. Here are 10 research topics:
Technology is at the forefront of STEM fields. Here are 10 research topics for STEM students interested in technology:
Scientific research encompasses a wide range of topics. Here are 10 research topics for STEM students focusing on scientific exploration:
Engaging and intriguing research topics can foster a passion for STEM. Here are 10 interesting research topics for STEM students:
Practical research often leads to real-world solutions. Here are 10 practical research topics for STEM students:
Plants offer a rich field for experimental research. Here are 10 experimental research topics about plants for STEM students:
Qualitative research in the Philippines can address local issues and cultural contexts. Here are 10 qualitative research topics for STEM students in the Philippines:
Science offers a diverse range of research avenues. Here are 10 science research topics for STEM students:
Correlational research focuses on relationships between variables. Here are 10 correlational research topics for STEM students:
Quantitative research in the Philippines can address specific regional issues. Here are 10 quantitative research topics for STEM students in the Philippines
Here are few things that must be keep in mind while writing quantitative research tile:
Make sure your research title is clear and says exactly what your study is about. People should easily understand the topic and goals of your research by reading the title.
Include words that are crucial to your research, like the main subjects, who you’re studying, and how you’re doing your research. This helps others find your work and understand what it’s about.
Stay away from words that might confuse people. Your title should be easy to grasp, even if someone isn’t an expert in your field.
Tell readers what kind of research you did, like experiments or surveys. This gives them a hint about how you conducted your study.
Make sure your title matches the questions you’re trying to answer in your research. It should give a sneak peek into what your study is all about and keep you on the right track as you work on it.
STEM students, addressing what STEM is and why research matters in this field. It offered an extensive list of research topics , including experimental, qualitative, and regional options, catering to various academic levels and interests. Whether you’re a middle school student or pursuing advanced studies, these topics offer a wealth of ideas. The key takeaway is to choose a topic that resonates with your passion and aligns with your goals, ensuring a successful journey in STEM research. Choose the best Experimental Quantitative Research Topics For Stem Students today!
Understand how experimental research enables researchers to confidently identify causal relationships between variables and validate findings, enhancing credibility.
June 16, 2024
Experimental research is crucial for companies because it allows them to precisely control and measure key factors, identify dependent and independent elements, and set conditions to observe their effects. By changing one variable systematically, it is possible to determine possible cause-and-effect relations and analyze how specific observed effects depend on them.
Read this blog to learn more about how experimental research design can drive business success and provide practical examples of its application in various industries.
Experimental research is a systematic and scientific approach in which the researcher manipulates one or more independent variables and observes the effect on a dependent variable while controlling for extraneous variables. This method allows for the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
Experimental research involves using control groups, random assignment, and standardized procedures to ensure the reliability and validity of the results. It is commonly used in psychology, medicine, and the social sciences to test hypotheses and theories under controlled conditions.
An experimental research example scenario can be a clinical trial for a new medication. This scenario aims to determine whether the new type of drug applies to the patient. Accordingly, patients with hypertension diagnosed by a medical practitioner are randomly assigned to two groups.
The experimental group is subjected to the new medication the research treatment facility delivers. In contrast, the control group is treated with either a placebo or the medical drugs previously used by the patients. The data will be both quantitative and qualitative .
Quantitative data will include blood pressure levels or symptom severity scores. Qualitative data will include symptoms reported by the patient or symptoms observed by the practitioner and side effects experienced by the patients. Consequently, the research on which type of drug is effective is tested, and results are obtained by comparing the patient's conditions in the two groups.
Researchers believe a new medication works if the experimental group shows significant symptom improvements compared to a control group and has no immediate side effects. Testing many patients increases confidence that the effects are due to the medication and not a placebo effect.
The following are the different types of experimental research: Pre-Experimental Research
Experimental research is essential for establishing correlations between variables of interest and demonstrating causality. It allows researchers to manipulate one or more independent variables considered the cause and record changes in the dependent variable, the effect.
One of the strengths of this type of research is that it allows for controlling the effect of extraneous variables. This means that experimental research reduces alternative explanations of effects. Using control groups and random assignment to conditions, the experimental method can accurately determine whether the observed group differences resulted from manipulating the independent variable or other factors.
A structured and rigorous methodology while conducting experimental research minimizes the possibility of measurement errors and biases. In addition, randomized controlled trials are generally accepted as the gold standard in research. Because of these features, the data’s reliability can be confirmed in advance by similar findings, and the results will also be more replicable and generalizable to the broader population.
Experimental research provides empirical evidence and data to support important organizational decisions, such as product testing and experimentation, marketing strategies, or improving operational processes and activities.
Experimental research drives innovation by systematically testing new ideas and interventions. It allows companies and researchers to experiment with novel concepts in a controlled environment, identify successful innovations, and confidently scale them up.
Ethical concerns.
Experimental research implies ethical dilemmas, especially when human subjects are concerned. Generally speaking, ethical principles prohibit manipulating variables, specifically intentionally causing harm to, offending, and inducing psychological or physical pressure. Ethics guidelines and review boards are expected to curb risks in an experiment, but they could also somewhat restrain findings.
Most experimental studies are conducted in highly controlled artificial conditions, such as laboratories, where external variables are properly controlled and isolated. Thus, the conclusions of the findings might only sometimes be extended to the real world, so they will only sometimes be applicable. The main type of validity under which this problem falls is external validity. Some variables cannot be controlled or do not appear in artificial conditions.
Experimental research is expensive and time-consuming. There are various reasons for this statement. First, such a type of research requires specialized equipment, controlled conditions of measurement, and large sample sizes, which means increased costs. Second, designing an experiment, preparing all the necessary information and tools for its implementation, running it, and analyzing the data received is usually time-consuming, even in the simplest cases.
Some variables or phenomena cannot be either manipulated or controlled. Experimental studies are impractical if processes are complex, large-scale, or long-term. For example, a lab cannot treat anything related to the environment or societal changes. Therefore, due to the inability to conduct experiments based on such phenomena, some questions can only be studied by other experimental research methods, such as observational or correlational.
Experimental studies may be biased based on the participants’ awareness of being observed during the process. Also called the Hawthorne effect, another issue that can hurt the study’s validity, especially in medical research, is using control groups. Although they are necessary to measure the efficiency of a certain treatment, such research may involve not providing some groups with potentially beneficial treatment.
These two problems may affect the results and make them unethical. In either case, corrective steps should be taken to address this issue and ensure that the results have been obtained properly.
Product development and testing.
Businesses can use experimental research to test new products or features before launching them. By creating controlled experiments, such as A/B testing , companies can compare different versions of a product to see which one performs better in terms of customer satisfaction, usability, and sales. This approach allows businesses to refine their products based on empirical evidence, reducing the risk of failure upon release.
Experimental research is invaluable for optimizing marketing strategies. Businesses can test different marketing messages, channels, and tactics to determine which are most effective in engaging their target audience and driving conversions. For example, they can conduct randomized controlled trials to compare the impact of various advertising campaigns on consumer behavior , enabling data-driven decisions that enhance marketing ROI.
Customer experience is increasingly more critical for retention and loyalty. Companies use experimental research to determine the best practices for customer service, website design, and in-store experience. Through experimenting and measuring responses, companies can identify what promotes satisfaction and loyalty and apply these results to enhance customer experience.
Experimental research helps businesses determine optimal pricing strategies. Companies can analyze consumer reactions and willingness to pay by testing different price points in controlled settings. This approach enables businesses to find the price that maximizes revenue without deterring customers, balancing profitability with market competitiveness.
Businesses can use experimental research to enhance operational efficiency. For instance, they can test various processes, workflows, or technologies to identify which ones improve productivity, reduce costs, or enhance quality. Companies can implement the most effective strategies and practices by systematically experimenting with different operational changes, leading to better overall performance.
Experimental research has become a powerful instrument for modern business development. It systematically tests assumptions and variables associated with various activities, from product development, marketing strategies, and customer experiences to pricing and operational efficiencies.
Get your hands on Decode , an AI-powered market research tool that can help you test hypotheses about consumer behavior and preferences. Companies can determine cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating specific variables, such as pricing or advertising methods, and observing the effects on consumer responses using Decode diary studies .
This research method collects qualitative data on user behaviors, activities, and experiences over time. This helps them make informed decisions about product development, marketing strategies, and overall business operations.
Question 1: what are examples of experimental research.
Answer: Examples of experimental research include drug trials, psychology experiments, and studies testing new teaching methods. These experiments involve manipulating variables and comparing outcomes to establish causal relationships.
Answer: Experimental design in research refers to the methodical planning of experiments to control variables, minimize bias, and draw valid conclusions. It involves carefully considering factors like sample size, randomization, and control groups.
Answer: Characteristics of experimental research include manipulation of variables, random assignment, control groups, and measurement of outcomes. These features ensure that researchers can isolate the effects of specific variables and draw reliable conclusions.
Answer: Experimental research is used in medicine, psychology, education, and natural sciences to investigate cause-and-effect relationships and validate hypotheses. It provides a systematic approach to testing theories and informing evidence-based practices.
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Soham is a true Manchester United fan who finds joy in more than just football. Whether navigating the open road, scoring virtual goals in FIFA, reading novels, or enjoying quality time with friends, Soham embraces a life full of diverse passions.
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Ever wondered why scientists across the world are being lauded for discovering the Covid-19 vaccine so early? It’s because every…
Ever wondered why scientists across the world are being lauded for discovering the Covid-19 vaccine so early? It’s because every government knows that vaccines are a result of experimental research design and it takes years of collected data to make one. It takes a lot of time to compare formulas and combinations with an array of possibilities across different age groups, genders and physical conditions. With their efficiency and meticulousness, scientists redefined the meaning of experimental research when they discovered a vaccine in less than a year.
Characteristics of experimental research design, types of experimental research design, advantages and disadvantages of experimental research, examples of experimental research.
Experimental research is a scientific method of conducting research using two variables: independent and dependent. Independent variables can be manipulated to apply to dependent variables and the effect is measured. This measurement usually happens over a significant period of time to establish conditions and conclusions about the relationship between these two variables.
Experimental research is widely implemented in education, psychology, social sciences and physical sciences. Experimental research is based on observation, calculation, comparison and logic. Researchers collect quantitative data and perform statistical analyses of two sets of variables. This method collects necessary data to focus on facts and support sound decisions. It’s a helpful approach when time is a factor in establishing cause-and-effect relationships or when an invariable behavior is seen between the two.
Now that we know the meaning of experimental research, let’s look at its characteristics, types and advantages.
The hypothesis is at the core of an experimental research design. Researchers propose a tentative answer after defining the problem and then test the hypothesis to either confirm or disregard it. Here are a few characteristics of experimental research:
Experimental research is equally effective in non-laboratory settings as it is in labs. It helps in predicting events in an experimental setting. It generalizes variable relationships so that they can be implemented outside the experiment and applied to a wider interest group.
The way a researcher assigns subjects to different groups determines the types of experimental research design .
In a pre-experimental research design, researchers observe a group or various groups to see the effect an independent variable has on the dependent variable to cause change. There is no control group as it is a simple form of experimental research . It’s further divided into three categories:
This design is practical but lacks in certain areas of true experimental criteria.
This design depends on statistical analysis to approve or disregard a hypothesis. It’s an accurate design that can be conducted with or without a pretest on a minimum of two dependent variables assigned randomly. It is further classified into three types:
True experimental research design should have a variable to manipulate, a control group and random distribution.
With experimental research, we can test ideas in a controlled environment before marketing. It acts as the best method to test a theory as it can help in making predictions about a subject and drawing conclusions. Let’s look at some of the advantages that make experimental research useful:
Even though it’s a scientific method, it has a few drawbacks. Here are a few disadvantages of this research method:
Experimental research design is a sophisticated method that investigates relationships or occurrences among people or phenomena under a controlled environment and identifies the conditions responsible for such relationships or occurrences
Experimental research can be used in any industry to anticipate responses, changes, causes and effects. Here are some examples of experimental research :
Experimental research is considered a standard method that uses observations, simulations and surveys to collect data. One of its unique features is the ability to control extraneous variables and their effects. It’s a suitable method for those looking to examine the relationship between cause and effect in a field setting or in a laboratory. Although experimental research design is a scientific approach, research is not entirely a scientific process. As much as managers need to know what is experimental research , they have to apply the correct research method, depending on the aim of the study.
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Adopted by the 18 th WMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964 and amended by the: 29 th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975 35 th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983 41 st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989 48 th WMA General Assembly, Somerset West, Republic of South Africa, October 1996 52 nd WMA General Assembly, Edinburgh, Scotland, October 2000 53 rd WMA General Assembly, Washington DC, USA, October 2002 (Note of Clarification added) 55 th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 2004 (Note of Clarification added) 59 th WMA General Assembly, Seoul, Republic of Korea, October 2008 64 th WMA General Assembly, Fortaleza, Brazil, October 2013
1. The World Medical Association (WMA) has developed the Declaration of Helsinki as a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, including research on identifiable human material and data.
The Declaration is intended to be read as a whole and each of its constituent paragraphs should be applied with consideration of all other relevant paragraphs.
2. Consistent with the mandate of the WMA, the Declaration is addressed primarily to physicians. The WMA encourages others who are involved in medical research involving human subjects to adopt these principles.
3. The Declaration of Geneva of the WMA binds the physician with the words, “The health of my patient will be my first consideration,” and the International Code of Medical Ethics declares that, “A physician shall act in the patient’s best interest when providing medical care.”
4. It is the duty of the physician to promote and safeguard the health, well-being and rights of patients, including those who are involved in medical research. The physician’s knowledge and conscience are dedicated to the fulfilment of this duty.
5. Medical progress is based on research that ultimately must include studies involving human subjects.
6. The primary purpose of medical research involving human subjects is to understand the causes, development and effects of diseases and improve preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions (methods, procedures and treatments). Even the best proven interventions must be evaluated continually through research for their safety, effectiveness, efficiency, accessibility and quality.
7. Medical research is subject to ethical standards that promote and ensure respect for all human subjects and protect their health and rights.
8. While the primary purpose of medical research is to generate new knowledge, this goal can never take precedence over the rights and interests of individual research subjects.
9. It is the duty of physicians who are involved in medical research to protect the life, health, dignity, integrity, right to self-determination, privacy, and confidentiality of personal information of research subjects. The responsibility for the protection of research subjects must always rest with the physician or other health care professionals and never with the research subjects, even though they have given consent.
10. Physicians must consider the ethical, legal and regulatory norms and standards for research involving human subjects in their own countries as well as applicable international norms and standards. No national or international ethical, legal or regulatory requirement should reduce or eliminate any of the protections for research subjects set forth in this Declaration.
11. Medical research should be conducted in a manner that minimises possible harm to the environment.
12. Medical research involving human subjects must be conducted only by individuals with the appropriate ethics and scientific education, training and qualifications. Research on patients or healthy volunteers requires the supervision of a competent and appropriately qualified physician or other health care professional.
13. Groups that are underrepresented in medical research should be provided appropriate access to participation in research.
14. Physicians who combine medical research with medical care should involve their patients in research only to the extent that this is justified by its potential preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic value and if the physician has good reason to believe that participation in the research study will not adversely affect the health of the patients who serve as research subjects.
15. Appropriate compensation and treatment for subjects who are harmed as a result of participating in research must be ensured.
16. In medical practice and in medical research, most interventions involve risks and burdens.
Medical research involving human subjects may only be conducted if the importance of the objective outweighs the risks and burdens to the research subjects.
17. All medical research involving human subjects must be preceded by careful assessment of predictable risks and burdens to the individuals and groups involved in the research in comparison with foreseeable benefits to them and to other individuals or groups affected by the condition under investigation.
Measures to minimise the risks must be implemented. The risks must be continuously monitored, assessed and documented by the researcher.
18. Physicians may not be involved in a research study involving human subjects unless they are confident that the risks have been adequately assessed and can be satisfactorily managed.
When the risks are found to outweigh the potential benefits or when there is conclusive proof of definitive outcomes, physicians must assess whether to continue, modify or immediately stop the study.
19. Some groups and individuals are particularly vulnerable and may have an increased likelihood of being wronged or of incurring additional harm.
All vulnerable groups and individuals should receive specifically considered protection.
20. Medical research with a vulnerable group is only justified if the research is responsive to the health needs or priorities of this group and the research cannot be carried out in a non-vulnerable group. In addition, this group should stand to benefit from the knowledge, practices or interventions that result from the research.
21. Medical research involving human subjects must conform to generally accepted scientific principles, be based on a thorough knowledge of the scientific literature, other relevant sources of information, and adequate laboratory and, as appropriate, animal experimentation. The welfare of animals used for research must be respected.
22. The design and performance of each research study involving human subjects must be clearly described and justified in a research protocol.
The protocol should contain a statement of the ethical considerations involved and should indicate how the principles in this Declaration have been addressed. The protocol should include information regarding funding, sponsors, institutional affiliations, potential conflicts of interest, incentives for subjects and information regarding provisions for treating and/or compensating subjects who are harmed as a consequence of participation in the research study.
In clinical trials, the protocol must also describe appropriate arrangements for post-trial provisions.
23. The research protocol must be submitted for consideration, comment, guidance and approval to the concerned research ethics committee before the study begins. This committee must be transparent in its functioning, must be independent of the researcher, the sponsor and any other undue influence and must be duly qualified. It must take into consideration the laws and regulations of the country or countries in which the research is to be performed as well as applicable international norms and standards but these must not be allowed to reduce or eliminate any of the protections for research subjects set forth in this Declaration.
The committee must have the right to monitor ongoing studies. The researcher must provide monitoring information to the committee, especially information about any serious adverse events. No amendment to the protocol may be made without consideration and approval by the committee. After the end of the study, the researchers must submit a final report to the committee containing a summary of the study’s findings and conclusions.
24. Every precaution must be taken to protect the privacy of research subjects and the confidentiality of their personal information.
25. Participation by individuals capable of giving informed consent as subjects in medical research must be voluntary. Although it may be appropriate to consult family members or community leaders, no individual capable of giving informed consent may be enrolled in a research study unless he or she freely agrees.
26. In medical research involving human subjects capable of giving informed consent, each potential subject must be adequately informed of the aims, methods, sources of funding, any possible conflicts of interest, institutional affiliations of the researcher, the anticipated benefits and potential risks of the study and the discomfort it may entail, post-study provisions and any other relevant aspects of the study. The potential subject must be informed of the right to refuse to participate in the study or to withdraw consent to participate at any time without reprisal. Special attention should be given to the specific information needs of individual potential subjects as well as to the methods used to deliver the information.
After ensuring that the potential subject has understood the information, the physician or another appropriately qualified individual must then seek the potential subject’s freely-given informed consent, preferably in writing. If the consent cannot be expressed in writing, the non-written consent must be formally documented and witnessed.
All medical research subjects should be given the option of being informed about the general outcome and results of the study.
27. When seeking informed consent for participation in a research study the physician must be particularly cautious if the potential subject is in a dependent relationship with the physician or may consent under duress. In such situations the informed consent must be sought by an appropriately qualified individual who is completely independent of this relationship.
28. For a potential research subject who is incapable of giving informed consent, the physician must seek informed consent from the legally authorised representative. These individuals must not be included in a research study that has no likelihood of benefit for them unless it is intended to promote the health of the group represented by the potential subject, the research cannot instead be performed with persons capable of providing informed consent, and the research entails only minimal risk and minimal burden.
29. When a potential research subject who is deemed incapable of giving informed consent is able to give assent to decisions about participation in research, the physician must seek that assent in addition to the consent of the legally authorised representative. The potential subject’s dissent should be respected.
30. Research involving subjects who are physically or mentally incapable of giving consent, for example, unconscious patients, may be done only if the physical or mental condition that prevents giving informed consent is a necessary characteristic of the research group. In such circumstances the physician must seek informed consent from the legally authorised representative. If no such representative is available and if the research cannot be delayed, the study may proceed without informed consent provided that the specific reasons for involving subjects with a condition that renders them unable to give informed consent have been stated in the research protocol and the study has been approved by a research ethics committee. Consent to remain in the research must be obtained as soon as possible from the subject or a legally authorised representative.
31. The physician must fully inform the patient which aspects of their care are related to the research. The refusal of a patient to participate in a study or the patient’s decision to withdraw from the study must never adversely affect the patient-physician relationship.
32. For medical research using identifiable human material or data, such as research on material or data contained in biobanks or similar repositories, physicians must seek informed consent for its collection, storage and/or reuse. There may be exceptional situations where consent would be impossible or impracticable to obtain for such research. In such situations the research may be done only after consideration and approval of a research ethics committee.
33. The benefits, risks, burdens and effectiveness of a new intervention must be tested against those of the best proven intervention(s), except in the following circumstances:
Where no proven intervention exists, the use of placebo, or no intervention, is acceptable; or
Where for compelling and scientifically sound methodological reasons the use of any intervention less effective than the best proven one, the use of placebo, or no intervention is necessary to determine the efficacy or safety of an intervention
and the patients who receive any intervention less effective than the best proven one, placebo, or no intervention will not be subject to additional risks of serious or irreversible harm as a result of not receiving the best proven intervention.
Extreme care must be taken to avoid abuse of this option.
34. In advance of a clinical trial, sponsors, researchers and host country governments should make provisions for post-trial access for all participants who still need an intervention identified as beneficial in the trial. This information must also be disclosed to participants during the informed consent process.
35. Every research study involving human subjects must be registered in a publicly accessible database before recruitment of the first subject.
36. Researchers, authors, sponsors, editors and publishers all have ethical obligations with regard to the publication and dissemination of the results of research. Researchers have a duty to make publicly available the results of their research on human subjects and are accountable for the completeness and accuracy of their reports. All parties should adhere to accepted guidelines for ethical reporting. Negative and inconclusive as well as positive results must be published or otherwise made publicly available. Sources of funding, institutional affiliations and conflicts of interest must be declared in the publication. Reports of research not in accordance with the principles of this Declaration should not be accepted for publication.
37. In the treatment of an individual patient, where proven interventions do not exist or other known interventions have been ineffective, the physician, after seeking expert advice, with informed consent from the patient or a legally authorised representative, may use an unproven intervention if in the physician’s judgement it offers hope of saving life, re-establishing health or alleviating suffering. This intervention should subsequently be made the object of research, designed to evaluate its safety and efficacy. In all cases, new information must be recorded and, where appropriate, made publicly available.
Archived versions.
Wma declaration of venice on end of life medical care, wma international code of medical ethics.
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Fundamental mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of nanoparticle additives to lubricants: 25 examples linking nano- to macroscale friction.
Krim, J.; Smirnov, A.I. Fundamental Mechanisms Underlying the Effectiveness of Nanoparticle Additives to Lubricants: 25 Examples Linking Nano- to Macroscale Friction. Lubricants 2024 , 12 , 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12060225
Krim J, Smirnov AI. Fundamental Mechanisms Underlying the Effectiveness of Nanoparticle Additives to Lubricants: 25 Examples Linking Nano- to Macroscale Friction. Lubricants . 2024; 12(6):225. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12060225
Krim, Jacqueline, and Alex I. Smirnov. 2024. "Fundamental Mechanisms Underlying the Effectiveness of Nanoparticle Additives to Lubricants: 25 Examples Linking Nano- to Macroscale Friction" Lubricants 12, no. 6: 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12060225
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Supervised machine learning models rely on training datasets with positive (target class) and negative examples. Therefore, the composition of the training dataset has a direct influence on model performance. Specifically, negative sample selection bias, concerning samples not representing the target class, presents challenges across a range of domains such as text classification and protein-protein interaction prediction. Machine-learning-based immunotherapeutics design is an increasingly important area of research, focusing on designing antibodies or T-cell receptors (TCRs) that can bind to their target molecules with high specificity and affinity. Given the biomedical importance of immunotherapeutics, there is a need to address the unresolved question of how negative training set composition impacts model generalization and biological rule discovery to enable rational and safe drug design. We set out to study this question in the context of the antibody-antigen binding prediction problem by varying the negative class, encompassing a binding affinity gradient. We based our investigation on large synthetic datasets that provide ground truth structure-based antibody-antigen binding data, allowing access to residue-wise binding energy on the binding interface. We found that both out-of-distribution generalization and binding rule discovery depended on the type of negative dataset used. Importantly, we discovered that a model's capacity to learn the binding rules of the positive dataset is not a trivial correlate of its classification accuracy. We confirmed our findings with real-world relevant experimental data. Our work highlights the importance of considering training dataset composition for achieving optimal out-of-distribution performance and rule learning in machine-learning-based research.
V.G. declares advisory board positions in aiNET GmbH, Enpicom B.V, Absci, Omniscope, and Diagonal Therapeutics. V.G. is a consultant for Adaptive Biosystems, Specifica Inc, Roche/Genentech, immunai, LabGenius, and FairJourney Biologics.
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The first question asks for a ready-made solution, and is not focused or researchable. The second question is a clearer comparative question, but note that it may not be practically feasible. For a smaller research project or thesis, it could be narrowed down further to focus on the effectiveness of drunk driving laws in just one or two countries.
A well-crafted research question (or set of questions) sets the stage for a robust study and meaningful insights. But, if you're new to research, it's not always clear what exactly constitutes a good research question. In this post, we'll provide you with clear examples of quality research questions across various disciplines, so that you can approach your research project with confidence!
Definition: Research questions are the specific questions that guide a research study or inquiry. These questions help to define the scope of the research and provide a clear focus for the study. Research questions are usually developed at the beginning of a research project and are designed to address a particular research problem or objective.
Assess your chosen research question using the FINER criteria that helps you evaluate whether the research is Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, and Relevant. 1. Formulate the final research question, while ensuring it is clear, well-written, and addresses all the key elements of a strong research question.
Step 1: Define your variables. You should begin with a specific research question. We will work with two research question examples, one from health sciences and one from ecology: Example question 1: Phone use and sleep. You want to know how phone use before bedtime affects sleep patterns.
Experimental research serves as a fundamental scientific method aimed at unraveling. cause-and-effect relationships between variables across various disciplines. This. paper delineates the key ...
The examples of research questions provided in this guide have illustrated what good research questions look like. The key points outlined below should help researchers in the pursuit: The development of a research question is an iterative process that involves continuously updating one's knowledge on the topic and refining ideas at all ...
Step 1: Define your variables. You should begin with a specific research question. We will work with two research question examples, one from health sciences and one from ecology: Example question 1: Phone use and sleep. You want to know how phone use before bedtime affects sleep patterns.
The classic experimental design definition is: "The methods used to collect data in experimental studies.". There are three primary types of experimental design: The way you classify research subjects based on conditions or groups determines the type of research design you should use. 01. Pre-Experimental Design.
The most basic example of experimental research is laboratory experiments, which may differ in nature depending on the subject of research. ... A survey consists of a group of questions prepared by the researcher, to be answered by the research subject. Surveys can be shared with the respondents both physically and electronically. When ...
A research question with high levels of interest is ultimately more competitive for funding and publication. The third component (N) ensures that the research question furthers knowledge in the current field, and fills a clear knowledge gap. The most important way to evaluate novelty is by conducting a rigorous literature review to evaluate ...
These designs are the recipes that help people from all walks of life find answers to their big questions. Key Terms in Experimental Design. ... A famous example is the research conducted to test the effectiveness of different public health interventions, like vaccination programs. Researchers might roll out a vaccination program in one ...
Experimental Design. Experimental design is a process of planning and conducting scientific experiments to investigate a hypothesis or research question. It involves carefully designing an experiment that can test the hypothesis, and controlling for other variables that may influence the results. Experimental design typically includes ...
Collect the data by using suitable data collection according to your experiment's requirement, such as observations, case studies , surveys , interviews, questionnaires, etc. Analyse the obtained information. Step 8. Present and Conclude the Findings of the Study. Write the report of your research.
There are 3 types of experimental research designs. These are pre-experimental research design, true experimental research design, and quasi experimental research design. 1. The assignment of the control group in quasi experimental research is non-random, unlike true experimental design, which is randomly assigned. 2.
143 Experiment Research Topics. Welcome to our collection of experimental research topics! Experiments are the cornerstone of empirical research, allowing scholars to test hypotheses and expand knowledge. With our experimental research questions ideas, you can uncover the diverse realms of empirical studies, from the natural sciences to social ...
Experimental design is a research method that enables researchers to assess the effect of multiple factors on an outcome.. You can determine the relationship between each of the variables by: Manipulating one or more independent variables (i.e., stimuli or treatments). Applying the changes to one or more dependent variables (i.e., test groups or outcomes)
Examples of Experimental Research. 1. Pavlov's Dog: Classical Conditioning. Pavlovs Dogs. Dr. Ivan Pavlov was a physiologist studying animal digestive systems in the 1890s. In one study, he presented food to a dog and then collected its salivatory juices via a tube attached to the inside of the animal's mouth.
121+ Experimental Research Topics Across Different Disciplines. Experimental research is a cornerstone of scientific inquiry, providing a systematic approach to investigating phenomena and testing hypotheses. This method allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships, contributing valuable insights to diverse fields.
Objectives. • Students will devise a testable hypothesis and an experimental procedure. 3. Show the students the past data from the same beach (if possible) and have them create a research question and hypothesis based on past data or from the setup of the beach. A possible hypothesis could be: Cigarettes will be the most abundant type of ...
The three main types of experimental research design are: 1. Pre-experimental research. A pre-experimental research study is an observational approach to performing an experiment. It's the most basic style of experimental research. Free experimental research can occur in one of these design structures: One-shot case study research design: In ...
4 answers. Feb 18, 2024. In an experimental study, should the experiment and control group be divided equally. For example, 25 control group and 25 in experimental group. Can there be a + or - 1 ...
Here are 10 experimental research topics for STEM students in the Philippines: Assessing the effectiveness of locally sourced materials for disaster-resilient housing construction in typhoon-prone areas. Investigating the utilization of indigenous plants for natural remedies in Filipino traditional medicine.
Example of Experimental Research. An experimental research example scenario can be a clinical trial for a new medication. This scenario aims to determine whether the new type of drug applies to the patient. Accordingly, patients with hypertension diagnosed by a medical practitioner are randomly assigned to two groups.
Here are some examples of experimental research: This research method can be used to evaluate employees' skills. Organizations ask candidates to take tests before filling a post. It is used to screen qualified candidates from a pool of applicants. This allows organizations to identify skills at the time of employment.
Scientific Requirements and Research Protocols. 21. Medical research involving human subjects must conform to generally accepted scientific principles, be based on a thorough knowledge of the scientific literature, other relevant sources of information, and adequate laboratory and, as appropriate, animal experimentation.
The highlighted literature was selected to demonstrate a range of experimental and theoretical research, to provide direct connections between the nanoscale and macroscale tribological attributes, and to emphasize environmentally friendly lubricating materials such as water-based nanofluids.
Supervised machine learning models rely on training datasets with positive (target class) and negative examples. Therefore, the composition of the training dataset has a direct influence on model performance. Specifically, negative sample selection bias, concerning samples not representing the target class, presents challenges across a range of domains such as text classification and protein ...